. .. Introduction-générale, 24 4.c.iv) La cardiomyopathie hypertrophique et la cardiomyopathie de dysplasie ventriculaire droite arythmogène

.. .. Les-facteurs-de-risque-de-l'arrêt-cardiaque,

L. and .. .. ,

.. .. Cas-particulier-du-patient-diabétique, 29 7.b.iv) Instabilité de la plaque d'athérome

S. 2. Le,

. Polluants and . .. Des-Études, 54 2. Les données de la qualité de l'air et météorologiques

. , 56 4.a. L'étude de cas-croisé stratifiée sur le temps avec analyse, Les schémas d'études et les analyses statistiques mis

.. .. Le, 62 4.b.iii) Précisions sur les facteurs de confusion à prendre en compte
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00068604

. Le and .. .. De-mcnemar, 64 4.c.ii) Le test exact de McNemar dans notre étude
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01998374

.. .. Les-sous-groupes,

. .. Les-délais-Étudiés,

. .. Éthique, Analyse descriptive des polluants par station de mesure

. , Analyse des polluants en fonction des périodes vacances et scolaires

. , Analyse descriptive

A. .. , Analyse de la relation entre les niveaux de polluants et la survenue d'

. , 111 2.a.i) Les PM2,5 et les délais horaires, Commentaires de nos résultats parmi les résultats de la littérature

, Et pour les ACHH au cours de l'année :-pour les ACHH de cause cardiaque

, les PM2,5 apparaissent en association significative, pour les ACHH en période scolaire :-pour l'ensemble des ACHH

, PM10 et ACHH Les graphiques 17 et 18 correspondent à ce paragraphe

, Pour l'analyse en RLC les PM10 apparaissent en association significative

, p=0,005))-chez les 50-75 ans

H. Hubert, K. Tazarourte, and E. Wiel, Rationale, methodology, implementation, and first results of the French out-of-hospital cardiac arrest registry, Prehosp Emerg Care, vol.18, pp.511-520, 2014.

S. S. Chugh, K. Reinier, and C. Teodorescu, Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: Clinical and Research Implications, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, vol.51, pp.213-241, 2008.

P. Gueugniaud, C. Bertrand, and D. Savary,

, Presse Med, vol.40, pp.634-642, 2011.

A. D. Krahn, S. J. Connolly, and R. S. Roberts, Diminishing proportional risk of sudden death with advancing age: implications for prevention of sudden death, Am Heart J, vol.147, pp.837-877, 2004.

M. H. Forouzanfar and L. Alexander, Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, vol.386, pp.2287-323, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262737

K. Bhaskaran, A. Gasparrini, and S. Hajat, Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology, Int J Epidemiol, vol.42, pp.1187-95, 2013.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyt092
URL : https://academic.oup.com/ije/article-pdf/42/4/1187/14149452/dyt092.pdf

J. B. Ruidavets and J. Ferrières, La pollution atmosphérique : un facteur de risque de maladie cardiovasculaire, Sang Thrombose Vaisseaux, vol.19, pp.487-91, 2007.

M. L. Bell, A. Mcdermott, and S. L. Zeger, Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, JAMA, vol.292, pp.2372-2380, 1987.

F. Forastiere, M. Stafoggia, and S. Picciotto, A case-crossover analysis of out-of-hospital coronary deaths and air pollution in, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, vol.172, pp.1549-55, 2005.

A. Peters, D. W. Dockery, and J. E. Muller, Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction, Circulation, vol.103, pp.2810-2815, 2001.

C. A. Pope and D. W. Dockery, Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect, J Air Waste Manag Assoc, vol.56, pp.709-751, 2006.

R. D. Brook, S. Rajagopalan, and C. A. Pope, Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation, vol.121, pp.2331-78, 2010.

M. Dennekamp, M. Akram, and M. J. Abramson, Outdoor air pollution as a trigger for outof-hospital cardiac arrests, Epidemiology, vol.21, pp.494-500, 2010.

R. A. Silverman, K. Ito, and J. Freese, Association of ambient fine particles with out-ofhospital cardiac arrests in New York City, Am J Epidemiol, vol.172, pp.917-940, 2010.

J. Wichmann, F. Folke, and C. Torp-pedersen, Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and outdoor air pollution exposure in Copenhagen, Denmark. PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.53684, 2013.

J. Sullivan, N. Ishikawa, and L. Sheppard, Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and primary cardiac arrest among persons with and without clinically recognized heart disease, Am J Epidemiol, vol.157, pp.501-510, 2003.

D. Levy, L. Sheppard, and H. Checkoway, A case-crossover analysis of particulate matter air pollution and out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest, Epidemiology, vol.12, pp.193-202, 2001.

K. B. Ensor, L. H. Raun, and D. Persse, A case-crossover analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and air pollution, Circulation, vol.127, pp.1192-1201, 2013.

F. S. Rosenthal, M. Kuisma, and T. Lanki, Association of ozone and particulate air pollution with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Helsinki, Finland: evidence for two different 131

, J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol, vol.23, pp.281-289, 2013.

D. Levy, T. Lumley, and L. Sheppard, Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution, Epidemiology, vol.12, pp.186-92, 2001.

R. O. Cummins, D. A. Chamberlain, and N. S. Abramson, Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein Style. A statement for health professionals from a task force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council, Circulation, vol.84, pp.960-75, 1991.

D. Müller, R. Agrawal, and H. Arntz, How sudden is sudden cardiac death?, Circulation, vol.114, pp.1146-50, 2006.

A. C. Thomas, P. A. Knapman, and D. M. Krikler, Community study of the causes of 'natural' sudden death, BMJ, vol.297, pp.1453-1459, 1988.

D. C. Cone, D. S. Jaslow, and T. A. Brabson, Now that we have the Utstein style, are we using it?, Acad Emerg Med, vol.6, pp.923-931, 1999.

S. Sans, H. Kesteloot, and D. Kromhout, The burden of cardiovascular diseases mortality in Europe. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology on Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity Statistics in Europe, Eur Heart J, vol.18, pp.1231-1279, 1997.

C. J. Murray and A. D. Lopez, Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study, Lancet, vol.349, pp.1269-76, 1997.

S. S. Chugh, K. Reinier, and C. Teodorescu, Epidemiology of sudden cardiac death: clinical and research implications, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, vol.51, pp.213-241, 2008.

F. Lang, Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 2009.

J. Ferrières, D. Arveiler, and P. Amouyel,

, Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, vol.90, pp.483-490, 1997.

A. S. Go, D. Mozaffarian, and V. L. Roger, Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association, Circulation, vol.129, pp.28-292, 2014.

J. Berdowski, R. A. Berg, and J. Tijssen, Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: Systematic review of 67 prospective studies, Resuscitation, vol.81, pp.1479-87, 2010.

C. Atwood, M. S. Eisenberg, and J. Herlitz, Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe, Resuscitation, vol.67, pp.75-80, 2005.

G. Nicolas and D. Lecomte, La mort subite d'origine cardiaque. Épidémiologie, Bull Acad Natl Med, vol.183, pp.1573-80, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/s0765-1597(87)80023-0

V. P. Kuriachan, G. L. Sumner, and L. B. Mitchell, Sudden cardiac death, Curr Probl Cardiol, vol.40, pp.133-200, 2015.

A. B. Sanders and K. B. Kern, Surviving cardiac arrest: location, location, location, JAMA, vol.300, pp.1462-1465, 2008.

M. L. Weisfeldt, C. M. Sitlani, and J. P. Ornato, Survival after application of automatic external defibrillators before arrival of the emergency medical system: evaluation in the resuscitation outcomes consortium population of 21 million, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.55, pp.1713-1733, 2010.

R. J. Myerburg, Scientific gaps in the prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death, J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, vol.13, pp.709-732, 2002.

R. Deo and C. M. Albert, Epidemiology and genetics of sudden cardiac death, Circulation, vol.125, pp.620-657, 2012.

Z. J. Zheng, J. B. Croft, and W. H. Giles, Sudden cardiac death in the United States, Circulation, vol.104, pp.2158-63, 1989.

W. B. Kannel and A. Schatzkin, Sudden death: lessons from subsets in population studies, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.5, pp.141-149, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80545-3
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80545-3

. Vreede-swagemakers-jj-de, A. P. Gorgels, and W. I. Dubois-arbouw, Out-of-hospital car132 diac arrest in the 1990's: a population-based study in the Maastricht area on incidence, characteristics and survival, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.30, pp.1500-1505, 1997.

C. M. Albert, C. U. Chae, and F. Grodstein, Prospective study of sudden cardiac death among women in the United States, Circulation, vol.107, pp.2096-101, 2003.

W. B. Kannel, P. W. Wilson, D. Agostino, and R. B. , Sudden coronary death in women, Am Heart J, vol.136, pp.205-217, 1998.

C. M. Albert, B. A. Mcgovern, and J. B. Newell, Sex differences in cardiac arrest survivors, Circulation, vol.93, pp.1170-1176, 1996.
DOI : 10.1161/01.cir.93.6.1170

S. S. Chugh, A. Uy-evanado, and C. Teodorescu, Women have a lower prevalence of structural heart disease as a precursor to sudden cardiac arrest: The Ore-SUDS (Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study), J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.54, pp.2006-2017, 2009.

S. G. Priori, E. Aliot, and C. Blomstrom-lundqvist, Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology, Eur Heart J, vol.22, pp.1374-450, 2001.

A. Bayés-de-luna, P. Coumel, and J. F. Leclercq, Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases, Am Heart J, vol.117, pp.151-160, 1989.

E. Katz, L. Prina, and M. Niquille, Arrêt cardiaque extra-hospitalier : une réalité «choquante», Rev Med Suisse, 2003.

W. B. Kannel, L. A. Cupples, D. Agostino, and R. B. , Sudden death risk in overt coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study, Am Heart J, vol.113, pp.799-804, 1987.

C. S. Fox, J. C. Evans, and M. G. Larson, Temporal trends in coronary heart disease mortality and sudden cardiac death from 1950 to 1999: the Framingham Heart Study, Circulation, vol.110, pp.522-529, 2004.

S. D. Roes, C. Borleffs, R. J. Geest, and . Van-der, Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, vol.2, pp.183-90, 2009.

C. W. Israel, Mechanisms of sudden cardiac death, Indian Heart J, vol.66, issue.1, pp.10-17, 2014.

C. Antzelevitch, P. Brugada, and M. Borggrefe, Brugada syndrome: report of the second consensus conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association, Circulation, vol.111, pp.659-70, 2005.

C. Antzelevitch and G. Yan, Heart Rhythm, vol.7, pp.549-58, 2010.

I. Gussak and C. Antzelevitch, Early repolarization syndrome: clinical characteristics and possible cellular and ionic mechanisms, J Electrocardiol, vol.33, pp.299-309, 2000.

A. L. Klatsky, R. Oehm, and R. A. Cooper, The early repolarization normal variant electrocardiogram: correlates and consequences, Am J Med, vol.115, pp.171-178, 2003.

M. Mehta, A. C. Jain, and A. Mehta, Early repolarization, Clin Cardiol, vol.22, pp.59-65, 1999.

M. Haïssaguerre, N. Derval, and F. Sacher, Sudden cardiac arrest associated with early repolarization, N Engl J Med, vol.358, pp.2016-2039, 2008.

R. Rosso, E. Kogan, and B. Belhassen, J-point elevation in survivors of primary ventricular fibrillation and matched control subjects: incidence and clinical significance, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.52, pp.1231-1239, 2008.

L. G. Tereshchenko, A. Mccabe, and L. Han, Intracardiac J-point elevation before the onset of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, Heart Rhythm, vol.9, pp.1594-602, 2012.

B. Balkau, X. Jouven, and P. Ducimetière, Diabetes as a risk factor for sudden death, Lancet, vol.354, pp.1968-1977, 1999.

X. Jouven, R. N. Lemaître, and T. D. Rea, Diabetes, glucose level, and risk of sudden cardiac death, Eur Heart J, vol.26, pp.2142-2149, 2005.

A. M. Kucharska-newton, D. J. Couper, and J. S. Pankow, Diabetes and the risk of sudden 133 cardiac death, the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, Acta Diabetol, vol.47, issue.1, pp.161-169, 2010.

R. Deo, N. Sotoodehnia, and R. Katz, Cystatin C and sudden cardiac death risk in the elderly, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, vol.3, pp.159-64, 2010.

R. Deo, F. Lin, and E. Vittinghoff, Kidney dysfunction and sudden cardiac death among women with coronary heart disease, Hypertension, vol.51, pp.1578-82, 2008.

L. A. Cupples, D. R. Gagnon, and W. B. Kannel, Long-and short-term risk of sudden coronary death, Circulation, vol.85, pp.11-18, 1992.

X. Jouven, M. Desnos, and C. Guerot, Predicting sudden death in the population: the Paris Prospective Study I, Circulation, vol.99, pp.1978-83, 1999.

G. Wannamethee, A. G. Shaper, and P. W. Macfarlane, Risk factors for sudden cardiac death in middle-aged British men, Circulation, vol.91, pp.1749-56, 1995.

R. Deo, E. Vittinghoff, and F. Lin, Risk factor and prediction modeling for sudden cardiac death in women with coronary artery disease, Arch Intern Med, vol.171, pp.1703-1712, 2011.

M. J. Junttila, P. Barthel, and R. J. Myerburg, Sudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes, Heart Rhythm, vol.7, pp.1396-403, 2010.

R. E. Vlietstra, R. A. Kronmal, and A. Oberman, Effect of cigarette smoking on survival of patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Report from the CASS registry, JAMA, vol.255, pp.1023-1030, 1986.

A. Leaf, J. X. Kang, and Y. Xiao, Clinical prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanism of prevention of arrhythmias by n-3 fish oils, Circulation, vol.107, pp.2646-52, 2003.

C. M. Albert, C. H. Hennekens, O. Donnell, and C. J. , Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death, JAMA, vol.279, pp.23-31, 1998.

D. Mozaffarian, A. Ascherio, and F. B. Hu, Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men, Circulation, vol.111, pp.157-64, 2005.

D. Mozaffarian, R. N. Lemaitre, and L. H. Kuller, Cardiac benefits of fish consumption may depend on the type of fish meal consumed: the Cardiovascular Health Study, Circulation, vol.107, pp.1372-1379, 2003.

D. S. Siscovick, T. E. Raghunathan, and I. King, Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest, JAMA, vol.274, pp.1363-1370, 1995.

C. M. Albert, K. Oh, and W. Whang, Dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease, Circulation, vol.112, pp.3232-3240, 2005.

D. S. Siscovick, N. S. Weiss, and N. Fox, Moderate alcohol consumption and primary cardiac arrest, Am J Epidemiol, vol.123, pp.499-503, 1986.

C. M. Albert, J. E. Manson, and N. R. Cook, Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of sudden cardiac death among US male physicians, Circulation, vol.100, pp.944-50, 1999.

S. E. Chiuve, E. B. Rimm, and K. J. Mukamal, Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death in women, Heart Rhythm, vol.7, pp.1374-80, 2010.

F. Sofi, R. Abbate, and G. F. Gensini, Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, vol.92, pp.1189-96, 2010.

L. Sebbag, R. Forrat, and E. Canet, Effects of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol on myocardial infarct size and ventricular arrhythmias in a dog model of ischemia-reperfusion, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.24, pp.1580-1585, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00395748

J. Empana, X. Jouven, and F. Canouï-poitrine, C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, fibrinogen and risk of sudden death in European middle-aged men: the PRIME study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, vol.30, pp.2047-52, 2010.

C. M. Albert, J. Ma, and N. Rifai, Prospective study of C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and plasma lipid levels as predictors of sudden cardiac death, Circulation, vol.105, pp.2595-2604, 2002.

D. A. Pascual-figal, J. Ordoñez-llanos, and P. L. Tornel, Soluble ST2 for predicting sudden cardiac death in patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.54, pp.2174-2183, 2009.

A. Tomaschitz, S. Pilz, and E. Ritz, Associations of plasma renin with 10-year cardiovascular mortality, sudden cardiac death, and death due to heart failure, Eur Heart J, vol.32, pp.2642-2651, 2011.

C. Drechsler, S. Pilz, and B. Obermayer-pietsch, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with sudden cardiac death, combined cardiovascular events, and mortality in haemodialysis patients, Eur Heart J, vol.31, pp.2253-61, 2010.

R. Berger, M. Huelsman, and K. Strecker, B-type natriuretic peptide predicts sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure, Circulation, vol.105, pp.2392-2399, 2002.

J. M. Tapanainen, K. S. Lindgren, and T. H. Mäkikallio, Natriuretic peptides as predictors of non-sudden and sudden cardiac death after acute myocardial infarction in the beta-blocking era, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.43, pp.757-63, 2004.

E. C. Korngold, J. L. Januzzi, and M. L. Gantzer, Amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as predictors of sudden cardiac death among women, Circulation, vol.119, pp.2868-76, 2009.

K. K. Patton, N. Sotoodehnia, and C. Defilippi, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with sudden cardiac death risk: the Cardiovascular Health Study, Heart Rhythm, vol.8, pp.228-261, 2011.

J. E. Muller, P. L. Ludmer, and S. N. Willich, Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death, Circulation, vol.75, pp.131-139, 1987.

M. C. Cohen, K. M. Rohtla, and C. E. Lavery, Meta-analysis of the morning excess of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death, Am J Cardiol, vol.79, pp.1512-1518, 1997.

M. Peckova, C. E. Fahrenbruch, and L. A. Cobb, Circadian variations in the occurrence of cardiac arrests: initial and repeat episodes, Circulation, vol.98, pp.31-40, 1998.

S. N. Willich, R. J. Goldberg, and M. Maclure, Increased onset of sudden cardiac death in the first three hours after awakening, Am J Cardiol, vol.70, pp.65-73, 1992.

R. W. Peters, Propranolol and the morning increase in sudden cardiac death: (the beta-blocker heart attack trial experience), Am J Cardiol, vol.66, pp.57-59, 1990.

M. Peckova, C. E. Fahrenbruch, and L. A. Cobb, Weekly and seasonal variation in the incidence of cardiac arrests, Am Heart J, vol.137, pp.512-517, 1999.

H. R. Arntz, S. N. Willich, and C. Schreiber, weekly and seasonal variation of sudden death. Population-based analysis of 24,061 consecutive cases, Eur Heart J, vol.21, pp.315-335, 2000.

Y. Gerber, S. J. Jacobsen, and J. M. Killian, Seasonality and daily weather conditions in relation to myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death in Olmsted County, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.48, pp.287-92, 1979.

R. N. Lemaitre, D. S. Siscovick, and T. E. Raghunathan, Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of primary cardiac arrest, Arch Intern Med, vol.159, pp.686-90, 1999.

M. Group, Multiple risk factor intervention trial. Risk factor changes and mortality results. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group, JAMA, vol.248, pp.1465-77, 1982.

W. Whang, J. E. Manson, and F. B. Hu, Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women, JAMA, vol.295, pp.1399-403, 2006.

K. Reinier, E. C. Stecker, and C. Vickers, Incidence of sudden cardiac arrest is higher in areas of low socioeconomic status: a prospective two year study in a large United States community, Resuscitation, vol.70, pp.186-92, 2006.

R. H. Rahe, M. Romo, and L. Bennett, Recent life changes, myocardial infarction, and abrupt coronary death. Studies in Helsinki, Arch Intern Med, vol.133, pp.221-229, 1974.

I. Kawachi, G. A. Colditz, and A. Ascherio, Prospective study of phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease in men, Circulation, vol.89, pp.1992-1999, 1994.

C. M. Albert, C. U. Chae, and K. M. Rexrode, Phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death among women, Circulation, vol.111, pp.480-487, 2005.

J. P. Empana, X. Jouven, and R. N. Lemaitre, Clinical depression and risk of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Arch Intern Med, vol.166, pp.195-200, 2006.

W. Whang, L. D. Kubzansky, and I. Kawachi, Depression and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease in women: results from the Nurses' Health Study, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.53, pp.950-958, 2009.

J. Leor, W. K. Poole, and R. A. Kloner, Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake, N Engl J Med, vol.334, pp.413-422, 1996.

S. R. Meisel, I. Kutz, and K. I. Dayan, Effect of Iraqi missile war on incidence of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death in Israeli civilians, Lancet, vol.338, pp.660-661, 1991.

P. Drouin, J. F. Blickle, and B. Charbonnel,

, Diabetes Metab, vol.25, pp.72-83, 1999.

D. M. Nathan, P. A. Cleary, and J. Backlund, Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes, N Engl J Med, vol.353, pp.2643-53, 2005.

D. M. Nathan, J. Lachin, and P. Cleary, Intensive diabetes therapy and carotid intima-media thickness in type 1 diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med, vol.348, pp.2294-303, 2003.

D. S. Siscovick, N. Sotoodehnia, and T. D. Rea, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of sudden cardiac arrest in the community, Rev Endocr Metab Disord, vol.11, pp.53-62, 2010.

J. A. Beckman, M. A. Creager, and P. Libby, Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management, JAMA, vol.287, pp.2570-81, 2002.

Z. Y. Fang, J. B. Prins, and T. H. Marwick, Diabetic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications, Endocr Rev, vol.25, pp.543-67, 2004.

E. J. Feskens and D. Kromhout, Glucose tolerance and the risk of cardiovascular disease: the Zutphen Study, J Clin Epidemiol, vol.45, pp.1327-1361, 1992.

S. B. Williams, J. A. Cusco, and M. A. Roddy, Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.27, pp.567-74, 1996.

M. T. Johnstone, S. J. Creager, and K. M. Scales, Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Circulation, vol.88, pp.2510-2516, 1993.

A. Aljada and P. Dandona, Effect of insulin on human aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Metab Clin Exp, vol.49, pp.147-50, 2000.

T. Inoguchi, P. Li, and F. Umeda, High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD(P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells, Diabetes, vol.49, pp.1939-1984, 2000.

B. Tesfamariam, Free radicals in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction, Free Radic Biol Med, vol.16, pp.383-91, 1994.

R. Bucala, K. J. Tracey, and A. Cerami, Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in experimental diabetes, J Clin Invest, vol.87, pp.432-440, 1991.

V. A. Fonseca, The effects of insulin on the endothelium, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, vol.36, issue.2, pp.20-26, 2007.

P. Libby, Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes, Circulation, vol.104, pp.365-72, 2001.

M. J. Hussain, M. Peakman, and H. Gallati, Elevated serum levels of macrophage-derived cytokines precede and accompany the onset of IDDM, Diabetologia, vol.39, pp.60-69, 1996.

S. Uemura, H. Matsushita, and W. Li, Diabetes mellitus enhances vascular matrix metalloproteinase activity: role of oxidative stress, Circ Res, vol.88, pp.1291-1299, 2001.

, OMS | Qualité de l'air ambiant et santé. WHO, 2018.

, 130 Poussières en suspensionCITEPA, 2018.

M. Lippmann, Ambient Air Particulate Matter. Environmental Toxicants Wiley-Blackwell, pp.317-65, 2008.

, Les poussières fines en Suisse. Rapport de la Commission fédérale de l'hygiène de l'air (CFHA), vol.142, 2007.

R. B. Schlesinger, Nitrogen Oxides. Environmental Toxicants Wiley-Blackwell, pp.823-68, 2008.

, La pollution de l'air par les oxydes d'azote (NO x ) [L'essentiel sur?, 2018.

M. Lippmann and . Ozone, Environmental Toxicants Wiley-Blackwell, pp.869-936, 2008.

, Observation et statistiques, 2018.

, La pollution de l'air par le dioxyde de soufre (SO 2 ) [L'essentiel sur?, Environnement, Observation et statistiques, 2018.

F. S. Rosenthal, J. P. Carney, and M. L. Olinger, Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and airborne fine particulate matter: a case-crossover analysis of emergency medical services data in Indianapolis, Indiana. Environ Health Perspect, vol.116, pp.631-637, 2008.

A. Raza, T. Bellander, and G. Bero-bedada, Short-term effects of air pollution on out-ofhospital cardiac arrest in Stockholm, Eur Heart J, vol.35, pp.861-869, 2014.

L. Straney, J. Finn, and M. Dennekamp, Evaluating the impact of air pollution on the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region: 2000-2010, J Epidemiol Community Health, vol.68, pp.6-12, 2014.

S. Kang, J. Heo, and I. Oh, Ambient air pollution and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Int J Cardiol, vol.203, pp.1086-92, 2016.

, Guide méthodologique Calcul des statistiques relatives à la qualité de l'air (juin 2016). LCSQA, 2016.

J. Bouroche and G. Saporta, L'analyse des données. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2006.

S. Prion and K. A. Haerling, Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Spearman-Rho Ranked-Order Correlation Coefficient, Clinical Simulation in Nursing, vol.10, pp.535-541, 2014.

M. Maclure, The case-crossover design: a method for studying transient effects on the risk of acute events, Am J Epidemiol, vol.133, pp.144-53, 1991.

K. J. Rothman, Induction and latent periods, Am J Epidemiol, vol.114, pp.253-262, 1981.

W. Navidi, Bidirectional case-crossover designs for exposures with time trends, Biometrics, vol.54, pp.596-605, 1998.

T. F. Bateson and J. Schwartz, Control for seasonal variation and time trend in case-crossover studies of acute effects of environmental exposures, Epidemiology, vol.10, pp.539-583, 1999.

J. Robins and M. Pike, The validity of case-control studies with nonrandom selection of 137 controls, Epidemiology, vol.1, pp.273-84, 1990.

T. Lumley and D. Levy, Bias in the case-crossover design: implications for studies of air pollution, Environmetrics, vol.11, pp.689-704, 2000.

M. El-sanharawi and F. Naudet,

, J Fr Ophtalmol, vol.36, pp.710-715, 2013.

N. E. Breslow and N. E. Day, Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume I-The analysis of case-control studies, IARC Sci Publ, pp.5-338, 1980.

R. Basu and J. M. Samet, Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic evidence, Epidemiol Rev, vol.24, pp.190-202, 2002.

A. L. Braga, A. Zanobetti, and J. Schwartz, The time course of weather-related deaths, Epidemiology, vol.12, pp.662-669, 2001.

F. C. Curriero, K. S. Heiner, and J. M. Samet, Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the eastern United States, Am J Epidemiol, vol.155, pp.80-87, 2002.

M. Stafoggia, F. Forastiere, and D. Agostini, Vulnerability to heat-related mortality: a multicity, population-based, case-crossover analysis, Epidemiology, vol.17, pp.315-338, 2006.

P. Eilers and B. D. Marx, Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties, Statistical Science, vol.11, pp.89-121, 1996.

D. Eilstein, A. Zeghnoun, L. Tertre, and A. , Séries temporelles et modèles de régression. Application à l'analyse des associations à court terme entre la pollution atmosphérique et la santé, 2005.

B. M. Bolker, M. E. Brooks, and C. J. Clark, Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.24, pp.127-162, 2009.

R. D. Peng and F. Dominici, Statistical Methods for Environmental Epidemiology with R: A Case Study in Air Pollution and Health, 2008.

L. J. Keele, Semiparametric Regression for the Social Sciences, 2008.

F. Dominici, J. M. Samet, and S. L. Zeger, Combining evidence on air pollution and daily mortality from the 20 largest US cities: a hierarchical modelling strategy, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, vol.163, pp.263-302, 2000.

J. Schwartz, C. Spix, and G. Touloumi, Methodological issues in studies of air pollution and daily counts of deaths or hospital admissions, J Epidemiol Community Health, vol.50, issue.1, pp.3-11, 1996.

J. M. Samet, F. Dominici, and F. C. Curriero, Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality in 20, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.343, pp.1742-1751, 1987.

F. Dominici, A. Mcdermott, and S. L. Zeger, On the use of generalized additive models in time-series studies of air pollution and health, Am J Epidemiol, vol.156, pp.193-203, 2002.

L. J. Welty and S. L. Zeger, Are the acute effects of particulate matter on mortality in the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study the result of inadequate control for weather and season? A sensitivity analysis using flexible distributed lag models, Am J Epidemiol, vol.162, pp.80-88, 2005.

Q. Mcnemar, Note on the sampling error of the difference between correlated proportions or percentages, Psychometrika, vol.12, pp.153-160, 1947.

H. Arsham, Kuiper's P-value as a measuring tool and decision procedure for the goodness-of-fit test, Journal of Applied Statistics, vol.15, pp.131-136, 1988.

P. Tan, C. Chou, and J. Liang, Air pollution "holiday effect" resulting from the Chinese New Year, Atmospheric Environment, vol.43, pp.2114-2138, 2009.

E. Acuña and C. Rodriguez, The Treatment of Missing Values and its Effect on Classifier Accuracy. Classification, Clustering, and Data Mining Applications, pp.639-686, 2004.

, Conversion Factors Between ppb and µg m3 and ppm and mgm-3, 2018.

H. Aubin, G. Peiffer, and A. Stoebner-delbarre, The French Observational Cohort of Usual Smokers (FOCUS) cohort: French smokers perceptions and attitudes towards smoking cessation, BMC Public Health, vol.10, p.100, 2010.

M. Lippmann, Sulfur Oxides-SO2, H2SO4, NH4HSO4, and (NH4)2SO4. Environmental Toxicants Wiley-Blackwell, pp.957-1000, 2008.

M. Vaseghi and K. Shivkumar, The role of the autonomic nervous system in sudden cardiac death, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, vol.50, pp.404-423, 2008.

R. D. Brook, B. Franklin, and W. Cascio, Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association, Circulation, vol.109, pp.2655-71, 2004.

D. Tsai, N. Amyai, and P. Marques-vidal, Effects of particulate matter on inflammatory markers in the general adult population, Part Fibre Toxicol, vol.9, p.24, 2012.

A. A. Hussein, J. S. Gottdiener, and T. M. Bartz, Inflammation and sudden cardiac death in a community-based population of older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study, Heart Rhythm, vol.10, pp.1425-1457, 2013.

J. A. Sarnat, R. Golan, and R. Greenwald, Exposure to traffic pollution, acute inflammation and autonomic response in a panel of car commuters, Environ Res, vol.133, pp.66-76, 2014.

L. Pomatto, S. Wong, and C. Carney, The age-and sex-specific decline of the 20s proteasome and the Nrf2/CncC signal transduction pathway in adaption and resistance to oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster, Aging (Albany NY), vol.9, pp.1153-85, 2017.

L. Pomatto, M. Cline, and N. Woodward, Aging attenuates redox adaptive homeostasis and proteostasis in female mice exposed to traffic-derived nanoparticles ('vehicular smog'), Free Radic Biol Med, vol.121, pp.86-97, 2018.

O. Neill, M. S. Veves, A. Zanobetti, and A. , Diabetes enhances vulnerability to particulate air pollution-associated impairment in vascular reactivity and endothelial function, Circulation, vol.111, pp.2913-2933, 2005.

E. A. Whitsel, P. M. Quibrera, and S. L. Christ, Heart rate variability, ambient particulate matter air pollution, and glucose homeostasis: the environmental epidemiology of arrhythmogenesis in the women's health initiative, Am J Epidemiol, vol.169, pp.693-703, 2009.

A. Schneider, L. M. Neas, and D. W. Graff, Association of cardiac and vascular changes with ambient PM2.5 in diabetic individuals, Part Fibre Toxicol, vol.7, p.14, 2010.

E. M. Postlethwait and M. G. Mustafa, Effect of altered dose rate on NO2 uptake and transformation in isolated lungs, J Toxicol Environ Health, vol.26, pp.497-507, 1989.

J. O. Lundberg, E. Weitzberg, and M. T. Gladwin, The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics, Nat Rev Drug Discov, vol.7, pp.156-67, 2008.

S. Shiva, M. N. Sack, and J. J. Greer, Nitrite augments tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury via the modulation of mitochondrial electron transfer, J Exp Med, vol.204, pp.2089-102, 2007.

K. Cosby, K. S. Partovi, and J. H. Crawford, Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation, Nat Med, vol.9, pp.1498-505, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nm954

A. Modin, H. Björne, and M. Herulf, Nitrite-derived nitric oxide: a possible mediator of 'acidic-metabolic' vasodilation, Acta Physiol Scand, vol.171, pp.9-16, 2001.

L. S. Mansor, K. Mehta, and D. Aksentijevic, Increased oxidative metabolism following hypoxia in the type 2 diabetic heart, despite normal hypoxia signalling and metabolic adaptation, J Physiol (Lond), vol.594, pp.307-327, 2016.

A. A. Quyyumi, N. Dakak, and N. P. Andrews, Contribution of nitric oxide to metabolic coronary vasodilation in the human heart, Circulation, vol.92, pp.320-326, 1995.

S. Barath, J. P. Langrish, and M. Lundbäck, Short-term exposure to ozone does not impair vascular function or affect heart rate variability in healthy young men, Toxicol Sci, vol.135, pp.292-301, 2013.

D. Filippo, C. Marfella, R. Capodanno, and P. , Acute oxygen-ozone administration to rats protects the heart from ischemia reperfusion infarct, Inflamm Res, vol.57, pp.445-454, 2008.

D. Filippo, C. Luongo, M. Marfella, and R. , Oxygen/ozone protects the heart from acute myocardial infarction through local increase of eNOS activity and endothelial progenitor cells recruitment, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, vol.382, pp.287-91, 2010.

Y. Zhang, W. Huang, and S. J. London, Ozone and daily mortality in Shanghai, China. Environ, Health Perspect, vol.114, pp.1227-1259, 2006.

M. Medina-ramón and J. Schwartz, Who is more vulnerable to die from ozone air pollution?, Epidemiology, vol.19, pp.672-681, 2008.

J. L. Mauderly and J. M. Samet, Is there evidence for synergy among air pollutants in causing health effects?, Environ Health Perspect, vol.117, pp.1-6, 2009.

J. Bosson, J. Pourazar, and B. Forsberg, Ozone enhances the airway inflammation initiated by diesel exhaust, Respir Med, vol.101, pp.1140-1146, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.11.010
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.11.010

Z. Qian, Q. He, and H. Lin, High temperatures enhanced acute mortality effects of ambient particle pollution in the 'oven' city of Wuhan, China, Environ Health Perspect, vol.116, pp.1172-1180, 2008.

N. A. Janssen, T. Lanki, and G. Hoek, Associations between ambient, personal, and indoor exposure to fine particulate matter constituents in Dutch and Finnish panels of cardiovascular patients, Occup Environ Med, vol.62, pp.868-77, 2005.

T. Teng, T. A. Williams, and A. Bremner, A systematic review of air pollution and incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, J Epidemiol Community Health, vol.68, pp.37-43, 2014.