.. .. Recherche-de-réponses-approchées,

, Algorithmes d'interrogation et de navigation

.. .. Requêtes,

. .. Conclusion,

, Bonnes pratiques pour la construction de vocabulaires

. .. Première-ontologie-documentaire,

. .. Deuxième-ontologie-documentaire, 154 7.4.1 Gestion des versions d'un document

. .. Mise, 166 7.5.1 Instanciation et interrogation dans la première ontologie, p.173

.. .. Conclusion,

.. .. Un,

, Types de liens entre les documents et leur hiérarchie

, Les classes modélisant la structure d'un document

. .. , Gestion du cycle de vie d'une unité documentaire (document ou article)

.. .. Ressources, Hiérarchie entre concepts de la ressource Environnement, 13 Concepts terminologiques représentant les ressources sémantiques

, La classe DocumentText représente les fragments de documents qui peuvent être annotés et la classe CitableDocumentObject représente les unités documentaires qui peuvent en outre être citées, p.157

, cible de la relation de transposition (la source de la relation est le texte de loi Loi n?2006 ? 911 du 24 Juillet 2006 ) et objet de l'opération de transposition (le résultat est l'article Art. L221 ? 33 (M) du Code monétaire et financier)

, Opération documentaire de modification : participants et liens de référence et citation résultants

, Codification de l'Article 46 quater-00 A bis du 4 juillet 1992, p.163

, Ontologie de collection documentaire avec gestion des versions et des références (relations ternaires)

.. .. Graphes-réponses-À-une-requête-relationnelle,

.. .. Exemple,

, Annotations sémantiques des arrêtés et

, Modification de l'article L362?1 du code de l'environnement par la Loi

, Abrogation de la Loi n?2006 ? 436 par l'Ordonnance n?2000 ? 914, p.177

, Treillis des conventions avant enrichissement relationnel

, Graphes réponses exactes et approchées de la requête OIT1-2

, Graphe réponse de la requête OIT1-1

, Graphe RDF sur la première ontologie : instances de la classe CodifiedText, p.195

. .. , 200 RI et intertextualité : approche conceptuelle Sommaire 6.1 Introduction, Opération documentaire de modification de l'article L2213-1 : l'oeuvre, les deux versions qui réalisent l'oeuvre et le texte source de modification

. .. Afc,

. .. , Modélisation des liens intertextuels par l'ARC

. .. Interrogation-du-modèle-documentaire, 111 6.5.1 Stratégie de recherche dans le modèle documentaire

N. .. Dans-la-structure-conceptuelle, 119 6.6.1 Raffinement et expansion des résultats

, Algorithmes d'interrogation et de navigation

. .. Requêtes, , p.132

. .. Conclusion, 136 RI et intertextualité : approche sémantique Sommaire 7.1 Introduction

. .. Deuxième-ontologie-documentaire, 154 7.4.1 Gestion des versions d'un document

. .. Mise, 166 7.5.1 Instanciation et interrogation dans la première ontologie, p.173

.. .. Conclusion,

, les relations qu'il entretient avec d'autres documents (modification, abrogation, jurisprudence, transposition

, Elle permet aussi de rendre compte de la dimension intertextuelle qui est peu représentée dans les ontologies documentaires existantes. Cette ontologie est structurée en trois grands modules qui permettent de modéliser les propriétés ci-dessus : -le module document (propriétés 1 et 2 : structure et cadre temporel), -le module collection, L'ontologie documentaire que nous proposons intègre les différents types de propriétés (sé-mantiques, structurelles et temporelles) dans un même modèle

, La granularité de la description a été adaptée au cas d'usage Légilocal pour lequel cette ontologie a été initialement développée. 97. Nous avons utilisé des noms en anglais pour exprimer les classes, les propriétés et les attributs de l'ontologie afin d'homogénéiser avec les vocabulaires de tiers utilisés dans la conception, La figure 7.1 donne une vue globale de l'ontologie documentaire et montre la dépendance entre ses différents modules 97

, Loi 76 ? 517 du 14 juin 1976 qui modifie la loi 67405 du 20 ? 05 ? 1967 sur la sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer et l'habitabilité à bord des navires

, Loi n?57 ? 362 du 23 mars 1957 RUR. qui modifie l'article 402 du code rural sur la pêche fluviale

, Décret n?2004n?2004 ? 62 du 14 janvier 2004 modifiant le décret n?99n?99 ? 508 du 17 juin 1999 qui cite l'article 266 du code des douanes et instituant une taxe générale sur les activités polluantes

, Mise en oeuvre des ontologies documentaires 1 @prefix

.. .. Corpus-légilocal,

, de visualisation pour construire les graphes réponses. Étapes de la stratégie de recherche : Cas général Entrée -Famille de contextes relationnels : Conventions, Recommandations, Relation Implement. -Une requête relationnelle : "(Conv, {att c }), impl, (Rec, {att r })" , telle que : Conv ? {Conv i , QueryConv} : objet convention identifié ou virtuel Rec ? {Rec i , QueryRec} : objet recommandation identifié ou virtuel {att x } : ensemble d'attributs

, {R} (recommandations) Préparation : formulation des requêtes et enrichissement des contextes formels 1. Ajout de (QueryConv, {att c }) au contexte Conventions 2. Ajout de (QueryRec, {att r }) au contexte Recommandations 3. Ajout de la relation, Conv × Rec) dans le contexte relationnel Construction de la famille des treillis relationnels Construire les treillis : LatConv (conventions) et LatRec (recommandation) (procédure MULTIFCA de Galicia

, Recherche d'objets pertinents Cas 1 Deux objets virtuels ou un objet virtuel et un objet identifié

C. , identifier les concepts Conv dans LatConv (les concepts les plus spécifiques des objets dans la même extension que QueryConv ou l'objet identifié

. C-r-=, identifier les concepts Rec dans LatRec (les concepts les plus spécifiques des objets dans la même extension que QueryRec ou l'objet identifié) 3. Résultat : {C} = ?Ext

C. , Résultat : {R} = ?{Rec i } Nous détaillons dans ce qui suit le déroulement des étapes de cette stratégie sur les requêtes OIT1-1 et OIT1-2 (correspondant à chacun de ces cas) et les possibilités de navigation offertes : OIT1-2 : Cette requête reflète le cas le plus général d'interrogation (ajout de deux objets virtuels). La requête est formulée comme suit : "(QueryConv),impl,(QueryRec,{accidents de travail, marin})". L'algorithme d'interrogation retourne l'objet R142 (dans l'extension du concept contenant QueryRec) et l'objet C164 (dans l'extension du concept contenant QueryConv). Le graphe réponse de cette requête, créé par le module de visualisation, est donné par la figure 8.2. Sur ce graphe, la partie centrale correspond à la réponse exacte (R142) qui possède les attributs de la requête. La partie droite contient, en plus de la ré-ponse exacte, plusieurs réponses approchées (R107, R138, R164, R171) qui ne possèdent qu'une partie des attributs et qui sont obtenues par navigation dans le treillis (parcours de généralisation), identifier les concepts Conv dans LatConv (les concepts les plus spécifiques des objets dans la même extension que QueryConv ou l'objet identifié) 2. Lire sur le contexte relationnel, pour chaque objet dans C C , les objets Rec i qu'il implémente 3

, Table 8.3 -Description de la collection Légilocal : les documents, leurs types et leurs relations. Actes Locaux Arrêté 97-17 de Champigné. Arrêté N?2007-031 de Villecresnes . Arrêté N?2011-22 de Villecresnes. Arrêté N?2012-17 de Villecresnes. Arrêté N?2012-48 de Villecresnes. Arrêté du 4 juillet 1997 du maire d'Ance (annulé par la Cour Administrative d

, Arrêté du 24 mai 1994 du maire de Magny-le-Feule (confirmé par le Conseil

, Code général des collectivités territoriales : Article 2122-28, Article 2211-1, Articles 2212-1 à 2212-5, Articles 2213-1 à 2213-6-1. Code de la route, Législation -Codes Code de l'environnement : Articles L.362-1 à L362-8 et Articles R, pp.362-363

, Décret n?92n?92-258 du 20 mars 1992 portant modification du Code de la route et application de la loi n?91n?91-2 du 3 janvier 1991. Circulaire OLIN du 6 septembre 2005. Ordonnance n?2000-914 du 18 septembre 2000 relative à la partie légis-lative du Code de l'environnement. Jurisprudence Décision N?99BX00597 de la Cour Administrative, Législation -Textes non codifiés Loi n?91n?91-2 du 3 janvier 1991 relative à la circulation des véhicules terrestres dans les espaces naturels et portant modification du Code des communes, 1995.

, The 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Proceedings of the Conference, 2009.

. Abasolo, J. M. Gomez-;-abasolo, and M. Gomez, Melisa. an ontology-based agent for information retrieval in medicine, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on the Semantic Web (SemWeb2000), pp.73-82, 2000.

. Abiteboul, Foundations of Databases, 1995.

T. Agnoloni, T. Agnoloni, and D. Tiscornia, Semantic web standards and ontologies for legislative drafting support, Proceedings of the 2nd IFIP WG 8.5 international conference on Electronic participation, pp.184-196, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01054840

A. , Lattice based data access (lbda) : An approach for organizing and accessing linked open data in biology, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Data Mining on Linked Data, with Linked Data Mining Challenge collocated with the European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECMLPKDD 2013), vol.1082, pp.11-14, 2013.

. Amardeilh, Document annotation and ontology population from linguistic extractions, Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Knowledge capture (K-CAP '05), pp.161-168, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00102591

F. ;. Andrews, N. O. Andrews, and E. A. Fox, Recent Developments in Document Clustering, 2007.

S. Andrews-;-andrews, In-close, a fast algorithm for computing formal concepts, the Seventeenth International Conference on Conceptual Structures, 2009.

S. Andrews-;-andrews, S. Andrews, and C. Orphanides, Discovering knowledge in data using formal concept analysis, Conceptual Structures for Discovering Knowledge -19th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, vol.4, pp.31-50, 2011.

. Angles, R. Gutierrez-;-angles, and C. Gutierrez, The expressive power of sparql, The Semantic Web -International Semantic Web Conference -ISWC 2008, pp.114-129, 2008.

[. Arévalo, Building abstractions in class models : Formal concept analysis in a model-driven approach, Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, 9th International Conference, vol.4199, pp.513-527, 2006.

K. D. Ashley-;-ashley, Legal Knowledge and Information Systems -JURIX 2013 : The Twenty-Sixth Annual Conference, vol.259, 2013.

. Azmeh, Selection of composable web services driven by user requirements. the Application and Experience Track of, ICWS 2011 -International Conference on Web Services, pp.395-402, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00596346

. Azmeh, Modèles et outils d'annotation pour une mémoire personnelle de l'enseignant, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Concept Lattices and their Applications (CLA'11), pp.377-392, 2006.

F. Baader-;-baader, Description logics, Reasoning Web : Semantic Technologies for Information Systems, 5th International Summer School, vol.5689, pp.1-39, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00624141

[. Baader, The Description Logic Handbook : Theory, Implementation, and Applications, 1999.

[. Barabucci, Longterm preservation of legal resources, Proceedings of the Second international conference on Electronic government and the information systems perspective, EGOVIS'11, pp.78-93, 2011.

M. Barbut, B. Monjardet, and M. Baziz, Towards a Semantic Representation of Documents by OntologyDocument Mapping, The Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol.3192, pp.33-43, 1970.

M. Baziz and . Baziz, Indexation conceptuelle guidée par ontologie pour la recherche d'information, Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Applied computing, SAC '05, pp.1011-1017, 2005.

T. Berners-lee, Giant global graph, 2007.

. Berners-lee, The semantic web, Scientific American, 2001.

[. Biagioli, Automatic semantics extraction in law documents, International Conference on AI and Law (ICAIL), pp.133-140, 2005.

[. Biasiotti, Legal informatics and management of legislative documents. Global Centre for ICT in Parliament, Colloquium Publications, vol.25, pp.172-210, 1967.

[. Bizer, Linked data -the story so far, Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst, vol.5, issue.3, pp.1-22, 2009.

G. Blomqvist, E. Blomqvist, T. Groza, and A. Boer, Metalex naming conventions and the semantic web, Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems : JURIX 2009 : The Twenty-Second Annual Conference, vol.1035, pp.31-36, 2009.

[. Boer, METALex : Legislation in XML, pp.1-10, 2002.

[. Boer, Proposed xml standards for law : Metalex and lkif, Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems : JURIX 2007 : The Twentieth Annual Conference, pp.19-28, 2007.

[. Boer, Metalex xml and the legal knowledge interchange format, Computable Models of the Law, vol.4884, pp.21-41, 2008.

[. Bolelli, Clustering scientific literature using sparse citation graph analysis, Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Principle and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, PKDD'06, pp.30-41, 2006.

M. J. Bommarito and D. M. Katz, Properties of the united states code citation network, 2009.

J. Bordat, Calcul pratique du treillis de galois d'une correspondance, Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines, vol.96, pp.31-47, 1986.

[. Borkar, Automatic segmentation of text into structured records, SIGMOD Rec, vol.30, issue.2, pp.175-186, 2001.

[. Boulet, Network analysis of the french environmental code, AICOL Workshops, pp.39-53, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00643730

[. Boulet, A network approach to the french system of legal codes-part i : Analysis of a dense network, Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Law, vol.19, pp.333-355, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00642894

D. Bourcier, Sciences juridiques et complexité. un nouveau modèle d'analyse, Droit et Cultures, vol.61, issue.1, pp.37-53, 2011.

F. Bourcier, D. Bourcier, and M. Fernández-barrera, Recensement des ressources sémantiques réutilisables pour la modélisation du droit des collectivités locales. Livrable 2.1 -Projet Légilocal, 2012.

M. Bourcier, D. Bourcier, and P. Mazzega, Codification, law article and graphs, Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, pp.29-38, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00325702

M. Bourcier, D. Bourcier, and P. Mazzega, Toward measures of complexity in legal systems, The Eleventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Proceedings of the Conference, pp.211-215, 2007.

K. R. Bouzidi, Aide à la création et à l'exploitation de réglementations basée sur les modèles et techniques du Web sémantique, 2013.

[. Bouzidi, Modélisation de documents réglementaires dans le domaine du bâtiment, Actes 12e, 2011.

[. Braga, Odyssey : a reuse environment based on domain models, Application-Specific Systems and Software Engineering and Technology, 1999. ASSET '99. Proceedings. 1999 IEEE Symposium on, pp.50-57, 1999.

[. Braga, Using ontologies for domain information retrieval, Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, DEXA '00, pp.836-840, 2000.

J. Breuker, R. Hoekstra, R. Brighi, and M. Palmirani, Epistemology and ontology in core ontologies : Folaw and lri-core, two core ontologies for law, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ICAIL '09, pp.238-239, 2004.

P. ;. Brin, S. Brin, and L. Page, The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine, Comput. Netw. ISDN Syst, vol.30, pp.107-117, 1998.

[. Carpineto, A survey of web clustering engines, European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR), vol.41, pp.155-166, 2006.

[. Carpineto, ;. Romano, C. Carpineto, and G. Romano, Galois : An ordertheoretic approach to conceptual clustering, Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Machine Learning, pp.33-40, 1993.

[. Carpineto, C. Romano-;-carpineto, and G. Romano, A lattice conceptual clustering system and its application to browsing retrieval, Machine Learning, vol.24, pp.95-122, 1996.

[. Carpineto, . Romano, C. Carpineto, and G. Romano, Order-theoretical ranking, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol.51, pp.587-601, 2000.

[. Carpineto, C. Romano-;-carpineto, and G. Romano, Exploiting the potential of concept lattices for information retrieval with credo, Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol.10, issue.8, pp.985-1013, 2004.

[. Carpineto, . Romano, C. Carpineto, and G. Romano, Using concept lattices for text retrieval and mining, Formal Concept Analysis, pp.161-179, 2005.

S. J. Chandler, The network structure of supreme court jurisprudence, Public Law and Legal Theory Series 2005-W-01, 2005.

M. Chein, Algorithme de recherche des sous-matrices premières d'une matrice, Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. R.S. Roumanie, vol.13, pp.21-25, 1969.

, Analyse statique de requête pour le Web sémantique, Nabil Informatique Grenoble, 2012.

N. Chekol, M. W. Chekol, and A. Napoli, An FCA framework for knowledge discovery in SPARQL query answers, Blomqvist and Groza, pp.197-200, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00881080

[. Chevallet, Domain knowledge conceptual inter-media indexing : Application to multilingual multimedia medical reports, Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM '07, pp.495-504, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00953881

[. Chieze, An automatic system for summarization and information extraction of legal information, Semantic Processing of Legal Texts, pp.216-234, 2010.

[. Cimiano, Towards the selfannotating web, Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web, WWW '04, pp.462-471, 2004.

[. Cimiano, Gimme' the context : context-driven automatic semantic annotation with c-pankow, WWW '05 : Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web, pp.332-341, 2005.

[. Cimiano, Ontology-based interpretation of natural language, Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, vol.7, issue.2, pp.1-178, 2014.

[. Ciorascu, Knowler -ontological support for information retrieval systems, Proceedings of 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference, Workshop on Semantic Web, 2003.

[. Ciravegna, Adaptive information extraction for document annotation in amilcare, Proceedings of the 25th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, SIGIR '02, pp.191-207, 2002.

[. Codocedo, Using pattern structures to support information retrieval with formal concept analysis, FCA4AI@IJCAI, Proceedings of the International Workshop "What can FCA do for Artificial Intelligence ?" (FCA4AI at IJCAI 2013), vol.1058, pp.15-24, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00880020

[. Codocedo, A contribution to semantic indexing and retrieval based on FCA -an application to song datasets, CLA, Proceedings of The Ninth International Conference on Concept Lattices and Their Applications, vol.972, pp.257-268, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00760764

[. Codocedo, A semantic approach to concept lattice-based information retrieval, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.169-195, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01095859

R. ;. Cointet, J. Cointet, and C. Roth, Socio-semantic dynamics in a blog network, Computational Science and Engineering, 2009. CSE '09. International Conference on, vol.4, pp.114-121, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00416705

C. , E. Cole, R. J. Eklund, and P. W. , Browsing semi-structured web texts using formal concept analysis, Conceptual Structures : Broadening the Base, 9th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS, pp.319-332, 2001.

[. Cole, Document retrieval for e-mail search and discovery using formal concept analysis, Applied Artificial Intelligence, vol.17, issue.3, pp.257-280, 2003.

. Comparot, Expression de requêtes en graphes conceptuels à partir de mots-clés et de patrons, Journées Francophones d'Ingénierie des Connaissances (IC), pp.81-92, 2010.

[. Corby, Querying the semantic web with corese search engine, de Mántaras and Saitta, pp.705-709, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01531219

[. Corcho, Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies : Where is their meeting point ?, Data Knowl. Eng, vol.46, issue.1, pp.41-64, 2003.

F. Crestani, Exploiting the similarity of non-matching terms at retrieval time, Journal of Information Retrieval, vol.2, pp.25-45, 2000.

[. Croset, The CALBC RDF triple store : retrieval over large literature content, 2010.

[. Cui, From text to rdf triple store : an application for biodiversity literature, Proceedings of the 73rd ASIS&T Annual Meeting on Navigating Streams in an Information Ecosystem, vol.47, pp.7-14, 2010.

[. Dao, Improving generalization level in uml models iterative cross generalization in practice, International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS'04), pp.346-360, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00108858

&. Aquin, M. Motta-;-d'aquin, and E. Motta, Extracting relevant questions to an rdf dataset using formal concept analysis, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Knowledge Capture, K-CAP '11, pp.121-128, 2011.

P. Davey, B. A. Davey, and H. A. Priestley, Introduction to Lattices and Order, 2002.

S. Mántaras, R. L. Mántaras, L. Saitta, C. Demko, K. Bertet et al., Information retrieval by online navigation in the latticial space-search of a database, with limited objects access, Proceedings of the 16th Eureopean Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI'2004, including Prestigious Applicants of Intelligent Systems, vol.939, pp.33-40, 2002.

. Després, S. Szulman-;-després, and S. Szulman, Merging of legal microontologies from european directives, Artif. Intell. Law, vol.15, issue.2, pp.187-200, 2007.

. Devignes, Bioregistry : Automatic extraction of metadata for biological database retrieval and discovery, International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies (IJMSO), vol.5, issue.3, pp.184-193, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00338674

Y. Ding-;-ding, Scientific collaboration and endorsement : Network analysis of coauthorship and citation networks, Journal of Informetrics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.187-203, 2011.

. Dolques, Analyse relationnelle de concepts pour l'exploration de données relationnelles, Extraction et gestion des connaissances (EGC'2013), Actes, 29 janvier -01 février 2013, pp.121-132, 2013.

[. Domenach, Formal Concept Analysis -10th International Conference, ICFCA 2012, vol.7278, 2012.

[. Ducrou, Fca-based browsing and searching of a collection of images, Conceptual Structures : Inspiration and Application, 14th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS, pp.203-214, 2006.

E. Ducrou, J. R. Ducrou, and P. W. Eklund, An intelligent user interface for browsing and searching mpeg-7 images using concept lattices, International J. Foundations of Computer Science, vol.19, issue.2, pp.359-381, 2008.

W. Engeljehringer and G. Schefbeck, The E-LAW Project in Austria. Electronic support of Law Making. Autrian Parliament, Parliamentary Administration, 2006.

J. Euzenat, L'annotation formelle de documents en huit (8) questions, Actes 6e journées sur ingénierie des connaissances (IC), pp.95-110, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00822910

[. Fernández, Semantically enhanced information retrieval : An ontology-based approach, Web Semantics : Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, vol.9, issue.4, pp.434-452, 2011.

S. Ferré, Camelis : Organizing and browsing a personal photo collection with a logical information system, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Concept Lattices and Their Applications, 2007.

S. Ferré, Camelis : a logical information system to organise and browse a collection of documents, International Journal of General Systems, vol.38, issue.4, pp.379-403, 2009.

S. Ferré, Conceptual navigation in rdf graphs with sparql-like queries, Kwuida and Sertkaya, pp.193-208, 2010.

[. Fieschi, Un service web pour l'annotation sémantique de données biomédicales avec des ontologies, Risques, Technologies de l'Information pour les Pratiques Médicales, vol.17, pp.151-162, 2009.

A. Formica, Concept similarity in formal concept analysis : An information content approach. Knowledge Based Systems, vol.21, pp.80-87, 2008.

[. Fowler, Network analysis and the law : Measuring the legal importance of precedents at the u.s. supreme court, Political Analysis, vol.15, pp.324-346, 2007.

J. Fowler, J. H. Fowler, and S. Jeon, The authority of supreme court precedent, Social Networks, vol.30, pp.16-30, 2008.

A. Gangemi, Ontology design patterns for semantic web content, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on The Semantic Web, ISWC'05, pp.262-276, 2005.

A. ;. Gangemi, M. A. Biasiotti, E. Francesconi, and S. , Design patterns for legal ontology constructions, LOAIT , Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques, vol.321, pp.65-85, 2007.

[. Gangemi, Sweetening ontologies with dolce, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management. Ontologies and the Semantic Web, EKAW '02, pp.166-181, 2002.

[. Gangemi, Metadata for content description in legal information, Proc.s of LegOnt Workshop on Legal Ontologies, 2003.

[. Gangemi, A constructive framework for legal ontologies, Law and the Semantic Web, vol.3369, pp.97-124, 2005.

B. Ganter, Two basic algorithms in concept analysis, vol.831, 1984.

[. Ganter, Formal Concept Analysis, Foundations and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.3626, 2005.

W. Ganter, B. Ganter, and R. Wille, Formal Concept Analysis, 1999.

. Wille, B. Ganter, and R. Wille, Formal Concept Analysis, 1999.

A. Geist and . Giannopoulos, Using Citation Analysis Techniques for Computer-Assisted Legal Research in Continental Jurisdictions, ESWC (2), pp.376-380, 2009.

L. Gillard, Indexation de documents annotés, 2002.

[. Godin, Incremental structuring of knowledge bases, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Knowledge Retrieval, Use, and Storage for Efficiency (KRUSE'95), pp.179-193, 1995.

[. Godin, Méthodes de classification conceptuelle basées sur les treillis de galois et applications, Revue d'intelligence artificielle, vol.9, pp.105-137, 1995.

[. Godin, Incremental Concept Formation Algorithms Based on Galois (Concept) Lattices. Computational Intelligence, vol.11, pp.246-267, 1995.

[. Godin, Experimental comparison of navigation in a galois lattice with conventional information retrieval methods, International Journal of Man-machine Studies, vol.38, pp.747-767, 1993.

G. Governatori, Legal Knowledge and Information Systems -JURIX 2009 : The Twenty-Second Annual Conference on Legal Knowledge and Information Systems, vol.16, 2009.

T. R. Gruber-;-gruber, A translation approach to portable ontology specifications, Knowledge Acquisition, vol.5, issue.2, pp.199-220, 1993.

A. Guenoche-and-mechelen-;-guenoche, I. V. Mechelen, I. V. Mechelen, J. Hampton, R. Michalski et al., Galois approach to the induction of concepts, Categories and Concepts. Theoretical Views and Inductive Data Analysis, pp.287-308, 1993.

, From regulatory texts to brms : How to guide the acquisition of business rules, Rules on the Web : Research and Applications, vol.7438, pp.77-91, 2012.

[. Guissé, Annotation sémantique pour l'indexation de règles métiers, Conférence Internationale sur la Terminologie et l'Intelligence Artificielle, p.page (, 2009.

[. Gultemen, D. Van-engers-;-gultemen, T. Van-engers, . Haav, H. Lubi-;-haav et al., Supporting ontology design through large-scale fca-based ontology restructuring, Conceptual Structures for Discovering Knowledge -19th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, vol.6828, pp.257-269, 2001.

. Harth, A. Decker-;-harth, and S. Decker, Yet another rdf store : Perfect index structures for storing semantic web data with contexts, 2004.

T. Heath and C. Bizer, Linked Data : Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space. Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web, 2011.

M. Henzinger, Link analysis in web information retrieval, IEEE DATA ENGINEERING BULLETIN, vol.23, pp.3-8, 2000.

R. Hoekstra-;-hoekstra, The metalex document server : legal documents as versioned linked data, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Semantic Web, ISWC'11, pp.128-143, 2011.

[. Hoekstra, Lkif core : Principled ontology development for the legal domain, Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Law, Ontologies and the Semantic Web : Channelling the Legal Information Flood, pp.21-52, 2009.

A. Hossain, M. S. Hossain, and R. A. Angryk, Gdclust : A graph-based document clustering technique, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops, ICDMW '07, pp.417-422, 2007.

[. Hubert, Modèle d'indexation dynamique à base d'ontologies, CORIA, pp.169-184, 2009.

[. Huchard, Relational concept discovery in structured datasets, Ann. Math. Artif. Intell, vol.49, pp.39-76, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00183376

, Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report, volume 19 of new series, UBCIM publications, München. by IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1998.

[. Jo, Detecting research topics via the correlation between graphs and texts, KDD'07 -INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND DATA MINING, pp.370-379, 2007.

. Kengue, A parallel algorithm for lattice construction, Formal Concept Analysis, vol.3403, pp.249-264, 2005.

[. Kirchberg, Formal concept discovery in semantic web data, pp.164-179, 2012.

[. Kiryakov, Semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval, Journal of Web Semantics, vol.2, pp.49-79, 2004.

J. M. Kleinberg, Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment, J. ACM, vol.46, pp.604-632, 1999.

B. Koester, Conceptual knowledge retrieval with fooca : Improving web search engine results with contexts and concept hierarchies, Industrial Conference on Data Mining, pp.176-190, 2006.

[. Krajca, V. : Parallel recursive algorithm for fca, Palacky University, pp.71-82, 2008.

[. Kuznetsov, S. Obiedkov-;-kuznetsov, and S. Obiedkov, Algorithms for the construction of concept lattices and their diagram graphs, Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol.2168, pp.289-300, 2001.

[. Kuznetsov, A system for knowledge discovery in big dynamical text collections, FCA4AI@ECAI, Proceedings of the International Workshop "What can FCA do for Artificial Intelligence ?" (FCA4AI at ECAI 2012), vol.939, pp.81-87, 2012.

[. Kuznetsov, S. O. Obiedkov-;-kuznetsov, and S. A. Obiedkov, Comparing Performance of Algorithms for Generating Concept Lattices, Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol.14, pp.189-216, 2002.

L. Kwuida and B. Sertkaya, Formal Concept Analysis, 8th International Conference, ICFCA 2010, vol.5986, 2010.

G. T. Lau-;-lau, C. A. Stanford, U. Law, and L. C. , A comparative analysis framework for semi-structured documents, with applications to government regulations, Legal Knowledge and Information Systems : JURIX 2009, the Twenty-second Annual Conference, vol.205, p.31, 2004.

[. Lopez, Aqualog : An ontologydriven question answering system for organizational semantic intranets, Web Semant, vol.5, issue.2, pp.72-105, 2007.

. Lortal, Soutenir la coopéra-tion par l'indexation semi-automatique d'annotations, Actes d'IC, IC 2006 : Ingénierie des connaissances 2006 (Proceedings of the 17th French Knowledge Engineering Conference), pp.61-70, 2006.

. Losada, D. E. Barreiro-;-losada, and A. Barreiro, A logical model for information retrieval based on propositional logic and belief revision, The Computer Journal, vol.44, pp.410-424, 2001.

[. Lu, Legal document clustering with built-in topic segmentation, CIKM, pp.383-392, 2011.

[. Ma, Annotation sémantique pour des domaines spécialisés et des ontologies riches, Actes de la 20ème conférence du Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel, 2013.

[. Manning, Automatic translation from textual representations of laws to formal models through uml, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol.134, pp.71-80, 2005.

[. Messai, Querying a bioinformatic data sources registry with concept lattices, ICCS, pp.323-336, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00000102

[. Messai, , 2006.

, Treillis de concepts et ontologies pour interroger l'annuaire de sources de données biologiques bioregistry. Ingénierie des Systèmes d'Information (ISI), vol.11, pp.39-60

. Miklos, Querying semantic web resources using triple views, Proceedings of the 2nd International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC03), 2003.

[. Mimouni, A relational approach for information retrieval on XML legal sources, International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, ICAIL '13, pp.212-216, 2013.

[. Mimouni, Classification conceptuelle d'une collection documentaire -intertextualité et recherche d'information, Proceedings of the 9th French Information Retrieval Conference (CORIA'12), pp.123-134, 2012.

[. Mimouni, N. Slimani-;-mimouni, Y. Slimani, and . Minard, Indexing and Searching Video Sequences Using Concept Lattices, Extraction et gestion des connaissances (EGC'2013), Actes, 29 janvier -01 février 2013, pp.491-506, 2006.

. Moha, Extraction et exploitation d'annotations sémantiques contextuelles à partir de texte, Formal Concept Analysis, 6th International Conference, vol.4933, pp.289-304, 2008.

. Mokhtari and N. Mokhtari, Extraction et exploitation d'annotations sémantiques contextuelles à partir de texte, 2010.

D. Mokhtari, N. Mokhtari, and R. Dieng-kuntz, Extraction et exploitation des annotations contextuelles, Actes des 8èmes journées Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances, pp.7-18, 2008.

L. Mommers, Ontologies in the legal domain, Theory and Applications of Ontology : Philosophical Perspectives, pp.265-276, 2010.

. Mondary, Between browsing and search, a new model for navigating through large documents, proceedings of EuroCogSci07, the european cognitive science conference EuroCogSci07, The European Cognitive Science Conference, pp.634-639, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00153435

C. N. Mooers-;-mooers, A mathematical theory of language symbols in retrieval, International Confernece on Scientific Information, pp.61-70, 1958.

[. Mrabet, Une approche pour la recherche sémantique de l'information dans les documents semi-structurés hété-rogènes, COnférence en Recherche d'Infomations et Applications -CORIA 2010, 7th French Information Retrieval Conference, pp.195-210, 2010.

T. Nauer, E. Nauer, and Y. Toussaint, Classification dynamique par treillis de concepts pour la recherche d'information sur le web, CORIA'08 : Conférence en Recherche d'Information et Applications, pp.71-86, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00263562

. Ne?i?, Concept-based semantic annotation, indexing and retrieval of office-like document units, Adaptivity, Personalization and Fusion of Heterogeneous Information, RIAO '10, pp.5200-5205, 2004.

E. M. Nguifo and P. Njiwoua, Treillis de concepts et classification supervisée, Technique et Science Informatiques, vol.24, issue.4, pp.449-488, 2005.

N. Bonnel, M. C. Norris, and E. M. , An algorithm for computing the maximal rectangles in a binary relation, Atelier Visualisation et extraction de connaissances -EGC, vol.23, pp.243-250, 1978.

[. Oberle, Towards ontologies for formalizing modularization and communication in large software systems, Appl. Ontol, vol.1, issue.2, pp.163-202, 2006.

[. Page, The pagerank citation ranking : Bringing order to the web, 1999.

. Palmirani, M. Benigni-;-palmirani, and F. Benigni, Norma-system : A legal information system for managing time, 2002.

. Palmirani, M. Brighi-;-palmirani, and R. Brighi, Model regularity of legal language in active modifications, AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems. Complex Systems, the Semantic Web, Ontologies, Argumentation, and Dialogue -International Workshops AICOL-I/IVR-XXIV, pp.54-73, 2009.

B. Palmirani, M. Palmirani, and R. Brighi, Model regularity of legal language in active modifications, AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems. Complex Systems, the Semantic Web, Ontologies, Argumentation, and Dialogue, vol.6237, pp.54-73, 2010.

[. Palmirani, Automated extraction of normative references in legal texts, Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law, ICAIL '03, pp.146-155, 2003.

[. Palmirani, Legal metadata interchange framework to match cen metalex, pp.232-233, 2009.

[. Palmirani, AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems. Models and Ethical Challenges for Legal Systems, Legal Language and Legal Ontologies, Argumentation and Software Agents -International Workshop AICOL-III, Held as Part of the 25th IVR Congress, Proceedings of the RuleML2012@ECAI Challenge, vol.7639, pp.90-92, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01926306

[. Pérez, Semantics and complexity of sparql, ACM Trans. Database Syst, vol.34, issue.3, 2009.

. Pham, Recherche d'images par l'analyse factorielle des correspondances, CORIA'08 : Conférence en Recherche d'Information et Applications, pp.23-38, 2008.

T. Pivovarov, G. Pivovarov, and S. Trunov, Clustering and classification in text collections using graph modularity, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2011.

. Poelmans, Text mining scientific papers : a survey on fca-based information retrieval research, Advances in Data Mining. 11th Industrial Conference, ICDM 2011, pp.82-96, 2011.

. Poelmans, Formal concept analysis in knowledge processing : A survey on applications, Expert Syst. Appl, vol.40, issue.16, pp.6538-6560, 2013.

. Poelmans, Formal concept analysis in knowledge processing : A survey on models and techniques, Expert Syst. Appl, vol.40, issue.16, pp.6601-6623, 2013.

. Pol, A survey on web content mining and extraction of structured and semistructured data, Proceedings of the 2008 First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology, ICETET '08, pp.543-546, 2008.

M. ;. Poshyvanyk, D. Poshyvanyk, and A. Marcus, Combining formal concept analysis with information retrieval for concept location in source code, ICPC, pp.37-48, 2007.

. Pradel, Content ontology design patterns as practical building blocks for web ontologies, 23es Journées Francophones d'Ingénierie des Connaissances, vol.5231, pp.21-33, 2000.

[. Rada, Development and application of a metric on semantic nets. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol.19, issue.1, pp.17-30, 1989.

B. J. Ralalason and R. C. Ramírez, Représentation multi-facette des documents pour leur accès sémantique, Engineering Letters, vol.15, issue.2, pp.234-239, 2007.

L. Reeve, Survey of semantic annotation platforms, Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp.1634-1638, 2005.

. Ren, F. Bracewell-;-ren, and D. B. Bracewell, Advanced information retrieval, Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci, vol.225, pp.303-317, 2009.

[. Renard, Recherche d'information sémantique : Appariement sémantique flou de documents semi-structurés, 2009.

[. Reymonet, Modelling ontological and terminological resources in owl dl, Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web, WWW '04, pp.374-383, 2004.

[. Rouane, A proposal for combining formal concept analysis and description logics for mining relational data, Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Formal concept analysis, ICFCA 2007, LNAI, pp.51-65, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00163364

[. Rouane, Using formal concept analysis for discovering knowledge patterns, CLA'10 : 7th International Conference on Concept Lattices and Their Applications, pp.223-234, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00531802

[. Rouane, Relational concept analysis : mining concept lattices from multi-relational data, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, vol.67, issue.1, pp.81-108, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00816300

. Rouane-hacene, Refactoring of ontologies : Improving the design of ontological models with concept analysis, Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI), vol.2, pp.167-172, 2010.

J. B. Ruhl, Thinking of environmental law as a complex adaptive system : how to clean up the environment by making a mess of environmental law, Hous. L. Rev, vol.34, pp.933-1002, 1997.

[. Saada, Learning model transformations from examples using fca : One for all or all for one, CLA, Proceedings of The Ninth International Conference on Concept Lattices and Their Applications, vol.972, pp.45-56, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00743884

[. Salton, A vector space model for automatic indexing, Commun. ACM, vol.18, issue.11, pp.613-620, 1975.

[. Sartor, Legislative XML for the Semantic Web, 2010.

[. Sartor, Governance and Technology : Legislative Xml for the Semantic Web : Principles, Models, Standards for Document Management. Law, Governance and Technology Series, vol.4, 2011.

I. Savvas and N. Bassiliades, A process-oriented ontologybased knowledge management system for facilitating operational procedures in public administration, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.36, issue.3, pp.4467-4478, 2009.

S. E. Schaeffer, Graph clustering, Computer Science Review, vol.1, issue.1, pp.27-64, 2007.

J. Shaheed, A top-level language-biased legal ontology, In : Workshop Proceedings, Legal Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Techniques, International Association for Artificial Intelligence and Law, vol.4, pp.13-24, 2005.

[. Shi, Mining for reengineering : An application to semantic wikis using formal and relational concept analysis, The Semanic Web : Research and Applications -8th Extended Semantic Web Conference, vol.6644, pp.421-435, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00646450

. Sintek, M. Decker-;-sintek, and S. Decker, Triple -a query, inference, and transformation language for the semantic web, Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference on The Semantic Web, ISWC '02, pp.364-378, 2002.

. Smaïl-tabbone, Bioregistry : A structured metadata repository for bioinformatic databases, Computational Life Sciences, First International Symposium, pp.46-56, 2005.

N. Strok, F. Strok, and A. Neznanov, Comparing and analyzing the computational complexity of fca algorithms, Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists, SAICSIT '10, pp.417-420, 2010.

[. Studer, Knowledge engineering : Principles and methods, Data and Knowledge Engineering, vol.25, issue.1-2, pp.161-197, 1998.

[. Stumme, Computing iceberg concept lattices with titanic, Data Knowl. Eng, vol.42, issue.2, pp.189-222, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00578830

. Tiscornia and D. Tiscornia, The lois project : Lexical ontologies for legal information sharing, Library, issue.1, pp.189-204, 2000.

G. Tullock, On the desirable degree of detail in the law, European Journal of Law and Economics, vol.2, pp.199-209, 1995.

[. Unger, Template-based question answering over rdf data, Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web, WWW '12, pp.639-648, 2012.

[. Uren, Semantic annotation for knowledge management : Requirements and a survey of the state of the art, Journal of Web Semantics, p.4, 2006.

[. Uren, Semantic annotation for knowledge management : Requirements and a survey of the state of the art, Web Semant, vol.4, issue.1, pp.14-28, 2006.

[. Vallet, An ontology-based information retrieval model, ESWC, pp.455-470, 2005.

[. Valtchev, A partition-based approach towards constructing galois (concept) lattices, Discrete Math, vol.256, issue.3, pp.801-829, 2002.

[. Ven, Metavex : Regulation drafting meets the semantic web, Proc. of the Workshop on Semantic Web technology for Law, 2007.

S. Ventos, V. Ventos, and H. Soldano, Les treillis de galois alpha, Intelligence Artificielle, vol.19, issue.4-5, pp.799-827, 2005.

E. M. Voorhees, Query expansion using lexical-semantic relations, Proceedings of the 17th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR '94, pp.61-69, 1994.

[. Waiyamai, K. Waiyamai, and L. Lakhal, Knowledge discovery from very large databases using frequent concept lattices, Machine Learning : ECML 2000, vol.1810, pp.437-445, 2000.

X. Wang, N. Wang, and X. Xu, A method to build ontology, High Performance Computing in the Asia-Pacific Region, 2000. Proceedings. The Fourth International Conference/Exhibition on, vol.2, pp.672-673, 2000.

. Wijaya, D. T. Bressan-;-wijaya, and S. Bressan, Clustering web documents using co-citation, coupling, incoming, and outgoing hyperlinks : a comparative performance analysis of algorithms, IJWIS, vol.2, issue.2, pp.69-76, 2006.

R. Wille, Restructuring lattice theory : an approach based on hierarchies of concepts. Ordered sets, pp.445-470, 1982.

R. Wille, Line diagrams of hierarchical concept systems, International Classification, vol.2, pp.77-86, 1984.

[. Winkels, Metalex : An xml standard for legal documents, Proceedings of the XML Europe Conference, 2003.

[. Winkels, Creating context networks in dutch legislation, pp.155-164, 2013.

D. Winkels, R. Ruyter-;-winkels, J. De-ruyter, and . Palmirani, Survival of the fittest : Network analysis of dutch supreme court cases, pp.106-115, 2011.

E. Wray, T. Wray, and P. W. Eklund, Exploring the information space of cultural collections using formal concept analysis, Formal Concept Analysis -9th International Conference, pp.251-266, 2011.

A. Wyner and R. Hoekstra, A legal case owl ontology with an instantiation of popov v. hayashi, Artificial Intelligence and Law, vol.20, issue.1, pp.83-107, 2012.

[. Yan, Costco : Robust content and structure constrained clustering of networked documents, Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing -12th International Conference, CICLing, pp.289-300, 2011.

[. Yoo, A coherent graph-based semantic clustering and summarization approach for biomedical literature and a new summarization evaluation method, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.8, 2007.

H. Zargayouna, Contexte et sémantique pour une indexation de documents semi-structurés, CORIA, pp.161-178, 2004.