M. Andrello and S. Manel, MetaPopGen: an r package to simulate population genetics in large size metapopulations, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.15, issue.5, pp.1153-1162, 2015.

S. Bonanomi, N. Overgaard-therkildsen, A. Retzel, R. Berg-hedeholm, M. W. Pedersen et al., Historical DNA documents longdistance natal homing in marine fish, Mol. Ecol, vol.25, issue.12, pp.2727-2734, 2016.

N. A. Bunn, C. J. Fox, W. , and T. , A literature review of studies on fish egg mortality: implications for the estimation of spawning stock biomass by the annual egg production method, Cefas Science Series, 2000.

F. Campolongo, J. Cariboni, and A. Saltelli, An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models, Environ. Model. Softw, vol.22, issue.10, pp.1509-1518, 2007.

H. Caswell, Matrix population models: construction, analysis, and interpretation, 2001.

M. Chevolot, Assessing genetic structure of thornback ray, Raja clavata:a thorny situation? Thesis, 2006.

M. Chevolot, G. Hoarau, A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen, Phylogeography and population structure of thornback rays (Raja clavata L., Rajidae), Mol. Ecol, vol.15, issue.12, pp.3693-3705, 2006.

M. Chevolot, P. H. Wolfs, J. Pálsson, A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. T. Stam et al., Population structure and historical demography of the thorny skate (Amblyraja radiata, Rajidae) in the North Atlantic, Mar. Biol, vol.151, issue.4, pp.1275-1286, 2007.

D. L. Cox and T. J. Koob, Predation on elasmobranch eggs, Environ. Biol. Fishes, vol.38, issue.1-3, pp.117-125, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00842908

. Short-tailed and . Stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata (Hutton 1875), in the Southern Hemisphere, J. Hered, vol.103, issue.2, pp.174-185

R. Levins, Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am, vol.71, pp.237-240, 1969.

W. H. Lowe, A. , and F. W. , What can genetics tell us about population connectivity?: Genetic and demographic connectivity, Mol. Ecol, vol.19, issue.15, pp.3038-3051, 2010.

L. O. Lucifora and V. B. Garcia, Gastropod predation on egg cases of skates (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae) in the southwestern Atlantic: quantification and life history implications, Mar. Biol, vol.145, issue.5, pp.917-922, 2004.

F. Marandel, P. Lorance, and V. M. Trenkel, A Bayesian state-space model to estimate population biomass with catch and limited survey data: application to the thornback ray (Raja clavata) in the Bay of Biscay, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.29, issue.2, p.209, 2016.

E. J. Milner-gulland, R. , and J. M. , Conservation and sustainable use: a handbook of techniques, 2007.

M. D. Morris, F. Neat, C. Pinto, I. Burrett, L. Cowie et al., Site fidelity, survival and conservation options for the threatened flapper skate (Dipturus cf. intermedia), Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst, vol.33, issue.2, pp.6-20, 1991.

Ö. Östman, J. Olsson, J. Dannewitz, S. Palm, and A. B. Florin, Inferring spatial structure from population genetics and spatial synchrony in demography of Baltic Sea fishes: implications for management. Fish Fish, vol.18, pp.324-339, 2017.

J. R. Ovenden, Crinkles in connectivity: combining genetics and other types of biological data to estimate movement and interbreeding between populations, Marine Freshw. Res, vol.64, pp.201-207, 2013.

P. Palsbøll, M. Berube, A. , and F. , Identification of management units using population genetic data, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.22, issue.1, pp.11-16, 2007.

S. R. Palumbi, Populations genetics, demographic connectivity, and the design of marine reserves, Ecol. Appl, vol.13, p.13, 2003.

P. Pasolini, C. Ragazzini, Z. Zaccaro, A. Cariani, G. Ferrara et al., Quaternary geographical sibling speciation and population structuring in the Eastern Atlantic skates (suborder Rajoidea) Raja clavata and R. straeleni, Mar. Biol, vol.158, issue.10, pp.2173-2186, 2011.

G. Pujol, Simplex-based screening designs for estimating metamodels, Reliabil. Eng. Syst. Saf, vol.94, issue.7, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00305313

G. Pujol, B. Iooss, A. Janon, P. Contributions-from-lemaitre, L. Gilquin et al., Sensitivity: sensitivity analysis, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00936929

J. C. Quéro, C. , and O. , Incidence de la pêche sur la biodiversité ichtyologique marine: le Bassin d'Arcachon et le plateau continental Sud Gascogne, Cybium, vol.20, issue.4, pp.323-356, 1996.

J. Quéro and J. Vayne, Les poissons de mer des pêches françaises : identification, inventaire et répartition de 209 espèces, 1997.

R. Development-core and . Team, R: a language and environment for statistical computing, 2008.

, R Foundation for Statistical Computing

H. Reiss, G. Hoarau, M. Dickey-collas, and W. J. Wolff, Genetic population structure of marine fish: mismatch between biological and fisheries management units, Fish Fish, vol.10, issue.4, pp.361-395, 2009.

J. T. Schnute, N. Boers, and B. Haigh, PBSmapping: mapping fisheries data and spatial analysis tools, 2017.

M. Schwartz, G. Luikart, and R. Waples, Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.22, issue.1, pp.25-33, 2007.

B. Serra-pereira, I. Figueiredo, I. Farias, T. Moura, and L. S. Gordo, Description of dermal denticles from the caudal region of Raja clavata and their use for the estimation of age and growth, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.65, issue.9, pp.1701-1709, 2008.

D. Sims, E. Southall, A. Richardson, P. Reid, and J. Metcalfe, Seasonal movements and behaviour of basking sharks from archival tagging: no evidence of winter hibernation, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser, vol.248, pp.187-196, 2003.

D. Sims, E. Southall, J. Metcalfe, P. , and M. , Basking shark population assessment. Final project report. Global Wildlife Division. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2005.

A. R. Sinclair, J. M. Fryxell, G. Caughley, C. , and G. , Wildlife ecology, conservation, and management, 2006.

S. C. Stearns and R. F. Hoekstra, Evolution: an introduction, 2005.

N. York,

E. Stephan, H. Gadenne, E. Meheust, J. , and L. , Projet RECOAM : étude de cinq espèces de raies présentes dans les eaux côtières d'Atlantique et de Manche. Rapport final. Association Pour l'Etude et la Conservation des Sélaciens et Laboratoire BioGeMME, 2015.

G. A. Steven, Rays and skates of Devon and Cornwall. III. The proportions of the sexes in nature and in commercial landings and their significance to the fishery, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K, vol.18, pp.611-625, 1933.

M. B. Usher, A matrix approach to the management of renewable resources, with special reference to selection forests, J. Appl. Ecol, vol.3, pp.355-367, 1966.

C. Vargas-caro, C. Bustamante, M. B. Bennett, and J. R. Ovenden, Towards sustainable fishery management for skates in South America: The genetic population structure of Zearaja chilensis and Dipturus trachyderma (Chondrichthyes, Rajiformes) in the south-east Pacific Ocean, PLoS ONE, vol.12, issue.2, p.172255, 2017.

P. Walker, G. Howlett, and R. Millner, Distribution, movement and stock structure of three ray species in the North Sea and eastern English Channel, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.54, issue.5, pp.797-808, 1997.

R. S. Waples and O. Gaggiotti, What is a population? An empirical evaluation of some genetic methods for identifying the number of gene pools and their degree of connectivity, Mol. Ecol, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1419-1439, 2006.

R. S. Waples, A. E. Punt, and J. M. Cope, Integrating genetic data into management of marine resources: how can we do it better? Fish Fish, vol.9, pp.423-449, 2008.

S. Wright, The genetical structure of populations, Ann. Eugenics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.323-354, 1949.

, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.75, 2018.

, Published by NRC Research Press Can, J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by, p.164

D. J. Agnew, C. P. Nolan, J. R. Beddington, and R. Baranowski, Approaches to the assessment and management of multispecies skate and ray fisheries using the Falkland Islands fishery as an example, Evaluer l'état des populations de raie bouclée : une méthode démographique References, vol.57, pp.429-440, 2000.

R. Bonfil, Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries, FAO fisheries technical paper, 1994.

M. Camhi, E. K. Pikitch, and E. Babcock, Sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries and conservation, Fish and aquatic resources series, Blackwell Science, 2008.

M. Chevolot, G. Hoarau, A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen, Phylogeography and population structure of thornback rays (Raja clavata L., Rajidae), Mol. Ecol, vol.15, pp.3693-3705, 2006.

J. M. Cope, J. T. Thorson, C. R. Wetzel, and J. Devore, Evaluating a prior on relative stock status using simplified age-structured models, Fish. Res, vol.171, pp.101-109, 2015.

L. N. Davidson, M. A. Krawchuk, and N. K. Dulvy, Why have global shark and ray landings declined: improved management or overfishing? Fish Fish, vol.17, pp.438-458, 2015.

D. Dorel, Y. Cadiou, and P. Porcher, Poissons, crustacés et mollusques des mers communautaires. Paramètres biologiques et représentations graphiques, 1998.

D. Buit and M. H. , Contribution à l'étude des populations de raies du, 1974.

N. K. Dulvy and J. D. Reynolds, Predicting extinction vulnerability in skates, Conserv. Biol, vol.16, pp.440-450, 2002.

N. K. Dulvy, J. D. Metcalfe, J. Glanville, M. G. Pawson, and J. D. Reynolds, Fishery stability, local extinctions, and shifts in community structure in skates, Conserv. Biol, vol.14, pp.283-293, 2000.

, Evaluer l'état des populations de raie bouclée : une méthode démographique 51

F. , Aquat. Living Resour, vol.29, p.209, 2016.

N. K. Dulvy, S. L. Fowler, J. A. Musick, R. D. Cavanagh, P. M. Kyne et al., , 2014.

, fixing for 2009 the fishing opportunities and associated conditions for certain fish stocks and groups of fish stocks, applicable in Community waters and, for Community vessels, EC, issue.43, 2009.

J. R. Ellis, G. Morel, G. Burt, and S. Bossy, Preliminary observations on the life history and movements of skates (Rajidae) around the Island of Jersey, western English Channel, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, vol.91, pp.1185-1192, 2011.

R. Enever, T. L. Catchpole, J. R. Ellis, and A. Grant, The survival of skates (Rajidae) caught by demersal trawlers fishing in UK waters, Fish. Res, vol.97, pp.72-76, 2009.

I. Figueiredo, T. Moura, P. Bordalo-machado, A. Neves, C. Rosa et al., Evidence for temporal changes in ray and skate populations in the Portuguese coast (1998-2003)-its implications in the ecosystem, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.20, pp.85-93, 2007.

H. M. Fraser, S. P. Greenstreet, and G. J. Piet, Taking account of catchability in groundfish survey trawls: implications for estimating demersal fish biomass, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.64, pp.1800-1819, 2007.

M. G. Frisk, T. J. Miller, and N. K. Dulvy, Life histories and vulnerability to exploitation of elasmobranchs: inferences from elasticity, perturbation and phylogenetic analyses, J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci, vol.35, pp.27-45, 2005.

A. Gelman, J. B. Carlin, H. S. Stern, and D. B. Dunson, Bayesian data analysis, Chapman & Hall/CRC texts in statistical science, 2014.

J. Geweke, Statistics, probability and chaos: comment: inference and prediction in the presence of uncertainty and determinism, Stat. Sci, vol.7, pp.94-101, 1992.

T. Hammond and V. Trenkel, Censored catch data in fisheries stock assessment, ICES J.Mar. Sci, 2005.

H. J. Heessen, Development of elasmobranchs stock assessment DELASS. Final report of DG Fish Study Contract, 2003.

J. G. Hiddink, A. F. Johnson, R. Kingham, and H. Hinz, Could our fisheries be more productive? Indirect negative effects of bottom trawl fisheries on fish condition: Effectsofbottomtrawlsonfish condition, J. App. Ecol, vol.48, pp.1441-1449, 2011.

R. Hilborn and C. J. Walters, Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, dynamics, and uncertainty, 1992.

J. M. Hoening and S. H. Gruber, Life-history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management, Elasmobranchs as Living Resources: Advances in the Biology, Ecology, Systematics, and the Status of the Fisheries, 1990.

M. J. Holden, The growth rates of Raja brachyura, R. clavata and R. montagui as determined from tagging data, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.34, pp.161-168, 1972.

M. J. Holden, The fecundity of Raja clavata in British waters, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.36, pp.110-118, 1975.

E. Hunter, A. A. Buckley, C. Stewart, and J. D. Metcalfe, Migratory behaviour of the thornback ray, Raja clavata, in the southern North Sea, Report of the Working Group on Elasmobranchs Fishes (WGEF) (No. ICES CM 2014/ACOM:19). Portugal, ICES, Lisbon. ICES, 2014b, Thornback ray-ICES-FishMap. ICES, vol.85, 1095.

D. K. Kimura and J. V. Tagart, Stock Reduction Analysis, Another Solution to the Catch Equations, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci, vol.39, pp.1467-1472, 1982.

D. K. Kimura, J. W. Balsiger, and D. H. Ito, Generalized stock reduction analysis, Canadian J. Fish. Aqua. Sci, vol.41, pp.1325-1333, 1984.
DOI : 10.1139/f84-162

H. K. Kindsvater, M. Mangel, J. D. Reynolds, and N. K. Dulvy, Ten principles from evolutionary ecology essential for effective marine conservation, Ecol. Evol, vol.6, pp.2125-2138, 2016.

R. Letaconnoux, Effets de la guerre sur la constitution des stocks de poissons. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil Permanent International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, vol.122, pp.55-62, 1948.

P. Lorance, J. A. Bertrand, A. Brind'amour, M. Rochet, and V. M. Trenkel, Assessment of impacts from human activities on ecosystem components in the Bay of Biscay in the early 1990s, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.22, pp.409-431, 2009.

C. S. Martin, S. Vaz, J. R. Ellis, V. Lauria, F. Coppin et al., Modelled distributions of ten demersal elasmobranchs of the eastern English Channel in relation to the environment, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, pp.91-103, 2012.

H. Maurin, Inventaire de la faune menacée en France. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 1994.

D. L. Maxwell, V. Stelzenmüller, P. D. Eastwood, and S. I. Rogers, Modelling the spatial distribution of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa ), sole (Solea solea ) and thornback ray (Raja clavata ) in UK waters for marine management and planning, J. Sea Res, vol.61, pp.258-267, 2009.

M. K. Mcallister and J. N. Ianelli, Bayesian stock assessment using catch-age data and the sampling-importance resampling algorithm, Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci, vol.54, pp.284-300, 1997.

M. K. Mcallister, E. K. Pikitch, and E. A. Babcock, Using demographic methods to construct Bayesian priors for the intrinsic rate of increase in the Schaefer model and implications for stock rebuilding, Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci, vol.58, pp.1871-1890, 2001.

S. R. Mccully, F. Scott, and J. R. Ellis, Lengths at maturity and conversion factors for skates (Rajidae) around the British Isles, with an analysis of data in the literature, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.69, pp.1812-1822, 2012.

M. Phillips, S. R. Scott, F. Ellis, and J. R. , Having confidence in productivity susceptibility analyses: A method for underpinning scientific advice on skate stocks?, Fish. Res, vol.171, pp.87-100, 2015.

S. Michel, F. Vandermeirsch, and P. Lorance, Evolution of upper layer temperature in the Bay of Biscay during the last 40 years, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.22, pp.447-461, 2009.

K. Ono, A. E. Punt, and E. Rivot, Model performance analysis for Bayesian biomass dynamics models using bias, precision and reliability metrics, Fish. Res, pp.173-183, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00840507

E. Parent and E. Rivot, Introduction to hierarchical Bayesian modeling for ecological data, Chapman & Hall/CRC applied environmental statistics, 2013.

D. Pauly and D. Zeller, Sea Around Us?: concepts, design and data (seaaroundus.org) Available at, 2016.

, Evaluer l'état des populations de raie bouclée : une méthode démographique References Brooks SP, Gelman A. 1998 General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations, J. Comput. Graph. Stat, vol.7, pp.434-455

D. Dorel, Poissons de l, 1986.

I. , Report of the Working Group on Elasmobranchs Fishes (WGEF). ICES, 2016.

L. Quesne, W. , and J. S. , Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data to support rapid risk assessment of fishing impacts on biodiversity: Fishing impacts on fish biodiversity, J. Appl. Ecol, vol.49, pp.20-28, 2012.

M. Plummer, rjags: Bayesian Graphical Models using MCMC. R package version, pp.4-6, 2016.

M. Plummer, JAGS: A program for analysis of Bayesian graphical models using Gibbs sampling, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing, 2003.

, R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2008 R Development Core Team, 2008.

J. Wiegand, E. Hunter, and N. K. Dulvy, Are spatial closures better than size limits for halting the decline of the North Sea thornback ray, Raja clavata ?, Mar. Freshw. Res, vol.62, 2011.

M. V. Bravington, P. M. Grewe, and C. R. Davies, Absolute abundance of southern bluefin tuna estimated by close-kin mark-recapture, Nat. Commun, vol.7, p.13162, 2016.

M. V. Bravington, H. J. Skaug, A. , and E. C. , Close-Kin Mark-Recapture, Stat. Sci, vol.31, issue.2, pp.259-274, 2016.

D. Bryan-brown, C. Brown, J. Hughes, C. , and R. , Patterns and trends in marine population connectivity research, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.585, pp.243-256, 2017.

M. Chevolot, J. R. Ellis, A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen, Temporal changes in allele frequencies but stable genetic diversity over the past 40 years in the Irish Sea population of thornback ray, Raja clavata, Heredity, vol.101, issue.2, pp.120-126, 2008.

D. J. Dankel and C. T. Edwards, Fishery systems and the role of management science. In Management science in fisheries: an introduction to simulationbased methods, pp.3-15, 2016.

J. A. Dewoody, N. B. Fernandez, A. Brüniche-olsen, J. D. Antonides, J. M. Doyle et al., Characterization of the Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus Genome and a Genotyping Array Based on Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Candidate Genes, Biol. Bull, vol.232, issue.3, pp.186-197, 2017.

C. Do, R. S. Waples, D. Peel, G. M. Macbeth, B. J. Tillett et al., NeEstimator V2: reimplementation of software for the estimation of contemporary effective population size Ne from genetic data, Mol. Ecol. Resour, vol.14, issue.1, pp.209-214, 2014.

C. L. Dudgeon, D. C. Blower, D. Broderick, J. L. Giles, B. J. Holmes et al., A review of the application of molecular genetics for fisheries management and conservation of sharks and rays, J. Fish Biol, vol.80, issue.5, pp.1789-1843, 2012.

C. L. Dudgeon and J. R. Ovenden, The relationship between abundance and genetic effective population size in elasmobranchs: an example from the globally threatened zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum within its protected range, Conserv. Genet, vol.16, issue.6, pp.1443-1454, 2015.

P. Feutry, O. Berry, P. M. Kyne, R. D. Pillans, R. M. Hillary et al., Inferring contemporary and historical genetic connectivity from juveniles, Mol. Ecol, vol.26, issue.2, pp.444-456, 2017.

D. C. Hamilton, C. , and D. E. , Standardizing a Composite Measure of Linkage Disequilibrium, Ann. Hum. Genet, vol.68, issue.3, pp.234-239, 2004.

M. P. Hare, L. Nunney, M. K. Schwartz, D. E. Ruzzante, M. Burford et al., Understanding and estimating effective population size for practical application in marine species management: applying effective population size estimates to marine species management, Conserv. Biol, vol.25, issue.3, pp.438-449, 2011.

D. Hedgecock, Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population size of marine organisms?, Genetics and evolution of aquatic organisms, pp.122-134, 1994.

W. G. Hill, Estimation of effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium, Genet. Res, vol.38, issue.03, pp.209-216, 1981.

G. Hoarau, E. Boon, D. N. Jongma, S. Ferber, J. Palsson et al., Low effective population size and evidence for inbreeding in an overexploited flatfish, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.272, pp.497-503, 1562.

L. P. Holland, T. L. Jenkins, and J. R. Stevens, Contrasting patterns of population structure and gene flow facilitate exploration of connectivity in two widely distributed temperate octocorals, Heredity, vol.119, issue.1, pp.35-48, 2017.

P. E. Jorde, R. , and N. , Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations, Genetics, vol.139, issue.2, 1995.

U. Laconcha, M. Iriondo, H. Arrizabalaga, C. Manzano, P. Markaide et al., New Nuclear SNP Markers Unravel the Genetic Structure and Effective Population Size of Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga), PLOS ONE, vol.10, issue.6, p.128247, 2015.

V. Laurent and S. Planes, Effective population size estimation on Sardina pilchardus in the Bay of Biscay using a temporal genetic approach: effective population sizes of sardines, Biol. J. Linn. Soc, vol.90, issue.4, pp.591-602, 2007.

C. C. Laurie-ahlberg and B. S. Weir, Allozymic Variation and Linkage Disequilibrium in Some Laboratory Populations of Drosophila melanogaster, Genetics, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1295-1314, 1979.

P. Leberg, Genetic approaches for estimating the effective size of populations, J. Wildl. Manag, vol.69, issue.4, p.69, 2005.

G. Luikart, N. Ryman, D. A. Tallmon, M. K. Schwartz, A. et al., Estimation of census and effective population sizes: the increasing usefulness of DNA-based approaches, Conserv. Genet, vol.11, issue.2, pp.355-373, 2010.

G. M. Macbeth, D. Broderick, R. C. Buckworth, and J. R. Ovenden, Linkage Disequilibrium Estimation of Effective Population Size with Immigrants from Divergent Populations: A Case Study on Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), G3amp58 GenesGenomesGenetics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.709-717, 2013.

F. Marandel, P. Lorance, and V. M. Trenkel, A Bayesian state-space model to estimate population biomass with catch and limited survey data: application to the thornback ray, 2016.

, Aquat. Living Resour, vol.29, issue.2, p.209

I. Montes, M. Iriondo, C. Manzano, M. Santos, D. Conklin et al., No loss of genetic diversity in the exploited and recently collapsed population of Bay of Biscay anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, Mar. Biol, vol.163, issue.5, 2016.

M. Nei and F. Tajima, Genetic drift and estimation of effective population size, Genetics, vol.98, issue.3, pp.625-640, 1981.

J. R. Ovenden, O. Berry, D. J. Welch, R. C. Buckworth, and C. M. Dichmont, Ocean's eleven: a critical evaluation of the role of population, evolutionary and molecular genetics in the management of wild fisheries, Fish Fish, vol.16, issue.1, pp.125-159, 2015.

J. R. Ovenden, G. M. Leigh, D. C. Blower, A. T. Jones, A. Moore et al., Can estimates of genetic effective population size contribute to fisheries stock assessments?, J. Fish Biol, vol.89, issue.6, pp.2505-2518, 2016.

B. Peng and M. Kimmel, simuPOP: a forward-time population genetics simulation environment, Bioinformatics, vol.21, issue.18, pp.3686-3687, 2005.

A. Pita, M. Pérez, F. Velasco, and P. Presa, Trends of the genetic effective population size in the Southern stock of the European hake, Fish. Res, vol.191, pp.108-119, 2017.

N. A. Poulsen, E. E. Nielsen, M. H. Schierup, V. Loeschcke, and P. Grønkjaer, Long-term stability and effective population size in North Sea and Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua): effective population size in atlantic cod, Mol. Ecol, vol.15, issue.2, pp.321-331, 2005.

M. K. Schwartz, D. A. Tallmon, and G. Luikart, Review of DNA-based census and effective population size estimators, Anim. Conserv, vol.1, issue.4, pp.293-299, 1998.

M. Soulé, Viable Populations for Conservation, 1987.

J. Wang, A pseudo-likelihood method for estimating effective population size from temporally spaced samples, Genet. Res, vol.78, issue.3, pp.243-257, 2001.

J. Wang, Estimation of effective population sizes from data on genetic markers, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol.360, pp.1395-1409, 1459.

J. Wang, A new method for estimating effective population sizes from a single sample of multilocus genotypes, Mol. Ecol, vol.18, issue.10, pp.2148-2164, 2009.

J. Wang, A comparison of single-sample estimators of effective population sizes from genetic marker data, 2016.

, Mol. Ecol, vol.25, pp.4692-4711

R. K. Waples, W. A. Larson, and R. S. Waples, Estimating contemporary effective population size in non-model species using linkage disequilibrium across thousands of loci, Heredity, vol.117, issue.4, pp.233-240, 2016.

R. S. Waples, A bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci*, Conserv. Genet, vol.7, issue.2, pp.167-184, 2006.

R. S. Waples, Tiny estimates of the N e / N ratio in marine fishes: Are they real?, J. Fish Biol, vol.89, issue.6, pp.2479-2504, 2016.

R. S. Waples, T. Antao, and G. Luikart, Effects of overlapping generations on Linkage Disequilibrium estimates of effective population size, Genetics, vol.197, issue.2, pp.769-780, 2014.

R. S. Waples and C. Do, Linkage disequilibrium estimates of contemporary Ne using highly variable genetic markers: a largely untapped resource for applied conservation and evolution, Evol. Appl, vol.3, issue.3, pp.244-262, 2010.

R. S. Waples, C. Do, C. , and J. , Calculating N e and N e / N in age-structured populations: a hybrid Felsenstein-Hill approach, Ecology, vol.92, issue.7, pp.1513-1522, 2011.

R. S. Waples, P. M. Grewe, M. W. Bravington, R. Hillary, and P. Feutry, southern bluefin tuna. Sci. Adv, vol.4, issue.7, p.7759, 2018.

H. V. Watson, N. J. Mckeown, I. Coscia, E. Wootton, and J. E. Ironside, Population genetic structure of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in the Irish Sea and implications for the effectiveness of the first British marine protected area, Fish. Res, vol.183, pp.287-293, 2016.

B. S. Weir, Inferences about Linkage-Disequilibrium, Biometrics, vol.35, pp.235-254, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2529947

L. A. Zhivotovsky, A. A. Teterina, N. V. Mukhina, A. N. Stroganov, G. A. Rubtsova et al., Effects of genetic drift in a small population of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua kildinensis Derjugin) landlocked in a meromictic lake: genetic variation and conservation measures, Conserv. Genet, vol.17, issue.1, pp.229-238, 2016.

, Funding The study received funding from the French, the Fondation Total (project GenoPopTaille-Capsules) and the European Union

D. Gomez-uchida and M. A. Banks, Estimation of Effective Population Size for the Long-Lived Darkblotched Rockfish Sebastes crameri, Journal of Heredity, vol.97, pp.603-606, 2006.

L. Hauser, G. J. Adcock, P. J. Smith, J. H. Bernal-ramirez, and G. R. Carvalho, Loss of microsatellite diversity and low effective population size in an overexploited population of New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, pp.11742-11747, 2002.

W. F. Hutchinson, C. V. Oosterhout, S. I. Rogers, and G. R. Carvalho, Temporal analysis of archived samples indicates marked genetic changes in declining North Sea cod (Gadus morhua), Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.270, pp.2125-2132, 2003.

U. Laconcha, M. Iriondo, H. Arrizabalaga, C. Manzano, P. Markaide et al., New Nuclear SNP Markers Unravel the Genetic Structure and Effective Population Size of Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga, 2015.

, Cimmaruta. PLOS ONE, vol.10, p.128247

L. Mirimin, B. Macey, S. Kerwath, S. Lamberth, A. Bester-van-der-merwe et al., Genetic analyses reveal declining trends and low effective population size in an overfished South African sciaenid species, the dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus), Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.67, p.266, 2016.

J. R. Ovenden, D. Peel, R. Street, A. J. Courtney, S. D. Hoyle et al., The genetic effective and adult census size of an Australian population of tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus): DRAUN EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, pp.127-138, 2006.

D. A. Pazmiño, G. E. Maes, C. A. Simpfendorfer, P. Salinas-de-león, and L. Van-herwerden, Genome-wide SNPs reveal low effective population size within confined management units of the highly vagile Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis), Conservation Genetics, vol.18, pp.1151-1163, 2017.

A. Pita, M. Pérez, F. Velasco, and P. Presa, Trends of the genetic effective population size in the Southern stock of the European hake, Fisheries Research, vol.191, pp.108-119, 2017.

T. F. Turner, J. P. Wares, and J. R. Gold, Genetic effective size is three orders of magnitude samaller than adult census size in an abundant, estuarine-dependent marine fish (Sciaenops ocellatus), Genetics, vol.162, pp.1329-1339, 2002.

E. Valencia, D. Veliz, A. Tombari, and C. Vega, Genetic population structure and evidence of genetic homogeneity in populations of the Argentinian silverside Odontesthes bonariensis (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae) inhabiting central and northwestern Argentina, Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, vol.45, pp.708-716, 2017.

M. Bibliographie-andrello and S. Manel, Evaluer la taille de population efficace des populations marines de grandes tailles : est-ce possible ?, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.15, issue.5, pp.1153-1162, 2015.

S. Andreotti, M. Rutzen, S. Van-der-walt, S. Von-der-heyden, R. Henriques et al., An integrated mark-recapture and genetic approach to estimate the population size of white sharks in South Africa, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.552, pp.241-253, 2016.

R. Barbault, Ecologie des populations et des peuplements, 1981.

D. Bartley, M. Bagley, G. Gall, B. , and B. , Use of linkage disequilibrium data to estimate effective size of hatchery and natural fish populations, Conservation Biology, vol.6, pp.365-375, 1992.

A. R. Beaumont, P. Boudry, and K. Hoare, Biotechnology and genetics in fisheries and aquaculture, 2010.

G. Begg and J. Waldman, A holistic approach to fish stock identification, Fisheries research, vol.43, pp.37-46, 1999.

M. Begon, C. R. Townsend, and J. L. Harper, Ecology : from individuals to ecosystems, 2006.

D. Blower, J. Pandolfi, B. Bruce, M. Gomez-cabrera, and J. Ovenden, Population genetics of Australian white sharks reveals fine-scale spatial structure, transoceanic dispersal events and low effective population sizes, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.455, pp.229-244, 2012.

R. Bonfil, Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries, 1994.

H. Booke, The conundrum of the stock concept-are nature and nurture definable in fisheries sciences ?, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.38, pp.1479-1480, 1981.

M. V. Bravington, P. M. Grewe, and C. R. Davies, Absolute abundance of southern bluefin tuna estimated by close-kin mark-recapture, Nature Communications, vol.7, p.13162, 2016.

J. Caddy and K. Cochrane, A review of fisheries management past and present and some future perspectives for the third millennium, Ocean & Coastal Management, vol.44, issue.9, pp.653-682, 2001.

S. X. Cadrin and M. Dickey-collas, Stock assessment methods for sustainable fisheries, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.72, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2015.

G. Carvalho and L. Hauser, Molecular genetics and the stock concept in fisheries, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, vol.4, pp.326-350, 1994.

A. L. Castro, B. S. Stewart, S. G. Wilson, R. E. Hueter, M. G. Meekan et al., Population genetic structure of Earth's largest fish, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.24, pp.5183-5192, 2007.

, Regulation(EU) No 1380/2013 of the European Parliament, CEC, p.11, 2013.

, December 2013 on the Common Fisheries Policy, amending Council Regulations, 1954.

M. Chevolot, Assessing genetic structure of thornback ray, Raja clavata : A thorny situation ? PhD thesis, 2006.

M. Chevolot, J. R. Ellis, A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen, Multiple paternity analysis in the thornback ray, Raja clavata L, Journal of Heredity, vol.98, issue.7, pp.712-715, 2007.

M. Chevolot, G. Hoarau, A. D. Rijnsdorp, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen, Phylogeography and population structure of thornback rays (Raja clavata L., Rajidae), Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.12, pp.3693-3705, 2006.

M. Chevolot, T. B. Reusch, S. Boele-bos, W. T. Stam, and J. L. Olsen, Characterization and isolation of DNA microsatellite primers in Raja clavata L. (thornback ray, Rajidae), Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.5, issue.2, pp.427-429, 2005.

A. S. Cornou, J. Dimeet, A. Tetard, O. Gaudou, B. Dube et al., Observations à bord des navires de pêche professionnelle. Bilan de l'échantillonnage 2012, 2013.

A. S. Cornou, J. Dimeet, A. Tetard, O. Gaudou, M. Quinio-scavinner et al., Observations à bord des navires de pêche professionnelle. Bilan de l'échantillonnage 2013, 2015.

A. S. Cornou, M. Quinio-scavinner, D. Delaunay, J. Dimeet, N. Goascoz et al., Observations à bord des navires de pêche professionnelle. Bilan de l'échantillonnage, 2014.

L. N. Davidson, M. A. Krawchuk, and N. K. Dulvy, Why have global shark and ray landings declined : improved management or overfishing ? Fish and Fisheries, vol.17, pp.438-458, 2016.

D. Oliveira, J. A. Ellis, J. R. Dobby, and H. , Incorporating density dependence in pup production in a stock assessment of NE Atlantic spurdog Squalus acanthias, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.70, issue.7, pp.1341-1353, 2013.

D. Debouzie, La notion de population en dynamique et génétique des populations, Nature Sciences Sociétés, vol.7, issue.4, pp.19-26, 1999.

G. Delpiani, Reproductive biology of the southern thorny skate Amblyraja doellojuradoi (Chondrichthyes, Rajidae) : reproduction of Amblyraja doellojuradoi, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.88, issue.4, pp.1413-1429, 2016.

C. Do, R. S. Waples, D. Peel, G. M. Macbeth, B. J. Tillett et al., , 2014.

, NeEstimator V2 : re-implementation of software for the estimation of contemporary effective population size N e from genetic data, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.14, issue.1, pp.209-214

B. Dube, J. Dimeet, M. Rochet, A. Tetard, O. Gaudou et al., Observations à bord des navires de pêche professionnelle, 2012.

C. L. Dudgeon and J. R. Ovenden, The relationship between abundance and genetic effective population size in elasmobranchs : an example from the globally threatened zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum within its protected range, Conservation Genetics, vol.16, issue.6, pp.1443-1454, 2015.

N. K. Dulvy, S. L. Fowler, J. A. Musick, R. D. Cavanagh, P. M. Kyne et al., , 2014.

N. K. Dulvy, S. Jennings, S. I. Rogers, M. , and D. L. , Threat and decline in fishes : an indicator of marine biodiversity, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.63, issue.6, pp.1267-1275, 2006.

N. K. Dulvy, J. D. Metcalfe, J. Glanville, M. G. Pawson, R. et al., Fishery stability, local extinctions, and shifts in community structure in skates, Conservation Biology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.283-293, 2000.

J. R. Ellis and J. Keable, Fecundity of Northeast Atlantic spurdog (Squalus acanthias), ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.65, issue.6, pp.979-981, 2008.

J. R. Ellis and S. E. Shackley, Observations on egg-laying in the thornback ray, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.46, issue.5, pp.903-904, 1995.

. Fao, La situation mondiale des pêches et de l'aquaculture 2016. contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire et à la nutrition de tous, 2016.

. Fao, Logiciel pour la pêche et de l'aquaculture. FishStatJ>-logiciel pour les séries chronologiques de données statistiques sur les pêches, Département des 153 BIBLIOGRAPHIE pêches et de l'aquaculture de la FAO, 2016.

. Rome, , 2017.

L. Fauconnet, V. Badts, A. Biseau, J. Dimeet, C. Dinther et al., , 2011.

, Observations à bord des navires de pêche professionnelle. Bilan de l'échantillonnage 2010

K. A. Feldheim, S. H. Gruber, A. , and M. V. , Population genetic structure of the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) in the western Atlantic : DNA microsatellite variation, Molecular Ecology, vol.10, issue.2, pp.295-303, 2001.

R. Frankham, Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife : a review, Genetical Research, vol.66, issue.02, p.95, 1995.

I. Franklin, Evolutionary change in small populations, Conservation biology : an evolutionary-ecological perspective, pp.135-149, 1980.

T. Gregory, Animal Genome Size Database : Species Record, 2016.

M. B. Hamilton, Population genetics, 2009.

I. Hanski, Metapopulation dynamics : brief history and conceptual domain, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.42, pp.3-16, 1991.

M. P. Hare, L. Nunney, M. K. Schwartz, D. E. Ruzzante, M. Burford et al., Understanding and estimating effective population size for practical application in marine species management : applying effective population size estimates to marine species management, Conservation Biology, vol.25, issue.3, pp.438-449, 2011.

L. Hauser, G. J. Adcock, P. J. Smith, J. H. Bernal-ramírez, and G. R. Carvalho, Loss of microsatellite diversity and low effective population size in an overexploited population of new zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.18, pp.11742-11747, 2002.

D. Hedgecock, V. , C. Waples, and R. , Effective population nnumber of shellfish broodstocks estimated from temporal variance in allelic frequencies, Aquaculture, vol.108, pp.215-232, 1992.

F. Heinke, Naturgeschichte des herings, Deutscher Seefischerei Verein. Band III, 1898.

R. Hilborn, Current and future trends in fisheries stock assessment and management, South African Journal of Marine Science, vol.12, issue.1, pp.975-988, 1992.

R. Hilborn and C. J. Walters, Quantitative fisheries stock assessment : choice, dynamics, and uncertainty, 1992.

G. Hoareau, E. Boon, D. Jongma, S. Ferber, J. Palsson et al., Low effective population size and evidence for inbreeding in an overexploited flatfish, plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.272, pp.497-503, 1562.

M. J. Holden, The growth rates of Raja brachyura, R. clavata and R. montagui as determined from tagging data, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.34, issue.2, pp.161-168, 1972.

E. Hunter, A. Buckley, C. Stewart, and J. Metcalfe, Migratory behaviour of the thornback ray, Raja clavata, in the southern North Sea, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.85, issue.05, p.1095, 2005.

E. Hunter, A. Buckley, C. Stewart, and J. Metcalfe, Repeated seasonal migration by a thornback ray in the southern North Sea, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.85, issue.05, p.1199, 2005.

W. F. Hutchinson, C. V. Oosterhout, S. I. Rogers, and G. R. Carvalho, Temporal analysis of archived samples indicates marked genetic changes in declining north sea cod (Gadus morhua), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B : Biological Sciences, vol.270, pp.2125-2132, 1529.

, Report of the Working Group on Elasmobranchs Fishes (WGEF), ICES, 2016.

, Report of the Working Group on Elasmobranchs Fishes (WGEF), 2017.

P. Ihssen, H. Booke, J. Casselman, J. Mcglade, N. Payne et al., Stock identification : materials and methods, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1838-1855, 1981.

P. Jorde and N. Ryman, Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations, Genetics, vol.139, issue.2, pp.1077-1090, 1995.

, Texte numéro 6, journal officiel de la république française, numéro 0073 du 26 mars, JORF, 2017.

L. A. Kerr, N. T. Hintzen, S. X. Cadrin, L. W. Clausen, M. Dickey-collas et al., Lessons learned from practical approaches to reconcile mismatches between biological population structure and stock units of marine fish, ICES Journal of Marine Science : Journal du Conseil, vol.74, issue.6, pp.1708-1722, 2016.

P. M. Kuhnert, S. Griffiths, and D. Brewer, Assessing population changes in bycatch species using fishery-dependent catch rate data, Fisheries Research, vol.108, issue.1, pp.15-21, 2011.

R. Lande, Mutation and conservation, Conservation Biology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.782-791, 1995.

A. Laurec and J. Le-guen, Dynamique des populations marines exploitées, Rapports Scientifiques et Techniques, vol.45, 1981.

S. Lavery and J. Shaklee, Population genetics of two tropical sharks, Carcharhinus tilstoni and C. sorrah , in Northern Australia, Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.40, issue.5, p.541, 1989.

W. J. Le-quesne, J. , and S. , Predicting species vulnerability with minimal data to support rapid risk assessment of fishing impacts on biodiversity : fishing impacts on fish biodiversity, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.49, issue.1, pp.20-28, 2012.

R. Levins, Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control, Bulletin Entomological Society of America, vol.15, pp.237-240, 1969.

C. V. Linné, Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, 1758.

A. Lowe, S. Harris, A. , and P. , Ecological genetics : design, analysis, and application, 2004.

C. Martin, S. Vaz, J. Ellis, V. Lauria, F. Coppin et al., Modelled distributions of ten demersal elasmobranchs of the eastern English Channel in relation to the environment, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, pp.91-103, 2012.

A. Martinez-lage, A. Gonzalez-tizon, and J. Mendez, Chromosome diferences between european mussel populations (genus mytilus), Caryologia, vol.49, issue.3-4, pp.343-355, 1996.

M. N. Maunder and K. R. Piner, Contemporary fisheries stock assessment : many issues still remain, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.72, issue.1, pp.7-18, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/icesjms/fsu015
URL : https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article-pdf/72/1/7/2446318/fsu015.pdf

D. Maxwell, V. Stelzenmüller, P. Eastwood, R. , and S. , Modelling the spatial distribution of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), sole (Solea solea) and thornback ray (Raja clavata) in UK waters for marine management and planning, Journal of Sea Research, vol.61, issue.4, pp.258-267, 2009.

S. R. Mccully-phillips, F. Scott, E. , and J. R. , Having confidence in productivity susceptibility analyses : a method for underpinning scientific advice on skate stocks ?, Fisheries Research, vol.171, pp.87-100, 2015.

T. Nomura, Estimation of effective number of breeders from molecular coancestry of single cohort sample, Evolutionary Applications, vol.1, issue.3, pp.462-474, 2008.

A. Nygren, B. Nilsson, J. , and M. , Cytological studies in Hypotremata and Pleurotremata (Pisces). Hereditas, pp.275-282, 1971.

J. R. Ovenden, G. M. Leigh, D. C. Blower, A. T. Jones, A. Moore et al., Can estimates of genetic effective population size contribute to fisheries stock assessments, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.89, issue.6, pp.2505-2518, 2016.

P. Pasolini, C. Ragazzini, Z. Zaccaro, A. Cariani, G. Ferrara et al., Quaternary geographical sibling speciation and population structuring in the eastern atlantic skates (suborder rajoidea) Raja clavata and Raja straeleni, Marine Biology, vol.158, issue.10, pp.2173-2186, 2011.

D. S. Portnoy, J. R. Mcdowell, C. T. Mccandless, J. A. Musick, and J. E. Graves, Effective size closely approximates the census size in the heavily exploited western Atlantic population of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Conservation Genetics, vol.10, issue.6, pp.1697-1705, 2009.

A. Pudovkin, D. Zaykin, and D. Hedgecock, On the potential for estimating the effective number of breeders from heterozygote-excess in progeny, Genetics, vol.144, issue.1, pp.383-387, 1996.

H. Pulliam, Sources, sinks, and population regulation, American Naturalist, vol.132, issue.5, pp.652-661, 1988.
DOI : 10.1086/284880

J. Quero, J. Leaute, and J. Spitz, Faune francaise de l'atlantique. batoïdes : Torpediniformes, rajiformes & myliobatiformes (craniata : Elasmobranchii). Société des Sciences Naturelles de, vol.10, pp.863-903, 2017.

J. Quéro, P. Porcher, and J. Vayne, Guide des poissons de l'Atlantique européen. Delachaux et Niestlé, 2003.

J. Quéro and J. Vayne, Les poissons de mer des pêches françaises. Delachaux et Niestlé, pp.58-59, 2005.

J. Quéro and J. Vayne, Les poissons de mer des pêches françaises : identification, inventaire et répartition de 209 espèces, 1997.

F. Ramade, Eléments d'écologie : écologie fondamentale. Dunod, 2003.

M. Schwartz, G. Luikart, and R. Waples, Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.22, issue.1, pp.25-33, 2007.

B. Serra-pereira, I. Figueiredo, and L. S. Gordo, Maturation, fecundity, and spawning strategy of the thornback ray, Raja clavata : do reproductive characteristics vary regionally ?, Marine Biology, vol.158, issue.10, pp.2187-2197, 2011.

. Sharktrust, An illustrated compendium of sharks, skates, rays and chimaera, Chapter 1 : the British Isles. Part 1 : skates and rays, 2009.

R. L. Smith and T. M. Smith, Ecology & field biology, 2001.

I. Spies, A. E. Punt, and M. Wilberg, The utility of genetics in marine fisheries management : a simulation study based on Pacific cod of Alaska, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.72, issue.9, pp.1415-1432, 2015.

V. Stingo, New developments in vertebrate cytotaxonomy, II. The chromosomes of the cartilaginous fishes, Genetica, issue.50, pp.227-239, 1979.

V. Bibliographie-stingo, M. Du-buit, and G. Odierna, Genome size of some selachian fishes, Bolletino di zoologia, vol.47, issue.1-2, pp.129-137, 1980.

G. J. Upton and I. Cook, A dictionary of statistics, 2006.

E. Valsecchi, M. Vacchi, and G. N. Di-sciara, Characterization of a new molecular marker for investigating skate population genetics : analysis of three Mediterranean skate species (genus Raja) of commercial interest as a test case, Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, vol.35, pp.225-231, 2005.

P. Walker, Distribution, movement and stock structure of three ray species in the North Sea and eastern English Channel, ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol.54, issue.5, pp.797-808, 1997.

R. S. Waples, Tiny estimates of the N e /N ratio in marine fishes : Are they real, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.89, issue.6, pp.2479-2504, 2016.

R. S. Waples, T. Antao, and G. Luikart, Effects of overlapping generations on Linkage Disequilibrium estimates of effective population size, Genetics, vol.197, issue.2, pp.769-780, 2014.

R. S. Waples and C. Do, Ldne : a program for estimating effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium : Computer Programs, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.8, issue.4, pp.753-756, 2008.

R. S. Waples, C. Do, C. , and J. , Calculating N e and N e /N in age-structured populations : a hybrid Felsenstein-Hill approach, Ecology, vol.92, issue.7, pp.1513-1522, 2011.

R. S. Waples and M. Yokota, Temporal estimates of effective population size in species with overlapping generations, Genetics, vol.175, issue.1, pp.219-233, 2006.

R. Ward, M. Woodwark, and D. Skibinski, A comparison of genetic diversity levels in marine, freshwater and anadromous fishes, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.44, pp.213-232, 1994.

K. Weltz, J. M. Lyle, J. Ovenden, J. A. Morgan, D. A. Moreno et al., Application of environmental DNA to detect an endangered marine skate species in the wild, PLOS ONE, vol.12, issue.6, p.178124, 2017.

J. Whittamore and I. Mccarthy, The population biology of the thornback ray, Raja clavata in Caernarfon Bay, North Wales, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.85, issue.05, p.1089, 2005.

J. Wiegand, E. Hunter, and N. K. Dulvy, Are spatial closures better than size limits for halting the decline of the North Sea thornback ray, Raja clavata ? Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.62, p.722, 2011.

S. Wright, Sex ratio The relative number of males and females in a population, Genetics, issue.16, pp.97-159, 1931.

, Siblings Individuals having the same mother and the same father, vol.20

, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Single base pair substitution distributed throughout the nuclear genome. The majority of SNPs are diallelic with low chances of homoplasy

, Subpopulation Spatially distinct unit of a population, p.14

. Wright-fisher, model A simplified version of the biological life cycle where all sampling to found the next generation occurs from an infinite pool of gametes built from equal contributions of all individuals. This approximation is commonly employed to model genetic drift

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes 224

S. E. Bibliography-alter, E. Rynes, and S. R. Palumbi, DNA evidence for historic population size and past ecosystem impacts of gray whales, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.38, pp.15162-15167, 2007.

E. C. Anderson, An Efficient Monte Carlo Method for Estimating Ne From Temporally Spaced Samples Using a Coalescent-Based Likelihood, Genetics, vol.170, issue.2, pp.955-967, 2005.

N. A. Baird, P. D. Etter, T. S. Atwood, M. C. Currey, A. L. Shiver et al., Rapid SNP discovery and genetic mapping using sequenced RAD markers, PLoS ONE, vol.3, issue.10, p.3376, 2008.

F. Balloux, EASYPOP (Version 1.7): A Computer Program for Population Genetics Simulations, Journal of Heredity, vol.92, issue.3, pp.301-302, 2001.

F. Balloux, Heterozygote excess in small populations and the heterozygote excess effective population size, Evolution, vol.58, issue.9, pp.1891-1900, 2004.

M. Barbato, P. Orozco-terwengel, M. Tapio, and M. W. Bruford, SNeP: a tool to estimate trends in recent effective population size trajectories using genome-wide SNP data, Frontiers in Genetics, vol.6, 2015.

A. R. Beaumont, P. Boudry, and K. Hoare, Biotechnology and genetics in fisheries and aquaculture, 2010.

M. A. Beaumont, Detecting population expansion and decline using microsatellites, Genetics, issue.153, pp.2013-2029, 1999.

K. Belkhir, P. Borsa, L. Chikhi, N. Raufaste, and F. Bonhomme, GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous Windows TM pour la génétique des populations, 1996.

P. Berthier, M. A. Beaumont, J. Cornuet, and G. Luikart, Likelihood-based estimation of the effective population size using temporal changes in allele frequencies: a genealogical approach, Genetic Society of America, vol.160, issue.2, pp.741-751, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00295046

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes 225

J. M. Bishop, A. J. Leslie, S. L. Bourquin, and C. Ryan, Reduced effective population size in an overexploited population of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), Biological Conservation, vol.142, issue.10, pp.2335-2341, 2009.

R. T. Brumfield, P. Beerli, D. A. Nickerson, and S. V. Edwards, The utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms in inferences of population history, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, issue.5, pp.249-256, 2003.

K. Burkett, J. Graham, and B. Mcneney, hapassoc: software for likelihood inference of trait associations with SNP haplotypes and other attributes, J Stat Soft, vol.16, issue.2, pp.1-19, 2006.

A. L. Castro, B. S. Stewart, S. G. Wilson, R. E. Hueter, M. G. Meekan et al., Population genetic structure of Earth's largest fish, the whale shark ( Rhincodon typus ), Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.24, pp.5183-5192, 2007.

G. Caughley, Directions in conservation biology, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.63, issue.2, p.215, 1994.

I. Cervantes, J. Pastor, J. Gutiérrez, F. Goyache, and A. Molina, Computing effective population size from molecular data: The case of three rare Spanish ruminant populations, Livestock Science, vol.138, issue.1-3, pp.202-206, 2011.

M. Chevolot, Assessing genetic structure of thornback ray, Raja clavata : A thorny situation? PhD thesis, 2006.

C. C. Cockerham and B. S. Weir, Digenic descent measures for finite populations, Genetical Research, vol.30, issue.02, p.121, 1977.

J. Cornuet, P. Pudlo, J. Veyssier, A. Dehne-garcia, M. Gautier et al., DIYABC v2.0: a software to make approximate Bayesian computation inferences about population history using single nucleotide polymorphism, DNA sequence and microsatellite data, Bioinformatics, vol.30, issue.8, pp.1187-1189, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01337243

C. Darwin, The origin of species. Collins classic, 1859.

C. Do, R. S. Waples, D. Peel, G. M. Macbeth, B. J. Tillett et al., , 2014.

, NeEstimator V2: re-implementation of software for the estimation of contemporary effective population size Ne from genetic data, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.14, issue.1, pp.209-214

K. Do, J. Lee, H. Lee, J. Kim, and K. Park, Estimation of effective population size using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data in Jeju horse, Journal of Animal Science and Technology, vol.56, issue.1, p.28, 2014.

A. Chapitre, C. L. Dudgeon, D. C. Blower, D. Broderick, J. L. Giles et al., A review of the application of molecular genetics for fisheries management and conservation of sharks and rays, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes, vol.80, pp.1789-1843, 2012.

L. Excoffier, G. Laval, and S. Schneider, Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, issue.1, pp.47-50, 2005.

L. Excoffier and H. E. Lischer, Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.10, issue.3, pp.564-567, 2010.

L. Excoffier, P. Smouse, and J. Quattro, Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data, Genetics, vol.131, issue.2, pp.479-491, 1992.

L. Francuski and V. Milankov, Assessing spatial population structure and heterogeneity in the dronefly: spatial population structure in the dronefly, Journal of Zoology, 2015.

I. Franklin, Evolutionary change in small populations, Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective, pp.135-149, 1980.

K. J. Gilbert and M. C. Whitlock, Evaluating methods for estimating local effective population size with and without migration: estimating N e in the presence of migration, Evolution, vol.69, issue.8, pp.2154-2166, 2015.

J. Goudet, FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, 2001.

W. Grant and R. S. Waples, Scales of temporal and spatial genetic variability in marine fishes: implications for fisheries oceanography, Fisheries Oceanography: Fish Biology and Aquatic Resources, pp.61-93, 2000.

J. P. Gutierrez, L. J. Royo, I. Alvarez, G. , and F. , MolKin v2.0: A Computer Program for Genetic Analysis of Populations Using Molecular Coancestry Information, Journal of Heredity, vol.96, issue.6, pp.718-721, 2005.

M. B. Hamilton, Population genetics, 2009.

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes 227

G. Hardy, Mendelian proportions in a mixed population, Science, issue.28, pp.49-50, 1908.

D. L. Hartl, Génétique des populations, Sciences et histoire. Médecine Sciences Flammarion, 1994.

D. L. Hartl and E. W. Jones, Genetics: principles and analysis, 1998.

S. J. Helyar, J. Hemmer-hansen, D. Bekkevold, M. I. Taylor, R. Ogden et al., Application of SNPs for population genetics of nonmodel organisms: new opportunities and challenges: analytical approaches, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.11, pp.123-136, 2011.

W. Hill, Estimation of Linkage-Disequilibrium in randomly mating populations, Heredity, vol.33, issue.2, pp.229-239, 1974.

W. Hill, Estimation of effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium, Genetics research, vol.38, issue.03, pp.209-216, 1981.

W. Hill and A. Robertson, Linkage Disequilibrium in finite populations. Theoretical and applied genetics, vol.38, pp.226-231, 1968.

M. Hoehn, B. Gruber, S. D. Sarre, R. Lange, and K. Henle, Can Genetic Estimators Provide Robust Estimates of the Effective Number of Breeders in Small Populations?, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.11, p.48464, 2012.

K. Holsinger, Hardy-Weinberg Law, Encyclopedia of Genetics, pp.912-914, 2001.

T. Jombart, adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428105

, Bioinformatics, vol.24, issue.11, pp.1403-1405

T. Jombart and I. Ahmed, 3-1: new tools for the analysis of genome-wide SNP data, Bioinformatics, vol.1, issue.21, pp.3070-3071, 2011.

O. R. Jones and J. Wang, COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.10, issue.3, pp.551-555, 2010.

P. Jorde and N. Ryman, Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations, Genetics, vol.139, issue.2, pp.1077-1090, 1995.

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes 228

R. L. Juarez, M. K. Schwartz, K. L. Pilgrim, D. J. Thompson, S. A. Tucker et al., Assessing temporal genetic variation in a cougar population: influence of harvest and neighboring populations, Conservation Genetics, 2015.

S. T. Kalinowski, M. L. Taper, M. , and T. C. , Revising how the computer program cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment: CERVUS likelihood model, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.5, pp.1099-1106, 2007.

Z. N. Kamvar, J. F. Tabima, and N. J. Grünwald, Poppr : an R package for genetic analysis of populations with clonal, partially clonal, and/or sexual reproduction, PeerJ, vol.2, p.281, 2014.

M. Kimura, The neutral theory of molecular evolution, 1990.

M. K. Kuhner, LAMARC 2.0: maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation of population parameters, Bioinformatics, vol.22, issue.6, pp.768-770, 2006.

C. Kuo and F. J. Janzen, BottleSim: a bottleneck simulation program for long-lived species with overlapping generations, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.3, issue.4, pp.669-673, 2003.

J. Lamarck, , 1809.

R. Lande, Mutation and conservation, Conservation Biology, vol.9, issue.4, pp.782-791, 1995.

S. Launey, M. Barre, A. Gerard, and Y. Naciri-graven, Population bottleneck and effective size in Bonamia ostreae-resistant populations of Ostrea edulis as inferred by microsatellite markers, Genetics Research, vol.78, issue.03, p.259, 2001.

P. Leberg, Genetic approaches for estimating the effective size of populations, Journal of Wildlife Management, vol.69, issue.4, pp.1385-1399, 2005.

R. Lewontin, The interaction of selection and linkage. I. General considerations; heterotic models, Genetics, vol.49, pp.49-67, 1964.

P. Librado and J. Rozas, DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data, Bioinformatics, vol.25, issue.11, pp.1451-1452, 2009.

A. Lowe, S. Harris, A. , and P. , Ecological genetics: design, analysis, and application, 2004.

G. Luikart and J. Cornuet, Estimating the effective number of breeders from heterozygote excess in progeny, Genetics, vol.151, issue.3, pp.1211-1216, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00295525

A. Chapitre, G. Luikart, N. Ryman, D. A. Tallmon, M. K. Schwartz et al., Estimation of census and effective population sizes: the increasing usefulness of DNA-based approaches, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes, vol.11, pp.355-373, 2010.

, Genes|Genomes|Genetics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.709-717

G. K. Meffe and C. R. Carroll, Principles of conservation biology, 1997.

G. Mendel, Versuche über Plflanzen-hybriden. (Bateson translation), pp.3-47, 1866.

C. Monzón-argüello, C. Patiño-martínez, F. Christiansen, R. Gallo-barneto, M. N. Cabrera-pérez et al., Snakes on an island: independent introductions have different potentials for invasion, Conservation Genetics, vol.16, issue.5, pp.1225-1241, 2015.

P. A. Morin, K. K. Martien, T. , and B. L. , Assessing statistical power of SNPs for population structure and conservation studies, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.9, issue.1, pp.66-73, 2009.

B. W. Murray, J. Y. Wang, S. Yang, J. D. Stevens, A. Fisk et al., , 2008.

, Mitochondrial cytochrome b variation in sleeper sharks (Squaliformes: Somniosidae), Marine Biology, vol.153, issue.6, pp.1015-1022

H. A. Nance, P. Klimley, F. Galván-magaña, J. Martínez-ortíz, M. et al., , 2011.

, Demographic processes underlying subtle patterns of population structure in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.7, p.21459

M. Nei, Analysis of Gene Diversity in Subdivided Populations, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, vol.70, pp.3321-3323, 1973.

R. Nielsen, Estimation of population parameters and recombination rates from single nucleotide polymorphisms, Genetics, vol.154, issue.2, pp.931-942, 2000.

N. Nikolic, Diversité génétique et taille efficace chez les populations de poissons sauvages : le cas du Saumon atlantique un poisson migrateur amphihalin menacé, 2009.

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes 230

T. Nomura, Estimation of effective number of breeders from molecular coancestry of single cohort sample, Evolutionary Applications, vol.1, issue.3, pp.462-474, 2008.

T. Nomura, Interval Estimation of the Effective Population Size from Heterozygote-Excess in SNP Markers, Biometrical Journal, vol.51, issue.6, pp.996-1016, 2009.

E. Paradis, pegas: an R package for population genetics with an integrated-modular approach, Bioinformatics, vol.26, issue.3, pp.419-420, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01822130

E. Paradis, J. Claude, and K. Strimmer, APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language, Bioinformatics, vol.20, issue.2, pp.289-290, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-01887318

B. Peng and M. Kimmel, simuPOP: a forward-time population genetics simulation environment, Bioinformatics, vol.21, issue.18, pp.3686-3687, 2005.

C. Perrier, J. April, G. Cote, L. Bernatchez, D. et al., Effective number of breeders in relation to census size as management tools for Atlantic salmon conservation in a context of stocked populations, Conservation Genetics, 2015.

M. Pigliucci, An Extended Synthesis for Evolutionary Biology, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.1168, issue.1, pp.218-228, 2009.

T. J. Pilger, K. B. Gido, D. L. Propst, J. E. Whitney, and T. F. Turner, Comparative conservation genetics of protected endemic fishes in an arid-land riverscape, Conservation Genetics, vol.16, issue.4, pp.875-888, 2015.

S. Piry, Computer note. BOTTLENECK: a computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective size using allele frequency data, Journal of Heredity, vol.90, issue.4, pp.502-503, 1999.

D. S. Portnoy and E. J. Heist, Molecular markers: progress and prospects for understanding reproductive ecology in elasmobranchs, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.80, issue.5, pp.1120-1140, 2012.

J. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, issue.2, pp.945-959, 2000.

A. Pudovkin, D. Zaykin, and D. Hedgecock, On the potential for estimating the effective number of breeders from heterozygote-excess in progeny, Genetics, vol.144, issue.1, pp.383-387, 1996.

A. I. Pudovkin, O. L. Zhdanova, and D. Hedgecock, Sampling properties of the heterozygote-excess estimator of the effective number of breeders, Conservation Genetics, vol.11, issue.3, pp.759-771, 2010.

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes Rai, Our Nature, issue.1, p.1, 2006.

D. I. Rasmussen, Sibling Clusters and Genotypic Frequencies, The American Naturalist, vol.113, issue.6, p.948, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/283449

D. H. Reed and E. H. Bryant, Experimental tests of minimum viable population size, Animal Conservation, vol.3, issue.1, pp.7-14, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2000.tb00082.x

A. Robertson, The interpretation of genotypic ratios in domestic animal populations, Animal Production, vol.7, issue.03, pp.319-324, 1965.

J. D. Robinson and G. R. Moyer, Linkage disequilibrium and effective population size when generations overlap, Evolutionary Applications, vol.6, issue.2, pp.290-302, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00289.x
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00289.x

A. R. Rogers and C. Huff, Linkage Disequilibrium Between Loci With Unknown Phase, Genetics, vol.182, issue.3, pp.839-844, 2009.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.108.093153
URL : http://www.genetics.org/content/182/3/839.full.pdf

F. Rousset, genepop'007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.8, issue.1, pp.103-106, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

J. C. Russell and R. M. Fewster, Evaluation of the Linkage Disequilibrium method for estimating effective population size, Modeling Demographic Processes In Marked Populations, pp.291-320, 2009.

N. Ryman and F. Utter, Population genetics & fishery management, 1987.

D. J. Schaid, Linkage disequilibrium testing when linkage phase is unknown, Genetics, vol.166, pp.505-512, 2004.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.166.1.505
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc1470678?pdf=render

R. F. Schleif, Genetics and molecular biology, 1993.

J. K. Schultz, K. A. Feldheim, S. H. Gruber, M. V. Ashley, T. M. Mcgovern et al., Global phylogeography and seascape genetics of the lemon sharks, 2008.

, Molecular Ecology, vol.17, issue.24, pp.5336-5348

M. Schwartz, G. Luikart, and R. Waples, Genetic monitoring as a promising tool for conservation and management, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.22, issue.1, pp.25-33, 2007.

A. ;. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes Selander, American Zoologist, vol.10, pp.53-66, 1970.

M. L. Shaffer, Minimum population sizes for species conservation, BioScience, vol.31, issue.2, pp.131-134, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/1308256

M. Slatkin, Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations, Science, vol.236, issue.4803, pp.787-792, 1987.

R. L. Smith and T. M. Smith, Ecology & field biology, 2001.

, Conceptual issues in evolutionary biology, 1994.

M. E. Soulé and B. A. Wilcox, Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective, 1980.

D. A. Tallmon, A. Koyuk, G. Luikart, and M. A. Beaumont, Computer programs: onesamp: a program to estimate effective population size using approximate Bayesian computation, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.8, issue.2, pp.299-301, 2008.

A. Tenesa, P. Navarro, B. J. Hayes, D. L. Duffy, G. M. Clarke et al., , 2007.

, Genome Research, vol.17, issue.4, pp.520-526

D. M. Van-doornik, D. L. Eddy, R. S. Waples, S. J. Boe, T. L. Hoffnagle et al., Genetic Monitoring of Threatened Chinook Salmon Populations: Estimating Introgression of Nonnative Hatchery Stocks and Temporal Genetic Changes, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, vol.33, issue.4, pp.693-706, 2013.

A. Vignal, D. Milan, M. Sancristobal, and A. Eggen, A review on SNP and other types of molecular markers and their use in animal genetics, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.34, issue.3, pp.275-305, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894413

J. Wang, Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions in finite populations, Genetical Research, vol.68, issue.03, p.249, 1996.

J. Wang, Estimation of effective population sizes from data on genetic markers, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.360, pp.1395-1409, 1459.

J. Wang and M. C. Whitlock, Estimating effective population size and migration rates from genetic samples over space and time, Genetics, vol.163, issue.1, pp.429-446, 2003.

A. Chapitre, K. Larson, W. , A. Waples, and R. , Estimating contemporary effective population size in non-model species using linkage disequilibrium across thousands of loci, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes Waples, vol.117, pp.233-240, 2016.

R. S. Waples, Genetic method for estimating the effective size of Cetacean populations, Rep. int. Whal. Commn, vol.13, pp.279-300, 1991.

R. S. Waples, A bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci*, Conservation Genetics, vol.7, issue.2, pp.167-184, 2006.

R. S. Waples, Testing for Hardy-Weinberg Proportions: Have We Lost the Plot?, Journal of Heredity, vol.106, issue.1, pp.1-19, 2015.

R. S. Waples, Tiny estimates of the N e /N ratio in marine fishes: Are they real, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.89, issue.6, pp.2479-2504, 2016.

R. S. Waples, T. Antao, and G. Luikart, Effects of overlapping generations on Linkage Disequilibrium estimates of effective population size, Genetics, vol.197, issue.2, pp.769-780, 2014.

R. S. Waples and C. Do, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">ldne</span> : a program for estimating effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium: COMPUTER PROGRAMS, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.8, issue.4, pp.753-756, 2008.

R. S. Waples and P. R. England, Estimating contemporary effective population size on the basis of Linkage Disequilibrium in the face of migration, Genetics, vol.189, issue.2, pp.633-644, 2011.

R. S. Waples, M. Masuda, and J. Pella, salmonnb: a program for computing cohortspecific effective population sizes (Nb) in Pacific salmon and other semelparous species using the temporal method: PROGRAM NOTE, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.7, issue.1, pp.21-24, 2006.

R. S. Waples and M. Yokota, Temporal estimates of effective population size in species with overlapping generations, Genetics, vol.175, issue.1, pp.219-233, 2006.

W. Weinberg, Über den Nachweis der Vererbung beim Menschen (English translations in Boyer 1963 and Jameson, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Naturkd. Württemb, issue.64, pp.369-382, 1908.

B. Weir and C. Cockerham, Estimating f-statistics for the analysis of population structure, Evolution, vol.38, issue.06, pp.1358-1370, 1984.

A. Chapitre, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes 234

B. S. Weir, Inferences about Linkage-Disequilibrium, Biometrics, vol.35, pp.235-254, 1979.

B. S. Weir, Genetic data analysis II: methods for discrete population genetic data, 1996.

C. C. Wilson, J. L. Mcdermid, K. M. Wozney, S. Kjartanson, and T. J. Haxton, , 2014.

, Genetic estimation of evolutionary and contemporary effective population size in lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque, 1817) populations, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1290-1299

S. Wright, Evolution in Mendelian populations, Genetics, issue.16, pp.97-159, 1931.

S. Wright, The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution, Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Genetics, pp.355-366, 1932.

S. Wright, The genetical structure of populations, Annals of Eugenics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.323-354, 1949.

S. Wright, Genetical Structure of Populations, Nature, vol.166, issue.4215, pp.247-249, 1950.

S. Wright, The Interpretation of Population Structure by F-Statistics with Special Regard to Systems of Mating, Evolution, vol.19, issue.3, p.395, 1965.

S. Wright, Variability within and among natural populations, Evolution and the genetics of populations. Univ, 1984.

F. Yeh and T. Boyle, Population genetic analysis of co-dominant and dominant markers and quantitative traits, Belgian Journal of Botany, issue.157, p.129, 1997.

J. Zhao, gap: Genetic Analysis Package. R package version, vol.1, pp.1-16, 2015.

O. L. Zhdanova and A. I. Pudovkin, Nb_hetex: A Program to Estimate the Effective Number of Breeders, Journal of Heredity, vol.99, issue.6, pp.694-695, 2008.

L. A. Zhivotovsky, A. A. Yurchenko, V. D. Nikitin, S. N. Safronov, M. V. Shitova et al., Eco-geographic units, population hierarchy, and a two-level conservation strategy with reference to a critically endangered salmonid, Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi, Conservation Genetics, vol.16, issue.2, pp.431-441, 2015.

A. ;. Chapitre, T. Agusa, H. Mochizuki, K. Ramu, S. Inoue et al., Trace elements and stable isotopes (? 13 C and ? 15 N) in shallow and deep-water organisms from the East China Sea, Etat de l'art : la génétique des populations pour les halieutes References Asante, vol.156, pp.862-873, 2008.

W. Baeyens, M. Leermakers, T. Papina, A. Saprykin, N. Brion et al., Bioconcentration and biomagnification of mercury and methylmercury in North Sea and Scheldt Estuary fish, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.45, pp.498-508, 2003.

B. M. Braune, Mercury accumulation in relation to size and age of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) from the southwestern Bay of Fundy, Canada. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.16, pp.311-320, 1987.

, Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, Off. J. Eur. Union L, vol.364, pp.5-24, 2006.

T. Chouvelon, J. Spitz, F. Caurant, P. Mendez-fernandez, J. Autier et al., Enhanced bioaccumulation of mercury in deepsea fauna from the Bay of Biscay (north-east Atlantic) in relation to trophic positions identified by analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, Deep Sea Res. I: Ocean. Res. Pap, vol.65, pp.113-124, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00694521

C. A. Choy, B. N. Popp, J. J. Kaneko, and J. C. Drazen, The influence of depth on mercury levels in pelagic fishes and their prey, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.106, pp.13865-13869, 2009.

S. E. Collings, M. S. Johnson, and R. T. Leah, Metal contamination of angler-caught fish from the Mersey Estuary, Mar. Environ. Res, vol.41, pp.281-297, 1996.

I. Consalvo, P. N. Psomadakis, M. Bottaro, and M. Vacchi, First documented record of Leucoraja circularis (Rajidae) in the central Tyrrhenian Sea, Biodiv. Rec, vol.2, p.24, 2009.

I. M. Davies, Survey of Trace Elements in Fish and Shellfish Landed at Scottish Ports, 1975-76. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland, 1981.

M. De-gieter, M. Leermakers, R. Van-ryssen, J. Noyen, L. Goeyens et al., Total and toxic arsenic levels in North Sea fish, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.43, pp.406-417, 2002.

R. Dixon and B. Jones, Mercury concentrations in stomach contents and muscle of five fish species from the north east coast of England, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.28, pp.741-745, 1994.

M. J. Du-buit, The role of geographical and seasonal factors in the diet of R. naevus and R. fullonica, Trav. Lab. Biol. Halieut. Rennes, vol.6, pp.35-50, 1972.

D. A. Ebert and J. J. Bizzarro, Standardized diet compositions and trophic levels of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei), Environ. Biol. Fish, vol.80, pp.221-237, 2007.

D. A. Ebert and M. F. Stehmann, Sharks, batoids, and chimaeras of the North Atlantic. In: FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, 2013.

, Selenium and Mercury: Fishing for Answers, EERC, 2011.

T. J. Farrugia, A. C. Oliveira, J. F. Knue, and A. C. Seitz, Nutritional content, mercury, and trace element analyses of two skate (Rajidae) species in the Gulf of, Alaska. J. Food Compos. Anal, vol.42, pp.152-163, 2015.

A. Franklin, The concentration of metals, organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues in marine fish and shellfish: Results from MAFF fish and shellfish monitoring programmes 1977-1984, Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, vol.16, p.38, 1987.

A. Franklin and J. Jones, Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea, Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, vol.44, p.68, 1993.

H. C. Freeman, D. A. Horne, B. Mctague, and M. Mcmenemy, Mercury in some Canadian Atlantic coast fish and shellfish, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can, vol.31, pp.369-372, 1974.

E. H. Gerhart, Concentrations of total mercury in several fishes from Delaware Bay, Pest. Monit. J, vol.11, pp.132-133, 1975.

R. A. Greig, D. Wenzloff, and C. Shelpuk, Mercury concentrations in fish, North Atlantic offshore waters-1971, Pestic. Monit. J, vol.9, pp.15-20, 1975.

. Ices, Manual for the International Bottom Trawl Surveys in the Western and Southern Areas Revision III, 2010.

B. R. Jones and R. E. Laslett, Methods for trace metals in marine and other samples, Aquatic Environment Protection: Analytical Methods. MAFF Directorate Fisheries Research, pp.11-29, 1994.

P. R. Last, W. T. White, M. R. De-carvalho, B. Séret, M. F. Stehmann et al., Rays of the World, 2016.

S. A. Lopez, N. Abarca, F. Concha, and R. Meléndez, Heavy metal concentrations in two important fishes caught in artisanal fisheries of southeastern pacific waters, International J. Agric. Pol. Res, vol.2, pp.414-420, 2014.

K. Lyons and D. H. Adams, First evidence of persistent organic contaminants as potential anthropogenic stressors in the barndoor skate Dipturus laevis, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.116, pp.534-537, 2017.

J. C. Mahé and J. C. Poulard, Spatial distribution and abundance trends of main elasmobranch species in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea from bottom trawl surveys, ICES CM, p.4, 2005.

E. E. Nicolaus, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.123, pp.387-394, 2017.

C. ;. Chapitre, V. J. Moreno, and A. Perez, Article en collaboration : évaluation de l'impact des contaminants chimiques sur deux Rajidae méconnues Marcovecchio, Argentina. Sci. Total Environ, vol.75, pp.181-190, 1988.

R. Mead and R. Curnow, Statistical Methods in Agriculture and Experimental Biology, 1984.

N. Mnsari, M. Boumaïza, and C. Capapé, Morphological data, biological observations and occurrence of a rare skate, Leucoraja circularis (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae), off the northern coast of Tunisia (central Mediterranean). Pan-Am, J. Aquat. Sci, vol.4, pp.70-78, 2009.

S. Mormede and I. M. Davies, Heavy metal concentrations in commercial deep-sea fish from the Rockall Trough, Cont. Shelf Res, vol.21, pp.899-916, 2001.

A. J. Murray, Metals, organochlorine pesticides and PCB residue levels in fish and shellfish landed in England and Wales during 1974, Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, vol.2, issue.11, 1979.

A. J. Murray, Metals, organochlorine pesticides and PCB residue levels in fish and shellfish landed in England and Wales during 1975, Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, vol.5, 1981.

A. J. Murray and J. E. Portmann, Metals and organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in fish and shellfish in England and Wales in 1976 and trends since 1970, Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report, vol.10, p.79, 1984.

E. E. Nicolaus, R. J. Law, S. R. Wright, and B. P. Lyons, Spatial and temporal analysis of the risks posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polychlorinated biphenyl and metal contaminants in sediments in UK estuaries and coastal waters, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.95, pp.469-479, 2015.

E. E. Nicolaus, V. A. Bendall, T. P. Bolam, T. Maes, and J. R. Ellis, Concentrations of mercury and other trace elements in porbeagle shark, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.112, pp.406-410, 2016.

E. E. Nicolaus, S. R. Wright, T. P. Bolam, J. L. Barber, J. P. Bignell et al., Spatial and temporal analysis of the risks posed by polychlorinated biphenyl and metal contaminants in dab (Limanda limanda) collected from waters around England and Wales, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.112, pp.399-405, 2016.

E. E. Nicolaus, S. R. Wright, J. Barry, T. P. Bolam, K. Ghareeb et al., Spatial and temporal analysis of the risks posed by total petroleum hydrocarbon and trace element contaminants in coastal waters of Kuwait, Mar. Pollut. Bull, 2017.

, Background Document on CEMP Assessment Criteria for QSR 2010, OSPAR, 2009.

R. J. Pentreath, The accumulation from sea water of 65-Zn, 54-Mn, 58-Co and 59Fe by the thornback ray, Raja clavata L. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.12, pp.327-334, 1973.

R. J. Pentreath, The accumulation of mercury by the thornback ray (Raja clavata), 1976.

J. Exp, Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.25, pp.131-140

R. J. Pentreath, The accumulation of 110Ag by the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. and the thornback ray, Raja clavata L. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.29, pp.315-325, 1977.

R. J. Pentreath, The accumulation of cadmium by the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. and the thornback ray, Raja clavata L. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.30, pp.223-232, 1977.

J. Ruelas-inzunza, O. Escobar-sánchez, J. Patrón-gómez, X. G. Moreno-sanchez, A. Murillo-olmeda et al., Mercury in muscle and liver of ten ray species from Northwest Mexico, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.77, pp.434-436, 2013.

N. I. Sandoval-herrera, J. S. Vargas-soto, M. Espinoza, T. M. Clarke, A. T. Fisk et al., Mercury levels in muscle tissue of four common elasmobranch species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci, vol.3, pp.254-261, 2016.

R. D. Stenner and G. Nickless, Heavy metals in organisms of the Atlantic coast of SW Spain and Portugal, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.6, pp.89-92, 1975.

M. M. Storelli and G. Barone, Toxic metals (Hg, Pb, and Cd) in commercially important demersal fish from Mediterranean Sea: contamination levels and dietary exposure assessment, J. Food Sci, vol.78, pp.362-366, 2013.

M. M. Storelli, R. G. Stuffler, and G. O. Marcotrigiano, Total mercury in muscle of benthic and pelagic fish from the South Adriatic Sea (Italy), Food Addit. Contam, vol.15, pp.876-883, 1998.

M. M. Storelli, G. Barone, V. G. Perrone, and A. Storelli, Risk characterization for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic metals associated with fish consumption, J. Food Compos. Anal, vol.31, pp.115-119, 2013.

D. L. Taylor, N. J. Kutil, A. J. Malek, and J. S. Collie, Mercury bioaccumulation in cartilaginous fishes from Southern New England coastal waters: contamination from a trophic ecology and human health perspective, Mar. Environ. Res, vol.99, pp.20-33, 2014.

J. D. Thomson, Mercury concentrations of the axial muscle tissues of some marine fishes of the continental shelf adjacent to Tasmania, Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res, vol.36, pp.509-517, 1985.

P. Torres, R. T. Da-cunha, C. Micaelo, and A. Dos-santos-rodrigues, Bioaccumulation of metals and PCBs in Raja clavata, Sci. Total Environ, vol.573, pp.1021-1030, 2016.

M. Türkmen, Y. Tepe, A. Türkmen, M. K. Sangün, A. Ate? et al., Assessment of heavy metal contamination in various tissues of six ray species from ?skenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.90, pp.702-707, 2013.

H. Windom, R. Stickney, R. Smith, D. White, and F. Taylor, Arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and zinc in some species of North Atlantic finfish, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can, vol.30, pp.75-279, 1973.

G. P. Zauke, V. M. Savinov, J. Ritterhoff, and T. Savinova, Heavy metals in fish from the Barents Sea (summer 1994), Sci. Total Environ, vol.227, pp.161-173, 1999.

L. Zhang, X. Ye, H. Feng, Y. Jing, T. Ouyang et al., Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.54, pp.974-982, 2007.

V. Zitko, B. J. Finlayson, D. J. Wildish, J. M. Anderson, and A. C. Kohler, Methylmercury in freshwater and marine fishes in New Brunswick, in the Bay of Fundy and on the Nova Scotia Banks, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can, vol.28, pp.1285-1291, 1971.

E. E. Nicolaus, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.123, pp.387-394, 2017.

C. Chapitre, Fiches FAO d'Identification des Espcs pour les Besoins de la Peche. Mditerrane et Mer Noire. Zone de Peche 37, Article en collaboration : évaluation de l'impact des contaminants chimiques sur deux Rajidae méconnues References: Bauchot, M.L. 1987. Raies at autres batoidés, pp.847-885

D. A. Ebert and M. F. Stehmann, Sharks, batoids, and chimaeras of the North Atlantic. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 7. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2013.

J. R. Ellis, H. J. Heessen, M. Phillips, and S. R. , In: Fish atlas of the Celtic Sea, pp.96-124, 2015.

S. Mccully and R. Walls, Leucoraja fullonica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T161461A48938639, 2015.

S. R. Mccully, F. Scott, E. , and J. R. , Lengths at maturity and conversion factors for skates (Rajidae) around the British Isles, with an analysis of data in the literature, ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, vol.69, issue.10, pp.1812-1822, 2012.

S. Mccully, J. Ellis, R. Walls, and S. Fordham, Leucoraja circularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T161464A48938919, 2015.

B. J. Muus and J. G. Nielsen, Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, vol.340, 1999.

F. Serena, Field identification guide to the sharks and rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea, 2005.

M. Stehmann and D. L. Burkel, Rajidae, Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, pp.163-196, 1984.

M. Stehmann, Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic. Junta Nacional de Investigaçao Cientifica e Tecnológica, vol.1, pp.29-50, 1990.

D. Chapitre, Article en collaboration : de la difficulté à obtenir des paramètres biologiques, étude de deux Rajidae méconnues