G. Environnement-toulouse, ;. Lsce/ipsl, C. , and U. Paris-saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France 3

.. .. Abstract, River water ? 7 Li in the Amazon Basin

M. .. Li, 143 6.3.2 Modeling Li isotopes in floodplain

.. .. Results,

. .. Discussion, 161 6.5.1 At the scale of the Amazon basin

.. .. Conclusions,

. Géosciences-environnement-toulouse,

. Laboratoire-d'océanographie-de-villefranche,

, 2.1 Le lithium comme traceur isotopique global de l'altération, p.176

. .. Cycle-organique-du-carbone-etérosionetérosion, , p.176

.. .. Lithologie,

, Relation tectonique-´ erosion-topographie-climat, p.179

C. ,

, C.1.4 Paramétrisation des constantes et des flux au bord, p.230

C. ,

. .. C.2-;, .4 stabilité du schéma implicite-upstream, p.237

, Flux de masse et flux d'altération

A. M. Anders, G. H. Roe, D. R. Montgomery, and B. Hallet, Influence of precipitation phase on the form of mountain ranges, Geology, vol.36, issue.6, p.479, 2008.

S. P. Anderson, F. Blanckenburg, and A. F. White, Physical and Chemical Controls on the Critical Zone, Elements, vol.3, issue.5, pp.315-319, 2007.

F. Anhert, The role of the equilibrium concept in the interpretation of landforms of fluvial erosion and deposition. L'´ evolution des versants, pp.23-41, 1967.

.. Aristote, Du ciel

D. I. , A. Mckay, and T. M. Lenton, Reduced Carbon Cycle Resilience across the PalaeoceneEocene Thermal Maximum, Climate of the Past Discussions, pp.1-19, 2018.

M. Bagard, A. J. West, K. Newman, and A. R. Basu, Lithium isotope fractionation in the Ganges-Brahmaputra floodplain and implications for groundwater impact on seawater isotopic composition, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.432, pp.404-414, 2015.

E. J. Barron, S. L. Thompson, and W. W. Hay, Continental distribution as a forcing factor for global-scale temperature, Nature, issue.5978, pp.574-575, 1984.

E. J. Barron and W. M. Washington, The Role of Geographic Variables in Explaining Paleoclimates : Results From Cretaceous Climate Model Sensitivity Studies, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, issue.D1, pp.1267-1279, 1984.

L. M. Beal, W. P. De-ruijter, A. Biastoch, R. Zahn, and . Wcrp, On the role of the Agulhas system in ocean circulation and climate, /IAPSO Working Group, vol.136, issue.7344, pp.429-436, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00650999

A. Beauvais and E. D. Chardon, Modes, tempo, and spatial variability of Cenozoic cratonic denudation : The West African example : CENOZOIC CRATONIC DENUDATION. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.14, pp.1590-1608, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01097294

N. M. Bergman, COPSE : A new model of biogeochemical cycling over Phanerozoic time, American Journal of Science, vol.304, issue.5, pp.397-437, 2004.

R. A. Berner, A model for atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time, American Journal of Science, vol.291, issue.4, pp.339-376, 1991.

R. A. Berner, GEOCARB II ; a revised model of atmospheric CO 2 over Phanerozoic time, American Journal of Science, vol.294, issue.1, pp.56-91, 1994.

R. A. Berner, Geochemistry and Geophysics : The Rise of Plants and Their Effect on Weathering and Atmospheric CO 2, Science, vol.276, issue.5312, pp.544-546, 1997.

R. A. Berner, The phanerozoic Carbon Cycle : CO 2 and O 2, p.845609385, 2004.

R. A. Berner and Z. Kothavala, GEOCARB III : A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time, American Journal of Science, vol.301, issue.2, pp.182-204, 2001.

P. R. Bierman and M. Caffee, Slow Rates of Rock Surface Erosion and Sediment Production across the Namib Desert and Escarpment, Southern Africa, American Journal of Science, vol.301, issue.4-5, pp.326-358, 2001.

T. J. Blackburn, S. A. Bowring, J. T. Perron, K. H. Mahan, F. O. Dudas et al., An Exhumation History of Continents over Billion-Year Time Scales, Science, vol.335, issue.6064, pp.73-76, 2012.

G. J. Bluth and L. R. Kump, Lithologic and climatologic controls of river chemistry, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.58, issue.10, pp.2341-2359, 1994.

B. Bolin, On the influence of the earth's orography on the general character of the westerlies, vol.Tellus, pp.184-195, 1950.

S. Bonnet and A. Crave, Landscape response to climate change : Insights from experimental modeling and implications for tectonic versus climatic uplift of topography, Geology, vol.31, issue.2, p.123, 2003.

W. R. Boos and Z. Kuang, Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating, Nature, vol.463, issue.7278, pp.218-222, 2010.

J. Bouchez, V. Galy, R. G. Hilton, J. Gaillardet, P. Moreira-turcq et al., Source, transport and fluxes of Amazon River particulate organic carbon : Insights from river sediment depth-profiles, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.133, pp.280-298, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02133289

J. Bouchez, F. Blanckenburg, and J. A. Schuessler, Modeling novel stable isotope ratios in the weathering zone, American Journal of Science, vol.313, issue.4, pp.267-308, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02133294

D. N. Bradley and G. E. Tucker, The storage time, age, and erosion hazard of laterally accreted sediment on the floodplain of a simulated meandering river : SEDIMENT STORAGE TIME, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.118, issue.3, pp.1308-1319, 2013.

S. Brantley, H. Buss, M. Lebedeva, R. Fletcher, and L. Ma, Investigating the complex interface where bedrock transforms to regolith, Applied Geochemistry, vol.26, pp.12-15, 2011.

S. L. Brantley, M. B. Goldhaber, and K. V. Ragnarsdottir, Crossing Disciplines and Scales to Understand the Critical Zone, Elements, vol.3, issue.5, pp.307-314, 2007.

S. L. Brantley and A. F. White, Approaches to Modeling Weathered Regolith, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, vol.70, pp.435-484, 2009.

M. Brault, H. D. Matthews, and L. A. Mysak, The importance of terrestrial weathering changes in multimillennial recovery of the global carbon cycle : a two-dimensional perspective, Earth System Dynamics, vol.8, issue.2, pp.455-475, 2017.

J. Braun, J. Mercier, F. Guillocheau, and C. Robin, A simple model for regolith formation by chemical weathering : Regolith formation, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.121, issue.11, pp.2140-2171, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01384700

J. Braun, J. Marechal, J. Riotte, J. Boeglin, J. Bedimo et al., 2012 : Elemental weathering fluxes and saprolite production rate in a Central African lateritic terrain (Nsimi, South Cameroon), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.99, pp.243-270

D. J. Brayshaw, B. Hoskins, and M. Blackburn, The Basic Ingredients of the North Atlantic Storm Track. Part I : Land-Sea Contrast and Orography, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.66, issue.9, pp.2539-2558, 2009.

S. D. Burgess and S. A. Bowring, High-precision geochronology confirms voluminous magmatism before, during, and after Earth's most severe extinction, Science Advances, vol.1, issue.7, 2015.

K. W. Burton and N. Vigier, Lithium Isotopes as Tracers in Marine and Terrestrial Environments. Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry, pp.41-59, 2012.

H. L. Buss, P. B. Sak, S. M. Webb, and S. L. Brantley, Coupling oxidation, dissolution, and fracturing, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.72, issue.18, pp.4488-4507, 2008.

S. Carretier, Y. Goddéris, T. Delannoy, and D. Rouby, Mean bedrock-to-saprolite conversion and erosion rates during mountain growth and decline, Geomorphology, vol.209, pp.39-52, 2014.

S. Carretier, P. Martinod, M. Reich, and Y. Godderis, Modelling sediment clasts transport during landscape evolution, Earth Surface Dynamics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.237-251, 2016.

S. Carretier, B. Poisson, R. Vassallo, E. Pepin, and M. Farias, Tectonic interpretation of transient stage erosion rates at different spatial scales in an uplifting block, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.114, issue.F2, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00411096

D. C. Catling and M. W. Claire, How Earth's atmosphere evolved to an oxic state : A status report, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.237, issue.1-2, pp.1-20, 2005.

J. G. Charney and E. A. Eliassen, 1949 : A Numerical Method for Predicting the Perturbations of the Middle Latitude Westerlies, Tellus, vol.1, issue.2, pp.38-54

S. Cohen, G. Willgoose, and G. Hancock, The mARM spatially distributed soil evolution model : A computationally efficient modeling framework and analysis of hillslope soil surface organization, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.114, issue.F3, 2009.

S. Cohen, G. Willgoose, and G. Hancock, The mARM3d spatially distributed soil evolution model : Three-dimensional model framework and analysis of hillslope and landform responses, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.115, issue.F4, 2010.

J. Colberg and E. A. Anders, Numerical modeling of spatially-variable precipitation and passive margin escarpment evolution, Geomorphology, vol.207, pp.203-212, 2014.

P. Davy and A. Crave, Upscaling local-scale transport processes in large-scale relief dynamics, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A : Solid Earth and Geodesy, vol.25, issue.6-7, pp.533-541, 2000.

M. Dellinger, J. Gaillardet, J. Bouchez, D. Calmels, V. Galy et al., Lithium isotopes in large rivers reveal the cannibalistic nature of modern continental weathering and erosion, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.401, pp.359-372, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01767766

M. Dellinger, J. Gaillardet, J. Bouchez, D. Calmels, P. Louvat et al., Riverine Li isotope fractionation in the Amazon River basin controlled by the weathering regimes, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.164, pp.71-93, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01150956

C. Dessert, B. Dupré, J. Gaillardet, L. M. François, and C. J. Alì-egre, Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle, Chemical Geology, vol.202, issue.3-4, pp.257-273, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00318683

W. E. Dietrich, R. Reiss, M. Hsu, and D. R. Montgomery, A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digital elevation data, Hydrological Processes, vol.9, pp.383-400, 1995.

Y. Donnadieu, Y. Godderis, and N. Bouttes, Exploring the climatic impact of the continental vegetation on the Mezosoic atmospheric CO 2 and climate history, Clim. Past, p.12, 2009.

Y. Donnadieu, Y. Goddéris, R. Pierrehumbert, G. Dromart, F. Fluteau et al., A GEOCLIM simulation of climatic and biogeochemical consequences of Pangea breakup : SIMU-LATION OF PANGEA BREAKUP. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.7, 2006.

Y. Donnadieu, Y. Goddéris, G. Ramstein, A. Nédélec, and J. Meert, A 'snowball Earth' climate triggered by continental break-up through changes in runoff, Nature, vol.428, issue.6980, pp.303-306, 2004.

Y. Donnadieu, R. Pierrehumbert, R. Jacob, and F. Fluteau, Modelling the primary control of paleogeography on Cretaceous climate, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.248, issue.1-2, pp.426-437, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00149800

J. I. Drever, The geochemistry of natural waters : surfaces and groundwater environments, p.247644208, 1997.

A. Ducharne, C. Golaz, E. Leblois, K. Laval, J. Polcher et al., Development of a high resolution runoff routing model, calibration and application to assess runoff from the LMD GCM, Journal of Hydrology, vol.280, issue.1-4, pp.207-228, 2003.

J. Dufresne, Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model : from CMIP3 to CMIP5, Climate Dynamics, vol.40, issue.9, pp.2123-2165, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00794170

R. Dupuis, M. Benoit, M. E. Tuckerman, and M. Méheut, Importance of a Fully Anharmonic Treatment of Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Properties of Dissolved Ionic Species As Evidenced by Li + (aq), Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.50, issue.7, pp.1597-1605, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01743607

S. E. Meknassi, G. Dera, T. Cardone, M. De-rafélis, C. Brahmi et al., Sr isotope ratios of modern carbonate shells : Good and bad news for chemostratigraphy, Geology, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02145202

H. Elderfield and A. Schultz, Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Fluxes and the Chemical Composition of the Ocean, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.24, issue.1, pp.191-224, 1996.

R. Emberson, N. Hovius, A. Galy, and O. Marc, Chemical weathering in active mountain belts controlled by stochastic bedrock landsliding, Nature Geoscience, vol.9, issue.1, pp.42-45, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01772376

, Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, EPICA community members, vol.429, issue.6992, pp.623-628, 2004.

M. J. Evans, L. A. Derry, and C. France-lanord, Degassing of metamorphic carbon dioxide from the Nepal Himalaya : METAMORPHIC CARBON DIOXIDE. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.9, 2008.

T. G. Farr, The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.45, issue.2, 2007.

D. Ferreira, J. Marshall, and J. Campin, Localization of Deep Water Formation : Role of Atmospheric Moisture Transport and Geometrical Constraints on Ocean Circulation, Journal of Climate, vol.23, issue.6, pp.1456-1476, 2010.

K. L. Ferrier and J. W. Kirchner, Effects of physical erosion on chemical denudation rates : A numerical modeling study of soil-mantled hillslopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.272, issue.3-4, pp.591-599, 2008.

K. L. Ferrier and E. N. West, Responses of chemical erosion rates to transient perturbations in physical erosion rates, and implications for relationships between chemical and physical erosion rates in regolith-mantled hillslopes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.474, pp.447-456, 2017.

P. A. Finke, Modeling the genesis of luvisols as a function of topographic position in loess parent material, Quaternary International, vol.265, pp.3-17, 2012.

G. L. Foster, D. L. Royer, and D. J. Lunt, Future climate forcing potentially without precedent in the last 420 million years, Nature Communications, vol.8, p.845, 2017.

L. A. Frakes, J. E. Francis, and J. I. Syktus, Climate modes of the phanerozoic : the history of the earth's climate over the past 600 million years, p.255169300, 2005.

C. France-lanord and L. A. Derry, Organic carbon burial forcing of the carbon cycle from Himalayan erosion, Nature, vol.390, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02149397

L. François and Y. Goddéris, Isotopic constraints on the Cenozoic evolution of the carbon cycle, Chemical Geology, vol.145, issue.3-4, pp.177-212, 1998.

F. Froelich and E. S. Misra, Was the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Hot Because Earth Was Flat ? An Ocean Lithium Isotope View of Mountain Building, Continental Weathering, Carbon Dioxide, and Earth's Cenozoic Clima, Oceanography, vol.27, issue.1, pp.36-49, 2014.

D. J. Furbish, J. C. Roseberry, and M. W. Schmeeckle, A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux : 3. The particle velocity distribution and the diffusive flux : BED LOAD FLUX, 3, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.117, issue.F3, 2012.

D. J. Furbish, M. W. Schmeeckle, R. Schumer, and S. L. Fathel, Probability distributions of bed load particle velocities, accelerations, hop distances, and travel times informed by Jaynes's principle of maximum entropy : DISTRIBUTIONS OF BED LOAD PARTICLE MOTIONS, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.121, issue.7, pp.1373-1390, 2016.

E. J. Gabet, A theoretical model coupling chemical weathering and physical erosion in landslidedominated landscapes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.264, issue.1-2, pp.259-265, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.028

E. J. Gabet and S. M. Mudd, A theoretical model coupling chemical weathering rates with denudation rates, Geology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.151-154, 2009.
DOI : 10.1130/g25270a.1

J. Gaillardet, B. Dupré, P. Louvat, and C. J. , Alì egre, 1999 : Global silicate weathering and CO 2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers, Chemical Geology, vol.159, issue.1-4, pp.31-36

J. Gaillardet and A. Galy, Himalaya-Carbon Sink or Source ?, Science, vol.320, issue.5884, pp.1727-1728, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1159279

V. Galy, C. France-lanord, O. Beyssac, P. Faure, H. Kudrass et al., Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system, Nature, vol.450, issue.7168, pp.407-410, 2007.

A. Ganachaud and C. Wunsch, Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data, Nature, vol.408, pp.453-457, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35044048

M. T. Gibbs and L. R. Kump, Global chemical erosion during the Last Glacial Maximum and the present : Sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology, Paleoceanography, vol.9, issue.4, pp.529-543, 1994.

G. K. Gilbert, Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains, Tech. rep., U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, vol.1877

F. Girault, L. Bollinger, M. Bhattarai, B. P. Koirala, C. France-lanord et al., Large-scale organization of carbon dioxide discharge in the Nepal Himalayas, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.41, issue.18, pp.6358-6366, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01201563

Y. Goddéris and Y. Donnadieu, A sink-or a source-driven carbon cycle at the geological timescale ? Relative importance of palaeogeography versus solid Earth degassing rate in the Phanerozoic climatic evolution, Geological Magazine, pp.1-11, 2017.

Y. Goddéris, Y. Donnadieu, S. Carretier, M. Aretz, G. Dera et al., Onset and ending of the late Palaeozoic ice age triggered by tectonically paced rock weathering, Nature Geoscience, vol.10, issue.5, pp.382-386, 2017.

Y. Goddéris, Y. Donnadieu, G. L. Hir, V. Lefebvre, and E. E. Nardin, The role of palaeogeography in the Phanerozoic history of atmospheric CO 2 and climate, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.128, pp.122-138, 2014.

Y. Goddéris, Y. Donnadieu, M. Tombozafy, and C. Dessert, Shield effect on continental weathering : Implication for climatic evolution of the Earth at the geological timescale, Geoderma, vol.145, issue.3-4, pp.439-448, 2008.

Y. Goddéris and L. François, The Cenozoic evolution of the strontium and carbon cycles : relative importance of continental erosion and mantle exchanges, Chemical Geology, vol.126, issue.2, pp.169-190, 1995.

Y. Goddéris, L. M. François, A. Probst, J. Schott, D. Moncoulon et al., Modelling weathering processes at the catchment scale : The WITCH numerical model, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.70, issue.5, pp.1128-1147, 2006.

Y. Goddéris, J. Z. Williams, J. Schott, D. Pollard, and S. L. Brantley, Time evolution of the mineralogical composition of Mississippi Valley loess over the last 10kyr : Climate and geochemical modeling, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.22, pp.6357-6374, 2010.

J. Golonka, Plate-tectonic Maps of the Phanerozoic, SEPM special publication, vol.72, pp.21-75, 2002.

D. O. Gough, Physics of Solar Variations, Solar Interior Structure and Luminosity Variations, pp.21-34, 1981.

J. Grimaud, D. Chardon, V. Metelka, A. Beauvais, and O. Bamba, Neogene cratonic erosion fluxes and landform evolution processes from regional regolith mapping, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-01419942

. Geomorphology, , vol.241, pp.315-330

D. G. Hahn and E. S. Manabe, The Role of Mountains in the South Asian Monsoon Circulation, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1515-1541, 1975.

J. Han, N. M. Gasparini, and J. P. Johnson, Measuring the imprint of orographic rainfall gradients on the morphology of steady-state numerical fluvial landscapes : OROGRAPHIC RAINFALL AND STEADY-STATE FLUVIAL LANDSCAPES. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.40, 2015.

S. Hao, J. Xue, D. Guo, and E. D. Wang, Earliest rooting system and root : shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant, vol.185, pp.217-225, 2010.

N. Harris, Significance of weathering Himalayan metasedimentary rocks and leucogranites for the Sr isotope evolution of seawater during the early Miocene, Geology, vol.23, issue.9, p.795, 1995.

J. Hartmann, R. Lauerwald, and N. Moosdorf, A Brief Overview of the GLObal RIver Chemistry Database, GLORICH. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, vol.10, pp.23-27, 2014.

J. Hartmann and N. Moosdorf, The new global lithological map database GLiM : A representation of rock properties at the Earth surface : TECHNICAL BRIEF. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.13, 2012.

A. M. Heimsath, R. A. Dibiase, and K. X. Whipple, 2012 : Soil production limits and the transition to bedrock-dominated landscapes, Nature Geoscience, vol.5, issue.3, pp.210-214

A. M. Heimsath, W. E. Dietrich, K. Nishiizumi, and R. C. Finkel, The soil production function and landscape equilibrium, Nature, vol.388, issue.21, pp.358-361, 1997.

S. Henchiri, J. Gaillardet, M. Dellinger, J. Bouchez, and R. G. Spencer, Riverine dissolved lithium isotopic signatures in low-relief central Africa and their link to weathering regimes :. Geophysical Research Letters, vol.43, pp.4391-4399, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02133282

K. M. Hill, L. Dellangelo, and M. M. Meerschaert, Heavy-tailed travel distance in gravel bed transport : An exploratory enquiry : SIZE-DEPENDENT PARTICLE TRANSPORT, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.115, issue.F2, 2010.

G. E. Hilley and M. R. Strecker, Steady state erosion of critical Coulomb wedges with applications to Taiwan and the Himalaya : STEADY STATE EROSION OF CRITICAL COULOMB WEDGES, Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth, vol.109, issue.B1, 2004.

C. Hoorn, Amazonia Through Time : Andean Uplift, Climate Change, vol.330, pp.927-931, 2010.

F. Hourdin, LMDZ5b : the atmospheric component of the IPSL climate model with revisited parameterizations for clouds and convection, Climate Dynamics, vol.40, issue.9, pp.2193-2222, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01098866

A. D. Howard, A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution, vol.30, pp.2261-2285, 1994.

M. Huber and E. A. Goldner, 2012 : Eocene monsoons, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol.44, pp.3-23

Y. Huh, L. Chan, and J. M. Edmond, Lithium isotopes as a probe of weathering processes : Orinoco River, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.194, issue.1-2, pp.189-199, 2001.

Y. Huh, L. Chan, L. Zhang, and J. M. Edmond, Lithium and its isotopes in major world rivers : implications for weathering and the oceanic budget, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.62, issue.12, pp.2039-2051, 1998.

G. S. Humphreys and M. T. Wilkinson, The soil production function : A brief history and its rediscovery, Geoderma, vol.139, issue.1-2, pp.73-78, 2007.

R. L. Jacob, Low frequency variability in a simulated atmosphere ocean system, 1997.

G. S. Jenkins, M. A. Mcmenamin, and C. P. Mckay, The extreme Proterozoic : geology, geochemistry, and climate. No. 146, Geophysical monograph, p.694883864, 2004.

M. J. Kirkby, A basis for soil profile modelling in a geomorphic context, Journal of Soil Science, vol.36, issue.1, pp.97-121, 1985.

A. Kitoh, Mountain uplift and surface temperature changes, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.24, issue.2, pp.185-188, 1997.

A. Kitoh, Effects of large-scale mountains on surface climate-A coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model study, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser, vol.II, issue.5, pp.1165-1181, 2002.

G. Knorr and G. Lohmann, Southern Ocean origin for the resumption of Atlantic thermohaline circulation during deglaciation, Nature, vol.424, issue.6948, pp.532-536, 2003.

L. R. Kump and M. A. Arthur, Global Chemical Erosion during the Cenozoic : Weatherability Balances the Budgets. Tectonic Uplift and Climate Change, pp.399-426, 1997.

L. R. Kump, J. F. Kasting, and R. G. Crane, The earth system. Repr. with corrections apr, p.246336074, 2000.

J. E. Kutzbach, W. L. Prell, and W. F. Ruddiman, Sensitivity of Eurasian Climate to Surface Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, The Journal of Geology, vol.101, issue.2, pp.177-190, 1993.

B. K?sak?-urek, R. H. James, and N. B. Harris, Li and ? 7 Li in Himalayan rivers : Proxies for silicate weathering ?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.237, issue.3-4, pp.387-401, 2005.

D. Lague, The stream power river incision model : evidence, theory and beyond : STREAM POWER INCISION MODEL. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.39, pp.38-61, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00924621

M. Lebedeva, R. Fletcher, and E. S. Brantley, A mathematical model for steady-state regolith production at constant erosion rate. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2010.

M. I. Lebedeva and S. L. Brantley, Exploring geochemical controls on weathering and erosion of convex hillslopes : beyond the empirical regolith production function : HILLSLOPE EVOLUTION AND REGOLITH THICKNESS, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.38, pp.1793-1807, 2013.

B. S. Levitus, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.64, issue.49, p.962, 1983.

D. D. Li, A. D. Jacobson, and D. J. Mcinerney, A reactive-transport model for examining tectonic and climatic controls on chemical weathering and atmospheric CO 2 consumption in granitic regolith, Chemical Geology, vol.365, pp.30-42, 2014.

G. Li and A. J. West, Evolution of Cenozoic seawater lithium isotopes : Coupling of global denudation regime and shifting seawater sinks, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.401, pp.284-293, 2014.

Z. X. Li and H. L. Treut, Transient behavior of the meridional moisture transport across South America and its relation to atmospheric circulation patterns, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.26, issue.10, pp.1409-1412, 1999.

F. Lott, Alleviation of Stationary Biases in a GCM through a Mountain Drag Parameterization Scheme and a Simple Representation of Mountain Lift Forces, Monthly Weather Review, vol.127, issue.5, pp.788-801, 1999.

F. Lott and M. J. Miller, A new subgrid-scale orographic drag parametrization : Its formulation and testing, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.123, pp.101-127, 1997.

J. Lovelock, The ages of Gaia : a biography of our living Earth, p.247395943, 2000.

Y. Lucas, The Role of Plants in Controlling Rates and Products of Weathering : Importance of Biological Pumping, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.29, issue.1, pp.135-163, 2001.

W. Ludwig and J. Probst, River sediment discharge to the oceans ; present-day controls and global budgets, American Journal of Science, vol.298, pp.265-295, 1998.

M. Lupker, C. France-lanord, V. Galy, J. Lavé, J. Gaillardet et al., Predominant floodplain over mountain weathering of Himalayan sediments (Ganga basin), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.84, pp.410-432, 2012.

G. Madec and M. Imbard, A global ocean mesh to overcome the North Pole singularity, Climate Dynamics, vol.12, issue.6, pp.381-388, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00154220

P. Maffre, J. Ladant, Y. Donnadieu, P. Sepulchre, and Y. Goddéris, The influence of orography on modern ocean circulation, Climate Dynamics, vol.50, issue.3-4, pp.1277-1289, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01765565

P. Maffre, J. Ladant, J. Moquet, S. Carretier, D. Labat et al., Mountain ranges, climate and weathering. Do orogens strengthen or weaken the silicate weathering carbon sink ? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.493, pp.174-185, 2018.

K. Maher and C. P. Chamberlain, Hydrologic Regulation of Chemical Weathering and the Geologic Carbon Cycle, Science, vol.343, issue.6178, pp.1502-1504, 2014.

S. Manabe, CLIMATE AND THE OCEAN CIRCULATION 1 : I. THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND THE HYDROLOGY OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE, vol.97, pp.739-774, 1969.

S. Manabe and A. J. Broccoli, Mountains and Arid Climates of Middle Latitudes, Science, vol.247, issue.4939, pp.192-195, 1990.

S. Manabe and A. J. Broccoli, The Effects of Orography on Midlatitude Northern Hemisphere Dry Climates, Journal of Climate, vol.5, issue.11, pp.1181-1201, 1992.

S. Manabe and T. Terpstra, The Effects of Mountains on the General Circulation of the Atmosphere as Identified by Numerical Experiments, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.31, issue.1, pp.3-42, 1974.

O. Marc, N. Hovius, P. Meunier, T. Gorum, and T. Uchida, A seismologically consistent expression for the total area and volume of earthquake-triggered landsliding, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.121, issue.4, pp.640-663, 2016.

O. Marc, A. Stumpf, J. Malet, M. Gosset, T. Uchida et al., Towards a global database of rainfall-induced landslide inventories : first insights from past and new events, Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions, pp.1-28, 2018.

J. Marshall and K. Speer, Closure of the meridional overturning circulation through Southern Ocean upwelling, Nature Geoscience, vol.5, issue.3, pp.171-180, 2012.

Y. Martin and M. Church, Diffusion in Landscape Development Models : On The Nature of Basic Transport Relations, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.22, pp.273-279, 1997.

J. Martinez and T. Letoan, Mapping of flood dynamics and spatial distribution of vegetation in the Amazon floodplain using multitemporal SAR data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.108, issue.3, pp.209-223, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323815

N. R. Mckenzie, B. K. Horton, S. E. Loomis, D. F. Stockli, N. J. Planavsky et al., Continental arc volcanism as the principal driver of icehouse-greenhouse variability, Science, vol.352, issue.6284, pp.444-447, 2016.

M. Meybeck, The quality of rivers : From pristine stage to global pollution, Global and Planetary Change, vol.1, issue.4, pp.283-309, 1989.

J. Mignot and C. Frankignoul, Local and remote impacts of a tropical Atlantic salinity anomaly, Climate Dynamics, vol.35, issue.7-8, pp.1133-1147, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00758937

J. P. Milliman and K. L. Farnsworth, River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean, 2013.

R. Millot, J. Gaillardet, B. Dupré, and C. J. Alì-egre, The global control of silicate weathering rates and the coupling with physical erosion : new insights from rivers of the Canadian Shield, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.196, issue.1-2, pp.83-98, 2002.

R. Millot, B. Scaillet, and B. Sanjuan, Lithium isotopes in island arc geothermal systems : Guadeloupe, Martinique (French West Indies) and experimental approach, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.6, pp.1852-1871, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00442612

R. Millot, N. Vigier, and J. Gaillardet, Behaviour of lithium and its isotopes during weathering in the Mackenzie Basin, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.14, pp.3897-3912, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00553199

B. Minasny, P. Finke, U. Stockmann, T. Vanwalleghem, and A. B. Mcbratney, Resolving the integral connection between pedogenesis and landscape evolution, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.150, pp.102-120, 2015.

S. Misra and P. N. Froelich, Lithium Isotope History of Cenozoic Seawater : Changes in Silicate Weathering and Reverse Weathering, Science, vol.335, issue.6070, pp.818-823, 2012.

P. Molnar, W. R. Boos, and D. S. Battisti, Orographic Controls on Climate and Paleoclimate of Asia : Thermal and Mechanical Roles for the Tibetan Plateau, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.38, issue.1, pp.77-102, 2010.

P. Molnar and P. England, Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change : chicken or egg ?, Nature, vol.346, issue.6279, pp.29-34, 1990.

M. Montoya, A. Griesel, A. Levermann, J. Mignot, M. Hofmann et al., The earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-3a. Part I : description and performance for present-day conditions, Climate Dynamics, vol.25, issue.2-3, pp.237-263, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00164664

J. Moquet, Chemical weathering and atmospheric/soil CO 2 uptake in the Andean and Foreland Amazon basins, Chemical Geology, vol.287, issue.1-2, pp.1-26, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00623731

J. Moquet, J. Viers, A. Crave, E. Armijos, C. Lagane et al., Comparison between Silicate Weathering and Physical Erosion Rates in Andean Basins of the Amazon River, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, vol.10, pp.275-279, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01061116

J. Moquet, J. Guyot, A. Crave, J. Viers, N. Filizola et al., Amazon River dissolved load : temporal dynamics and annual budget from the Andes to the ocean, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol.23, issue.12, p.429, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01220897

J. Moquet, J. Guyot, S. Morera, A. Crave, P. Rau et al., Temporal variability and annual budget of inorganic dissolved matter in Andean Pacific Rivers located along a climate gradient from northern Ecuador to southern Peru, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.350, issue.1-2, pp.76-87, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01713166

S. M. Mudd and K. Yoo, Reservoir theory for studying the geochemical evolution of soils, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.115, issue.F3, 2010.

G. Muttoni and D. V. Kent, Widespread formation of cherts during the early Eocene climate optimum, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.253, issue.3-4, pp.348-362, 2007.

D. Nahon, SignificationàSignificationà travers les mécanismes anciens et/ou encore actuels, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.335, issue.16, pp.1109-1119, 2003.

D. Nash-;-michigan and U. S. , Forms of bluffs degraded for different lengths of time in emmet county, Earth Surface Processes, vol.5, issue.4, pp.331-345, 1980.

J. Nilsson, P. L. Langen, D. Ferreira, and E. J. Marshall, Ocean Basin Geometry and the Salinification of the Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Climate, vol.26, issue.16, pp.6163-6184, 2013.

K. P. Norton and F. Schlunegger, Lack of a weathering signal with increased Cenozoic erosion ? Terra Nova, vol.29, pp.265-272, 2017.

P. Oliva, J. Viers, and B. Dupré, Chemical weathering in granitic environments, Chemical Geology, vol.202, issue.3-4, pp.225-256, 2003.

J. R. O'neil, R. N. Clayton, and T. K. Mayeda, Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in Divalent Metal Carbonates, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.51, issue.12, pp.5547-5558, 1969.

L. C. Peterson, Rapid Changes in the Hydrologic Cycle of the Tropical Atlantic During the Last Glacial, Science, vol.290, issue.5498, pp.1947-1951, 2000.

J. S. Pistiner and G. M. Henderson, Lithium-isotope fractionation during continental weathering processes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.214, issue.1-2, pp.327-339, 2003.

P. A. Pogge-von-strandmann, P. J. Frings, and M. J. Murphy, Lithium isotope behaviour during weathering in the Ganges Alluvial Plain, vol.198, pp.17-31, 2017.

P. A. Pogge-von-strandmann and G. M. Henderson, The Li isotope response to mountain uplift, Geology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.67-70, 2015.

C. J. Poulsen, T. A. Ehlers, and N. Insel, Onset of Convective Rainfall During Gradual Late Miocene Rise of the Central Andes, Science, vol.328, issue.5977, pp.490-493, 2010.

J. Probst and Y. Tardy, Global runoff fluctuations during the last 80 years in relation to world temperature change, American Journal of Science, vol.289, issue.3, pp.267-285, 1989.

M. Prémaillon, V. Regard, T. J. Dewez, and Y. Auda, GlobR2c2 (Global Recession Rates of Coastal Cliffs) : a global relational database to investigate coastal rocky cliff erosion rate variations, Earth Surface Dynamics, vol.6, issue.3, pp.651-668, 2018.

G. Ramstein, F. Fluteau, J. Besse, and E. S. Joussaume, Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land-sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years, Nature, vol.386, issue.6627, pp.788-795, 1997.

M. E. Raymo and W. F. Ruddiman, Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate, Nature, vol.359, pp.117-122, 1992.

V. Regard, S. Carretier, J. Boeglin, J. Ngoupayou, J. Dzana et al., Denudation rates on cratonic landscapes : comparison between suspended and dissolved fluxes, and 10 Be analysis in the Nyong and Sanaga River basins, south Cameroon : DENUDATION RATES FROM MODERN FLUXES AND COSMOGENIC NUCLIDES, CAMEROON. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.41, pp.1671-1683, 2016.

C. S. Riebe, J. W. Kirchner, and R. C. Finkel, Long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.67, issue.22, pp.4411-4427, 2003.

C. S. Riebe, J. W. Kirchner, and R. C. Finkel, Erosional and climatic effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes spanning diverse climate regimes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.224, issue.3-4, pp.547-562, 2004.

G. H. Roe, D. R. Montgomery, and B. Hallet, Effects of orographic precipitation variations on the concavity of steady-state river profiles, Geology, vol.30, issue.2, p.143, 2002.

G. H. Roe, D. B. Stolar, and S. D. Willett, Response of a steady-state critical wedge orogen to changes in climate and tectonic forcing, Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, vol.398, pp.227-239, 2006.

G. H. Roe, K. X. Whipple, and J. K. Fletcher, Feedbacks among climate, erosion, and tectonics in a critical wedge orogen, American Journal of Science, vol.308, issue.7, pp.815-842, 2008.

J. Ryu, N. Vigier, S. Lee, K. Lee, and O. A. Chadwick, Variation of lithium isotope geochemistry during basalt weathering and secondary mineral transformations in Hawaii, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.145, pp.103-115, 2014.

C. Sagan and G. Mullen, Earth and Mars : Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures, Science, vol.177, issue.4043, pp.52-56, 1972.
DOI : 10.1126/science.177.4043.52

M. W. Schmidt, H. J. Spero, and D. W. Lea, Links between salinity variation in the Caribbean and North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, Nature, vol.428, issue.6979, pp.160-163, 2004.

A. Schmitt, N. Vigier, D. Lemarchand, R. Millot, P. Stille et al., Processes controlling the stable isotope compositions of Li, B, Mg and Ca in plants, soils and waters : A review, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.344, issue.11-12, pp.704-722, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00853188

A. Schmittner, T. A. Silva, K. Fraedrich, E. Kirk, and F. Lunkeit, Effects of mountains and ice sheets on global ocean circulation, Journal of Climate, vol.24, issue.11, pp.2814-2829, 2011.

T. Schneider-von-deimling, A. Ganopolski, H. Held, and S. Rahmstorf, How cold was the Last Glacial Maximum ? Geophysical Research Letters, vol.33, 2006.

P. Sepulchre, G. Ramstein, F. Fluteau, M. Schuster, J. Tiercelin et al., Tectonic Uplift and Eastern Africa Aridification, Science, issue.5792, pp.1419-1423, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1129158

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00111824

P. Sepulchre, L. C. Sloan, and F. Fluteau, Modelling the Response of Amazonian Climate to the Uplift of the Andean Mountain Range. Amazonia : Landscape and Species Evolution, pp.211-222, 2011.

Z. Shi, X. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Sha, and T. Xu, Impact of Mongolian Plateau versus Tibetan Plateau on the westerly jet over North Pacific Ocean, vol.44, pp.3067-3076, 2015.

B. Sinha, A. T. Blaker, J. J. Hirschi, S. Bonham, M. Brand et al., 2012 : Mountain ranges favour vigorous Atlantic meridional overturning : MOUNTAIN RANGES AND ATLANTIC OVERTURNING, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.39, issue.2
DOI : 10.1029/2011gl050485

R. F. Stallard and J. M. Edmond, Geochemistry of the Amazon : 2. The influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, vol.88, issue.C14, pp.9671-9688, 1983.

M. W. Strudley, A. B. Murray, and P. K. Haff, Emergence of pediments, tors, and piedmont junctions from a bedrock weathering-regolith thickness feedback, Geology, vol.34, issue.10, pp.805-808, 2006.

D. Swingedouw, P. Braconnot, P. Delecluse, E. Guilyardi, and O. Marti, Quantifying the AMOC feedbacks during a 2×CO 2 stabilization experiment with land-ice melting, Climate Dynamics, vol.29, issue.5, pp.521-534, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-007-0250-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00770689

J. P. Syvitski and J. P. Milliman, Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal Ocean, The Jouranl of Geology, vol.115, issue.1, pp.1-19, 2007.

F. Teng, W. Mcdonough, R. Rudnick, C. Dalpé, P. Tomascak et al., Lithium isotopic composition and concentration of the upper continental crust, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.68, issue.20, pp.4167-4178, 2004.

F. Teng, R. L. Rudnick, W. F. Mcdonough, and F. Wu, Lithium isotopic systematics of A-type granites and their mafic enclaves : Further constraints on the Li isotopic composition of the continental crust, Chemical Geology, vol.262, issue.3-4, pp.370-379, 2009.

M. F. Thomas, Some Geomorphological Implications of Deep Weathering Patterns in Crystalline Rocks in Nigeria, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol.40, p.173, 1966.

J. Toggweiler and B. Samuels, Effect of drake passage on the global thermohaline circulation, Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.42, pp.477-500, 1995.

M. A. Torres, A. J. West, K. E. Clark, G. Paris, J. Bouchez et al., The acid and alkalinity budgets of weathering in the Andes-Amazon system : Insights into the erosional control of global biogeochemical cycles, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.450, pp.381-391, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02120332

G. E. Tucker and G. R. Hancock, Modelling landscape evolution, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.35, pp.28-50, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01996027

H. C. Urey, The planets : their origin and development, 1952.

D. Vance, D. A. Teagle, and G. L. Foster, Variable Quaternary chemical weathering fluxes and imbalances in marine geochemical budgets, Nature, vol.458, issue.7237, pp.493-496, 2009.

J. Veizer, Sr/ 86 Sr, ? 13 C and ? 18 O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater, Chemical Geology, vol.161, issue.1-3, pp.59-88, 1999.

A. Verney-carron, N. Vigier, and R. Millot, Experimental determination of the role of diffusion on Li isotope fractionation during basaltic glass weathering, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.75, issue.12, pp.3452-3468, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00673515

N. Vigier, A. Decarreau, R. Millot, J. Carignan, S. Petit et al., Quantifying Li isotope fractionation during smectite formation and implications for the Li cycle, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.72, issue.3, pp.780-792, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00345697

N. Vigier, S. Gislason, K. Burton, R. Millot, and F. Mokadem, The relationship between riverine lithium isotope composition and silicate weathering rates in Iceland, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.287, issue.3-4, pp.434-441, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00516910

N. Vigier and Y. Goddéris, A new approach for modeling Cenozoic oceanic lithium isotope paleovariations : the key role of climate, Climate of the Past, vol.11, issue.4, pp.635-645, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01214413

A. Violette, Y. Goddéris, J. Maréchal, J. Riotte, P. Oliva et al., Relative contribution of the smectite/kaolinite assemblage versus primary minerals, Chemical Geology, vol.277, issue.1-2, pp.42-60, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00558728

. Bibliographie-f.-von and . Blanckenburg, The control mechanisms of erosion and weathering at basin scale from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.237, issue.3-4, pp.462-479, 2005.

M. Vázquez, S. Ramírez, D. Morata, M. Reich, J. Braun et al., Regolith production and chemical weathering of granitic rocks in central Chile, Chemical Geology, vol.446, pp.87-98, 2016.

J. C. Walker, P. B. Hays, and J. F. Kasting, A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.86, issue.C10, p.9776, 1981.

C. Wanner, E. L. Sonnenthal, and X. Liu, Seawater ? 7 Li : A direct proxy for global CO 2 consumption by continental silicate weathering ?, Chemical Geology, vol.381, pp.154-167, 2014.

A. West, A. Galy, and M. Bickle, Tectonic and climatic controls on silicate weathering, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.235, issue.1-2, pp.211-228, 2005.

A. J. West, Thickness of the chemical weathering zone and implications for erosional and climatic drivers of weathering and for carbon-cycle feedbacks, Geology, vol.40, issue.9, pp.811-814, 2012.

K. X. Whipple, The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of mountain belts, Nature Geoscience, vol.2, issue.2, pp.97-104, 2009.

K. X. Whipple and B. J. Meade, Controls on the strength of coupling among climate, erosion, and deformation in two-sided, frictional orogenic wedges at steady state : EROSION AND DEFORMA-TION IN OROGENIC WEDGES, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, vol.109, issue.F1, 2004.

K. X. Whipple and G. E. Tucker, Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model : Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth, vol.104, issue.B8, pp.661-678, 1999.

A. F. White and S. L. Brantley, The effect of time on the weathering of silicate minerals : why do weathering rates differ in the laboratory and field ?, Chemical Geology, vol.202, issue.3-4, pp.479-506, 2003.

A. F. White, T. D. Bullen, M. S. Schulz, A. E. Blum, T. G. Huntington et al., Differential rates of feldspar weathering in granitic regoliths, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.65, issue.6, pp.847-869, 2001.

J. K. Willenbring and F. Von-blanckenburg, Long-term stability of global erosion rates and weathering during late-Cenozoic cooling, Nature, vol.465, issue.7295, pp.211-214, 2010.

S. D. Willett, Orogeny and orography : The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts, Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth, vol.104, issue.B12, p.981, 1999.

J. Wimpenny, S. R. Gíslason, R. H. James, A. Gannoun, P. A. Pogge-von-strandmann et al., The behaviour of Li and Mg isotopes during primary phase dissolution and secondary mineral formation in basalt, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.74, issue.18, pp.5259-5279, 2010.

J. Wimpenny, R. H. James, K. W. Burton, A. Gannoun, F. Mokadem et al., Glacial effects on weathering processes : New insights from the elemental and lithium isotopic composition of West Greenland rivers, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.290, issue.3-4, pp.427-437, 2010.

M. J. Winnick and K. Maher, Relationships between CO 2 , thermodynamic limits on silicate weathering, and the strength of the silicate weathering feedback, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.485, pp.111-120, 2018.

G. Wu, Y. Liu, B. He, Q. Bao, A. Duan et al., Thermal Controls on the Asian Summer Monsoon. Scientific Reports, vol.2, issue.1, 2012.

K. Yoo and S. M. Mudd, Toward process-based modeling of geochemical soil formation across diverse landforms : A new mathematical framework, Geoderma, vol.146, issue.1-2, pp.248-260, 2008.

J. Zachos, Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present, Science, vol.292, issue.5517, p.232, 2001.

.. .. Allégorie,

. .. , Schéma du concept de régolithe -front d'altération, p.22

. .. Schéma-du-concept-de-régolithe--modèle-0d, , p.23

, Schéma du concept de régolithe -modèle 1D vertical, p.25

, Schéma du concept de régolithe -modèle 1D double profil vertical, p.26

. Schéma-du-concept-de-régolithe--modèle-de-braun, 29 2.7 Topographiè a la résolution de 30 et 30, 2016.

F. .. Temperature, , p.49

F. .. Precipitation, , p.51

, Zonal streamfunctions and time-serie of MOC index, CTRL and FLAT, vol.53

F. .. Mixed-layer-depth,

. .. , Seawtater density anomaly and decomposition, p.54

, Histograms of oceanic freshwater budgets

, Summary of freshwater budget and moisture transport reogranization, vol.56

, Zonal wind stress and barotropic streamfunctions, CTRL and FLAT, p.59

C. .. Temperature-et-ruissellement, , vol.63

. .. , Weathering chart and data-model, W-calibration, p.76

. .. , Weathering chart and data-model, Gi-calibration, p.77

. .. , Parameter exploration of west weathering model (Gi case), p.78

. .. , Temperature and Runoff anomalies FLAT-CTRL and lands, p.80

F. .. Ctrl, Erosion charts

F. .. Weathering-charts,-w-calibration, , p.82

, Rated distributions of weathering anomaly, 4 cases, p.84

, Rated istributions of weathering anomaliy for 6 FLAT erosion, vol.87

;. ). Schéma-du-modèle-de-gabet-&-mudd, , p.98, 2009.

, Croissance de régolithe, cas KL, effet de la résolution verticale, p.107

. Croissance-de-régolithe, effet de la résolution verticale . 108 5.4 Croissance de régolithe, cas SL, effet de la résolution verticale, p.110

, Profils de régolithe stationnaires pour différentesdifférentesépaisseurs caractér, p.112

. .. , 116 5.10 Profils de régolithe stationnaires pour différents taux d'´ erosion, Croissance du régolithe pour différentesdifférentesépaisseurs caractéristiques . . . . 113 5.8 Profils de régolithe stationnaires pour différents exposants ? . . . . . . . 115 5.9 Croissance du régolithe pour différents exposants ?, p.118

.. .. Ma,

, Cartes de x s ` a l'´ equilibre, 265 Ma, trois paramétrisations, p.124

, 126 5.15Évolution15´15Évolution du CO 2 suitè a un dégazage de trapp

, 16Évolution16´16Évolution des flux de carbone suitè a un dégazage de trapp, p.129

, 17Évolution17´17Évolution de l'anomalie relative CO 2 suitè a un dégazage de trapp, p.130

. .. De-trapp, , p.131

, Map of Amazon basin showing Dellinger et al. (2015) lithium database, p.141

. .. , 2 Schematic of lithium hillslope and floodplain models, p.145

, Behaviour of lithium floodplain model in 1D

, Erosion and weathering rates over Amazonia

, Map of inundated areas and lithium data

, Li versus erosion rate

. .. Li-versus-f-li, , p.156

.. .. Li,

A. Oceanic-heat-transport and F. .. , , p.183

F. Ctrl and .. .. Winter-mean, Precipitation and evaporation, p.184

, Precipitation and evaporation, CTRL and FLAT, Summer mean, p.185

F. .. Ctrl, Mixed layer depth, Winter and Summer mean, p.186

A. , Schematic representation of atmospheric moisture transport, p.186

, A.6 LMDZ river basins and the water divide used in the article, p.187

, A.7 Precipitation minus evaporation and atmospheric moisture transport, p.188

F. .. Ctrl, A.8 Low-level jet at the feet of the Andes, p.189

F. .. Ctrl and F. .. , A.10 Wind divergence at 200 hPa upon Amazonia, p.190

A. , 11 Wind stress and wind stress curl on Southern Ocean, CTRL and FLAT, vol.192

B. , 3 schéma tranche de régolithe sans dénudation chimique, p.206

B. , 4 schéma tranche de régolithe avec dénudation chimique, p.207

. .. , Schematic of regolith discretization along z or along x, p.227

. .. , Schematic of point addition on discretized regolith, p.238

. .. , Schematic of point removal on discretized regolith, p.238

, Schematic of discrete regolith profile and mass computation, p.242

, Map of Amazon basin with HYBAM and Dellinger et al. stations, p.247

, of lithium model, one parameter shown, p.253

, Résumé des différents types de modèles de régolithe, p.31

. .. ?-c), Annual mean, area-averaged surface temperature, p.48

F. .. Freshwater-fluxes,

. .. Flat, Freshwater fluxes for the first 10 years (mSv), p.61

. .. , Summary of methodology and calibration procedure, p.79

, Paramètres et relations supplémentaires du modèles dynsoil, p.99

, List of model parameters

). .. , 71 4.2 ´ Equation générique Stream Power Incision Model, 2012.

. Equationérosionequationérosion-telle-que-utilisée-dans-maffre, , p.74, 2018.

. Secondé-equationérosionequationérosion-telle-que-utilisée-dans-maffre, 86 5.1 ´ Equation d'´ evolution des phases primaires, p.97, 2009.

, 2 ´ Equation d'´ evolution de l'´ epaisseur de régolithe

, Expression du taux de production de régolithe en fonction de la SPF, p.98

, Système d'´ equations d'´ evolution du régolithe

. .. Le-régolithe, 98 5.6 ´ Equation du taux d'altérationaltération`altérationà l'´ etat stationnaire, Expression du taux d'altération intégré sur

. .. , Système d'´ equations d'´ evolution du régolithe redimensionné (×n), vol.102

, Changement de coordonnées (×n) dans leséquationsleséquations de Gabet & Mudd, vol.102

, Changement de variables (×n) dans leséquationsleséquations de Gabet & Mudd, p.103

. .. Le-régolithe, 104 5.12 Expression du taux d'altération intégré sur le régolithe, Correspondance entre variables du système « normal » et redimensionné . . 104 5.11 Expression du taux d'altération intégré sur, p.104

, Correspondance du taux d'alt. du système « normal » et redimensionné . . 104 5.14 Relation entre k d et ? pour un même taux d'altération stationnaire, p.115

, 122 5.16équation16équation de l'indice de saturation de l'altération

. .. Bilan, , p.143

, Fraction de lithium retenue dans les ph. sec. dans les régolithes, p.144

, Bilan de masse de lithium dans les zones inondées

, Bilan isotopique de lithium dans les zones inondées

, Expression du flux de Li retenu dans les zones inondées, cas 1, p.146

. .. , 150 6.8 relation inverse entré epaisseur de régolithe etérosionetérosion, Expression du flux de Li retenu dans les zones inondées, cas 2, p.150

, Expression du flux de diss. d'une espèce chim, p.152, 2012.

. .. Expression-de-?-land-en-fonction-de-la-température, 153 6.11 fraction de Li retenu par rapport total du Li dissout, p.157

, ´ evolution de la surface, ´ erosion seule

B. , 2 ´ evolution de la densité de phases primaires, coordonnées natives, p.197

, ´ evolution de la base du régolithe

B. , 4 ´ evolution de la densité de phases primaires, coordonnées régolithe fini, p.199

B. , 5 ´ evolution de l'´ epaisseur de régolithe, coordonnées régolithe fini, p.199

B. , 6 ´ evolution de la densité de phases primaires, coordonnées régolithe infini

B. , ´ evolution de la surface, ´ erosion et dénudation chimique, p.202

, ´ evolution d'une phase i, ´ erosion et dénudation chimique, p.203

B. , 11évolution11évolution du profil de dénudation chimique en coordonnée régolithe, p.204

, B.12évolution12évolution d'une phase i, coord. régolithe, avec dénudation chimique, p.205

B. , 13évolution13évolution d'une phase i, coord. rég. fini, avec dénudation chimique, p.205

, B.14évolution14évolution d'une phase i, coord. rég. infini, avec dénudation chimique, p.205

B. , , p.206

, B.16évolution16évolution d'une phase i, coord. rég., avec dénud. chim., 2 e démonstration, p.207

B. ,

B. , 18 profil de phases primaires au temps t, sansérosionsansérosion, régolithe infini

B. , 20 décroissance du taux de réaction avec la profondeur en loi de puissance, p.210

B. , 21 profondeur de déplétion 1/a

B. , 22 profondeur de déplétion 1/a

B. , 23 profondeur du point d'inflexion du profil de phases prim

B. , 24 profondeur du point d'inflexion du profil de phases prim, p.212

B. , 25 profil stationnaire de phases primaires, régolithe infini, cas général, p.215

B. , 26 profil stationnaire de phases primaires, régolithe infini, cas linéaire, p.215

B. , 27 abondance de phases primaires en surface, modèle de Gabet & Mudd, p.217

B. , 28 taux de réaction R analogue au modèle de Gabet & Mudd en rég. infini, p.217

B. , 29 profil de dénudation chimique dans le modèlè a deux phases, p.219

B. , 30 relation entre W et m p dans le modèlè a deux phases, p.220

B. , 31 relation entre W et m p dans le modèlè a deux phases, 1 ` ere approximation, p.221

B. , 32 relation entre W et m p dans le modèlè a deux phases, 2 e approximation, p.221

C. , 1 ´ evolution de la masse de phases prim., coord. rég. {z, t}, dérivée particul, p.225

, ´ evolution du temps d'altération, coord. rég. {z, t}, dérivée particulaire, p.225

, 3 expression de la dérivée particulaire en coordonnées régolithe {z, t}, p.225

C. , 4 passage en coordonnées {x, t} pour la dérivée spatiale, p.226

C. , 5 passage en coordonnées {x, t} pour la dérivée temporelle, p.227

C. , 227 C.7premì eré equation de l'altitudè a un point x fixé en coordonnées {x, t}, p.228

C. ;. , 8 expression de la dérivée particulaire en coordonnées {x, t}, p.228

. .. , ´ equation de l'altitude d'un point x fixé en coordonnées {x, t}, p.228

, C.10équation10équation du temps d'altérationaltérationà un point x fixé, coordonnées {x, t}, p.228

, C.11équation11équation d'´ evolution de la surface du régolithe, coord. {z, t}, p.229

, C.12équation12équation d'´ evolution de l'abondance de ph. prim. en surface, coord. {x, t}, p.229

. .. T}, 230 C.14 expression du taux de production de régolithe, C.13équation13équation du temps d'altération en surface, coordonnées {x

, C.15équation15équation discrétisée de l'altitude d'un point x fixé

. .. , 232 C.17 expression discrétisée du taux de dissolution entre deux niveaux x, C.16équation16équation discrétisée du temps d'altérationaltérationà un point x fixé, p.233

, C.18équation18équation discrétisée du temps d'altération

, calcul discrétisé de la masse totale des phases primaires, C.19équation19équation discrétisée de x, p.240

C. , 21 expression du « pas de temps réactif

. .. , C.22équation22équation de l'altitude d'un point x fixé sansérosionsansérosion, p.242