L. Adour, Document d'objectifs Natura 2000 de la zone spéciale de conservation "Vallée de l'Adour, 2011.

A. B. Avakyan and S. A. Skii, Impact of Reservoirs on the Fauna. Water ressources, vol.29, pp.123-132, 2002.

M. Azpilicueta-amorin, M. Vila, and A. Cordero-rivera, Population Genetic Structure of Two Threatened Dragonfly Species (Odonata : Anisoptera) as Revealed by RAPD Analysis, Relict Species : Phylogeography and conservation biology, pp.295-308, 2010.

R. Baeta, , 2017.

, Suivi diachronique des populations ligériennes de Gomphus flavipes et d' Ophiogomphus cecilia en région Centre Val-de-Loire (Saison 2016 -Deuxième année de suivi à l'échelle régionale) (Rapport technique)

M. J. Banks and D. J. Thompson, Lifetime mating success in the damselfly Coenagrion puella, Animal Behaviour, vol.33, issue.4, pp.1175-1183, 1985.

M. J. Banks and D. J. Thompson, Lifetime reproductive success of females of the damselfly Coenagrion puella, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.56, issue.3, pp.815-832, 1987.

M. Barneix, G. Bailleux, and D. Soulet, Liste rouge des Odonates d'Aquitaine, 2016.

, Observatoire Aquitain de la Faune Sauvage (coordination)

A. D. Barnosky, N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G. O. Wogan, B. Swartz et al.,

E. A. Ferrer, , 2011.

, Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived ?, Nature, vol.471, issue.7336, pp.51-57

D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using (lme4), Journal of Statistical Software, vol.67, issue.1, pp.1-48, 2015.

J. Battin, When good animals love bad habitats : Ecological traps and the conservation of animal populations, Conservation Biology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1482-1491, 2004.

R. M. Baxter, Environmental effects of dams and impoundments, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.8, pp.255-283, 1977.

J. Belle, Some interesting Odonata Anisoptera from the Tarn, France. Entomologische Berichten, vol.43, pp.93-95, 1983.

S. Bence, J. Delauge, P. Lambret, D. Meyer, and C. Hayot, Liste rouge régionale des Odonates, 2016.

A. Bilek, Ergänzende Beobachtungen zur Lebensweise von Macromia splendens (Pictet 1843) und einingen anderen in der Guyenne vorkommenden Odonata-Arten, Entomologische Zeitschrift, vol.79, pp.117-124, 1969.

S. Blanchet, O. Rey, R. Etienne, S. Lek, and G. Loot, Species-specific responses to landscape fragmentation : Implications for management strategies, Evolutionary Applications, vol.3, pp.291-304, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01219020

J. Boudot, Modifications apportées à la faune odonatologique d'un cours d'eau par la construction du barrage de la Rouvière (Gard), Martinia, vol.5, issue.4, pp.87-89, 1989.

J. Boudot and . Kalkman, Atlas of the European dragonflies and damselflies, p.930010396, 2015.

L. S. Brasil, N. F. Giehl, S. M. Almeida, M. B. Valadão, J. O. Santos et al., Does the damming of streams in the southern Amazon basin affect dragonfly and damselfly assemblages (Odonata : Insecta) ? A preliminary study, International Journal of Odonatology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.187-197, 2014.

E. Braune, O. Richter, D. Söndgerath, and F. Suhling, Voltinism flexibility of a riverine dragonfly along thermal gradients, Global Change Biology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.470-482, 2008.

J. T. Bried, F. Samways, and M. J. , A critique of the dragonfly delusion hypothesis : Why sampling exuviae does not avoid bias, Insect Conservation and Diversity, vol.5, issue.5, pp.398-402, 2012.

J. T. Bried and M. J. Samways, A review of odonatology in freshwater applied ecology and conservation science, Freshwater Science, vol.34, issue.3, pp.1023-1031, 2015.

T. M. Brooks, R. A. Mittermeier, G. A. Da-fonseca, J. Gerlach, M. Hoffmann et al., Global biodiversity conservation priorities, Science, issue.5783, pp.58-61, 2006.

A. E. Cahill, M. E. Aiello-lammens, M. C. Fisher-reid, X. Hua, C. J. Karanewsky et al., How does climate change cause extinction ?, Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.280, pp.20121890-20121890, 1750.

V. Callier and H. F. Nijhout, Body size determination in insects : A review and synthesis of sizeand brain-dependent and independent mechanisms, Biological Reviews, vol.88, issue.4, pp.944-954, 2013.

N. Carluer, M. Babut, J. Belliard, I. Bernez, B. Leblanc et al., Expertise scientifique collective sur l'impact cumulé des retenues d'eau sur le milieu aquatique, 2016.

G. Ceballos, P. R. Ehrlich, A. D. Barnosky, A. Garcia, R. M. Pringle et al., Accelerated modern human-induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction, Science Advances, vol.1, issue.5, 2015.

R. Céréghino, A. Ruggiero, P. Marty, and S. Angélibert, Biodiversity and distribution patterns of freshwater invertebrates in farm ponds of a south-western French agricultural landscape. Hydrobiologia, vol.597, pp.43-51, 2008.

S. Cham, B. Nelson, A. Parr, S. Prentice, and D. Smallshire, Atlas of dragonflies in Britain and Ireland (Biological Records Centre, Field Studies Council éd.). Telford, p.986505856, 2014.

A. Chaput-bardy, O. Pays, T. Lodé, and J. Secondi, Morphological clines in dendritic landscapes, Freshwater Biology, vol.52, pp.1677-1688, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01345369

B. Charlot, S. Danflous, B. Louboutin, and S. Jaulin, Liste Rouge des Odonates menacés d'Occitanie, 2018.

M. Chavez, K. Mabry, S. Mccauley, and J. Hammond, Differential larval responses of two ecologically similar insects (Odonata) to temperature and resource variation, International Journal of Odonatology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.297-304, 2015.

D. Chelmick, Macromia Splendens in Iberia. Agrion, vol.8, pp.4-5, 2004.

D. Chelmick, Observations of Macromia splendens in the Guadiaro river basin, Boletin Rola, vol.6, pp.5-36, 2015.

D. Chelmick, Species Review 9 : Macromia splendens (Pictet 1843) (The Splendid Cruiser), Journal of the British Dragonfly Society, vol.31, issue.2, pp.89-118, 2015.

D. Chelmick, Trip Reports, 2015.

S. L. Chown and K. J. Gaston, Body size variation in insects : A macroecological perspective, Biological Reviews, vol.85, issue.1, pp.139-169, 2010.

J. A. Clark and R. M. May, Taxonomic bias in conservation research, Science, vol.297, issue.5579, pp.191-192, 2002.

V. Clausnitzer, K. B. Dijkstra, R. Koch, J. Boudot, W. R. Darwall et al., , 2012.

, Focus on African freshwaters : Hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.10, issue.3, pp.129-134

V. Clausnitzer, V. J. Kalkman, M. Ram, B. Collen, J. E. Baillie et al.,

K. Wilson, Odonata enter the biodiversity crisis debate : The first global assessment of an insect group, Biological Conservation, vol.142, issue.8, pp.1864-1869, 2009.

E. Commission, Our life insurance, our natural capital : An EU biodiversity strategy to 2020, 2011.

K. F. Conrad, Relationships of larval phenology and imaginal size to male pairing success in Argia vivida Hagen (Zygoptera : Coenagrionidae), Odonatologica, vol.21, issue.3, pp.335-342, 1992.

K. F. Conrad, M. S. Warren, R. Fox, M. S. Parsons, and I. P. Woiwod, Rapid declines of common, widespread British moths provide evidence of an insect biodiversity crisis, Biological Conservation, vol.132, issue.3, pp.279-291, 2006.

P. S. Corbet, A biology of dragonflies, 1962.

P. S. Corbet, Biology of Odonata. Annual review of entomology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.189-217, 1980.

P. S. Corbet, Dragonflies : Behaviour and ecology of Odonata, p.611828609, 1999.

A. Cordero-rivera, Fecundity of Ischnura graellsii (Rambur) in the laboratory (Zygoptera : Coenagrionidae), Odonatologica, vol.20, issue.1, pp.37-44, 1991.

A. Cordero-rivera, Distribution, habitat requirements and conservation of Macromia splendens Pictet (Odonata : Corduliidae) in Galicia (NW Spain), International Journal of Odonatology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.73-83, 2000.

A. Cordero-rivera, A. Torralba-burrial, F. Ocharan, F. Cano, D. Outomuro et al., Macromia Splendens, VV.AA., Bases ecologicas preliminares para la conservacion de las especies de interés comunitario en Espana : Invertebrados, vol.92, p.67, 2012.

A. Cordero-rivera, C. Utzeri, and S. Santolamazza-carbone, Emergence and adult behaviour of Macromia splendens (Pictet) in Galicia, northwestern Spain (Anisoptera : Corduliidae). Odonatologica, vol.28, pp.333-342, 1999.

A. Costes, S. Danflous, L. Bourgouin, and G. Delpon, Premier retour d'expérience sur la prise en compte des Odonates dans les DOCOB des sites Natura, 2000.

, Les invertébrés dans la conservation et la gestion des espaces naturels, vol.76, pp.23-25

, Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora, 1992.

G. Crosa, E. Castelli, G. Gentili, and P. Espa, Effects of suspended sediments from reservoir flushing on fish and macroinvertebrates in an alpine stream, Aquatic Sciences, vol.72, issue.1, pp.85-95, 2010.

G. Da-silva-méndez, M. O. Lorenzo-carballa, A. Cordero-rivera, and P. C. Watts, Microsatellite loci for two threatened dragonfly (Odonata : Anisoptera) species : Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834) and Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843), Conservation Genetics Resources, vol.5, issue.4, pp.1171-1174, 2013.

S. Danflous, Déclinaison régionale du plan national d'actions en faveur des Odonates -MidiPyrénées, Conservatoire d'espaces naturels, 2014.

M. Daufresne, K. Lengfellner, and U. Sommer, Global warming benefits the small in aquatic ecosystems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.31, pp.12788-12793, 2009.

D. Block, M. Stoks, and R. , Adaptive sex-specific life history plasticity to temperature and photoperiod in a damselfly, Journal of evolutionary biology, vol.16, issue.5, pp.986-995, 2003.

G. Delpon, Contribution à l'inventaire des Odonates du Tarn (Rapport de Stage), 2012.

A. S. Denis, S. Danflous, and L. Pelozuelo, Etat des lieux des connaissances sur trois Odonates protégés de grands cours d'eau : La Cordulie à corps fin Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834), le Gomphe de Graslin Gomphus graslinii Rambur, 1842 et la Cordulie splendide Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843), Les invertébrés dans la conservation et la gestion des espaces naturels, vol.76, pp.126-131, 2017.

A. S. Denis, O. Payet, S. Danflous, N. Gouix, F. Santoul et al., Intraspecific variability of the phenology and morphology of three protected dragonflies between natural and artificial habitats, Journal of Insect Conservation, 2018.

K. Dijkstra and R. Lewington, Guide des libellules de France et d'Europe (P. Jourde, Trad.), 2015.

. Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, p.907222783

K. B. Dijkstra and V. J. Kalkman, Phylogeny, classification and taxonomy of European dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) : A review, Organisms Diversity & Evolution, vol.12, issue.3, pp.209-227, 2012.

K. B. Dijkstra, J. Kipping, and N. Mézière, Sixty new dragonfly and damselfly species from Africa (Odonata), Odonatologica, vol.44, issue.4, pp.447-678, 2015.

D. Marco, M. Chapman, S. Althor, G. Kearney, S. Besancon et al., Changing trends and persisting biases in three decades of conservation science, Global Ecology and Conservation, vol.10, pp.32-42, 2017.

N. J. Dingemanse and V. J. Kalkman, Changing temperature regimes have advanced the phenology of Odonata in the Netherlands, Ecological Entomology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.394-402, 2008.

R. Dirzo and P. H. Raven, Global state of biodiversity and loss, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, vol.28, issue.1, pp.137-167, 2003.

T. J. Doeg and J. D. Koehn, Effects of draining and desilting a small weir on downstream fish and macroinvertebrates, River Research and Applications, vol.9, issue.4, pp.263-277, 1994.

H. Doi, Delayed phenological timing of dragonfly emergence in Japan over five decades, Biology Letters, vol.4, issue.4, pp.388-391, 2008.

S. Domisch, M. B. Araújo, N. Bonada, S. U. Pauls, S. C. Jähnig et al., Modelling distribution in European stream macroinvertebrates under future climates, Global Change Biology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.752-762, 2013.

J. Dommanget, Etude de Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843) dans la vallée du Tarn, ) et statut national de l'espèce, 2001.

J. Dommanget and D. Grand, Macromia Splendens (Pictet, 1843), Background information on invertebrates on the habitats directive and the bern convention : Mantodea, odonata, orthoptera and arachnida, pp.341-349, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212980

M. R. Donaldson, N. J. Burnett, D. C. Braun, C. D. Suski, S. G. Hinch et al., , 2016.

, Taxonomic bias and international biodiversity conservation research. FACETS, vol.1, pp.105-113

G. Doucet, Suivi de l'émergence d'Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834) et de Gomphus graslinii Rambur, 1842 sur un étang du centre de la Dordogne, Odonata : Anisoptera, 2009.

. Martinia, , vol.25, pp.157-164

G. Doucet, Clé de détermination des exuvies des Odonates de France -2ème édition (Rapport technique), 2011.

D. Dudgeon, A. H. Arthington, M. O. Gessner, Z. Kawabata, D. J. Knowler et al., Freshwater biodiversity : Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges, Biological Reviews, vol.81, issue.02, pp.163-182, 2006.

F. Dufour, H. Arrizabalaga, X. Irigoien, and J. Santiago, Climate impacts on albacore and bluefin tunas migrations phenology and spatial distribution, Progress in Oceanography, vol.86, issue.1-2, pp.283-290, 2010.

R. R. Dunn, Modern insect extinctions, the neglected majority, Conservation Biology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.1030-1036, 2005.

P. Dupont, Plan national d'actions en faveur des Odonates, 2010.

, Office pour les insectes et leur environnement / Société Française d'Odonatologie -Ministère de l'Ecologie

?. Elçi, Effects of thermal stratification and mixing on reservoir water quality, Limnology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.135-142, 2008.

L. Fahrig, Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.487-515, 2003.

A. Farkas, T. Jakab, A. Tóth, A. F. Kalmár, and G. Dévai, Emergence patterns of riverine dragonflies (Odonata : Gomphidae) in Hungary : Variations between habitats and years, Aquatic Insects, vol.34, issue.sup1, pp.77-89, 2012.

M. Ferreras-romero, New data on the ecological tolerance of some rheophilous odonata in mediterranean, Odonatologica, vol.17, issue.2, pp.121-126, 1988.

M. Ferreras-romero and P. S. Corbet, Seasonal patterns of emergence in Odonata of a permanent stream in southwestern, Europe. Aquatic insects, vol.17, issue.2, pp.123-127, 1995.

O. M. Fincke, D. Santiago, S. Hickner, and R. Bienek, Susceptibility of larval dragonflies to zebra mussel colonization and its effect on larval movement and survivorship, Hydrobiologia, vol.624, issue.1, pp.71-79, 2009.

C. R. Fonseca, The silent mass extinction of insect herbivores in biodiversity hotspots, Conservation Biology, vol.23, issue.6, pp.1507-1515, 2009.

R. G. Foottit and P. H. Adler, Insect biodiversity : Science and society, 2009.

J. Forrest and A. J. Miller-rushing, Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.365, pp.3101-3112, 1555.

J. Forster, A. G. Hirst, and D. Atkinson, How do organisms change size with changing temperature ? The importance of reproductive method and ontogenetic timing, Functional Ecology, vol.25, issue.5, pp.1024-1031, 2011.

S. Foster and D. Soluk, Evaluating exuviae collection as a management tool for the federally endangered Hine's emerald dragonfly, Somatochlora hineana Williamson (Odonata : Cordulidae), 2004.

, Biological Conservation, vol.118, issue.1, pp.15-20

J. Fox and S. Weisberg, An R companion to applied regression (Second éd.), 2011.

D. Frances, J. Moon, and S. Mccauley, Effects of environmental warming during early life history on libellulid odonates, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.95, issue.6, pp.373-382, 2017.

J. A. Fulan, R. Raimundo, D. Figueuredo, and M. Correia, Abundance and diversity of dragonflies four years after the construction of a reservoir, Limnetica, vol.29, issue.2, pp.279-286, 2010.

J. L. Gardner, A. Peters, M. R. Kearney, L. Joseph, and R. Heinsohn, Declining body size : A third universal response to warming ?, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, vol.26, issue.6, pp.285-291, 2011.

J. Gerlach, M. Samways, and J. Pryke, Terrestrial invertebrates as bioindicators : An overview of available taxonomic groups, Journal of Insect Conservation, vol.17, issue.4, pp.831-850, 2013.

L. Giugliano, S. Hardersen, and G. Santini, Odonata communities in retrodunal ponds : A comparison of sampling methods, International Journal of Odonatology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.13-23, 2012.

P. H. Gleick, Water in crisis : A guide to the world's fresh water resources, 1993.

B. Golfieri, S. Hardersen, B. Maiolini, and N. Surian, Odonates as indicators of the ecological integrity of the river corridor : Development and application of the Odonate River Index (ORI) in northern Italy, Ecological Indicators, vol.61, pp.234-247, 2016.

O. Gordo and J. J. Sanz, Phenology and climate change : A long-term study in a Mediterranean locality, Oecologia, vol.146, issue.3, pp.484-495, 2005.

A. Gourmand and C. Vanappelghem, Bilan du suivi temporel des libellules (STELI) (Rapport technique), 2012.

D. Grand and J. Boudot, Les Libellules de France, Belgique et Luxembourg (Biotope éditions éd, 2006.

P. Grassé, Annales de la Société entomologique de France, vol.99, pp.9-15, 1930.

L. J. Gray and J. V. Ward, Effects of sediment releases from a reservoir on stream macroinvertebrates, Hydrobiologia, vol.96, issue.2, pp.177-184, 1982.

S. D. Gribbin and D. J. Thompson, Emergence of the damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer)(Zygoptera : Coenagrionidae) from two adjacent ponds in northern England, Hydrobiologia, vol.209, issue.2, pp.123-131, 1991.

C. A. Hallmann, M. Sorg, E. Jongejans, H. Siepel, N. Hofland et al., More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas, PloS one, vol.12, issue.10, p.185809, 2017.

I. Hanski and D. Simberloff, The metapopulation approach, its history, conceptual domain, and application to conservation, Metapopulation Biology, pp.5-26, 1997.

S. Hardersen, S. Corezzola, G. Gheza, A. Dell'otto, and G. La-porta, Sampling and comparing odonate assemblages by means of exuviae : Statistical and methodological aspects, Journal of Insect Conservation, vol.21, issue.2, pp.207-218, 2017.

I. F. Harvey and P. S. Corbet, Territorial behaviour of larvae enhances mating success of male dragonflies, Animal Behaviour, vol.33, issue.2, pp.561-565, 1985.

C. Hassall, Time stress and temperature explain continental variation in damselfly body size, Ecography, vol.36, issue.8, pp.894-903, 2013.

C. Hassall and D. J. Thompson, The effects of environmental warming on Odonata : A review, International Journal of Odonatology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.131-153, 2008.

C. Hassall, D. J. Thompson, G. C. French, and I. F. Harvey, Historical changes in the phenology of British Odonata are related to climate, Global Change Biology, vol.13, issue.5, pp.933-941, 2007.

J. E. Havel, C. E. Lee, V. Zanden, and J. &-m, Do reservoirs facilitate invasions into landscapes ?, BioScience, vol.55, issue.6, 2005.

F. Herbrecht and J. Dommanget, Sur le développement larvaire d'Oxygastra curtisii (Dale, 1834) dans les eaux stagnantes (Odonata, Anisoptera, Corduliidae), Martinia, vol.22, issue.2, pp.89-94, 2006.

J. N. Hogue and C. P. Hawkins, Morphological variation in adult aquatic insects : Associations with developmental temperature and seasonal growth patterns, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.10, issue.3, pp.309-321, 1991.

A. Hon?k, Intraspecific variation in body size and fecundity in insects : A general relationship, Oikos, vol.66, issue.3, pp.483-492, 1993.

T. Hothorn, F. Bretz, and P. Westfall, Simultaneous inference in general parametric models, Biometrical Journal, vol.50, issue.3, pp.346-363, 2008.

D. W. Inouye, Effects of climate change on phenology, frost damage, and floral abundance of montane wildflowers, Ecology, vol.89, issue.2, pp.353-362, 2008.

. Iucn, Guidelines for application of IUCN Red List criteria at regional and national levels : Version 4.0 (Rapport technique), 2012.

. Iucn, , 2017.

, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3 : Table 3a

F. C. James, Geographic size variation in birds and its relationship to climate, Ecology, vol.51, issue.3, pp.365-390, 1970.

F. Johansson, S. ?niegula, and T. Brodin, Emergence patterns and latitudinal adaptations in development time of Odonata in north Sweden and Poland, Odonatologica, vol.39, issue.2, pp.97-106, 2010.

P. T. Johnson, J. D. Olden, and M. J. Vander-zanden, Dam invaders : Impoundments facilitate biological invasions into freshwaters, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.6, issue.7, pp.357-363, 2008.

P. Jourde and O. Laluque, Comportement territorial et ponte en milieu lentique chez Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843) dans le centre-ouest de la France, 2006.

. Martinia, , vol.22, pp.187-190

V. J. Kalkman, J. Boudot, R. Bernard, K. Conze, G. De-knijf et al.,

G. Sahlén, , 2010.

, European Red List of Dragonflies

V. J. Kalkman, J. Boudot, R. Bernard, G. De-knijf, F. Suhling et al., Diversity and conservation of European dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata), Hydrobiologia, 2018.

R. Ketelaar and C. Plate, Handleiding landelijk meetnet libellen (Manual monitoring Scheme Dragonflies) (Rapport technique N o VS2001.28), 2001.

R. Khelifa, Partial bivoltinism and emergence patterns in the North African endemic damselfly Calopteryx exul : Conservation implications, African Journal of Ecology, vol.55, issue.2, pp.145-151, 2017.

C. Klein, N. Pinto, Z. Spigoloni, F. Bergamini, F. De-melo et al., The influence of small hydroelectric power plants on the richness and composition of Odonata species in the Brazilian Savanna, International Journal of Odonatology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.33-44, 2018.

L. Kuczynski, M. Chevalier, P. Laffaille, M. Legrand, and G. Grenouillet, Indirect effect of temperature on fish population abundances through phenological changes, PLOS ONE, vol.12, issue.4, 2017.

W. E. Kunin and K. J. Gaston, The biology of rarity : Patterns, causes and consequences, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.8, issue.8, pp.298-301, 1993.

T. E. Kutcher and J. T. Bried, Adult Odonata conservatism as an indicator of freshwater wetland condition, Ecological Indicators, vol.38, pp.31-39, 2014.

R. E. Leakey, The sixth extinction : Patterns of life and the future of humankind, 1992.

K. G. Leipelt, I. Jökel, T. Schrimpf, C. Schütte, and F. Suhling, Etudes sur le choix de l'habitat de Macromia splendens (Pictet) (Anisoptera : Macromiidae), Libellula, vol.18, issue.1/2, pp.15-30, 1999.

K. G. Leipelt and F. Suhling, Habitat selection of larval Gomphus graslinii and Oxygastra curtisii (Odonata : Gomphidae, Corduliidae), International Journal of Odonatology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.23-34, 2001.

K. G. Leipelt and F. Suhling, Larval biology, life cycle and habitat requirements of Macromia splendens , revisited (Odonata : Macromiidae), International Journal of Odonatology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.33-44, 2005.

C. Lévêque, Le concept de biodiversité : De nouveaux regards sur la nature, Natures Sciences Sociétés, vol.2, issue.3, pp.243-254, 1994.

M. Lieftinck, Macromia Splendens (Pictet, 1843) in Europe with notes on its habits, larva and distribution (Odonata), Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, vol.108, issue.2, pp.41-59, 1965.

B. Louboutin and S. Jaulin, Inventaire des Odonates sur les sites Natura, Vallée de l'Orbieu -FR9101489 » & « Vallée du Torgan -FR9101458 » (Rapport d'étude), 2000.

P. E. Lutz, Effects of temperature and photoperiod on larval development in Tetragoneuria cynosura (odonata : Libellulidae), Ecology, vol.55, issue.2, pp.370-377, 1974.

V. Maris, La protection de la biodiversité : Entre science, éthique et politique (Thèse de doctorat non publiée), 2006.

, Dams, fish and fisheries : Opportunities , challenges and conflict resolution (N o 419), 2001.

M. L. Mccallum, Vertebrate biodiversity losses point to a sixth mass extinction, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.24, issue.10, pp.2497-2519, 2015.

S. Mccauley, Relationship between morphology, dispersal and habitat distribution in three species of Libellula (Odonata : Anisoptera), Aquatic Insects, vol.34, issue.3-4, pp.195-204, 2013.

S. J. Mccauley, Body size and social dominance influence breeding dispersal in male Pachydiplax longipennis (Odonata), Ecological Entomology, vol.35, issue.3, pp.377-385, 2010.

S. J. Mccauley, J. I. Hammond, D. N. Frances, and K. E. Mabry, Effects of experimental warming on survival, phenology, and morphology of an aquatic insect (Odonata), Ecological Entomology, vol.40, issue.3, pp.211-220, 2014.

M. A. Mcpeek, Ecological factors limiting the distributions and abundances of Odonata, Dragonflies and damselflies : Model organisms for ecological and evolutionary research, pp.51-62, 2008.

D. J. Mikolajewski, M. De-block, J. Rolff, F. Johansson, A. P. Beckerman et al., Predatordriven trait diversification in a dragonfly genus : Covariation in behavioral and morphological antipredator defense, Evolution, vol.64, issue.11, pp.3327-3335, 2010.

J. Milcent and J. Dommanget, Etude odonatologique d'une section du Tarn et de l'un de ses tributaires, vol.13, pp.87-100, 1997.

A. J. Miller-rushing, T. T. Hoye, D. W. Inouye, and E. Post, The effects of phenological mismatches on demography, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.365, pp.3177-3186, 1555.

K. J. Morton, Macromia Splendens at last : An account of dragonfly hunting in France. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, vol.61, pp.11-15, 1925.

R. J. Naiman, A. Prieur-richard, A. H. Arthington, D. Dudgeon, M. O. Gessner et al.,

C. A. Sullivan, Freshwater biodiversity : Challenges for freshwater biodiversity research, 2006.

C. Nilsson and K. Berggren, Alterations of riparian ecosystems caused by river regulation : Dam operations have caused global-scale ecological changes in riparian ecosystems. How to protect river environments and human needs of rivers remains one of the most important questions of our time, BioScience, vol.50, issue.9, pp.783-792, 2000.

G. Odonat'auvergne, Liste rouge des Odonates d'Auvergne (Rapport technique). Groupe Odonat, 2017.

B. Oertli, The use of dragonflies in the assessment and monitoring of aquatic habitats, Dragonflies and damselflies : Model organisms for ecological and evolutionary research, pp.79-95, 2008.

A. E. Ogbeibu and B. J. Oribhabor, Ecological impact of river impoundment using benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators, Water Research, vol.36, issue.10, pp.2427-2436, 2002.

J. Ott, M. Schorr, B. Trockur, and U. Lingenfelder, Artenschutzprogramm für die Gekielte Smaragdlibelle ( Oxygastra curtisii, Insecta : Odonata) in Deutschland : das Beispiel der Population an der Our (N o 3), Sofia : Pensoft, p.699139276, 2007.

, Document d'objectifs Natura 2000 de la zone spéciale de conservation "Basse Vallée du Célé, Parc naturel régional des Causses du Quercy, 2012.

F. J. Pictet and E. De-sélys-longchamps, 1842] 1843). Cordulie splendide. Cordulia splendens Pictet, Insectes, pp.1-3

S. Postel and B. Richter, Rivers for life : Managing water for people and nature, 2012.

S. G. Potts, J. C. Biesmeijer, C. Kremen, P. Neumann, O. Schweiger et al., Global pollinator declines : Trends, impacts and drivers, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.25, issue.6, pp.345-353, 2010.

M. E. Power, W. E. Dietrich, and J. C. Finlay, Dams and downstream aquatic biodiversity : Potential food web consequences of hydrologic and geomorphic change, Environmental Management, vol.20, issue.6, pp.887-895, 1996.

. R-core-team, R : A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017.

B. C. Rall, O. Vucic-pestic, R. B. Ehnes, M. Emmerson, and U. Brose, Temperature, predatorprey interaction strength and population stability, Global Change Biology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.2145-2157, 2010.

C. Régnier, G. Achaz, A. Lambert, R. H. Cowie, P. Bouchet et al., Mass extinction in poorly known taxa, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.112, issue.25, pp.7761-7766, 2015.

O. Richter, F. Suhling, O. Müller, and D. Kern, A model for predicting the emergence of dragonflies in a changing climate, Freshwater Biology, vol.53, issue.9, pp.1868-1880, 2008.

E. Riservato, J. Boudot, S. Ferreira, M. Jovi?, V. J. Kalkman et al.,

A. Cuttelod, , 2009.

, Statut de conservation et répartition géographique des libellules du bassin méditerranéen (Rapport technique). Gland

J. R. Rouquette and D. J. Thompson, Habitat associations of the endangered damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale, in a water meadow ditch system in southern England, Biological Conservation, vol.123, issue.2, pp.225-235, 2005.

O. E. Sala, F. S. Chapin, . Iii, J. J. Armesto, E. Berlow et al., Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100, Science, vol.287, issue.5459, pp.1770-1774, 2000.

M. J. Samways, Farm dams as nature reserves for dragonflies (Odonata) at various altitudes in the Natal Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Biological Conservation, vol.48, pp.181-187, 1989.

M. J. Samways, Dragonflies as focal organisms in comtemporary conservation biology, Dragonflies and damselflies : Model organisms for ecological and evolutionary research, pp.97-108, 2008.

M. J. Samways, Future-proofing insect diversity, Current Opinion in Insect Science, vol.12, pp.71-78, 2015.

M. J. Samways and N. S. Steytler, Dragonfly (odonata) distribution patterns in urban and forest landscapes, and recommendations for riparian management, Biological Conservation, vol.78, pp.279-288, 1996.

A. Schmidt-kloiber, W. Graf, A. Lorenz, and O. Moog, The AQEM/STAR taxalist -a pan-European macro-invertebrate ecological database and taxa inventory, The Ecological Status of European Rivers : Evaluation and Intercalibration of Assessment Methods, pp.325-342, 2006.

C. Schneider, W. Rasband, and K. Eliceiri, NIH Image to ImageJ : 25 years of image analysis, Nature Methods, vol.9, pp.671-675, 2012.

M. Schorr, World Odonata List, 2018.

R. M. Sibly and D. Atkinson, How rearing temperature affects optimal adult size in ectotherms, Functional Ecology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.486-493, 1994.

M. E. Siesa, E. Padoa-schioppa, J. Ott, F. De-bernardi, and G. F. Ficetola, Assessing the consequences of biological invasions on species with complex life cycles : Impact of the alien crayfish, Procambarus clarkii on Odonata. Ecological Indicators, vol.46, pp.70-77, 2014.

D. Simberloff, Flagships, umbrellas, and keystones : Is single-species management passé in the landscape era ?, Biological conservation, vol.83, issue.3, pp.247-257, 1998.

D. Smallshire and T. Beynon, Dragonfly monitoring scheme manual (Rapport technique), 2010.

S. ?niegula, M. J. Go??b, and F. Johansson, Time constraint effects on phenology and life history synchrony in a damselfly along a latitudinal gradient, Oikos, vol.125, issue.3, pp.414-423, 2016.

S. ?niegula and F. Johansson, Photoperiod affects compensating developmental rate across latitudes in the damselfly Lestes sponsa, Ecological Entomology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.149-157, 2010.

M. E. Soulé, What is conservation biology ?, BioScience, vol.35, issue.11, 1985.

R. Stoks, F. Johansson, and M. Block, Life-history plasticity under time stress in damselfly larvae, Dragonflies and damselflies : Model organisms for ecological and evolutionary research, pp.39-50, 2008.

N. E. Stork, J. Mcbroom, C. Gely, and A. J. Hamilton, New approaches narrow global species of, Sciences, vol.112, issue.24, pp.7519-7523, 2015.

F. Suhling, Temporal patterns of emergence of the riverine dragonfly Onychogomphus uncatus (Odonata : Gomphidae), Hydrobiologia, vol.302, issue.2, pp.113-118, 1995.

F. Suhling, I. Suhling, and O. Richter, Temperature response of growth of larval dragonfliesan overview, International Journal of Odonatology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.15-30, 2015.

, Description des ouvrages faisant obstacle à l'écou-lement, 2014.

M. J. Tauber and C. A. Tauber, Insect seasonality : Diapause maintenance, termination, and postdiapause development, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.81-107, 1976.

P. A. Tedesco, R. Bigorne, . E. Bogan-a, X. Giam, C. Jézéquel et al., Estimating how many undescribed species have gone extinct, Conservation Biology, vol.28, issue.5, pp.1360-1370, 2014.

V. Ternois, J. Lambert, and E. Fradin, Oxygastra Curtisii (Dale, 1834) en Champagne-Ardenne : Premiers résultats du programme d'études, Martinia, vol.24, pp.75-87, 2007.

J. A. Thomas, M. G. Telfer, D. B. Roy, C. D. Preston, J. J. Greenwood et al.,

J. H. Lawton, Comparative losses of british butterflies, birds, and plants and the global extinction crisis, Science, issue.5665, pp.1879-1881, 2004.

M. B. Thomas and S. Blanford, Thermal biology in insect-parasite interactions, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, issue.8, pp.344-350, 2003.

A. Torralba-burrial, F. Ocharan, D. Outomuro, M. Azpilicueta-amorin, and A. Cordero-rivera, , 2012.

G. Graslinii, VV.AA., Bases ecologicas preliminares para la conservacion de las especies de interés comunitario en Espana : Invertebrados, vol.92, p.81

A. Torralba-burrial, F. Ocharan, D. Outomuro, M. Azpilicueta-amorin, and A. Cordero-rivera, , 2012.

O. Curtisii and V. A. In, Bases ecologicas preliminares para la conservacion de las especies de interés comunitario en Espana : Invertebrados, p.97

J. Troudet, P. Grandcolas, A. Blin, R. Vignes-lebbe, and F. Legendre, Taxonomic bias in biodiversity data and societal preferences, Scientific Reports, issue.9132, p.7, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01585590

N. Tüzün and R. Stoks, Pathways to fitness : Carry-over effects of late hatching and urbanisation on lifetime mating success, Oikos, vol.00, pp.1-11, 2017.

J. M. Tylianakis, R. K. Didham, J. Bascompte, and D. A. Wardle, Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.11, issue.12, pp.1351-1363, 2008.

. Uicn-france, . Mnhn, &. Opie, and . Sfo, La Liste rouge des espèces menacées en France -Chapitre Libellules de France métropolitaine, 2016.

K. Van-looy, T. Tormos, and Y. Souchon, Disentangling dam impacts in river networks, Ecological Indicators, vol.37, pp.10-20, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00916423

A. J. Van-strien, T. Termaat, D. Groenendijk, V. Mensing, and M. Kéry, Site-occupancy models may offer new opportunities for dragonfly monitoring based on daily species lists, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.495-503, 2010.

A. J. Van-strien, T. Termaat, V. Kalkman, M. Prins, G. De-knijf et al.,

W. Vanreusel, Occupancy modelling as a new approach to assess supranational trends using opportunistic data : A pilot study for the damselfly Calopteryx splendens, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.22, issue.3, pp.673-686, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00860491

A. J. Van-strien, C. A. Van-swaay, and T. Termaat, Opportunistic citizen science data of animal species produce reliable estimates of distribution trends if analysed with occupancy models, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.50, issue.6, pp.1450-1458, 2013.

W. Verberk, I. Durance, I. P. Vaughan, and S. J. Ormerod, Field and laboratory studies reveal interacting effects of stream oxygenation and warming on aquatic ectotherms, Global Change Biology, vol.22, issue.5, pp.1769-1778, 2016.

W. C. Verberk and P. Calosi, Oxygen limits heat tolerance and drives heat hardening in the aquatic nymphs of the gill breathing damselfly Calopteryx virgo (Linnaeus, 1758), Journal of Thermal Biology, vol.37, issue.3, pp.224-229, 2012.

J. Vial, Arrêté du 25 janvier 2010 relatif aux méthodes et critères d'évaluation de l'état écologique, de l'état chimique et du potentiel écologique des eaux de surface pris en application des articles R. 212-10, 2010.

M. E. Visser, A. J. Noordwijk, J. M. Tinbergen, and C. M. Lessells, Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major), Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.265, 1408.

C. J. Vörösmarty, P. B. Mcintyre, M. O. Gessner, D. Dudgeon, A. Prusevich et al.,

P. M. Davies, Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity, Nature, vol.467, issue.7315, pp.555-561, 2010.

J. M. Vos, L. N. Joppa, J. L. Gittleman, P. R. Stephens, and S. L. Pimm, Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction, Conservation Biology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.452-462, 2015.

J. R. Voshell and G. M. Simmons, The odonata of a new reservoir in the southeastern United States, Odonatologica, vol.7, issue.1, pp.67-76, 1978.

J. Ware, M. May, and K. Kjer, Phylogeny of the higher Libelluloidea (Anisoptera : Odonata) : An exploration of the most speciose superfamily of dragonflies, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.45, issue.1, pp.289-310, 2007.

F. Weihrauch and J. Borcherding, The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), as an epizoon of anisopteran larvae (Anisoptera : Gomphidae, Corduliidae, Libellulidae), Odonatologica, issue.1, pp.85-94, 2002.

A. Wezel, B. Oertli, V. Rosset, F. Arthaud, B. Leroy et al., Biodiversity patterns of nutrient-rich fish ponds and implications for conservation, Limnology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.213-223, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01111012

K. A. Wilson, M. C. Evans, M. Di-marco, D. C. Green, L. Boitani et al., , 2011.

, Prioritizing conservation investments for mammal species globally, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.366, pp.2670-2680, 1578.

R. Zebsa, R. Khelifa, and A. Kahalerras, Emergence pattern, microhabitat choice, and population structure of the Maghribian endemic Gomphus lucasii Selys, 1849 (Odonata : Gomphidae) in northeastern Algeria, Aquatic Insects, vol.36, issue.3-4, pp.245-255, 2014.

R. Zebsa, R. Khelifa, and A. Kahalerras, Adult movement pattern and habitat preferences of the maghribian endemic Gomphus lucasii (Odonata : Gomphidae), Journal of Insect Science, issue.1, p.15, 2015.

, Observations of Macromia splendens larvae in natura

A. S. , Denis 1,2 , Frédéric Azémar 2 , Arthur Compin 2 , Samuel Danflous 1 , and Laurent Pelozuelo 2

U. Ecolab, . De-toulouse, . Cnrs, F. Toulouse, ;. Abstract et al., Lieftinck (1965) and Belle (1983), Macromia splendens has become an emblematic species of South West Europe's odonatofauna and continues to trigger great interest from odonatologists (e.g. travel reports of Chelmick in the Iberian Peninsula Chelmick (2015c)). Various authors tracked M. splendens larvae in their macrohabitat in order to understand their ecology and describe their microhabitat. First, Grassé (1930) provided a precise description of the larva's morphology and indicated that the larva "habite les eaux dormantes, enfoncée dans la vase qui souille ses téguments" (i.e "lives in standing waters, immersed in the sludge, which soils its tegument"). Later, Leipelt et al. (1999) investigated the microhabitat of M. splendens larvae in the Gardon du Mialet (Gard county, France). They searched for larvae by snorkeling at the foot of rocks but could find only one larva. Then, using net sweeping, they obtained four larvae, with some information about their microhabitat, reported to be composed of sand with some leaf detritus. Later, a behavioural choice test in sub-natural conditions (i.e. a four-area choice device), suggested that larvae prefer leaf detritus on sand rather than sand alone or sand plus stones. During a more intensive net sweeping search, Leipelt et Suhling (2005) found 53 larvae in "sandy patches with a little leaf litter in shallow water (depth : < 0.35 m) near the river margin, Macromia splendens is a rare species of dragonfly, endemic to southern France and the Iberian Peninsula, that has triggered odonatologists' interest for a long time. Knowledge about its distribution has recently increased but, despite first insights by, 1999.

A. D. , L. P. , R. Datcharry, X. Léal, and V. Duprat, Baptiste Charlot and Antoine Pelozuelo for accompanying us to the various sites and Bastien Louboutin for giving us indications of sites location on the Orbieu river. We also thank Katherine Danflous for English rereading, Here, we report our successful attempt to observe M. splendens larvae in natura. We searched for M. splendens larvae by snorkeling, 2014.

S. D. Lp, A. C. Belle, and J. , Contribution of authors Project design : AD, LP, SD Data collection : AD, LP, AC, FA Paper writing -original draft : AD, LP Paper writing -review & editing : AD, vol.43, pp.93-95, 1983.

D. Chelmick, , 2015.

M. Scientific,

D. Chelmick, Observations of Macromia splendens in the Guadiaro river basin, Andalusia, Spain. Boetin Rola, vol.6, pp.5-36, 2015.

D. Chelmick, Species Review 9 : Macromia splendens (Pictet 1843) (The Splendid Cruiser), Journal of the British Dragonfly Society, vol.31, pp.89-118, 2015.

A. Cordero-rivera, Distribution, habitat requirements and conservation of Macromia splendens Pictet (Odonata : Corduliidae) in Galicia (NW Spain), International Journal of Odonatology, vol.3, pp.73-83, 2000.

A. Cordero-rivera, C. Utzeri, and S. Santolamazza-carbone, Emergence and adult behaviour of Macromia splendens (Pictet) in Galicia, northwestern Spain (Anisoptera : Corduliidae), 1999.

, Odonatologica, vol.28, pp.333-342

A. S. Denis, O. Payet, S. Danflous, N. Gouix, F. Santoul et al., Intraspecific variability of phenology and morphology of three protected dragonflies between natural and artificial habitats, Journal of Insect Conservation, 2018.

P. Grassé, La nymphe de Macromia splendens, 1930.

. France, , vol.99, pp.9-15

K. G. Leipelt, I. Jökel, T. Schrimpf, C. Schütte, and F. Suhling, Etudes sur le choix de l'habitat de Macromia splendens (Pictet) (Anisoptera : Macromiidae), Libellula, vol.18, pp.15-30, 1999.

K. G. Leipelt and F. Suhling, Habitat selection of larval Gomphus graslinii and Oxygastra curtisii (Odonata : Gomphidae, Corduliidae), International Journal of Odonatology, vol.4, pp.23-34, 2001.

K. G. Leipelt and F. Suhling, Larval biology, life cycle and habitat requirements of Macromia splendens, revisited (Odonata : Macromiidae), International Journal of Odonatology, vol.8, pp.33-44, 2005.

M. A. Lieftinck, Macromia splendens (Pictet, 1843) in Europe with notes on its habits, larva and distribution (Odonata), Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, vol.108, pp.41-59, 1965.

B. Louboutin and S. Jaulin, Inventaire des Odonates sur les sites Natura, 2000.

K. J. Morton, Macromia splendens at last : an account of dragonfly hunting in France, 1925.

, The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, vol.61, pp.11-15

F. J. Pictet and E. De-sélys-longchamps, 1842) Cordulie splendide. Cordulia splendens. Pictet, Magasin de Zoologie, d'Anatomie comparée et de Paléontologie -Insectes. pl. 117