R. Sanda and A. De-maddalena, Collection of the sharks of the national museum in Prague-Part 1. Complete taxiderms and liquid preservations, Natural History Series, vol.172, pp.61-70, 2003.

R. Sanda and A. De-maddalena, Collection of the sharks of the national museum in Prague-Part 2, Skeletal preservations J. Nat. Mus, vol.173, pp.51-58, 2003.

K. Shimada, C. K. Rigsby, and S. H. Kim, Labial cartilages in the smalltooth sandtiger shark, Odontaspis ferox (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae) and their significance to the phylogeny of lamniform sharks, Anat. Rec, vol.292, pp.813-817, 2009.

S. Shirai, Squalean phylogeny: a new framework of "squaloid" sharks and related taxa, p.151, 1992.

R. Stepanek and J. Kriwet, Contributions to the skeletal anatomy of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Myliobatiformes): 1. Morphology of male Potamotrygon motoro from South America, Zoosyst. Evol, vol.88, pp.145-158, 2012.

R. Stohler, Preparation of shark chondrocrania for class use, Science, vol.102, pp.403-404, 1945.

J. F. Tannheimer, 1939: A method of preparing cartilage skeletons, Proc. South Dakota Acad. Sci, vol.19, pp.118-123

W. Ballard, J. Mellinger, and H. Lechenault, A series of normal stages for development 14 of Scyliorhinus canicula, the lesser spotted dogfish (Chondrichthyes, Scyliorhinidae), 15 Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.267, pp.318-336, 1993.

L. J. Compagno, Endoskeleton, Sharks, Skates and Rays, 1999.

, The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes, pp.69-92

C. Compagnucci, M. Debiais-thibaud, M. Coolen, J. Fish, J. N. Griffin et al., , p.19

M. Minoux, F. M. Rijli, V. Borday-birraux, D. Casane, S. Mazan et al., , 2013.

, Pattern and polarity in the development and evolution of the gnathostome jaw: both 21 conservation and heterotopy in the branchial arches of the shark

, Skeletogenesis in the swell shark Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, Journal of Anatomy, vol.210, pp.542-54

J. R. Ellis and S. E. Shackley, The reproductive biology of Scyliorhinus canicula in the, 1997.

U. K. Bristol-channel, Journal of Fish Biology, pp.361-372

C. Gegenbaur, Das kopfskelet der selachier, ein beitrag zur erkenntniss der genese des 16 kopfskelete der wirbelthiere, Untersuchungen Zur, p.17

, Vergleichenden Anatomie Der Wirbelthiere. Drittes Heft

B. G. Godard and S. Mazan, Early patterning in a chondrichthyan model, the small 19 spotted dogfish: towards the gnathostome ancestral state, Journal of Anatomy, vol.222, pp.56-76, 2013.

N. Holmgren, Studies of the Head in Fishes. Part 1. Development of the Skull in FIGURE 2 | Cartilage calcification and collagen expression in Scyliorhinus canicula vertebrae. (A-D) Transverse sections of the vertebrae of 6 cm-long embryos (black arrowheads show the hyaline cartilage of the neural arches). (A) Alcian blue and Alizarin red double staining revealing the distribution of the hyaline cartilage and the absence of detectable calcification. (B-D) In situ hybridizations showing the expression of Sc-Col2a1, 1940.

, Schematic drawing of the vertebral anatomy from 9 cm-long S.c. embryos (lateral view) and of the orientation of the transverse sections (blue dotted line) represented in (F) and shown in (I-O'). (G) General histology of the centrum. (H) General histology of the neural arches. (I) Alizarin red and Alcian blue double staining

J. and K. , Arrowheads in (L',M') indicate scattered Sc-Col1a1 and Sc-Col1a2 positive cells embedded in the calcified layer of the neural arches. (O) Immunofluorescence using an anti-Type II collagen (Col2) specific antibody. Higher magnifications of (I,L-O) are shown in (I',L'-O') respectively. Orange and black arrowheads show the calcifying matrix of the centrum and neural arches, respectively. Cc, chordocytes; Ch, chondroctyces; na, neural arch; nac, neural arch cartilage; ns, HES staining of the centrum and of the neural arch. (L-N) In situ hybridizations showing the expression of Sc-Col2a1, Sc-Col1a1, and Sc-Col1a2, as indicated

, Pe, perichondrium; vb, vertebral body; vbc, vertebral body cartilage. Insets in (L-O) are shown at higher magnification in (L'-O'), respectively

D. and P. , Results are shown for the whole skeletal element (left column, scale bar: 500 µm) and higher magnifications of the diaphysis (middle column, scale bar: 50 µm) and epiphysis (right column, scale bar: 50 µm). Arrows and arrowheads show osteoblasts and osteocytes, respectively. In situ hybridization signal is light to dark blue, and brown endogenous X.t. pigment cells are visible on most sections. Legend: Bo, bone; Ch, chondrocytes; Me, medulla; Pe, perichondrium; Sm, striated muscles, FIGURE 3 | Comparison of the Col1a1, Col1a2, and Col2a1 expression patterns during Xenopus tropicalis hindlimb development. Stage NF54 (top panel) or NF60 (bottom panel) hindlimbs were examined by whole mount Alizarin red staining (insets), sectioned along the proximo-distal axis and stained with HES, vol.6, p.283, 2015.

F. , I. , N. , T. , P. et al., (C) Whole mount Alizarin red staining of stage NF54 vertebral column (lateral view, anterior to the left). (D-I) Histology of the stage NF54 vertebrae examined with HES, FIGURE 4 | Histology of the developing Xenopus tropicalis vertebrae. (A) Schematic drawing of transverse sections running through the lateral or the dorsal region of the neural arches. (B) Color code used to represent the distinct skeletal tissues of the X.t. vertebrae in, vol.250

, Frontiers in Genetics | www.frontiersin.org, vol.6, p.283, 2015.

A. References-abzhanov, S. J. Rodda, A. P. Mcmahon, and C. J. Tabin, Regulation of skeletogenic differentiation in cranial dermal bone, Development, vol.134, pp.3133-3144, 2007.

R. C. Albertson, Y. L. Yan, T. A. Titus, E. Pisano, M. Vacchi et al., Molecular pedomorphism underlies craniofacial skeletal evolution in Antarctic notothenioid fishes, BMC Evol. Biol, vol.10, p.4, 2010.

D. Aldea, P. Hanna, D. Munoz, J. Espinoza, M. Torrejon et al., Evolution of the vertebrate bone matrix: an expression analysis of the network forming collagen paralogues in amphibian osteoblasts, J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol, vol.320, pp.375-384, 2013.

D. Arendt, The evolution of cell types in animals: emerging principles from molecular studies, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.9, pp.868-882, 2008.

M. Benjamin and E. J. Evans, Fibrocartilage. J. Anat, vol.171, pp.1-15, 1990.

M. Benjamin and J. R. Ralphs, Extracellular matrix of connective tissues in the heads of teleosts, J. Anat, vol.179, pp.137-148, 1991.

A. Bertin, P. Hanna, G. Otarola, A. Fritz, J. P. Henriquez et al., Cellular and molecular characterization of a novel primary osteoblast culture from the vertebrate model organism Xenopus tropicalis, Histochem. Cell Biol, vol.143, pp.431-442, 2015.

M. Cattell, S. Lai, R. Cerny, and D. M. Medeiros, A new mechanistic scenario for the origin and evolution of vertebrate cartilage, PLoS ONE, vol.6, 2011.

S. Chandraraj and C. A. Briggs, Role of cartilage canals in osteogenesis and growth of the vertebral centra, J. Anat, vol.158, pp.121-136, 1988.

H. Claassen, W. U. Kampen, and T. Kirsch, Localization of collagens and alkaline phosphatase activity during mineralization and ossification of human first rib cartilage, Histochem. Cell Biol, vol.105, pp.213-219, 1996.

B. Close, K. Banister, V. Baumans, E. M. Bernoth, N. Bromage et al., Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 1. DGXI of the European Commission, Lab. Anim, vol.30, pp.293-316, 1996.

M. I. Coates, S. E. Sequeira, I. J. Sansom, and M. M. Smith, Spines and tissues of ancient sharks, Nature, vol.396, pp.729-730, 1998.

W. M. Dahdul, J. P. Balhoff, D. C. Blackburn, A. D. Diehl, M. A. Haendel et al., A unified anatomy ontology of the vertebrate skeletal system, PLoS ONE, vol.7, p.51070, 2012.

M. N. Dean, W. A. Chiou, and A. P. Summers, Morphology and ultrastructure of prismatic calcified cartilage, Microsc. Microanal, vol.11, pp.1196-1197, 2005.

M. N. Dean, C. G. Mull, S. N. Gorb, and A. P. Summers, Ontogeny of the tessellated skeleton: insight from the skeletal growth of the round stingray Urobatis halleri, Zoology (Jena.), vol.215, pp.164-168, 2006.

P. C. Donoghue and I. J. Sansom, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microsc. Res. Tech, vol.59, pp.352-372, 2002.

P. C. Donoghue, I. J. Sansom, and J. P. Downs, Early evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues and cellular interactions, and the canalization of skeletal development, J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol, vol.306, pp.278-294, 2006.

B. F. Eames, N. Allen, J. Young, A. Kaplan, J. A. Helms et al., Skeletogenesis in the swell shark Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, J. Anat, vol.210, pp.542-554, 2007.

B. F. Eames, A. Amores, Y. L. Yan, and J. H. Postlethwait, Evolution of the osteoblast: skeletogenesis in gar and zebrafish, BMC Evol. Biol, vol.12, p.27, 2012.

B. F. Eames, L. De-la-fuente, and J. A. Helms, Molecular ontogeny of the skeleton, Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today, vol.69, pp.93-101, 2003.

J. Espinoza, M. Sanchez, A. Sanchez, P. Hanna, M. Torrejon et al., Two families of Xenopus tropicalis skeletal genes display well-conserved expression patterns with mammals in spite of their highly divergent regulatory regions, Evol. Dev, vol.12, pp.541-551, 2010.

M. D. Estêvão, N. Silva, B. Redruello, R. Costa, S. Gregório et al., Cellular morphology and markers of cartilage and bone in the marine teleost Sparus auratus, Cell Tissue Res, vol.343, pp.619-635, 2011.

D. R. Eyre and M. A. Weis, Bone collagen: new clues to its mineralization mechanism from recessive osteogenesis imperfecta, Calcif. Tissue Int, vol.93, pp.338-347, 2013.

J. A. Finarelli and M. I. Coates, Chondrenchelys problematica (Traquair, 1888) redescribed: a Lower Carboniferous, eel-like holocephalan from Scotland, Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb, vol.105, pp.35-59, 2014.

A. Fleming, M. G. Kishida, C. B. Kimmel, and R. J. Keynes, Building the backbone: the development and evolution of vertebral patterning, Development, vol.142, pp.1733-1744, 2015.

A. Force, M. Lynch, F. B. Pickett, A. Amores, Y. L. Yan et al., Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations, Genetics, vol.151, pp.1531-1545, 1999.

E. S. Goodrich, Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates, 1930.

E. D. Grogan and R. Lund, Debeerius ellefseni (Fam. Nov., Gen. Nov., Spec. Nov.), an autodiastylic chondrichthyan from the Mississippian bear gulch limestone of Montana (USA), the relationships of the chondrichthyes, and comments on gnathostome evolution, J. Morphol, vol.243, pp.219-245, 2000.

C. Hartmann, Transcriptional networks controlling skeletal development, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev, vol.19, pp.437-443, 2009.

M. J. Hilton, X. Tu, and F. Long, Tamoxifen-inducible gene deletion reveals a distinct cell type associated with trabecular bone, and direct regulation of PTHrP expression and chondrocyte morphology by Ihh in growth region cartilage, Dev. Biol, vol.308, pp.93-105, 2007.

D. A. Hogg, Ossification of the laryngeal, tracheal and syringeal cartilages in the domestic fowl, J. Anat, vol.134, pp.57-71, 1982.

A. Huysseune and J. Y. Sire, Ultrastructural observations on chondroid bone in the teleost fish Hemichromis bimaculatus, Tissue Cell, vol.22, pp.371-383, 1990.

A. Huysseune and W. Verraes, Chondroid bone on the upper pharyngeal jaws and neurocranial base in the adult fish Astatotilapia elegans, Am. J. Anat, vol.177, pp.527-535, 1986.

Y. Izu, M. Sun, D. Zwolanek, G. Veit, V. Williams et al., Type XII collagen regulates osteoblast polarity and communication during bone formation, J. Cell Biol, vol.193, 2011.

P. Janvier, Facts and fancies about early fossil chordates and vertebrates, Nature, vol.520, pp.483-489, 2015.

P. Janvier and M. Arsenault, Palaeobiology: calcification of early vertebrate cartilage, Nature, vol.417, p.609, 2002.

S. Kaneto and H. Wada, Regeneration of amphioxus oral cirri and its skeletal rods: implications for the origin of the vertebrate skeleton, J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol, vol.316, pp.409-417, 2011.

N. E. Kemp and S. K. Westrin, Ultrastructure of calcified cartilage in the endoskeletal tesserae of sharks, J. Morphol, vol.160, pp.75-109, 1979.

R. Kerney and J. Hanken, Gene expression reveals unique skeletal patterning in the limb of the direct-developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Evol. Dev, vol.10, pp.439-448, 2008.

N. T. Khanarian, M. K. Boushell, J. P. Spalazzi, N. Pleshko, A. L. Boskey et al., FTIR-I compositional mapping of the cartilage-to-bone interface as a function of tissue region and age, J. Bone Miner. Res, vol.29, pp.2643-2652, 2014.

T. Kirsch, H. D. Nah, I. M. Shapiro, and M. Pacifici, Regulated production of mineralization-competent matrix vesicles in hypertrophic chondrocytes, J. Cell Biol, vol.137, pp.1149-1160, 1997.

T. Kobayashi and H. Kronenberg, Minireview: transcriptional regulation in development of bone, Endocrinology, vol.146, pp.1012-1017, 2005.

, Frontiers in Genetics | www.frontiersin.org, vol.13, p.283, 2015.

S. Kranenbarg, T. Van-cleynenbreugel, H. Schipper, and J. Van-leeuwen, , 2005.

, Adaptive bone formation in acellular vertebrae of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), J. Exp. Biol, vol.208, pp.3493-3502

W. J. Landis and F. H. Silver, Mineral deposition in the extracellular matrices of vertebrate tissues: identification of possible apatite nucleation sites on type I collagen, Cells Tissues Organs, vol.189, pp.20-24, 2009.

S. Q. Le and O. Gascuel, An improved general amino acid replacement matrix, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.25, pp.1307-1320, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00324106

N. Li, K. Felber, P. Elks, P. Croucher, and H. H. Roehl, Tracking gene expression during zebrafish osteoblast differentiation, Dev. Dyn, vol.238, pp.459-466, 2009.

L. Liu, P. H. Schlesinger, N. M. Slack, P. A. Friedman, and H. C. Blair, High capacity Na(+) /H(+) exchange activity in mineralizing osteoblasts, J. Cell. Physiol, vol.226, pp.1702-1712, 2011.

F. Long, Building strong bones: molecular regulation of the osteoblast lineage, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, vol.13, pp.27-38, 2011.

T. P. Lozito and R. S. Tuan, Lizard tail regeneration: regulation of two distinct cartilage regions by Indian hedgehog, Dev. Biol, vol.399, pp.249-262, 2015.

I. Mizoguchi, I. Takahashi, Y. Sasano, M. Kagayama, Y. Kuboki et al., Localization of types I, II and X collagen and osteocalcin in intramembranous, endochondral and chondroid bone of rats, Anat. Embryol, vol.196, pp.291-297, 1997.

H. D. Nah, B. Swoboda, D. E. Birk, and T. Kirsch, Type IIA procollagen: expression in developing chicken limb cartilage and human osteoarthritic articular cartilage, Dev. Dyn, vol.220, pp.307-322, 2001.

P. D. Nieuwkoop and J. Faber, Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin), 1967.

S. Omelon, J. Georgiou, F. Variola, and M. N. Dean, Colocation and role of polyphosphates and alkaline phosphatase in apatite biomineralization of elasmobranch tesserae, Acta Biomater, vol.10, pp.3899-3910, 2014.

K. G. Ota and S. Kuratani, Expression pattern of two collagen type 2 alpha1 genes in the Japanese inshore hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri) with special reference to the evolution of cartilaginous tissue, J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol, vol.314, pp.157-165, 2010.

S. Oulion, M. Debiais-thibaud, Y. D'aubenton-carafa, C. Thermes, C. Da-silva et al., Evolution of Hox gene clusters in gnathostomes: insights from a survey of a shark (Scyliorhinus canicula) transcriptome, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.27, pp.2829-2838, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01920896

J. Peignoux-deville, F. Lallier, and B. Vidal, Evidence for the presence of osseous tissue in dogfish vertebrae, Cell Tissue Res, vol.222, pp.605-614, 1982.

M. E. Porter, T. J. Koob, and A. P. Summers, The contribution of mineral to the material properties of vertebral cartilage from the smooth-hound shark Mustelus californicus, J. Exp. Biol, vol.210, pp.3319-3327, 2007.

C. Ramlochansingh, F. Branoner, B. P. Chagnaud, and H. Straka, Efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) as an anesthetic agent for blocking sensory-motor responses in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, PLoS ONE, vol.9, 2014.

S. H. Reynolds, The Vertebrate Skeleton, Cambridge Zoological Series, 1897.

A. L. Rychel and B. J. Swalla, Development and evolution of chordate cartilage, J. Exp. Zool. B Mol. Dev. Evol, vol.308, pp.325-335, 2007.

B. Ryll, S. Sanchez, T. Haitina, P. Tafforeau, and P. E. Ahlberg, The genome of Callorhinchus and the fossil record: a new perspective on SCPP gene evolution in gnathostomes, Evol. Dev, vol.16, pp.123-124, 2014.

S. Sanchez, V. Dupret, P. Tafforeau, K. M. Trinajstic, B. Ryll et al., 3D microstructural architecture of muscle attachments in extant and fossil vertebrates revealed by synchrotron microtomography, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.56992, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00828470

K. Tamura, G. Stecher, D. Peterson, A. Filipski, and S. Kumar, MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.30, pp.2725-2729, 2013.

A. Veis and J. R. Dorvee, Biomineralization mechanisms: a new paradigm for crystal nucleation in organic matrices, Calcif. Tissue Int, vol.93, pp.307-315, 2013.

H. Wada, M. Okuyama, N. Satoh, S. Zhang, M. Yamamoto et al., Molecular evolution of fibrillar collagen in chordates, with implications for the evolution of vertebrate skeletons and chordate phylogeny, Development, vol.8, pp.2527-2537, 2006.

R. Zangerl, Chondrichthyes I: Paleozoic Elasmobranchii (Handbook of Paleoichthyology), 1981.

G. Zhang and M. J. Cohn, Hagfish and lancelet fibrillar collagens reveal that type II collagen-based cartilage evolved in stem vertebrates, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.103, pp.16829-16833, 2006.

G. Zhang and M. J. Cohn, Genome duplication and the origin of the vertebrate skeleton, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev, vol.18, pp.387-393, 2008.

G. Zhang, B. F. Eames, and M. J. Cohn, Chapter 2. Evolution of vertebrate cartilage development, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol, vol.86, pp.1002-1005, 2009.

G. Zhang, M. M. Miyamoto, and M. J. Cohn, Lamprey type II collagen and Sox9 reveal an ancient origin of the vertebrate collagenous skeleton, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.103, pp.3180-3185, 2006.

, A : Chimaera sp., individu éclos (14 cm), vue latérale. A' : Vue ventrale. B : embryon de Squatina sp. (19,5 cm), vue ventrale. Spécimen BMNH 1905.3.28.13 scanné par Zérina Johanson, BMNH. B' : vue latérale. C : embryon de Raja clavata, Diversité du squelette des chondrichthyens Figure 53. -Visualisation du squelette de plusieurs espèces de chondrichthyens par microtomographie à rayons-X

B. Adnet, H. S-;-cappetta, G. Guinot, and G. Notarbartolo, Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942092

, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.166, pp.132-159

L. Agassiz, Recherches sur les poissons fossiles, 1833.

B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts et al., Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, 2002.

R. Albertson, Y. Yan, . Titus, and E. Ta-;-pisano,

M. Vacchi, . Yelick, . Pc-;-detrich, and . Hw-;,

J. H. Postlethwait, Molecular pedomorphism underlies craniofacial skeletal evolution in Antarctic notothenioid fishes, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.10, p.4, 2010.

R. Aldridge, D. Briggs, . Smith, . Mp-;-clarkson, and N. Clark, The anatomy of conodonts, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.340, pp.405-421, 1993.

P. Andreev and G. Cuny, New Triassic stem selachimorphs (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) and their bearing on the evolution of dental enameloid in Neoselachii, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.32, pp.255-266, 2012.

. Andujar, P. Mb-;-couble, . ;-couble, and H. Ml-;-magloire, Differential expression of type I and type III collagen genes during tooth development, Development, vol.111, pp.691-698, 1991.

C. Arambourg, Le groupe des Ganopristinés, Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, vol.10, pp.127-147, 1940.

. Arana-chavez, . Ve-;-massa, and . Lf, Odontoblasts : the cells forming and maintaining dentine, The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol.36, pp.1367-1373, 2004.

J. Arends, . Jongebloed, and J. Wl-;-schuthof, The ultrastructure of surface enamel in Bibliographie relation to de-and remineralization, Demineralization and Remineralization of the Teeth, pp.155-163, 1983.

E. Arendt, De capitis ossei Esocis lucii structura singulari : dissertatio inauguralis zootomica

U. Arnason, . Gullberg, and A. Janke, Molecular phylogenetics of gnathostomous (jawed) fishes : old bones, new cartilage, Zoologica Scripta, vol.30, pp.249-255, 2001.

N. Aschliman, M. Nishida, M. Miya, . Inoue, . Jg-;-rosana et al., Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes : Batoidea), 2012.

, Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol.63, pp.28-42

N. Assaraf-weill, B. Gasse, J. Silvent, C. Bardet, . Sire et al., Ameloblasts express type I collagen during amelogenesis, Journal of dental research, vol.93, pp.502-509, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545475

F. M. Balfour, A monograph on the development of elasmobranch fishes

W. Ballard, . Jean, and H. Lechenault, A series of normal stages for development of scyliorhinus canicula, the lesser spotted dogfish (Chondrichthyes, Scyliorhinidae), Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.267, pp.318-336, 1993.

W. H. Bauer, Histogenesis of the so-called secondary enamel cuticle and dental cuticle, American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery, vol.29, pp.626-634, 1943.

. De-beer and . Gr, The development of the skull of Sclyllium (Scyliorhinus) canicula L, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol.74, pp.591-652, 1931.

M. Belleggia, . Figueroa, and C. De-;-bremec, The dentition of the narrownose smoothhound shark, Mustelus schmitti. Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.65, pp.688-696, 2014.

. Bendix-almgreen and . Se, New investigations on Helicoprion from the Phosphoria Formation of south-east Idaho, Biologiske Skrifter udgivet af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, vol.14, pp.1-54, 1966.

. Bendix-almgreen and . Se, Carcharodon megalodon from the Upper Miocene of Denmark, vol.32, pp.1-32, 1983.

B. Bendix-almgreen and . Se, Adamantina benedictae n. g. et sp. -en nyhed fra Ostgronlands marine ovre Perm, Geologisk Museum -100 ar pa oitervold, 1993.

K. Universitet, Geologisk Museum, (Rodos), p.48658

. Bendix-almgreen and . Se, Adamantina benedictae n.g. et sp. -a new elasmobranch from the marine Upper Premian of East Greenland, Ichthyolith Issues, vol.14, pp.21-22, 1994.

M. Benton and P. Donoghue,

R. J. Asher, Calibrating and constraining molecular clocks, SB Hedges, 2009.

. Kumar, The Timetree of Life, pp.35-86

S. Bertrand, J. Fuentealba, A. ;-aze, C. Hudson, H. Yasuo et al.,

S. Marcellini, A dynamic history of gene duplications and losses characterizes the evolution of the SPARC family in eumetazoans, Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society, vol.280, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02115487

S. Blais and L. ;. Mackenzie,

M. Wilson, Tooth-like scales in Early Devonian Eugnathostomes and the "outside-in" hypothesis for the origin of teeth in vertebrates, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.32, pp.1189-1199, 2011.

P. Blakey and P. Lockwood, The environment of calcified components in keratins, Calcified Tissue Research, vol.2, pp.361-369, 1968.

B. Blazejowski, Shark teeth from the Lower Triassic of Spitsbergen and their histology, Polish Polar Research, vol.25, pp.153-167, 2004.

C. Boisvert, . Martins, A. ;. Cl-;-edmunds, . Cocks, and P. Currie, Capture, transport, and husbandry of elephant sharks ( Callorhinchus milii ) adults, eggs, and hatchlings for research and display, Zoo Biology, vol.34, pp.94-98, 2014.

C. Bordat, Ultrastructural study of the vertebrae of the selachian Scyliorhinus canicula, Canadian journal of zoology, vol.65, pp.1435-1444, 1987.

. Borday-birraux, C. V-;-heyden, M. Debiais-thibaud, L. Verreijdt, . Stock et al., Expression of Dlx genes during the development of the zebrafish pharyngeal dentition : evolutionary implications, Evolution and Development, vol.8, pp.130-141, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00022239

H. Botella, . Donoghue, and C. Pcj-;-martínez-pérez, Enameloid microstructure in the oldest known chondrichthyan teeth, Acta Zoologica, vol.90, pp.103-108, 2009.

B. Bragulla, . Hh-;-homberger, and . Dg, Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia, Journal of Anatomy, vol.214, pp.516-559, 2009.

M. D. Brazeau, The braincase and jaws of a Devonian 'acanthodian' and modern gnathostome origins, Nature, vol.457, pp.305-308, 2009.

. Brazeau and M. Md-;-friedman, The characters of Palaeozoic jawed vertebrates, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.170, pp.779-821, 2014.

. Brazeau and M. Md-;-friedman, The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates, Nature, vol.520, pp.490-497, 2015.

. Briggs and E. Deg-;-clarkson,

R. J. Aldridge, The conodont animal, Lethaia, vol.16, pp.1-14, 1983.

H. Cappetta, Sclerorhynchidae nov. fam., Pristidae et Pristiophoridae, un exemple de parallélisme chez les sélaciens. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, série D, vol.278, pp.225-228, 1974.

H. Cappetta, Les Sélaciens du Crétacé supérieur du Liban. Palaeontographica, vol.168, pp.69-148, 1980.

H. Cappetta, Types dentaires adaptatifs chez les selaciens actuels et postpaleozoïques, Palaeovertebrata, vol.16, pp.57-76, 1986.

H. Cappetta, Extinctions et renouvellements fauniques chez les Sélaciens postjurassiques. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, vol.150, pp.113-131, 1987.

H. Cappetta, Handbook of paleoichthyology volume 3E, Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic elasmobranchii : Teeth. Verlag F. Pfeil, p.512, 2012.

H. Cappetta, . Duffin, and J. Cj-;-zidek, The fossil record, vol.2, pp.593-609, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00454629

S. J. Carlson, Vertebrate dental structures, Skeletal Biomineralization : Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends, pp.73-79, 1990.

D. Carlström, A Crystallographic Study of Vertebrate Otoliths, Biological Bulletin, vol.125, pp.441-463, 1963.

M. R. Bibliographie-de-carvalho, Higher-Level Elasmobranch phylogeny, basal Squaleans, and paraphyly, 1996.

C. Chen, Z. Wang, M. Saito, T. Tohei, Y. Takano et al., Fluorine in shark teeth : Its direct atomic-resolution imaging and strengthening function, Angewandte Chemie -International Edition, vol.53, pp.1543-1547, 2014.

M. Chen, M. Zou, . Yang, and S. He, Basa jawed vertebrate phylogenomics using transcriptomic data from solexa sequencing, PLoS ONE, vol.7, p.36256, 2012.

K. M. Claeson, The synarcual cartilage of batoids with emphasis on the synarcual of Rajidae, Journal of morphology, vol.272, pp.1444-1463, 2011.

K. M. Claeson, The impacts of comparative anatomy of electric rays (Batoidea : Torpediniformes) on their systematic hypotheses, Journal of Morphology, vol.275, pp.597-612, 2014.

K. Claeson, . Dean, and . Mn, Encyclopedia of fish physiology : From genome to environment, pp.419-427, 2011.

K. Claeson, . Underwood, . Cj-;-ward, and . Dj, Tingitanius tenuimandibulus, a new platyrhinid batoid from the Turonian ( Cretaceous ) of Morocco and the cretaceous radiation of the Platyrhinidae, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.33, pp.1019-1036, 2013.

J. G. Clement, Development, structure and composition of chondrichthyan skeletal tissues, 1986.

J. G. Clement, Re-examination of the fine structure of endoskeletal mineralization in Chondrichthyans : Implications for growth, ageing and calcium Homeostasis, Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.43, p.157, 1992.

M. ;. Coates and R. W. Gess, A new reconstruction of Onychoselache traquairi, comments on early chondrichthyan pectoral girdles and hybodontiform phylogeny, Palaeontology, vol.50, pp.1421-1446, 2007.

M. ;. Coates, . Sequeira, and . Sek, A new stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the lower Carboniferous of Bearsden, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.21, pp.438-459, 2001.

B. Coates, . Mi-;-sequeria, . Sek-;-sanson, . Smith, and . Mm, Spines and tissues of ancient sharks, Nature, pp.729-730, 1998.

L. Compagno, Alternative life-history styles of cartilaginous fishes in time and space, Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol.28, pp.33-75, 1990.

L. Compagno, The biology of elasmobranch fishes, Sharks, Skates and Rays, pp.69-92, 1999.

. Compagno, . Last, and . Pr, FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Food and Agriculture Organization, pp.1410-1432, 1999.

C. Compagnucci, M. Debiais-thibaud, M. ;-coolen, and J. Fish,

J. N. Griffin, F. Bertocchini, M. Minoux, F. M. Rijli, . Borday-birraux et al., Pattern and polarity in the development and evolution of the gnathostome jaw : both conservation and heterotopy in the branchial arches of the shark, Scyliorhinus canicula. Developmental biology, vol.377, pp.428-476, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01149648

C. Conrath and J. A. Musick, Reproductive Biology of Elasmobranchs, JC Carrier, 2012.

, Reproductive Biology of Elasmobranchs, pp.291-312

C. Crawford and G. Naylor, Skeletal anatomy in the chondrichthyan tree of life, Integrative and Comparative Biology, pp.211-356, 2015.

. Crompton, . Aw-;-parkyn, and . Dg, On the lower jaw of Diarthognathys and the origin of the mammalian lower jaw, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol.140, pp.697-749, 1963.

G. Cuny and M. J. Benton, Early radiation of the neoselachian sharks in Western Europe, Geobios, vol.32, pp.193-204, 1999.

G. Cuny and O. Rieppel,

P. M. Sander, The shark fauna from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of North-Western Nevada, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.133, pp.285-301, 2001.

G. Cuny and S. Risnes, The enameloid microstructure of the teeth of Synechodontiform sharks, Chondrichthyes : Neoselachii). PalArch, vol.3, pp.8-19, 2005.

B. Cuny, P. Srisuk, S. Khamha, and V. Suteethorn,

H. Tong, A new elasmobranch fauna from the Middle Jurassic of southern Thailand, vol.315, pp.97-113, 2009.

G. Cuny, . Suteethorn, and E. Buffetaut, Freshwater hybodont sharks from the lower cretaceous of Thailand, Symposium proceedings International Congress on the Biology of Fish, pp.15-26, 2004.

W. ;. Dahdul, . Balhoff, and D. C. Jp-;-blackburn,

A. D. Diehl, M. Haendel, . Hall, H. Bk-;-lapp, . Lundberg et al., A unified anatomy ontology of the vertebrate skeletal system, PloS one, vol.7, p.51070, 2012.

A. I. Darling, The Distribution of the Enamel Cuticle and Its Significance, Royal Society of Medecine, vol.36, pp.499-502, 1943.

D. Davis, . Gore, and . Ur, Clearing and staining skeletons of small vertebrates, vol.4, p.28, 1936.

. Davis and J. ;. Sp-;-finarelli,

M. I. Coates, Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes, Nature, vol.486, pp.247-250, 2012.

M. H. Deakos, The reproductive ecology of resident manta rays (Manta alfredi) off Maui, Hawaii, with an emphasis on body size, Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol.94, pp.443-456, 2012.

B. Dean, Publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, vol.32, pp.1-194, 1906.

B. Dean, Studies on fossil fishes (sharks, chimaeroids and arthrodires), pp.211-287, 1909.

M. N. Dean, . Bizzarro, and A. P. Summers, The evolution of cranial design, diet, and feeding mechanisms in batoid fishes, Integrative and comparative biology, vol.47, pp.70-81, 2007.

M. Dean, . Chiou, and A. P. Wa-;-summers, Morphology and Ultrastructure of Prismatic Calcified Cartilage, Microscopy and Microanalysis, vol.11, pp.1196-1197, 2005.

M. Dean, . Mull, . Cg-;-gorb, and A. P. Sn-;-summers, Ontogeny of the tessellated skeleton : insight from the skeletal growth of the round stingray Urobatis halleri, Journal of anatomy, vol.215, pp.227-239, 2009.

B. Dean and A. P. Summers, Mineralized Cartilage in the skeleton of chondrichthyan fishes, Zoology, vol.109, pp.164-168, 2006.

. Dean, . Mn-;-wilga, and A. P. Summers, Eating without hands or tongue : specialization, elaboration and the evolution of prey processing mechanisms in cartilaginous fishes, Biology letters, vol.1, pp.357-361, 2005.

M. Debiais-thibaud, . Borday-birraux, I. V-;-germon, and F. Bourrat,

. Metcalfe, . Cj-;-casane, and P. Laurenti, Development of oral and pharyngeal teeth in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) : comparison of morphology and expression ofeve1 gene, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B : Molecular and Developmental Evolution, vol.308, pp.693-708, 2007.

M. Debiais-thibaud, S. ;-oulion, F. Bourrat, P. Laurenti, D. ;-casane et al., The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes : insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, BMC evolutionary biology, vol.11, p.307, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01920909

D. Delsate and L. Candoni, escription de nouveaux morphotypes dentaires de Batomorphii toarciens (Jurassique inférieur) du Bassin de Paris Archaeobatidae nov. fam. Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois, vol.102, pp.131-143, 2001.

C. Derycke, R. Cloutier, and A. M. Candilier, Palaeozoic vertebrates of northern France and Belgium : Part II. Chondrichthyes ; Acanthodii, 1995.

. Actinopterygii, Silurian to Carboniferous), Geobios, vol.28, pp.343-350

D. Didier, Phylogenetic systematics of extant chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei), American Museum Novitates, vol.3119, pp.1-86, 1995.

. Didier and J. M. Da-;-kemper,

D. A. Ebert, Phylogeny, biology, and classification of extant holocephalans, Biology of Sharks and their Relatives, pp.97-124, 2012.

. Didier, . Da-;-leclair, . Vanbuskirk, and . Dr, Embryonic staging and external features of development of the chimaeroid fish, Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali, Callorhinchidae), Journal of Morphology, vol.236, pp.25-47, 1998.

D. Didier, . Stahl, and R. Bj-;-zangerl, Development and growth of compound tooth plates in Callorhinchus milii, Journal of Morphology, vol.222, pp.73-89, 1994.

G. Dingerkus, B. Séret, and E. Guilbert, Multiple prismatic calcium phosphate layers in the jaws of present-day sharks (Chondrichthyes ; Selachii), Experientia, vol.47, pp.38-40, 1991.

B. Dingerkus, . Uhler, and . Ld, Enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage, Stain technology, vol.52, pp.229-232, 1977.

. Domingues, . Mg-;-jaege, . Mmm-;-araujo, and . Vc-;,

N. S. Araujo, Expression of cytokeratins in human enamel organ, European Journal of Oral Sciences, vol.108, pp.43-47, 2000.

P. Donoghue, Evolution of development of the vertebrate dermal and oral skeletons : unraveling concepts, regulatory theories, and homologies, Paleobiology, vol.28, pp.474-507, 2002.

P. Donoghue,

R. J. Aldridge, Major events in early vertebrate evolution : palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development, PE Ahlberg, pp.85-155, 2000.

P. Donoghue and P. L. Forey,

R. J. Aldridge, Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny, Biological Reviews, vol.75, pp.191-251, 2000.

P. Donoghue and J. N. Keating, Early vertebrate evolution, Palaeontology, vol.57, pp.879-893, 2014.

. Donoghue and M. Pcj-;-rücklin, The ins and outs of the evolutionary origin of teeth, Evolution & development, vol.12, pp.1-12, 2014.

P. Donoghue, . Sansom, and . Ij, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization, Microscopy research and technique, vol.59, pp.352-372, 2002.

P. Donoghue, . Sansom, and J. P. Ij-;-downs, Early evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues and cellular interactions, and the canalization of skeletal development, Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B : Molecular and Developmental Evolution, vol.306, pp.278-294, 2006.

C. J. Douady, M. Dosay, . Shivji, . Ms-;-stanhope, and . Mj, Molecular phylogenetic evidence refuting the hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and skates) as derived sharks. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol.26, pp.215-221, 2003.

K. ;. Dunn, . Mceachran, and R. L. Honeycutt, Molecular phylogenetics of myliobatiform fishes (Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes), with comments on the effects of missing data on parsimony and likelihood, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.27, pp.259-270, 2003.

B. Dupret, S. Sanchez, D. Goujet, P. Tafforeau, and P. E. Ahlberg, A primitive placoderm sheds light on the origin of the jawed vertebrate face, Nature, vol.507, pp.500-503, 2014.

O. Duverger, T. Ohara, and J. R. Shaffer,

D. Donahue, P. Zerfas, A. Dullnig, C. Crecelius, E. Beniash et al., Hair keratin mutations in tooth enamel increase dental decay risk, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.124, pp.5219-5224, 2014.

. Eames, N. Bf-;-allen, J. Young, A. Kaplan, J. ;. Helms et al., Skeletogenesis in the swell shark Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, Journal of anatomy, vol.210, pp.542-54, 2007.

. Eames, . Bf-;-yan, and J. H. Yl-;-postlethwait, Evolution of the osteoblast : skeletogenesis in gar and zebrafish, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.12, p.27, 2012.

E. Toubi and . Mr, The development of the chondrocranium of the spiny dogfish, Acanthias vulgaris (Squalus acanthias). Part I. Neurocranium, mandibular and hyoid arches, Journal of morphology, vol.84, pp.227-279, 1949.

J. Ellis, . Shackley, and . Se, The reproductive biology of Scyliorhinus canicula in the Bristol Channel, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.51, pp.361-372, 1997.

S. Enault, H. Cappetta, and S. Adnet, Simplification of the enameloid microstructure of large stingrays (Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes) : a functional approach, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01953574

, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.169, pp.144-155

S. Enault, G. Guinot, M. Koot, and G. Cuny, Chondrichthyan tooth enameloid : past, present, and future, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.174, pp.549-570
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942102

S. Enault, . Muñoz, . Dn-;-silva, ;. Wtaf, V. Borday-birraux et al., Molecular footprinting of skeletal tissues in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula and the clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis identifies conserved and derived features of vertebrate calcification, Frontiers in Genetics, vol.6, pp.1-14, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01622672

M. Estêvão, N. Silva, B. Redruello, R. Costa, S. Gregório et al., Cellular morphology and markers of cartilage and bone in the marine teleost Sparus auratus, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.343, pp.619-635, 2011.

. Everett, . Miller, and . Wa, Histochemistry of lower vertebrate calcified structures, 1981.

I. , Enamel of the dogfish Squalus acanthius compared with mammalian enamel and homologous dentine, Journal of morphology, vol.170, issue.1, pp.95-111

B. Exposito, U. Valcourt, C. Cluzel, and C. Lethias, The fibrillar collagen family, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol.11, pp.407-426, 2010.

S. Fields and M. Johnson, Whither model organism research ?, Science, vol.307, pp.1885-1886, 2005.

J. ;. Finarelli and M. I. Coates, Chondrenchelys problematica (Traquair, 1888) redescribed : a Lower Carboniferous, eel-like holocephalan from Scotland, Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol.105, pp.35-59, 2014.

H. Francillon-vieillot, V. Buffrénil, J. Castanet, and J. ;-géraudie,

F. J. Meunier, Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues, Skeletal Biomineralization : Patterns, Processes and Evolutionary Trends, pp.471-530, 1990.

I. E. Fraser, Proteins of keratin and their synthesis. I. Proteins of prekeratin and keratin, Australian Journal of Biological Science, vol.22, pp.213-229, 1969.

M. Friedman and M. D. Brazeau, Palaeontology : A jaw-dropping fossil fish, Nature, vol.502, pp.175-177, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature12690

D. Fudge, . Gardner, . Kh-;-forsyth, C. Vt-;-riekel, and J. M. ;-gosline, The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments : insights from hagfish slime threads, 2003.

, Biophysical Journal, vol.85, pp.2015-2027

S. Garman, The plagiostomia (sharks, skates and rays. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol.36, pp.1-528, 1913.

B. Gasse, Y. Chiari, J. Silvent, . Davit-béal, and J. Y. Sire, Amelotin : an enamel matrix protein that experienced distinct evolutionary histories in amphibians, sauropsids and mammals, BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol.15, p.47, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01212821

C. Gegenbaur, Untersuchungen zur vergleichenden anatomie der wirbelthiere
DOI : 10.5962/bhl.title.83728

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1318899?pdf=render

, Drittes heft das kopfskelet der selachier, ein beitrag zur erkenntniss der genese des kopfskeletes der wirberlthiere, Wilhelm Engelmann, p.316

R. Gess, . Coates, . Mi-;-rubidge, and . Bs, A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa, Nature, vol.443, pp.981-984, 2006.

S. Giles, M. Friedman, and M. D. Brazeau, Osteichthyan-like cranial conditions in an Early Devonian stem gnathostome, Nature, pp.1-3, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/nature14065

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5536226?pdf=render

J. ;. Gillis, . Dahn, and N. H. Rd-;-shubin, Chondrogenesis and homology of the visceral skeleton in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea (Chondrichthyes : Batoidea), Journal of Morphology, vol.270, pp.628-643, 2009.

J. ;. Gillis, . Dahn, and N. H. Rd-;-shubin, Shared developmental mechanisms pattern the vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.106, pp.5720-5724, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0810959106

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2667079?pdf=render

J. ;. Gillis and P. Donoghue, The homology and phylogeny of chondrichthyan tooth enameloid, Journal of Morphology, vol.268, pp.33-49, 2007.

J. ;. Gillis, K. Rawlinson, J. Bell, W. Lyon, . Baker et al., Holocephalan embryos provide evidence for gill arch appendage reduction and opercular evolution in cartilaginous fishes, Proceedings of the, vol.108, pp.1507-1512, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1012968108

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/108/4/1507.full.pdf

J. ;. Gillis and N. H. Shubin, The evolution of gnathostome development : Insight from chondrichthyan embryology, Genesis, vol.47, issue.12, pp.825-841, 2009.

M. Ginter and O. Hampe,

C. J. Duffin, Handbook of paleoichthyology volume, vol.3, 2010.

C. Paleozoic, , p.168

E. Gisbert, . Darias, and M. Mj-;-font-i-furnols, Advantages and limitations of X-ray and computed tomography systems for the study of the skeleton in meagre (Argyrosomus regius), Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol.28, pp.441-445, 2012.

L. S. Glikman, Sharks of Paleogene and their stratigraphic significance, p.229, 1964.

E. S. Goodrich, Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates, p.882, 1930.

M. Goto, Histogenetic studies on the teeth of leopard shark (Triakis scyllia), Journal of the Stomatological Society, vol.45, pp.527-584, 1978.

N. Goudemand, . Orchard, S. Mj-;-urdy, H. Bucher, and P. Tafforeau, Synchrotronaided reconstruction of the conodont feeding apparatus and implications for the mouth of the first vertebrates, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, pp.8720-8724, 2011.

J. E. Grady, Tooth development in sharks, Archives of oral biology, vol.15, pp.613-619, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-9969(70)90130-5

E. ;. Grogan and R. Lund, Debeerius ellefseni (Fam. Nov., Gen. Nov., Spec. Nov.), an autodiastylic chondrichthyan from the Mississippian bear gulch limestone of Montana (USA), the relationships of the chondrichthyes, and comments on gnathostome evolution, Journal of Morphology, vol.243, pp.219-245, 2000.

E. ;. Grogan and R. Lund, The origin and relationships of early chondrichthyes, Biology of Sharks and their Relatives, 2004.

J. Gross and C. Lapierre, Collagenolytic activity in amphibian tissues : a tissue culture assay, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.48, pp.1014-1022, 1962.

G. Guinot, . Adnet, and H. Cappetta, An analytical approach for estimating fossil record and diversification events in sharks, skates and rays, PloS one, vol.7, p.44632, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0044632

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942093

G. Guinot, S. Adnet, . ;-cavin, and H. Cappetta, Cretaceous stem chondrichthyans survived the end-Permian mass extinction, Nature communications, vol.4, p.2669, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/ncomms3669

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942098

G. Guinot and H. Cappetta, Enameloid microstructure of some Cretaceous Hexanchiformes and Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) : new structures and systematic implications, Microscopy research and technique, vol.74, pp.196-205, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/jemt.20892

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942082

G. Guinot, H. Cappetta, and S. Adnet, A rare elasmobranch assemblage from the Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) of southern France, Cretaceous Research, vol.48, pp.54-84, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942100

G. Guinot and L. ;-cavin, Fish (Actinopterygii and Elasmobranchii) diversification patterns through deep time, Biological Reviews, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/brv.12203

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01942111

B. K. Hall, Evo-Devo : Evolutionary developmental mechanisms, The International journal of developmental biology, vol.47, pp.491-495, 2003.

B. K. Hall, Bones and Cartilage : developmental and evolutionary skeletal biology, 2005.

O. Hampe, Histological investigations on fossil teeth of the shark-order Xenacanthida (Chondrichthyes : Elasmobranchii) as revealed by fluorescence microscopy, 1991.

. Mitteilungen-für-wissenschaft-und-technik, , vol.10, pp.17-27

A. B. Heckert and J. A. Miller-camp, Tooth enamel microstructure of Revueltosaurus and Krzyzanowskisaurus (Reptilia :Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic Chinle Bibliographie Group, USA : implications for function, growth, and phylogeny, Palaeontologia Electronica, vol.16, p.23, 2013.

S. B. Hedges, Major events in early vertebrate evolution : palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development, pp.119-134, 2001.

M. Heinicke, . Naylor, . Gjp-;-hedges, and . Sb, Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes), 2009.

S. B. In and . Hedges,

S. Kumar, Timetree of Life

J. Herman and H. ;-van-vaes, Observations concerning the evolution and the parasystematics of all the living and fossil Chlamydoselachiformes, Squatiniformes, Orectolobiformes, and Pristiophoriformes, based on both biological and odontological data. Suggestion of a possible origin of, Géominpal Belgica, vol.6, p.347, 2014.

R. Herold, . Graver, and P. Ht-;-christner, Immunohistochemical localization of amelogenins in enameloid of lower vertebrate teeth, Science, vol.207, pp.1357-1358, 1980.

O. Hertwig, Über bau und entwickelung der placoidschuppen und der zähne der selachier, Jennaische Zeitschrift für Medicin und Naturwissenschaften, vol.8, pp.331-404

T. Hirasawa and S. Kuratani, Evolution of the vertebrate skeleton : morphology , embryology , and development, Zoological Letters, vol.1, pp.1-17, 2015.

T. Hirasawa, H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani, The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace, Nature Communications, vol.4, p.2107, 2013.

N. Holmgren, Studies on the head in fishes. Embryological, morphological and phylogenetical researches. Part I. Development of the skull in sharks and rays, Acta Zoologica, vol.21, pp.51-267, 1940.

J. Hunter, The natural history of the human teeth, 1771.

A. Huysseune, J. Sire, . ;-witten, and . Pe, Evolutionary and developmental origins of the vertebrate dentition, Journal of Anatomy, vol.214, pp.465-476, 2009.

A. Huysseune and J. Y. Sire, Ultrastructural observations on chondroid bone in Hemichromis bimaculatus (Teleostei, Cichlidae), Tissue & cell, vol.22, pp.371-383, 1990.

A. Huysseune and J. Y. Sire, Evolution of patterns and processes in teeth and toothrelated tissues in non-mammalian vertebrates, European journal of oral sciences, vol.106, pp.437-481, 1998.

A. Huysseune, H. ;-takle, M. Soenens, K. ;-taerwe, . ;-witten et al., Unique and shared gene expression patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tooth development, 2008.

, Development Genes and Evolution, vol.218, pp.427-464

S. H. Hwang, Phylogenetic patterns of enamel microstructure in dinosaur teeth, Journal of Morphology, vol.266, pp.208-240, 2005.

S. H. Hwang, The evolution of dinosaur tooth enamel microstructure, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol.86, pp.183-216, 2011.

J. G. Inoue, M. Miya, K. Lam, . Tay, J. Bh-;-danks et al., Evolutionary origin and phylogeny of the modern holocephalans (Chondrichthyes : Chimaeriformes) : a mitogenomic perspective, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.27, pp.2576-2586, 2010.

M. Ishiyama and I. Sasagawa,

J. Akai, The inorganic content of pleromin in tooth plates of the living holocephalan, Chimaera phantasma, consists of a crystalline calcium phosphate known as beta-Ca3(PO4)2 (whitlockite), Archives of Histology and Cytology, vol.47, pp.89-94, 1984.

M. Ishiyama, S. Yoshie, and Y. Teraki,

E. Cooper, Ultrastructure of pleromin, a highly mineralized tissue comprizing crystalline calcium phosphate known as whitlockite, in holocephalian tooth plates, pp.453-457, 1991.

A. Ivanov, Early Permian chondrichthyans of the Middle and South Urals, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, vol.8, pp.127-138, 2005.

A. O. Ivanov, Tooth internal morphology of Devonian phoebodont sharks. Proceedings of the 3rd European Elasmobranch Association Meeting, pp.5-14, 1999.

P. Janvier, On the oldest known teleostome fish Andreolepis hedei Gross (Ludlow of Gotland), and the systematic position of the lophosteids, ENSV TA Toim. Geol, vol.27, pp.88-95, 1978.

P. Janvier, Early vertebrates, Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics, p.408, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00410636

P. Janvier, Comparative anatomy : all vertebrates do have vertebrae, Current Biology, vol.21, pp.661-663, 2011.

P. Janvier, Facts and fancies about early fossil chordates and vertebrates, Nature, vol.520, pp.483-489, 2015.

P. Janvier and M. Arsenault, Calcification of early vertebrate cartilage, Nature, vol.417, p.609, 2002.

P. Janvier and M. Arsenault, The anatomy of Euphanerops longaevus Woodward, 1900, an anaspid-like jawless vertebrate from the Upper Devonian of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Geodiversitas, vol.29, pp.143-216, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00200338

R. Jenner and M. A. Wills, The choice of model organisms in evo-devo, Nature reviews. Genetics, vol.8, pp.311-319, 2007.

A. Jerve and Z. Johanson,

P. Ahlberg and C. Boisvert, Embryonic development of fin spines in Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali) ; implications for chondrichthyan fin spine evolution, Evolution & Development, vol.16, pp.339-353, 2014.

Z. Johanson, C. Boisvert, A. Maksimenko, P. Currie, and K. Trinajstic, Development of the eynarcual in the elephant sharks (Holocephali ; Chondrichthyes) : implications for vertebral formation and fusion, Plos One, vol.10, p.135138, 2015.

Z. Johanson, . Smith, and . Mm, Placoderm fishes, pharyngeal denticles, and the vertebrate dentition, Journal of Morphology, vol.257, pp.289-307, 2003.

Z. Johanson, K. Trinajstic, R. Carr, and A. Ritchie, Evolution and development of the synarcual in early vertebrates, Zoomorphology, vol.132, pp.95-110, 2013.

. Karatayute-talimaa, VN, 1989. Karata. 2nd Colloqium on Paleozoic Fishes

. Karatayute-talimaa and . Vn, Determination methods for the exoskeletal remains of early vertebrates, Fossil Record, vol.1, pp.21-51, 1998.

H. Kawasaki, T. Kawaguchi, T. Yano, . Fujimura, and M. Yago, Chemical nature of proteins in the placoid scale of the blue shark, Prionace glauca L, Archives of Oral Biology, vol.25, pp.313-320, 1980.

K. Kawasaki, The SCPP gene repertoire in bony vertebrates and graded differences in mineralized tissues, Development Genes and Evolution, vol.219, pp.147-57

B. Kawasaki and K. , The SCPP gene repertoire in bony vertebrates and graded differences in mineralized tissues, Development Genes and Evolution, vol.219, pp.147-157

K. Kawasaki, Odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein (ODAM) and amelotin : Major players in hypermineralization of enamel and enameloid, Journal of Oral Biosciences, vol.55, pp.85-90, 2013.

K. Kawasaki and A. V. Buchanan,

K. M. Weiss, Gene duplication and the evolution of vertebrate skeletal mineralization, Cells Tissues Organs, vol.186, pp.7-24, 2007.

K. Kawasaki, T. Suzuki, and K. M. Weiss, Genetic basis for the evolution of vertebrate mineralized tissue, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.101, pp.11356-11361, 2004.

K. Kawasaki, T. Suzuki, and K. M. Weiss, Phenogenetic drift in evolution : the changing genetic basis of vertebrate teeth, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.102, pp.18063-18068, 2005.

K. Kawasaki and K. M. Weiss, Mineralized tissue and vertebrate evolution : the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein gene cluster, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol.100, pp.4060-4065, 2003.

K. Kawasaki and K. M. Weiss, SCPP Gene Evolution and the Dental Mineralization Continuum, Journal of Dental Research, vol.87, pp.520-531, 2008.

J. Keating and C. L. Marquart,

P. Donoghue, Histology of the heterostracan dermal skeleton : Insight into the origin of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton, Journal of Morphology, vol.276, pp.657-680, 2015.

N. Kemp, Ameloblastic secretion and calcification of the enamel layer in shark teeth, Journal of Morphology, vol.184, pp.215-230, 1985.

N. E. Kemp, Integumentary system and teeth, Shark, skates, and rays : The biology of elamobranch fishes, pp.43-68, 1999.

. Kemp, . Ne-;-westrin, and . Sk, Ultrastructure of calcified cartilage in the endoskeletal tesserae of sharks, Journal of Morphology, vol.160, pp.75-109, 1979.

B. Kerebel, G. Daculsi, and S. ;-renaudin, Ultrastructure des ameloblastes au cours de la formation de l'emailoide des sélaciens, Biologie Cellulaire, vol.28, pp.125-130, 1977.

B. Kerebel, Y. B-;-maillard, S. Clergeau-guerithault, G. Daculsi, and P. Jacob, Tooth histology in Prionace glauca L, Journal de Biologie Buccale, vol.2, pp.99-113, 1974.

T. Kerr, Development and structure of the teeth in the dogfish Squalus acanthias and Scyliorhynus caniculus, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol.125, pp.95-112, 1955.

S. Klug, Monophyly, phylogeny and systematic position of the Synechodontiformes (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii), Zoologica Scripta, vol.39, pp.37-49, 2010.

E. Koch, . Spitzer, . Rh-;-pithawalla, . Rb-;-castillos, . Parry et al., Hagfish biopolymer : a type I/type II homologue of epidermal keratin intermediate filaments, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.17, pp.283-292, 1995.

W. Von-koenigswald, Enamel microstructure of rodent molars, classification, and parallelisms, with a note on the systematic affiliation of the enigmatic Eocene rodent Protoptychus, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, vol.11, pp.127-142, 2004.

. Von-koenigswald, . Martin, . Pfretzschner, and . Hu, Phylogenetic interpretation of enamel structures in mammalian teeth : possibilities and problems, FS Szalay, 1993.

, Mammal Phylogeny, Placentals, pp.303-314

. Von-koenigswald, . Rose, and . Kd, The enamel microstructure of the early Eocene pantodont Coryphodon and the nature of the zigzag enamel, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, vol.12, pp.419-432, 2005.

M. Kolmann, . Huber, . Dr-;-dean, and . Mn-;,

R. D. Grubbs, Myological variability in a decoupled skeletal system : batoid cranial anatomy, Journal of Morphology, vol.275, pp.862-81, 2014.

J. Kriwet, The systematic position of the Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Pristiorajea), Mesozoic Fishes 3 -Systematics, pp.57-73, 2004.

J. Kriwet and M. J. Benton, Neoselachian (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) diversity across the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeobiology, vol.214, pp.181-194, 2004.

J. Kriwet and W. Kiessling,

S. Klug, Diversification trajectories and evolutionary life-history traits in early sharks and batoids, Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.276, pp.945-951, 2009.

T. Kvam, Comparative study of the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of dental enamel, Norske Tannlaegeforen, vol.56, pp.1-198, 1946.

T. Kvam, The development of mesodermal enamel on piscine teeth, Aktietrykkeriet Trondhjem, pp.1-115, 1950.

W. Landis and F. H. Silver, Mineral deposition in the extracellular matrices of vertebrate tissues : identification of possible apatite nucleation sites on type I collagen, Cells Tissues Organs, vol.189, pp.20-24, 2009.

A. Linde and M. Goldberg, Dentinogenesis. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, vol.4, pp.679-728, 1993.

T. Lingham-soliar, The Vertebrate Integument, vol.1, p.268, 2014.

L. Lison, Recherches sur la structure et l'histogenèse des dents des poissons dipneustes, Archives de biologie, vol.52, pp.279-320, 1941.

J. ;. Long, . Burrow, M. Cj-;-ginter, . Maisey, and K. M. Jg-;-trinajstic,

M. ;. Coates, . Young, . Gc-;-senden, and . Tj, First shark from the Late Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Western Australia sheds new light on the development of tessellated calcified cartilage, Plos One, vol.10, p.126066, 2015.

N. Lovejoy, Systematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs : with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays (Potamotrygonidae : Rajiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.117, pp.207-257, 1996.

A. Lübke, J. Enax, K. Loza, O. Prymak, P. Gaengler et al., Dental lessons from past to present : ultrastructure and composition of teeth from plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, extinct and recent sharks, RSC Adv, vol.5, pp.61612-61622, 2015.

C. Luer and P. C. Blum,

P. W. Gilbert, Rate of Tooth Replacement in the Nurse Shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, Copeia, pp.182-191, 1990.

R. Lund, On a dentition of Polyrhizodus (Chondrichthyes, Petalodontiformes) from, 1983.

P. L. Lunkinmaa, A. Vaahtokari, S. Vainio, M. Sandberg, . Waltimo et al., Transient expression of type III collagen by odontoblasts : developmental changes in the distribution of pro-alpha 1(III) and pro-alpha 1(I) collagen mRNAs in dental tissues, Matrix, vol.13, pp.503-515, 1993.

. Maddison, . Wp-;-maddison, and . Dr, Mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis, 2009.

H. Mader, Schuppen und zähne von acanthodiern und elasmobranchiern aus dem Uter-Devon Spaniens (Pisces), vol.28, pp.1-59, 1986.

J. Maisey, . Miller, and S. Turner, The braincase of the chondrichthyan Doliodus from the Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation of New Brunswick, Canada. Acta Zoologica, vol.90, pp.109-122, 2009.

J. G. Maisey, An evaluation of jaw suspension in sharks, American Museum Novitates, vol.2706, pp.1-17, 1980.

J. G. Maisey, Notes on the structure and phylogeny of vertebrate otholits, Copeia, pp.495-499, 1987.

. Maisey, . Anderson, and . Me, A primitive chondrichthyan braincase from the Early Devonian of South Africa, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol.21, pp.702-713, 2001.

J. Maisey, . Naylor, and D. Gjp-;-ward, Nesoelachian phylogeny and rise of modern elasmobranch diversity, Mesozoic Fishes 3-Systematics, pp.17-56, 2004.

J. Mallatt and C. J. Winchell, Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited : More cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.43, pp.1005-1022, 2007.

E. Manzanares, C. Plá, C. Martínez-pérez, . ;-rasskin, and H. Botella, The enameloid microstructure of euselachian (Chondrichthyes) scales, Paleontological Journal, vol.48, pp.1060-1066, 2014.

A. D. Marshall, Redescription of the genus Manta with resurrection of Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868 (Chondrichthyes ; Myliobatoidei, 2009.

). Mobulidae and . Zootaxa, , vol.2301, pp.1-28

N. Martinek, J. Shahab, J. Sodek, and M. ;-ringuette, Is SPARC an evolutionarily conserved collagen chaperone, Journal of Dental Research, vol.86, pp.296-305, 2007.

E. E. Maxwell, . Fröbisch, and A. C. Nb-;-heppleston, Variability and conservation in late chondrichthyan development : ontogeny of the winter skate, 2008.

, Anatomical record, vol.291, pp.1079-1087

. Mceachran, . Jd-;-aschliman, and . Nc, Phylogeny of Batoidea, JC Carrier, 2004.

, JA Musick

. Mr-heithaus, Biology of Sharks and their Relatives, pp.79-113

J. Mceachran and K. A. Dunn, Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranches (Chondrichthyes : Rajidae), Copeia, vol.2, pp.271-290, 1998.

J. Mceachran and K. ;. Dunn,

T. Miyake, Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes : Batoidea), pp.63-84, 1996.

J. Mellinger and F. Wrisez, Etude des écailles primaires de l'embryon de la roussette Scyliorhinus canicula (Chondrichthyes, Scyliorhinidae) au microscope électronique à balayage, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vol.14, pp.13-22, 1993.

T. Miyake, . Vaglia, . Jl-;-taylor, . Hall, and . Bk, Development of dermal denticles in skates (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea) : patterning and cellular differentiation, Journal of Morphology, vol.241, pp.61-81, 1999.

J. Moradian-oldak, Protein-mediated enamel mineralization, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library, vol.1, issue.17, pp.1996-2023, 2012.

M. L. Moss, Enamel and bone in shark teeth : With a note on fibrous enamel in fishes, Cells Tissues Organs, vol.77, pp.161-187, 1970.

M. L. Moss, Skeletal tissues in sharks, American Zoologist, vol.17, pp.335-342, 1977.

M. Moss, . Jones, and K. A. Sj-;-piez, Calcified ectodermal collagens of shark tooth snamel and teleost scale, Science, vol.145, pp.940-942, 1964.

J. A. Moy-thomas, The early evolution and relationships of the elasmobranchs, vol.14, pp.1-26, 1939.

J. K. Moyer, . Riccio, . Bemis, and . We, Development and microstructure of tooth histotypes in the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Carcharhiniformes : Carcharhinidae) and the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias (Lamniformes : Lamnidae), Journal of Morphology, vol.276, pp.797-817, 2015.

S. Mundlos, B. Schwah, T. Reichert, and B. Zabel, Distribution of osteonectin mRNA and protein during human embryonic and fetal development, Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, vol.40, pp.283-291, 1992.

D. Murdock, . Dong, . Xp-;-repetski, F. Je-;-marone, and M. Stampanoni,

P. Donoghue, The origin of conodonts and of vertebrate mineralized skeletons, Nature, vol.502, pp.546-549, 2013.

A. P. Nanci, . Bringas, . Nj-;-slavkin, and . Hc, Selachian tooth development. III. Ultrastructural features of secretory amelogenesis in Squalus acanthias, Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology, vol.3, pp.53-73, 1983.

. Naylor, J. ;. Gjp-;-ryburn, O. Fedrigo, and J. A. Lopez, Phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of modern elasmobranchs, Reproductive biology and phylogeny of chondrichthyes : sharks, rays and chimaeras, vol.3, pp.1-25, 2005.

E. Nielsen, Permo-Carboniferous Fishes from East Greenland, Meddelelser om Grønland, vol.6, pp.5-55, 1932.

E. Nielsen, On a new or little known Edestidae from the Permian and Triassic of East Greenland, Palaeozoologica Groenlandica, vol.6, pp.5-55, 1952.

K. Nishida, Phylogeny of the suborder Myliobatidoidei. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University, vol.37, pp.1-108, 1990.

N. Di-sciara and G. , A revisionary study of the genus Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes : Mobulidae) with the description of a new species, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.91, pp.1-91, 1987.

A. Ohazama, . Haworth, . Ke-;-ota, . Ms-;-khonsari, and P. T. Rh-;-sharpe, Ectoderm, endoderm, and the evolution of heterodont dentitions, Genesis, vol.48, pp.382-389, 2010.

S. Ohno, Bibliographie Orvig, T, 1966. Histologic studies of placoderms and fossil elasmobranchs. 2. On the dermal skeleton of two late Palaeozoic elasmobranchs, Arkiv för Zoologi, vol.160, pp.1-39, 1970.

T. Orvig, Phylogeny of tooth tissues : evolution of some calcified tissues in early vertebrates, AEW Miles, pp.45-110, 1967.

T. Orvig, Microstructure and growth of the dermal skeleton in fossil actinopterygian fishes : Nephrotus and Colobodus, withremarks on the dentition in other forms, Zoologica scripta, vol.7, pp.297-326, 1978.

T. Orvig, Histologic studies of ostracoderms, placoderms and fossil elasmobranchs 5. ptyctodontid tooth plates and their bearing on holocephalan ancestry : the condition of chimaerids, Zoologica Scripta, vol.14, pp.55-79, 1985.

. Oshaughnessy, . Kl-;-dahn, and M. J. Rd-;-cohn, Molecular development of chondrichthyan claspers and the evolution of copulatory organs, Nature Communications, vol.6, p.6698, 2015.

K. Ota, S. Fujimoto, Y. Oisi, and S. Kuratani, Identification of vertebra-like elements and their possible differentiation from sclerotomes in the hagfish, Nature Communications, vol.2, p.373, 2011.

S. Oulion, V. Borday-birraux, M. Debiais-thibaud, S. ;-mazan, P. Laurenti et al., Evolution of repeated structures along the body axis of jawed vertebrates, insights from the Scyliorhinus canicula Hox code, Evolution & Development, vol.13, pp.247-59, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00593828

R. Owen, , 1840.

, their physiological relations, mode of development, and microscopic structure, in the vertebrate animals

W. K. Parker, On the structure and development of the skull in sharks and skates. The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, vol.10, pp.189-234

A. Pavan-kumar, P. Gireesh-babu, . Babu, and A. K. Pp-;-jaiswar,

H. Krishna, . V-;-prasasd, A. Kp-;-chaudhari, . ;-raje, . Sg-;-chakraborty et al., Molecular phylogeny of elasmobranchs inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers, 2014.

, Molecular Biology Reports, vol.41, pp.447-457

B. Peignoux-deville and J. Janvier, L'os du requin ou la biologie au rendez-vous de la paléontogie, La Recherche, vol.15, pp.1140-1142, 1984.

J. Peignoux-deville, F. Lallier, and B. Vidal, Evidence for the presence of osseous tissue in dogfish vertebrae, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.222, pp.605-614, 1982.

A. Pereira and M. A. Medeiros, A new sclerorhynchiform (Elasmobranchii) from the Middle Cretaceous of Brazil, Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, vol.11, pp.207-212, 2008.

B. Peyer, Comparative odontology, p.458, 1968.

C. F. Phleger, Buoyancy in marine fishes : direct and indirect role of lipids, American Zoologist, vol.38, pp.321-195, 1998.

D. Poole, Phylogeny of tooth tissue : enameloid and enamal in recent vertebrates, with a not on the history of cementum, AEW Miles, pp.111-149, 1967.

D. Poole, An introduction to the phylogeny of calcified tissue, Dental Morphology and Evolution, pp.65-79, 1971.

D. Poole, . Gillett, and . Ms, Collagen fibers in immature enameloid of dogfish teeth, Journal of Dental Research, vol.48, p.1119, 1969.

. Porter, . Me-;-koob, and A. P. Summers, The contribution of mineral to the material properties of vertebral cartilage from the smooth-hound shark Mustelus californicus, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.210, pp.3319-3327, 2007.

A. Pradel, . Maisey, P. Jg-;-tafforeau, . Mapes, and J. Rh-;-mallatt, A Palaeozoic shark with osteichthyan-like branchial arches, Nature, vol.509, pp.608-619, 2014.

A. Pradel and P. Tafforeau,

. Maisey and P. Janvier, A new Paleozoic Symmoriiformes (chondrichthyes) from the late carboniferous of Kansas (USA) and cladistic analysis of early chondrichthyans, PLoS ONE, vol.6, p.24938, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00721471

H. Pratt and J. C. Carrier, A review of elasmobranch reproductive behavior with a case study on the nurse, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol.60, pp.157-188, 2001.

H. Preschoft, . Reif, and . We-;,

H. and M. , Funktionsanpassungen in Form und Struktur an Haifischzähnen, vol.143, pp.315-344, 1974.

B. Prostak, P. Seifert, and Z. Skobe, The effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of odontogenic cells in the common skate, Raja erinacae, The American Journal of Anatomy, vol.189, pp.77-91, 1990.

K. Prostak and Z. Skobe, The effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of the dental epithelium and odontoblasts of teleost tooth buds, Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental Biology, vol.5, pp.75-88, 1985.

K. Prostak and Z. Skobe, Ultrastructure of the dental epithelium and odontoblasts during enameloid matrix deposition in cichlid teeth, Journal of Morphology, vol.187, pp.169-172, 1986.

K. Prostak, P. Seifert, and Z. Skobe, Enameloid formation in two tetraodontiform fish species with high and low fluoride contents in enameloid, Archives of Oral Biology, vol.38, pp.1031-1044, 1993.

. Prostak and Z. Ks-;-skobe, Ultrastructure of odontogenic cells during enameloid matrix synthesis in tooth buds from an elasmobranch, Raja erinacae, The American journal of anatomy, vol.182, pp.59-72, 1988.

. Prostak and Z. Ks-;-skobe, Ultrastructure of odontogenic cells during enameloid matrix synthesis in tooth buds from an elasmobranch, Raja erinacae, The American journal of anatomy, vol.182, pp.59-72, 1988.

M. A. Purnell, Large eyes and vision in conodont, Lethaia, vol.28, pp.187-188, 1995.

Q. Qu, T. Haitina, M. Zhu, and P. E. Ahlberg, New genomic and fossil data illuminate the origin of enamel, Nature, vol.526, pp.108-111, 2015.

J. Quekett, Additional observations on the intimate structure of bone, Transactions of the Microscopical Society, pp.59-64

J. Quekett, On the intimate structure of bone, as composing the skeleton in four great classes of animals, viz. mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes, with some remarks on the great value of the knowledge of such structure in determining the affinities of minu, Transactions of the Microscopical Society, pp.46-58

L. Radinsky, Tooth histology as a taxonomic criterion for cartilaginous fishes, Journal of Morphology, vol.109, pp.73-92, 1961.

C. T. Regan, A classification of the selachian fishes, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp.722-758, 1906.

W. E. Reif, Morphologie und Ultrastruktur des Hai, Zoologica Scripta, vol.2, pp.231-250, 1973.

W. E. Reif, Tooth enameloid as a taxonomic criterion : 1. A new euselachian shark from the Rhaetic-Liassic boundary, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, pp.565-576, 1977.

W. E. Reif, Tooth enameloid as a taxonomic criterion : 2. Is Dalatias barnstonensis a squalomorphic shark, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, pp.42-58, 1978.

W. E. Reif, Structural convergence between enameloid of actinopterygian teeth and of shark teeth, Scanning Electron Microscopy, vol.2, pp.546-554, 1979.

W. E. Reif, Development of dentition and dermal skeleton in embryonic Scyliorhinus canicula, Journal of Morphology, vol.166, pp.275-88, 1980.

W. E. Reif, Tooth enameloid as a taxonomic criterion 3 : A new primitive shark family from the Lower Keuper, Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie Abhandlungen, vol.160, pp.61-72, 1980.

W. E. Reif, Evolution of dermal skeleton and dentition in vertebrates, Evolutionary Biology, pp.287-368, 1982.

W. E. Reif, Conodonts, odontodes, stem-groups, and the ancestry of enamel genes, 2006.

, Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, vol.241, pp.405-439

J. Rensberger and W. Königswald, Functional and phylogenetic interpretation of enamel microstructure in rhinoceroses, Paleobiology, vol.6, pp.477-495, 1980.

S. Risnes, Structural characteristics of staircase-type Retzius lines in human dental enamel analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Anatomical Record, vol.226, pp.135-146, 1990.

A. S. Romer, Pectoral limb musculature and shouldergirdler structure in fish and tetrapods, The Anatomical Record, vol.27, pp.119-143, 1924.

M. Rücklin, . Donoghue, Z. Pcj-;-johanson, K. Trinajstic, . ;-marone et al., Development of teeth and jaws in the earliest jawed vertebrates, Nature, vol.491, pp.748-751, 2012.

B. Ryll, S. Sanchez, T. Haitina, P. Tafforeau, and P. E. Ahlberg, The genome of Callorhinchus and the fossil record : A new perspective on SCPP gene evolution in gnathostomes, Evolution and Development, vol.16, issue.3, pp.123-124, 2014.

I. Sansom, . Smith, . Smith, and . Mp, Scales of thelodont and shark-like fishes from the Ordovician of Colorado, Nature, vol.379, pp.628-630, 1996.

I. Sansom, . Smith, and P. M. Smith, Major events in early vertebrate evolution : palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development, pp.156-171, 2001.

I. Sanson and . Smith,

H. Armstrong, . Smith, and . Mm, Presence of the earliest vertebrate hard tissues in conodont, Science, vol.256, pp.1308-1211, 1992.

I. Sasagawa, The appearance of matrix vesicles and mineralization during tooth development in three teleost fishes with well-developed enameloid and orthodentine, Archives of Oral Biology, vol.33, pp.75-86, 1988.

I. Sasagawa, The fine structure of initial mineralisation during tooth development in the gummy shark, Mustelus manazo, Elasmobranchia. Journal of Anatomy, vol.164, pp.175-187, 1989.

I. Sasagawa, Iron accumulation in the dental epithelial cells of Tilapia nilotica, a teleost, Archives of Comparative Biology of Tooth Enamel, vol.3, pp.19-28, 1993.

I. Sasagawa, Mechanisms of mineralization in the enameloid of elasmobranchs and teleosts, 1998.

I. Sasagawa, Fine structural and cytochemical observations of dental epithelial cells during the enameloid formation stages in red stingrays Dasyatis akajei, Journal of Morphology, vol.252, pp.170-82

I. Sasagawa, Mineralization patterns in elasmobranch fish, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol.59, pp.396-407, 2002.

I. Sasagawa, Mineralization patterns in elasmobranch fish, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol.59, pp.396-407, 2002.

I. Sasagawa and J. Akai, The fine structure of the enameloid matrix and initial mineralization during tooth development in the sting rays , Dasyatis akajei and Urolophus aurantiacus, Microscopy, vol.41, pp.242-252, 1992.

B. Sasagawa, M. Ishiyama, H. Yokosuka, and M. Mikami, Teeth and ganoid scales in Polypterus and Lepisosteus, the basic actinopterygian fish : An approach to understand the origin of the tooth enamel, Journal of Oral Biosciences, vol.55, pp.76-84, 2013.

. Satchell, X. Pg-;-anderton, . Ryu, X. Oh-;-luan, . Ortega et al.,

. Witherspoon, . De-;-gutmann, A. Jl-;-yamane, . Zd-;-simmer, and C. F. Shuler,

T. Diekwisch, Conservation and variation in enamel protein distribution during vertebrate tooth development, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.294, pp.91-106, 2002.

R. E. Scammon, Normal plates of the development of Squalus acanthias, Keibelis Normaltafeln zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Wirbeltiere, vol.12, pp.1-140, 1911.

B. Schaeffer, Cretaceous fishes from Bolivia, 1963.

, American Museum Novitates, vol.2159, pp.1-20

W. J. Schmidt, Faserung und durodentin. Metaplasie bei fischzähnen, Anatomischer Anzeiger, vol.105, pp.349-360, 1958.

B. Schreger, Beitrag zur geschichte der zähne, Beitrage für die Zergliederungskunst, vol.1, pp.1-7, 1800.

P. T. Sharpe, Neural crest and tooth morphogenesis, Advances in Dental Research, vol.15, pp.4-7, 2001.

R. P. Shellis, The role of the inner dental epithelium in the formation of the teeth in fish, 1978.

. Shellis, . Berkovitz, and . Bkb, Observations on the dental anatomy of piranhas (Characidae) with special reference to tooth structure, Journal of Zoology, vol.180, pp.69-84, 1976.

R. Shellis and A. Miles, Autoradiographic formation of enameloid and dentine matrices in teleost fishes using tritiated amino acids, Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol.53, pp.51-72, 1974.

D. Shimizu, G. Macho, and I. Spears, Effect of prism orientation and loading direction on contact stresses in prismatic enamel of primates : Implications for interpreting wear patterns, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol.126, pp.427-434, 2005.

S. Shirai, Squalean phylogeny : a new framework of "squaloid" sharks and related taxa, p.151, 1992.

S. Shirai, Phylogenetic interrelationships of neoselachians (Chondrichthyes, Euselachii), Interrelationships of fishes, 1996.

J. Y. Sire and T. Davit-béal,

S. Delgado and G. ;-xun, The origin and evolution of enamel mineralization genes. Cells, Tissues & Organs, vol.186, pp.25-48, 2007.

J. Sire, S. Delgado, . ;-fromentin, and M. Girondot, Amelogenin : Lessons from evolution, Archives of Oral Biology, vol.50, pp.205-212, 2005.

J. Sire, . Donoghue, . Vickaryous, and . Mk, Origin and evolution of the integumentary skeleton in non-tetrapod vertebrates, Journal of Anatomy, vol.214, pp.409-440, 2009.

B. Slaughter and S. Springer, Replacement of rostral teeth in sawfishes and sawsharks, Copeia, vol.3, pp.499-506, 1968.

M. M. Smith, Microstructure and evolution of enamel amongst osteichthyan fishes and early tetrapods, Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth. Freund, pp.73-101, 1992.

. Smith and M. I. Coates, Evolutionary origins of the vertebrate dentition : phylogenetic patterns and developmental evolution, European journal of oral sciences, vol.106, issue.1, pp.482-500, 1998.

. Smith, . Fraser, N. Gj-;-chaplin, and C. Hobbs,

A. Graham, Reiterative pattern of sonic hedgehog expression in the catshark dentition reveals a phylogenetic template for jawed vertebrates, Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society, vol.276, pp.1225-1258, 2009.

,

. Smith, . Hall, and . Bk, Development and evolutionary origins of vertebrate skeletogenic and odontogenic tissues, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol.65, pp.277-373, 1990.

. Smith and Z. Johanson, Separate evolutionary origins of teeth from evidence in fossil jawed vertebrates, Science, vol.299, pp.1235-1241, 2003.

. Smith, Z. Johanson, C. Underwood, and T. Diekwisch, , 2012.

, Historical Biology, vol.25, pp.127-142

J. Stark, On the existence of an osseous structure in the vertebral column of cartilaginous fishes, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol.15, pp.643-656

C. Stefen and J. M. Rensberger, The specialized structure of hyaenid enamel : description and development within the lineage, including percrocutids, Zoologische Abhandlungen (dresden), vol.52, pp.127-147, 2002.

G. Stewart, On the membranous labyrinth of Echinorhinus, Estracion and Rhina, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.29, pp.439-442, 1906.

A. P. Summers, Stiffening the stingray skeleton -an investigation of durophagy in myliobatid stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Batoidea, Myliobatidae), Journal of Morphology, vol.243, pp.113-139, 2000.

R. Tabuce, . Delmer, and E. Gheerbrant, Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans ( Mammalia ), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.149, pp.611-628, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00200829

K. Tamura, G. Stecher, D. Peterson, . Filipski, and S. Kumar, MBE MEGA6 : Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6, p.0, 2013.

. Termine, . Jd-;-kleinman, . Hk-;-whitson, . Sw-;-conn, . Km-;-mcgarvey et al., Osteonectin, a bone-specific protein linking mineral to collagen, Cell, vol.26, pp.99-105, 1981.

D. Thies, A neoselachian shark tooth from the Lower Triassic of the Kocaeli (= Bithynian) Peninsula, W Turkey, vol.5, pp.272-278, 1982.

J. J. Thomasset, Recheres sur les tissus dentaires des Poissons fossiles. Archives d'Anatomie, Histologie et Embryologie, pp.10-11, 1930.

C. S. Tomes, Upon the structure and development of the enamel in elasmobranch fishes, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol.190, pp.443-464, 1898.

A. Tucker and P. Sharpe, The cutting-edge of mammalian development ; how the embryo makes teeth, Nature reviews. Genetics, vol.5, pp.499-508, 2004.

S. Turner, . Blieck, . Nowlan, and . Gs, Vertebrates (Agnathans and Gnathostomes). In Bibliographie B Webby ; F Paris, 2004.

, The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, pp.327-335

S. Turner and C. J. Burrow,

H. P. Schultze, A. Blieck, . Reif, . We-;-rexroad, P. Cb-;-bultynck et al., False teeth : conodont-vertebrate phylogenetic relationships revisited, Geodiversitas, vol.32, pp.545-594, 2010.

C. J. Underwood, Diversification of the Neoselachii ( Chondrichthyes ) during the Jurassic, Paleobiology, vol.32, pp.215-235, 2006.

C. Underwood, Z. Johanson, M. Welten, B. Metscher, . Rasch et al.,

G. Fraser, . Smith, and . Mm, Development and evolution of dentition pattern and tooth order in the skates and rays (Batoidea ; Chondrichthyes), Plos One, vol.10, p.122553, 2015.

B. Venkatesh, . Lee, V. Ap-;-ravi, . Maurya, . Ak-;-lian et al.,

I. Kondrychyn, . Lim, . Zw-;-tay, S. Bh-;-tohari, . Kong et al.,

J. Quilez, T. Raney, . Bj-;-ingham, A. Pw-;-tay, . Hillier et al., Elephant shark genome provides unique insights into gnathostome evolution, Nature, vol.505, pp.174-179, 2014.

B. Venkatesh, A. Tay, N. Dandona, and J. G. Patil,

S. Brenner, A compact cartilaginous fish model genome, Current Biology, vol.15, pp.82-83, 2005.

E. Vuorio and B. Crombrugghe, The family of collagen genes, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.59, pp.837-872, 1990.

H. Wada, M. Okuyama, N. Satoh, and S. Zhang, Molecular evolution of fibrillar collagen in chordates, with implications for the evolution of vertebrate skeletons and chordate phylogeny, Evolution and Development, vol.8, pp.370-377, 2006.

M. Welten, . Smith, C. Mm-;-underwood, and Z. Johanson, Evolutionary origins and development of saw-teeth on the sawfish and sawshark rostrum (Elasmobranchii ; Chondrichthyes), Royal Society Open Science, p.150189, 2015.

C. Winchell and A. P. Martin,

J. Mallatt, Phylogeny of elasmobranchs based on LSU and SSU ribosomal RNA genes, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol.31, pp.214-238, 2004.

. Witten and J. Y. Pe-;-sire,

A. Huysseune, Old, new and new-old concepts about the evolution of teeth, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol.30, pp.636-642, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01545480

B. Wueringer and L. Be-;-squire,

S. P. Collin, The biology of extinct and extant sawfish (Batoidea : Sclerorhynchidae and Pristidae), Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, vol.19, pp.445-464, 2009.

. Wueringer, L. Be-;-squire, . Kajiura, . Sm-;-hart, . Ns-;-collin et al., The function of the sawfish's saw, Current Biology, vol.22, pp.150-151, 2012.

H. Wurmbach, Das wachstum des selachierwirbels und seiner und seiner gewebe, 1932.

, Zool. Jahrb. (Anat.), vol.55, pp.1-136

K. Yano and F. Sato,

T. Takahashi, Observations of the mating behavior of the manta ray, Manta birostris, at the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. Ichthyological Research, vol.46, pp.289-296, 1999.

G. C. Young, Placoderms (Armored Fish) : Dominant Vertebrates of the Devonian Period, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.38, pp.523-550, 2010.

R. Zangerl, A New Shark of the Family Edestidae, Ornithoprion hertwigi from the Pennsylvanian Mecca and Logan Quarry Shales of Indiana, Fieldiana Geology, vol.16, pp.1-44, 1966.

R. Zangerl, Handbook of Paleoichthyology Volume 3A-Chondrichthyes I Paleozoic Elasmobranchii, 1981.

R. Zangerl, . Winter, and . Hf-;,

M. C. Hansen, Comparative Microscopic Dental Anatomy in the Petalodontida (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii), Fieldiana Geology, vol.26, p.142, 1993.

M. Zeicher-david, . Diekwisch, A. Tg-;-fincham, E. Lau, M. Macdougall et al., Control of ameloblast differentiation, International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol.39, pp.69-92, 1995.

G. J. Zhang, . Eames, and . Bf-;,

M. J. Cohn, Evolution of Vertebrate Cartilage Development, Current Topics in Developmental Biology, vol.86, pp.15-42, 2009.

M. Zhu, X. Yu, . Ahlberg, B. Pe-;-choo, J. Lu et al., A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones, Nature, vol.502, pp.1-7, 2013.