D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, J. Stat. Soft, vol.67, p.1, 2015.

R. Beamonte-barrientos, A. Velando, H. Drummond, and R. Torres, Senescence of maternal effects: aging influences egg quality and rearing capacities of a long-lived bird, Am. Nat, vol.175, pp.469-480, 2010.

V. Berger, J. Lemaître, J. Gaillard, and A. Cohas, How do animals optimize the size-number trade-off when aging? Insights from reproductive senescence patterns in marmots, Ecology, vol.96, p.46, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02044940

J. Bernardo, Maternal effects in animal ecology, Am. Zool, vol.36, pp.83-105, 1996.

A. I. Boltnev and A. E. York, Maternal investment in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus): interrelationships among mothers' age, size, parturition date, offspring size and sex ratios, J. Zool, vol.254, pp.219-228, 2001.

R. Boonstra and W. M. Hochachka, Maternal effects and additive genetic inheritance in the collard lemming Dicrostonyx groenlandicus, Evol. Ecol, vol.11, pp.169-182, 1997.

W. D. Bowen, S. L. Ellis, S. J. Iverson, and D. J. Boness, Maternal effects on offspring growth rate and weaning mass in harbour seals, Can. J. Zool, vol.79, pp.1088-1101, 2001.

K. P. Burnham and D. R. Anderson, Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2002.

N. M. Cameron, E. W. Fish, and M. J. Meaney, Maternal influences on the sexual behaviour and reproductive success of the female rat, Horm. Behav, vol.54, pp.178-184, 2008.

N. M. Cameron, D. Shahrokh, A. Del-corpo, S. K. Dhir, M. Szyf et al., Epigenetic programming of phenotypic variations in reproductive strategies in the rat through maternal care, J. Neuroendocrinol, vol.20, pp.795-801, 2008.

P. Catry, R. A. Phillips, B. Phalan, and J. P. Croxall, Senescence effects in an extremely long-lived bird: the grey-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, vol.273, pp.1625-1630, 2006.

L. Cheynel, J. Lemaître, J. Gaillard, R. B. Bourgoin, G. Ferté et al., Immunosenescence patterns differ between populations but not between sexes in a long-lived mammal, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.260, 1989.

S. Descamps, S. Boutin, D. Berteaux, and J. Gaillard, Age-specific variation in survival, reproductive success and offspring quality in red squirrels: evidence of senescence, Oikos, vol.117, pp.1406-1416, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428104

M. Douhard, F. Plard, J. Gaillard, G. Capron, D. Delorme et al., Fitness consequences of environmental conditions at different life stages in a long-lived vertebrate, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00993414

. Sci, , vol.281, p.1785, 20140276.

F. Douhard, J. Gaillard, M. Pellerin, L. Jacob, and J. Lemaître, The cost of growing large: mammal. Oikos, vol.126, pp.1329-1338, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02049674

S. L. Ellis, W. D. Bowen, D. J. Boness, and S. J. Iverson, Maternal effects on offspring mass and stage of development at birth in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, J. Mamm. Evol, vol.81, pp.1143-1156, 2000.

G. Ericsson, K. Wallin, J. P. Ball, and M. Broberg, Age-related reproductive effort and senescence in free ranging moose, Alces alces. Ecology, vol.82, pp.1613-1620, 2001.

R. A. Fisher, (1992) Parasites, bright males, and the immunocompetence handicap, Oxford. Folstad I. & Karter A.J, vol.139, pp.603-622, 1930.

C. Fu, L. Lu, H. Wu, J. Shaman, Y. Cao et al., Placental antibody transfer efficiency and maternal levels: specific for measles, coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus 71, poliomyelitis I-III and HIV-1 antibodies, Scient. Rep, vol.6, p.38874, 2016.

J. Gaillard, A. J. Sempéré, J. M. Boutin, and G. Laere,

&. Boisaubert and B. , , 1992.

, J. Zool, vol.70, pp.1541-1545

J. Gaillard, D. Delorme, J. M. Boutin, G. Van-laere, B. Boisaubert et al., Roe deer survival patterns: a comparative analysis of contrasting populations, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.62, pp.778-791, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02126454

J. Gaillard, J. M. Boutin, D. Delorme, G. Van-laere, P. Duncan et al., Early survival in roe deer: causes and consequences of cohort variation in two contrasted populations, Oecologia, vol.112, pp.502-513, 1997.

J. Gaillard, M. Festa-bianchet, D. Delorme, and J. Jorgenson, Body mass and individual fitness in female ungulates: bigger is not always better, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.267, pp.471-477, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427083

J. Gaillard, M. Festa-bianchet, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Loison, and C. Toigo, Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores, Ann. Rev. Ecol. System, vol.31, pp.367-393, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427050

J. Gaillard, A. J. Hewison, F. Klein, F. Plard, M. Douhard et al., , 2013.

, Ecol. Lett, vol.16, pp.48-57

M. Garratt, J. Lemaître, M. Douhard, C. Bonenfant, G. Capron et al., High juvenile mortality is associated with sex-specific adult survival and lifespan in wild roe deer, Curr. Biol, vol.25, pp.759-763, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02044777

E. Gilot-fromont, M. Jégo, C. Bonenfant, P. Gibert, B. Rannou et al., Immune Phenotype and Body Condition in Roe Deer: Individuals with High Body Condition Have Different, Not Stronger Immunity. PLoS ONE, vol.7, pp.107-114, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00965735

J. L. Grindstaff, E. D. Brodie, and E. D. Ketterson, Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci, vol.270, pp.2309-2319, 2003.

R. Halliday, Prenatal and Postnatal Transmission of Passive Immunity to Young Rats, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci, vol.144, pp.427-430, 1955.

A. J. Hewison, J. Gaillard, P. Blanchard, and M. Festabianchet, Maternal age is not a predominant determinant of progeny sex ratio variation in ungulates, Oikos, vol.98, pp.334-339, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427278

B. Houwen, The differential cell count, Lab. Hematol, vol.7, pp.89-100, 2001.

E. R. Ivimey-cook and J. Moorad, Evaluating the diversity of maternal age effects upon neonatal survival across animal species. bioRxiv, p.373340, 2018.

M. Jégo, J. Lemaître, G. Bourgoin, G. Capron, C. Warnant et al., Haematological parameters do senesce in the wild: evidence from different populations of a long-lived mammal, J. Evol. Biol, vol.27, pp.2745-2752, 2014.

M. Jégo, H. Ferté, J. Gaillard, F. Klein, L. Crespin et al., A comparison of the physiological status in parasitized roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from two different populations, Vet. Parasitol, vol.205, pp.717-720, 2014.

C. Karniski, E. Krzyszczyk, and J. Mann, Senescence impacts reproduction and maternal investment in bottlenose dolphins, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.285, 2018.

K. C. Klasing, The costs of immunity, Acta. Zool. Sinica, vol.50, pp.961-969, 2004.

T. Landete-castillejos, A. García, J. A. Gómez, J. Laborda, and L. Gallego, , 2002.

P. Monaghan, A. Charmantier, D. H. Nussey, and R. E. Ricklefs, The evolutionary ecology of senescence, Funct. Ecol, vol.22, pp.371-378, 2008.

M. B. Bonsall, Longevity and ageing: appraising the evolutionary consequences of growing old, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.361, pp.119-135, 2006.

J. F. Lemaître, J. M. Gaillard, L. Bingaman-lackey, M. Clauss, and D. W. Müller, Comparing free-ranging and captive populations reveals intra-specific variation in aging rates in large herbivores, Exp. Geront, vol.48, pp.162-167, 2013.

D. H. Nussey, H. Froy, J. F. Lemaître, J. M. Gaillard, and S. N. Austad, Senescence in natural populations of animals: widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology, Ageing Res. Rev, vol.12, pp.214-225, 2013.

O. R. Jones, Diversity of ageing across the tree of life, Nature, vol.505, pp.169-173, 2014.

M. Tidière, Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals, Sci. Rep, vol.6, p.36361, 2016.

H. Holand, Spatial variation in senescence rates in a bird metapopulation, Oecologia, vol.181, pp.865-871, 2016.

A. Maklakov and V. Lummaa, Evolution of sex differences in lifespan and aging: causes and constraints, BioEssays, vol.35, pp.717-724, 2013.

S. N. Austad and K. E. Fischer, Sex differences in lifespan, Cell metab, vol.23, pp.1022-1033, 2016.

P. Monaghan and M. F. Haussmann, Do telomere dynamics link lifestyle and lifespan?, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.21, pp.47-53, 2006.

T. Finkel, N. J. Holbrook, and . Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing, Nature, vol.408, pp.239-247, 2000.

A. L. Gruver, L. L. Hudson, and G. D. Sempowski, Immunosenescence of ageing, J. Pathol, vol.211, pp.144-156, 2007.

D. E. Promislow, K. M. Fedorka, and J. M. Burger, Evolutionary biology of aging: Future directions in The Handbook of the Biology of Aging, pp.217-242, 2006.

L. Müller and G. Pawelec, The aging immune system: Dysregulation, compensatory mechanisms and prospects for intervention in The handbook of the biology of aging, pp.407-431, 2016.

B. C. Sheldon and S. Verhulst, Ecological immunology: Costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.11, pp.317-321, 1996.

P. Schmid-hempel, Variation in immune defense as a question of evolutionary ecology, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.270, pp.357-366, 2003.

D. H. Nussey, T. Coulson, M. Festa-bianchet, and J. M. Gaillard, Measuring senescence in wild animal populations: towards a longitudinal approach, Funct. Ecol, vol.22, pp.393-406, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428210

K. Schneeberger, A. Courtiol, G. A. Czirjak, and C. C. Voigt, Immune profile predicts survival and reflects senescence in a small, long-lived mammal, the greater sac-winged bat (Saccopteryx bilineata), PLoS ONE, vol.9, issue.9, p.108268, 2014.

J. Fairlie, Lifelong leukocyte telomere dynamics and survival in a free-living mammal, Ageing Cell, vol.15, pp.140-148, 2016.

D. H. Nussey, K. Watt, and J. G. Pilkington, Age-related variation in immunity in a wild mammal population, Ag. Cell, vol.11, pp.178-180, 2012.

C. Franceschi, M. Bonafe, and S. Valensin, Human immunosenescence: the prevailing of innate immunity, the failing of clonotypic immunity, and the filling of immunological space, Vaccine, vol.18, pp.1717-1720, 2000.

M. Cichon, J. Sendecka, and L. Gustafsson, Age-related decline in humoral immune function in collared flycatchers, J. Evol. Biol, vol.16, pp.1205-1210, 2003.

M. G. Palacios, J. E. Cunnick, D. W. Winkler, and C. M. Vleck, Immunosenescence in some but not all immune components in a free-living vertebrate, the tree swallow, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.274, pp.951-957, 2007.

C. Franceschi, Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.908, pp.244-254, 2000.

C. Franceschi and J. Campisi, Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases, J. Geront. A: Biol. Sci, vol.69, pp.4-9, 2014.

A. D. Hayward, A. J. Wilson, J. G. Pilkington, J. M. Pemberton, and L. E. Kruuk, Ageing in a variable habitat: environmental stress affects senescence in parasite resistance in St Kilda Soay sheep, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.276, pp.3477-3485, 2009.

A. D. Hayward, Asynchrony of senescence among phenotypic traits in a wild mammal population, Exp. Geront, vol.71, pp.56-68, 2015.

A. Marzal, A longitudinal study of age-related changes in Haemoproteus infection in a passerine bird, Oikos, vol.125, pp.1092-1099, 2015.

C. Caruso, G. Accardi, C. Virruso, and C. Candore, Sex, gender and immunosenescence: a key to understand the different lifespan between men and women?, Immun. Ageing, vol.10, p.20, 2013.

A. Hämäläinen, B. Raharivololona, P. Raharivololona, and C. Kraus, Host sex and age influence endoparasite burdens in the gray mouse lemur, Front. Zool, vol.12, p.25, 2015.

J. F. Lemaître and J. M. Gaillard, Male survival patterns do not depend on male allocation to sexual competition in large herbivores, Behav. Ecol, vol.24, pp.421-428, 2013.

M. Tidière, Does sexual selection shape sex differences in longevity and senescence patterns across vertebrates? A review and new insights from captive ruminants, Evolution, vol.69, pp.3123-3140, 2015.

C. J. Downs, K. M. Stewart, and B. L. Dick, Investment in constitutive immune function by North American elk experimentally maintained at two different population densities, PLoS ONE, vol.10, p.125586, 2015.

R. L. Lochmiller and C. Deerenberg, Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity?, Oikos, vol.88, pp.87-98, 2000.

J. M. Gaillard, V. Berger, M. Tidière, P. Duncan, and J. F. Lemaître, Does toothwear influence ageing? A comparative study across large herbivores, Exp. Geront, vol.71, pp.48-55, 2015.

J. M. Gaillard, Roe deer survival patterns -a comparative analysis of contrasting populations, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.62, pp.778-791, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02126454

J. M. Gaillard, R. Andersen, D. Delorme, and J. D. Linnell, Family effects on growth and survival of juvenile roe deer, Ecology, vol.78, pp.2878-2889, 1998.

F. Douhard, J. M. Gaillard, M. Pellerin, L. Jacob, and J. F. Lemaître, The cost of growing large: costs of post-weaning growth on body mass senescence in a wild mammal, Oikos, vol.126, pp.1329-1338, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02049674

S. Saïd, What shapes intra-specific variation in home range size? A case study of female roe deer, Oikos, vol.118, pp.1299-1306, 2009.

M. Jégo, Haematological parameters do senesce in the wild: evidence from different populations of a long-lived mammal, J. Evol. Biol, vol.27, pp.2745-2752, 2014.

G. Body, Population density and phenotypic attributes influence the level of nematode parasitism in roe deer, Oecologia, vol.167, pp.635-646, 2011.

H. Hyvärinen, T. Helle, R. Väyrynen, and P. Väyrynen, Seasonal and nutritional effects on serum proteins and urea concentration in the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.), Br. J. Nutr, vol.33, p.63, 1975.

C. R. Gomez, V. Nomellini, D. E. Faunce, and E. J. Kovacs, Innate immunity and aging. Exp. Geront, vol.43, pp.718-728, 2008.

T. Singh and A. B. Newman, Inflammatory markers in population studies of aging, Ageing Res. Rev, vol.10, pp.319-329, 2011.

P. J. Linton, J. Lustgarten, and M. Thoman, T cell function in the aged: Lessons learned from animal models, Clin. Applied Immun. Rev, vol.6, pp.73-97, 2006.

F. Hakim and R. Gress, Immunosenescence: deficits in adaptive immunity in the elderly, Tissue Antigens, vol.70, pp.179-189, 2007.

J. M. Gaillard, A. Viallefont, A. Loison, and M. Festa-bianchet, Assessing senescence patterns in populations of large mammals, Anim. Biodivers. Conserv, vol.27, pp.47-58, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427594

C. Toïgo, J. M. Gaillard, G. Van-laere, M. Hewison, and N. Morellet, How does environmental variation influence body mass, body size and body condition? Roe deer as a case study, Ecography, vol.29, pp.301-308, 2006.

J. M. Gaillard, How doesclimate change influence demographic processes of widespread species? Lessons from the comparative analysis of contrasted population of roe deer, Ecol. Lett, vol.16, pp.48-57, 2013.

E. Gilot-fromont, Immune phenotype and body condition in roe deer: individuals with high body condition have different, not stronger immunity, PLoS One, vol.7, p.45576, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00965735

L. B. Martin, Z. M. Weil, and R. J. Nelson, Seasonal changes in vertebrate immune activity: mediation by physiological trade-offs, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.363, pp.321-339, 2008.

T. W. Mcdade, A. V. Georgiev, and C. W. Kuzawa1, Trade-offs between acquired and innate immune defenses in humans, Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, pp.1-16, 2016.

G. C. Williams, Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack's Principle, Amer. Naturalist, vol.100, pp.687-690, 1966.

R. L. Watson, Cellular and humoral immunity in a wild mammal: Variation with age & sex and association with overwinter survival, Ecol. Evol, pp.1-11, 2016.

S. L. Moore and K. Wilson, Parasites as a viability cost of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals, Science, vol.297, pp.2015-2018, 2002.

C. Bonenfant, Testing sexual segregation and aggregation: old ways are best, Ecology, vol.88, pp.3202-3208, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01107529

N. Pettorelli, Using a proxy of plant productivity (NDVI) to find key periods for animal performance: the case of roe deer, Oikos, vol.112, pp.565-572, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00184593

A. J. Hewison, Tests of estimation of age from tooth wear on roe deer of known age: variation within and among populations, Can. J. Zool, vol.77, pp.58-67, 1999.

I. Roitt, J. Brostoff, and D. Male, Immunology, 1998.

B. Houwen, The differential cell count, Lab. Hematol, vol.7, pp.89-100, 2001.

H. Karasuyama, K. Mukai, K. Obata, Y. Tsujimura, and T. Wada, Non redundant roles of basophils in immunity, Annu. Rev. Immun, vol.29, pp.45-69, 2011.

K. D. Matson, E. Robert, R. E. Ricklefs, and K. C. Klasing, A hemolysis-hemagglutination assay for characterizing constitutive innate humoral immunity in wild and domestic birds, Dev. Comp. Immun, vol.29, pp.275-286, 2005.

C. Cray, J. Zaias, and N. H. Altman, Acute phase response in animals: a review, Comp. Med, vol.59, pp.517-526, 2009.

J. P. Raynaud, Etude de l' efficacité d'une technique de coproscopie quantitative pour le diagnostic de routine et le contrôle des infestations parasitaires des bovins, ovins, caprins, équins et porcins, Archives de Parasitologie, vol.45, pp.321-342, 1970.

G. Baermann, In Larven in Erdproben. Meded. Geneesk Laborat. Weltever Feestbundel, 1917.

J. M. Gaillard, A. J. Sempéré, J. M. Boutin, G. Van-laere, and B. Boisaubert, Effects of age and body weight on the proportion of females breeding in a population of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Can. J. Zool, vol.70, pp.1541-1545, 1992.

C. Vanpé, Age-specific variation in male breeding success of a territorial ungulate species, the European roe deer, J. Mamm, vol.90, pp.661-665, 2009.

M. Festa-bianchet, J. M. Gaillard, and S. D. Côté, Variable age structure and apparent density dependence in survival of adult ungulates, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.78, pp.640-649, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427500

S. H. Hurlbert, Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments, Ecol. Monogr, vol.54, pp.187-211, 1984.

M. Van-de-pol and S. Verhulst, Age-dependent traits: a new statistical model to separate within-and between-individual effects, Am. Nat, vol.167, pp.766-773, 2006.

M. Douhard, Fitness consequences of environmental conditions at different life stages in a long-lived vertebrate, Proc. R. Soc. B, p.281, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00993414

D. H. Nussey, L. E. Kruuk, A. Morris, and T. H. Clutton-brock, Environmental conditions in early life influence ageing rates in a wild population of red deer, Curr. Biol, vol.17, pp.1000-1001, 2007.

K. P. Burnham and D. R. Anderson, Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach, 2002.

K. Ulm, On the estimation of threshold values, Biometrics, vol.45, pp.1324-1326, 1989.

P. J. Huber, Robust Estimation of a Location Parameter, Ann. Math. Statist, vol.35, pp.73-101, 1964.

S. Nakagawa and H. Schielzeth, A general and simple method for obtaining R 2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models, Meth. Ecol. Evol, vol.4, pp.133-142, 2013.

, R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using, J. Stat. Softw, vol.67, p.4, 2015.

P. Monaghan, Organismal stress, telomeres and life histories, J. Exp. Biol, vol.217, pp.57-66, 2014.

M. Armanios and E. H. Blackburn, The telomere syndromes, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.13, pp.693-704, 2012.

G. Aubert and P. M. Lansdorp, Telomeres and aging, Physiol. Rev, vol.88, pp.557-579, 2007.

I. Shalev, S. Entringer, P. D. Wadhwa, O. M. Wolkowitz, E. Puterman et al., , 2013.

A. B. Lansdorp and P. M. , Telomeres and aging, Physiol. Rev, vol.88, pp.557-579, 2008.

A. G. Baerlocher, G. M. Vulto, I. Poon, S. S. Lansdorp, and P. M. , , 2012.

D. Bates, M. Maechler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker, Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4, J. Stat. Soft, vol.67, p.1, 2015.

C. Beirne, L. Waring, R. A. Mcdonald, R. Delahay, and A. Young, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.283, 2016.

K. B. Beckman and B. N. Ames, The free radical theory of aging matures, Physiol. Rev, vol.78, pp.547-581, 1998.

K. P. Burnham and D. R. Anderson, Model selection and multi-model inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2002.

J. Campisi, Senescent cells, tumor suppression and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors, Cell, vol.120, pp.513-522, 2005.

S. R. Chan and E. H. Blackburn, Telomeres and telomerase, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol.Sci, vol.359, pp.109-121, 2004.

L. Cheynel, J. Lemaître, J. Gaillard, R. B. Bourgoin, G. Ferté et al., , 2017.

, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.13700

L. L. Christensen, C. Selman, J. D. Blount, J. G. Pilkington, K. A. Watt et al., Plasma markers of oxidative stress are uncorrelated in a wild mammal, Ecol. Evol, vol.5, pp.5096-5108, 2015.

C. Cray, J. Zaias, and N. H. Altman, Acute phase response in animals: a review, Comp. Med, vol.59, pp.517-526, 2009.

J. M. Gaillard, D. Delorme, J. M. Boutin, G. Van-laere, B. Boisaubert et al., Roe deer survival patterns -a comparative analysis of contrasting populations, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.62, pp.778-791, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02126454

J. Gaillard, J. Boutin, D. Delorme, G. Van-laere, P. Duncan et al., Early survival in roe deer: causes and consequences of cohort variation in two contrasted populations, Oecologia, vol.112, pp.502-513, 1997.

J. Gaillard, A. J. Hewison, F. Klein, F. Plard, M. Douhard et al., How does climate change influence demographic processes of widespread species? Lessons from the comparative analysis of contrasted populations of roe deer, Ecol Lett, vol.16, pp.48-57, 2013.

B. Halliwell and J. M. Gutteridge, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 2007.

P. Ilmonen, A. Kotrschal, and D. J. Penn, Telomere attrition due to infection, PLoS One, vol.3, p.2143, 2008.

P. M. Lansdorp, Major cutbacks at chromosome ends, Trends Biochem. Sci, vol.30, pp.388-395, 2005.

J. López-arrabé, P. Monaghan, A. Cantarero, W. Boner, L. Pérez-rodríguez et al., SexSpecific Associations between Telomere Dynamics and Oxidative Status in Adult and Nestling Pied Flycatchers, Physiol. Biochem. Zool, vol.91, pp.868-877, 2018.

R. Mateos, E. Lecumberri, S. Ramos, L. Goya, and L. Bravo, Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) by high-performance liquid chromatography in serum and liver as a biomarker for oxidative stress: application to a rat model for hypercholesterolemia and evaluation of the effect of diets rich in phenolic antioxidants from fruits, J. Chromatogr. B, vol.827, pp.76-82, 2005.

P. Monaghan and M. F. Haussmann, Do telomere dynamics link lifestyle and lifespan? Tr, 2006.

, Ecol. Evol, vol.21, pp.47-53

S. Nakagawa and H. Schielzeth, Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists, Biol. Rev, vol.85, pp.935-956, 2010.

C. Franceschi, M. Bonafè, S. Valensin, F. Olivieri, M. De-luca et al., Inflamm-aging: an evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence, Ann. NY Acad. Sci, vol.908, pp.244-254, 2000.

H. Froy, S. Lewis, D. H. Nussey, A. G. Wood, and R. A. Phillips, Contrasting drivers of reproductive ageing in albatrosses, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.86, pp.1022-1032, 2017.

J. Gaillard, A. J. Sempéré, J. M. Boutin, G. Van-laere, and B. Boisaubert, Effects of age and body weight on the proportion of females breeding in a population of roe deer, 1992.

, Can. J. Zool, vol.70, pp.1541-1545

J. Gaillard, D. Delorme, J. M. Boutin, G. Van-laere, B. Boisaubert et al., Roe deer survival patterns -a comparative analysis of contrasting populations, J. Anim. Ecol, vol.62, pp.778-791, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02126454

J. Gaillard, R. Andersen, D. Delorme, and J. D. Linnell, Family effects on growth and survival of juvenile roe deer, Ecology, vol.79, pp.2878-2889, 1998.

J. Gaillard, A. Viallefont, A. Loison, and M. Festabianchet, Assessing senescence patterns in populations of large mammals, Anim. Biodiv. Conserv, vol.27, pp.47-58, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427594

J. Gaillard, V. Berger, M. Tidière, P. Duncan, and J. F. Lemaître, Does tooth wear influence ageing? A comparative study across large herbivores, Exp. Gerontol, vol.71, pp.48-55, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01320805

J. Gaillard, M. Garratt, and J. Lemaître, The evolution of senescence in the tree of life, pp.126-155, 2017.

J. Gaillard and J. Lemaître, The Williams' legacy: A critical reappraisal of his nine predictions about the evolution of senescence, Evolution, vol.71, pp.2768-2785, 2017.

M. E. Gershwin, J. B. German, and C. L. Keen, Nutrition and immunology, 2000.

E. Gilot-fromont, M. Jégo, C. Bonenfant, P. Gibert, B. Rannou et al., Immune phenotype and body condition in roe deer: References 1, 2010.

, Telomere biology in Metazoa. FEBS Lett, vol.584, pp.3741-3751

P. Monaghan and M. F. Haussmann, Do telomere dynamics link lifestyle and lifespan?, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.21, pp.47-53, 2006.

L. A. Seeker, Method specific calibration corrects for DNA extraction method effects on relative telomere length measurements by quantitative PCR, PloS One, vol.11, 2016.

R. M. Cawthon, Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.30, pp.47-47, 2002.

E. S. Epel, E. H. Blackburn, J. Lin, F. S. Dhabhar, N. E. Adler et al., Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.101, pp.17312-17315, 2004.

J. M. Ruijter, C. Ramakers, W. Hoogaars, Y. Karlen, O. Bakker et al., Amplification efficiency: linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.37, pp.45-45, 2009.

M. W. Pfaffl, A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.29, pp.45-45, 2001.

T. R. B-bibliographie-abrahamsson, H. E. Jakobsson, A. F. Andersson, B. Bjorkst, L. Engstrand et al., Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema, American Academy of Allergy, vol.129, issue.2, pp.434-439, 2011.

T. R. Abrahamsson, H. E. Jakobsson, A. F. Andersson, B. Bjorksten, L. Engstrand et al., Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.44, pp.842-50, 2014.

G. J. Armelagos, P. J. Brown, and B. Turner, Evolutionary, historical and political economic perspectives on health and disease, Soc. Sci. Med, vol.61, pp.755-765, 2005.

M. C. Arrieta, L. T. Stiemsma, P. A. Dimitriu, L. Thorson, S. Russell et al., Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma, Sci. Transl. Med, vol.7, issue.307, pp.307-152, 2015.

M. B. Azad, T. Konya, D. S. Guttman, C. J. Field, M. R. Sears et al., Infant gut microbiota and food sensitization: associations in the first year of life, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.45, pp.632-675, 2015.

S. Babu, C. P. Blauvelt, V. Kumaraswami, and T. B. Nutman, Regulatory networks induced by live parasites impair both Th1 and Th2 pathways in patent lymphatic filariasis: implications for parasite persistence, J. Immunol, vol.176, pp.3248-56, 2006.

J. F. Bach, The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases, N. Engl. J. Med, issue.12, p.347, 2002.

P. Bager, J. Arnved, S. Rønborg, J. Wohlfahrt, L. K. Poulsen et al., Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.125, issue.1, pp.123-153, 2010.

T. M. Ball, J. A. Castro-rodriguez, K. A. Griffith, C. J. Holberg, F. D. Martinez et al., Siblings, daycare attendance, and the risk of asthma and wheezing during childhood, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.343, pp.538-581, 2000.

K. C. Barnes and D. G. Marsh, The genetics and complexity of allergy and asthma, Immunol. Today, vol.19, p.325, 1998.

K. C. Barnes, A. V. Grant, and P. Gao, A review of the genetic epidemiology of resistance to parasitic disease and atopic asthma: common variants for common phenotypes?, Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.5, pp.379-385, 2005.

S. F. Bloomfield, G. A. Rook, E. A. Scott, F. Shanahan, R. Stanwell-smith et al., Time to abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome, infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene, Perspect. Public Health, vol.136, issue.4, pp.213-224, 2016.

T. Boutsikou and A. Malamitsi-puchner, Caesarean section: impact on mother and child, Acta Paediatr, vol.100, pp.1518-1522, 2011.

P. D. Cani and N. M. Delzenne, The gut microbiome as therapeutic target, Pharmacol. Ther, vol.130, pp.202-212, 2011.

M. R. Cardoso, S. N. Cousens, L. F. De-goes-siqueira, F. M. Alves, and L. A. Angelo, Crowding: risk factor or protective factor for lower respiratory disease in young children?, BMC Public Health, p.4, 2004.

J. C. Celedon, A. A. Litonjua, L. Ryan, T. Platts-mills, S. T. Weiss et al., Exposure to cat allergen, maternal history of asthma, and wheezing in first 5 years of life, Lancet, vol.360, pp.781-783, 2002.

J. C. Celedon, R. J. Wright, A. A. Litonjua, D. Sredl, L. Ryan et al., Day care attendance in early life, maternal history of asthma, and asthma at the age of 6 years, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.167, pp.1239-1282, 2003.

P. J. Cooper, M. E. Chico, L. C. Rodrigues, M. Ordonez, D. Strachan et al., Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.111, pp.995-1000, 2003.

C. A. Cuello-garcia, J. L. Brozek, A. Fiocchi, R. Pawankar, J. J. Yepes-nunez et al., Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.136, pp.952-61, 2015.

G. D'amato, C. E. Baena-cagnani, L. Cecchi, I. Annesi-maesano, C. Nunes et al., Climate change, air pollution and extreme events leading to increasing prevalence of allergic respiratory diseases, Mult. Resp. Med, vol.8, p.12, 2013.

C. De-filippo, D. Cavalieri, M. Di-paola, M. Ramazzotti, J. B. Poullet et al., Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.107, pp.14691-14697, 2010.

W. Eder, M. J. Ege, and E. Von-mutius, The asthma epidemic, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.355, pp.2226-2261, 2006.

W. Eduard, J. Douwes, E. Omenaas, and D. Heederik, Do farming exposures cause or prevent asthma? Results from a study of adult Norwegian farmers, Thorax, vol.59, pp.381-387, 2004.

K. Eldeirawi, R. Mcconnell, S. Furner, S. Freels, L. Stayner et al., Associations of doctor diagnosed asthma with immigration status, age at immigration, and length of residence in the United States in a sample of Mexican American School Children in Chicago, J. Asthma, vol.46, pp.796-802, 2009.

L. Elliott, K. Yeatts, and D. Loomis, Ecological associations between asthma prevalence and potential exposure to farming, Eur. Respir. J, vol.24, pp.938-979, 2004.

P. Ernst and Y. Cormier, Relative scarcity of asthma and atopy among rural adolescents raised on a farm, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.161, pp.1563-1569, 2000.

J. Feary, A. Venn, A. Brown, D. Hooi, F. H. Falcone et al., Safety of hookworm infection in individuals with measurable airway responsiveness: a randomized placebo-controlled feasibility study, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.39, issue.7, pp.1060-1068, 2009.

A. Forsberg, C. E. West, S. L. Prescott, and M. C. Jenmalm, Pre-and probiotics for allergy prevention: time to revisit recommendations?, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.46, issue.12, pp.1506-1521, 2016.

M. Fumagalli, U. Pozzoli, R. Cagliani, G. P. Comi, S. Riva et al., Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions, J. Exp. Med, vol.206, pp.1395-1408, 2009.

W. J. Gauderman, E. Avol, F. Gilliland, H. Vora, D. Thomas et al., The Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.351, pp.1057-67, 2004.

U. Gehring, A. H. Wijga, M. Brauer, P. Fischer, J. C. De-jongste et al., Traffic-related Air Pollution and the Development of Asthma and Allergies during the First 8 Years of Life, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.181, pp.596-603, 2010.

A. P. Grammatikos, The genetic and environmental basis of atopic diseases, Ann. Med, vol.40, pp.482-495, 2008.

S. Halken, Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention, Pediatr. Allergy Immunol, vol.15, issue.16, pp.9-32, 2004.

M. Halonen, D. Stern, L. M. Taussig, A. Wright, C. G. Ray et al., The predictive relationship between serum IgE levels at birth and subsequent incidences of lower respiratory illnesses and eczema in infants, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, vol.146, pp.866-70, 1992.

W. Harnett, Secretory products of helminth parasites as immunomodulators, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, vol.195, issue.2, pp.130-136, 2014.

T. Helin, S. Haahtela, and T. Haahtela, No effect of oral treatment with an intestinal bacterial strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), on birch-pollen allergy: a placebo-controlled double-blind study, vol.57, pp.243-249, 2004.

H. Helmby, Helminths and our immune system: friend or foe?, Parasitol. Int, vol.58, issue.2, pp.121-128, 2009.

H. Helmby, Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders -where do we stand?, BMC Immun, vol.16, p.12, 2015.

A. Hjern, F. Rasmussen, and G. Hedlin, Age at adoption, ethnicity and atopic disorder: a study of internationally adopted young men in Sweden, Pediatr. Allergy Immunol, vol.10, pp.101-107, 1999.

A. G. Hirsch, J. Pollak, T. A. Glass, M. N. Poulsen, L. Bailey-davis et al., Early-life antibiotic use and subsequent diagnosis of food allergy and allergic diseases, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.47, issue.2, pp.236-244, 2017.

Y. J. Huang, C. E. Nelson, and E. L. Brodie, Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.127, pp.372-381, 2011.

L. Huang, Q. Chen, Y. Zhao, W. Wang, F. Fang et al., Is elective cesarean section associated with a higher risk of asthma? A meta-analysis, J. Asthma, vol.52, issue.1, pp.16-25, 2015.

J. J. Jaakkola, P. Ahmed, A. Ieromnimon, P. Goepfert, E. Laiou et al., Preterm delivery and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.118, pp.823-830, 2006.

S. Klunker, A. Trautmann, M. Akdis, J. Verhagen, P. Schmid-grendelmeier et al., A second step of chemotaxis after transendothelial migration: keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis release IFNgamma-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by IFN-gamma, and IFN-gamma-inducible alphachemoattractant for T cell chemotaxis toward epidermis in atopic dermatitis, J. Immunol, vol.171, pp.1078-84, 2003.

N. Krug, J. Madden, A. E. Redington, P. Lackie, R. Djukanovic et al., T-cell cytokine profile evaluated at the single cell level in BAL and blood in allergic asthma, Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol, vol.14, pp.319-345, 1996.

D. A. Lammas, J. L. Casanova, and D. S. Kumararatne, Clinical consequences of defects in the IL-12-dependent interferongamma (IFN-gamma) pathway, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.121, pp.417-442, 2000.

M. Mackenzie, 1887) Hay Fever and Paroxysmal Sneezing: Their Etiology and Threatment

P. Mallia and S. L. Johnston, Respiratory viruses: do they protect from or induce asthma?, Allergy, vol.57, pp.1118-1147, 2002.

D. M. Mannino, D. M. Homa, L. J. Akinbami, J. E. Moorman, C. Gwynn et al., Surveillance for asthma -United States, MMWR Surveill. Summ, vol.51, pp.1-13, 1980.

K. M. Maslowski and C. R. Mackay, Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses, Nat. Immunol, vol.12, pp.5-9, 2011.

P. M. Matricardi, F. Rosmini, S. Riondino, M. Fortini, L. Ferrigno et al., Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma; epidemiological study, Brit. Med. J, vol.320, pp.412-417, 2000.

P. M. Matricardi, F. Rosmini, V. Panetta, L. Ferrigno, and S. Bonini, Hay fever and asthma in relation to markers of infection in the United States, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.110, pp.381-387, 2002.

S. K. Mazmanian, J. L. Round, and D. L. Kasper, A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease, Nature, vol.453, pp.620-625, 2008.

T. W. Mcdade, P. S. Tallman, F. C. Madimenos, M. A. Liebert, T. J. Cepon et al., Analysis of variability of high sensitivity C-reactive protein in lowland ecuador reveals no evidence of chronic lowgrade inflammation, Am. J. Hum. Biol, vol.24, pp.675-81, 2012.

M. J. Medeiros, J. P. Figueiredo, M. C. Almeida, M. A. Matos, M. I. Araújo et al., Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with a reduced course of asthma, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.111, pp.947-951, 2003.

S. R. Modi, J. J. Collins, and D. A. Relman, Antibiotics and the gut microbiota, J. Clin. Invest, vol.124, issue.10, pp.4212-4218, 2014.

M. Moller, M. B. Gravenor, S. E. Roberts, D. Sun, P. Gao et al., Genetic haplotypes of Th-2 immune signalling link allergy to enhanced protection to parasitic worms, Hum. Mol. Genet, vol.16, pp.1828-1836, 2007.

W. J. Morgan, D. A. Stern, D. L. Sherrill, S. Guerra, C. J. Holberg et al., Outcome of asthma and wheezing in the first 6 years of life: follow-up through adolescence, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.172, pp.1253-1261, 2005.

O. A. Nyan, G. E. Walraven, W. A. Banya, P. Milligan, M. Van-der-sande et al., Atopy, intestinal helminth infection and total serum IgE in rural and urban adult Gambian communities, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.31, pp.1672-1678, 2001.

D. A. Osborn and J. K. Sinn, Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev, vol.28, issue.3, p.6474, 2013.

U. Pelosi, G. Porcedda, F. Tiddia, S. Tripodi, A. E. Tozzi et al., The inverse association of salmonellosis in infancy with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma at school-age: a longitudinal study, Allergy, vol.60, pp.626-630, 2005.

J. Penders, C. Thijs, C. Vink, F. F. Stelma, B. Snijders et al., Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy, Pediatrics, vol.118, issue.2, pp.511-532, 2006.

J. Penders, K. Gerhold, E. E. Stobberingh, C. Thijs, K. Zimmermann et al., Establishment of the intestinal microbiota and its role for atopic dermatitis in early Childhood, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.132, pp.601-608, 2013.

T. A. Platts-mills, J. A. Woodfolk, and R. B. Sporik, The increase in asthma cannot be ascribed to cleanliness, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.164, pp.1107-1115, 2001.

S. L. Prescott and B. Björkstén, Probiotics for the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.120, issue.2, pp.255-62, 2007.

G. A. Rook and L. R. Brunet, Microbes, immunoregulation, and the gut, Gut, vol.54, issue.3, pp.317-337, 2005.

G. A. Rook, Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: The broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis, Immunology, vol.126, pp.3-11, 2008.

G. A. Rook, Hygiene Hypothesis and Autoimmune Diseases, Clinic Rev. Allerg. Immunol, vol.42, pp.5-15, 2012.

G. A. Rook, C. A. Lowry, and C. L. Raison, Microbial 'Old Friends', immunoregulation and stress resilience, Evolution, pp.46-64, 2013.

F. Rusconi, C. Galassi, G. M. Corbo, F. Forastiere, A. Biggeri et al., Risk factors for early, persistent, and lateonset wheezing in young children, SIDRIA Collaborative Group. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, vol.160, pp.1617-1639, 1999.

S. Scrivener, H. Yemaneberhan, M. Zebenigus, D. Tilahun, S. Girma et al., Independent effects of intestinal parasite infection and domestic allergen exposure on risk of wheeze in Ethiopia: a nested case control study, Lancet, vol.358, pp.1493-1499, 2001.

T. Seiskari, A. Kondrashova, H. Viskari, M. Kaila, A. M. Haapala et al., Allergic sensitization and microbial load -a comparison between Finland and Russian Karelia, Clin. Exp. Immunol, vol.148, pp.47-52, 2007.

M. Scudellari, Cleaning up the hygiene hypothesis, vol.114, pp.1433-1436, 2017.

N. Sigurs, R. Bjarnason, F. Sigurbergsson, B. Kjellman, and B. Bjorksten, Asthma and immunoglobulin E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls, Pediatrics, vol.95, pp.500-505, 1995.

N. R. Stoll, This wormy world, J. Parasitol, vol.33, pp.1-18, 1947.

D. P. Strachan, Hay fever, hygiene, and household size, Brit. Med. J, vol.299, pp.1259-60, 1989.

V. Tremaroli and F. Backhed, Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism, Nature, vol.489, pp.242-251, 2012.

L. M. Van-blerkom, Role of viruses in human evolution, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl, vol.37, pp.14-46, 2003.

E. Von-mutius, F. D. Martinez, C. Fritzsch, T. Nicolai, P. Reitmeir et al., Skin test reactivity and number of siblings, Brit. Med. J, vol.308, pp.692-697, 1994.

J. G. Wheeler, S. J. Shema, M. L. Bogle, M. A. Shirrell, A. W. Burks et al., Immune and clinical impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus on asthma, Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol, vol.79, pp.229-262, 1997.

C. E. West, M. C. Jenmalm, A. L. Kozyrskyj, and S. L. Prescott, Probiotics for treatment and primary prevention of allergic diseases and asthma: looking back and moving forward, Exp. Rev. Clin. Immunol, vol.12, issue.6, pp.625-664, 2016.

C. E. West, M. L. Hammarstrom, and O. Hernell, Probiotics in primary prevention of allergic disease -followup at 8-9 years of age, Allergy, vol.68, pp.1015-1020, 2013.

K. Wickens, N. Pearce, J. Crane, and R. Beasley, Antibiotic use in early childhood and the development of asthma, Clin. Exp. Allergy, vol.29, pp.766-771, 1999.

M. Yazdanbakhsh, P. G. Kremsner, and R. Van-ree, Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis, Science, vol.296, issue.5567, pp.490-494, 2002.

M. Yazdanbakhsh and S. Wahyuni, The role of helminth infections in protection from atopic disorders, Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol, vol.5, pp.386-391, 2005.

L. Cheynel, J. F. Lemaître, J. M. Gaillard, B. Rey, G. Bourgoin et al., Immunosenescence patterns differ between populations but not between sexes in a long-lived wild mammal, Sci. Rep, vol.7, p.13700, 2017.

S. A. Adamo, How should behavioural ecologists interpret measurements of immunity?, Anim. Behav, vol.68, p.14431449, 2004.

I. Roitt, J. Brostoff, and D. Male, Immunology, 1998.

C. Durbin, K. Guo, W. Hoffman, E. Schultze, A. White et al., Estimating leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte counts in rats by blood smear examination, Vet. Clin. Path, vol.38, p.157162, 2009.

O. Ursache, L. Chevrier, J. M. Blancou, and M. Jaouen, Valeur des paramètres biochimiques et hématologiques chez le chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus), Rev. Med. Vet, vol.131, p.547552, 1980.

C. Cray, J. Zaias, and N. H. Altman, Acute phase response in animals: a review, Comp. Med, vol.59, p.517526, 2009.

S. L. Stockham and M. A. Scott, Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology, 2008.

S. Bourgeon, M. Kauffmann, S. Geiger, T. Raclot, and J. P. Robin, Relationships between metabolic status, corticosterone secretion and maintenance of innate and adaptive humoral immunities in fasted re-fed mallards, J. Exp. Biol, vol.213, p.38103818, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00533966

K. D. Matson, E. Robert, R. E. Ricklefs, and K. C. Klasing, A hemolysis hemagglutination assay for characterizing constitutive innate humoral immunity in wild and domestic birds, Develop. Comp. Immunol, vol.29, p.275286, 2005.

J. Gaillard, D. Delorme, B. Jean-marie, G. Van-laere, B. Boisaubert et al., Roe deer survival patterns: a comparative analysis of contrasting populations, Journal of Animal Ecology, pp.778-791, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02126454

A. Hewison, J. Vincent, J. Angibault, D. Delorme, G. V. Laere et al., Tests of estimation of age from tooth wear on roe deer of known age: variation within and among populations, Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol.77, pp.58-67, 1999.

L. A. Seeker, R. Holland, S. Underwood, J. Fairlie, A. Psifidi et al., Method specific calibration corrects for DNA extraction method effects on relative telomere length measurements by quantitative PCR, PLoS One, vol.11, 2016.

R. M. Cawthon, Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.30, 2002.

J. M. Ruijter, C. Ramakers, W. M. Hoogaars, Y. Karlen, O. Bakker et al., Amplification efficiency: linking baseline and bias in the analysis of quantitative PCR data, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.37, 2009.