, DTI : la FA était diminuée dans 5 régions

, Chapitre VII : Annexes VI.1. Références

P. Ferenci, A. Lockwood, and K. Mullen, Hepatic encephalopathy-definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, vol.35, pp.716-737, 1998.

H. Vilstrup, P. Amodio, J. Bajaj, J. Cordoba, P. Ferenci et al., Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver, Hepatology, vol.60, issue.2, pp.715-750, 2014.

M. Romero-gomez, F. Boza, and M. S. Garcia-valdecasas, Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.96, pp.2718-2723, 2001.

P. Jepsen, P. Ott, P. K. Andersen, H. T. Sørensen, and H. Vilstrup, The clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study, Hepatology, vol.51, pp.1675-1682, 2010.

M. Groeneweg, W. Moerland, J. C. Quero, P. F. Krabbe, and S. W. Schalm, Screening of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy, J Hepatol, vol.32, pp.748-753, 2000.

N. Saxena, M. Bhatia, Y. K. Joshi, P. K. Garg, and R. K. Tandon, Auditory P300 event-related potentials and number connection test for evaluation of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: a follow-up study, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.16, pp.322-327, 2001.

H. Schomerus and W. Hamster, Quality of life in cirrhotics with minimal hepatic encephalopathy, Metab Brain Dis, vol.16, pp.37-41, 2001.

P. Sharma, B. C. Sharma, V. Puri, and S. K. Sarin, Critical flicker frequency: diagnostic tool for minimal hepatic encephalopathy, J Hepatol, vol.47, pp.67-73, 2007.

J. S. Bajaj, Management options for minimal hepatic encephalopathy, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.2, pp.785-790, 2008.

L. Benvegnu, M. Gios, S. Boccato, and A. Alberti, Natural history of compensated viral cirrhosis: a prospective study on the incidence and hierarchy of major complications, Gut, vol.53, pp.744-749, 2004.

H. Watson, P. Jepsen, F. Wong, P. Gines, J. Cordoba et al., Satavaptan treatment for ascites in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of effect on hepatic encephalopathy development, Metab Brain Dis, vol.28, pp.301-305, 2013.

P. Deltenre, P. Mathurin, S. Dharancy, R. Moreau, P. Bulois et al., Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory ascites: a meta-analysis, Liver Int, vol.25, issue.2, pp.349-56, 2005.

T. D. Boyer and Z. J. Haskal, The role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management of portal hypertension: update, Hepatology, vol.51, p.306, 2009.

O. Riggio, S. Angeloni, F. M. Salvatori, S. A. De, F. Cerini et al., Incidence, natural history, and risk factors of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with polytetrafluoroethylenecovered stent grafts, AmJ Gastroenterol, vol.103, pp.2738-2746, 2008.

M. Bai, X. Qi, Z. Yang, Z. Yin, Y. Nie et al., Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.26, pp.943-951, 2011.

G. Maleux, C. Verslype, S. Heye, G. Wilms, G. Marchal et al., Endovascular shunt reduction in the management of transjugular portosystemic shunt-induced hepatic encephalopathy: preliminary experience with reduction stents and stent-grafts, AJR Am J Roentgenol, vol.188, issue.3, pp.659-64, 2007.

D. Tripathi and R. Jalan, Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in the management of gastric and ectopic varices, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1155-60, 2006.

C. Bureau, J. C. Garcia-pagan, P. Otal, G. Pomier-layrarques, V. Chabbert et al., Improved clinical outcome using polytetrafluoroethylene-coated stents for TIPS: results of a randomized study, Gastroenterology, vol.126, issue.2, pp.469-75, 2004.

J. C. García-pagán, K. Caca, C. Bureau, W. Laleman, B. Appenrodt et al., Early TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) Cooperative Study Group. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding, N Engl J Med, vol.3, issue.25, pp.2370-2379, 201024.

C. Bureau, D. Thabut, F. Oberti, S. Dharancy, N. Carbonell et al., Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts With Covered Stents Increase Transplant-Free Survival of Patients With Cirrhosis and Recurrent Ascites, Gastroenterology, vol.152, issue.1, pp.157-163, 2017.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.016
URL : https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.016

E. S. Orman, A. Perkins, and M. Ghabril, The confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit in patients with cirrhosis, Metab Brain Dis, vol.30, pp.1063-71, 2015.

J. Laubenberger, D. Häussinger, S. Bayer, H. Gufler, J. Hennig et al., Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with liver cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, vol.112, issue.5, pp.1610-1616, 1997.

D. L. Shawcross, N. A. Davies, and R. Williams, Systemic inflammatory response exacerbates the neuropsychological effects of induced hyperammonemia in cirrhosis, Journal of Hepatology, vol.40, pp.247-54, 2004.

A. S. Basile, R. D. Hughes, P. M. Harrison, Y. Murata, L. Pannell et al.,

P. Skolnick, Elevated brain concentrations of 1,4-benzodiazepines in fulminant hepatic failure, N Engl J Med, vol.325, issue.7, pp.473-481, 1991.

R. F. Butterworth, Neurosteroids in hepatic encephalopathy: Novel insights and new therapeutic opportunities, J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, vol.160, pp.94-101, 2016.

S. Montes, M. Alcaraz-zubeldia, P. Muriel, and C. Ríos, Striatal manganese accumulation induces changes in dopamine metabolism in the cirrhotic rat, Brain Res, vol.891, issue.1-2, pp.123-132, 2001.

C. Rose, R. F. Butterworth, J. Zayed, L. Normandin, K. Todd et al., Manganese deposition in basal ganglia structures results from both portal-systemic shunting and liver dysfunction, Gastroenterology, vol.117, issue.3, pp.640-644, 1999.

M. Merli, C. Lucidi, I. Pentassuglio, V. Giannelli, M. Giusto et al., Increased risk of cognitive impairment in cirrhotic patients with bacterial infections, J Hepatol, vol.59, issue.2, pp.243-50, 2013.

D. L. Shawcross, G. Wright, O. Damink, S. W. Jalan, and R. , Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis, vol.22, pp.125-163, 2007.

I. Contrat, T. H. Tranah, and D. L. Shawcross, Inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy, Arch Biochem Biophys, vol.536, issue.2, pp.189-96, 2013.

J. S. Bajaj, D. M. Heuman, P. B. Hylemon, A. J. Sanyal, M. B. White et al., Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications, J Hepatol, vol.60, issue.5, pp.940-947, 2014.

J. S. Bajaj, C. M. Schubert, D. M. Heuman, J. B. Wade, D. P. Gibson et al., Persistence of cognitive impairment after resolution of overt hepatic encephalopathy, Gastroenterology, vol.138, issue.7, pp.2332-2372, 2010.

J. S. Bajaj, Z. Kassam, A. Fagan, E. A. Gavis, E. Liu et al., Fecal Microbiota Transplant from a Rational Stool Donor Improves Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Hepatology, 2017.

A. Watanabe, T. Shiota, and M. Okita, Effect of a branched chain amino acid-enriched nutritional product on the pathophysiology of the liver and nutritional state of patients with liver cirrhosis, Acta Med Okayama, vol.37, pp.321-354, 1983.

J. H. Nguyen, S. Yamamoto, and J. Steers, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to brain extravasation and edema in fulminant hepatic failure mice, J Hepatol, vol.44, pp.1105-1119, 2006.

N. Weiss, C. Junot, and M. Rudler, Hepatic versus druginduced encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients? Liver Int, 2016.

N. Weiss, P. Barbier-saint-hilaire, B. Colsch, F. Isnard, S. Attala et al., Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics highlights dysregulation of energy metabolism in overt hepatic encephalopathy, J Hepatol, vol.65, issue.6, pp.1120-1130, 2016.

J. Assaraf, N. Weiss, and D. Thabut, Proton Pump Inhibitor Administration Triggers Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Patients by Modulating Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Transport, Gastroenterology, vol.152, issue.8, p.2077, 2017.

J. F. Cadranel, E. Lebiez, D. Martino, V. Bernard, B. et al., Focal neurological signs in hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: an underestimated entity?, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.96, issue.2, pp.515-523, 2001.

N. Delanty, J. A. French, D. R. Labar, T. A. Pedley, and A. J. Rowan, Status epilepticus arising de novo in hospitalized patients: an analysis of 41 patients, Acta Neurol Scand, vol.10, issue.2, pp.142-146, 2001.

N. Eleftheriadis, E. Fourla, D. Eleftheriadis, and A. Karlovasitou, Status epilepticus as a manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy, Acta Neurol Scand, vol.107, issue.1, pp.142-146, 2003.

M. Rudler, C. Marois, N. Weiss, D. Thabut, and V. Navarro, Status epilepticus in patients with cirrhosis: How to avoid misdiagnosis in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, Seizure, vol.45, pp.192-197, 2017.

H. O. Conn, A rational program for the management of hepatic coma, Gastroenterology, vol.57, issue.6, pp.715-738, 1969.

J. S. Bajaj, J. Cordoba, K. D. Mullen, P. Amodio, D. L. Shawcross et al., Review article: the design of clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy-an International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) consensus statement, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.33, issue.7, pp.739-786, 2011.

T. I. Hassanein, R. C. Hilsabeck, and W. Perry, Introduction to the Hepatic Encephalopathy Scoring Algorithm (HESA), Dig Dis Sci, vol.53, issue.2, pp.529-567, 2008.

M. Ortiz, J. Córdoba, E. Doval, C. Jacas, F. Pujadas et al., Development of a clinical hepatic encephalopathy staging scale, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.15, issue.6, pp.859-67, 2007.

M. Simón-talero, R. García-martínez, M. Torrens, A. S. Gómez, S. Pereira et al., Effects of intravenous albumin in patients with cirrhosis and episodic hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized double-blind study, J Hepatol, vol.59, issue.6, pp.1184-92, 2013.

S. Mouri, S. Tripon, M. Rudler, M. Mallet, J. Mayaux et al., FOUR score, a reliable score for assessing overt hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients, Neurocrit Care, vol.22, issue.2, pp.251-258, 2015.

A. Kundra, A. Jain, A. Banga, G. Bajaj, and P. Kar, Evaluation of plasma ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure and chronic liver disease and its correlation with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy and clinical features of raised intracranial tension, Clin Biochem, vol.38, issue.1, pp.696-705, 2005.

S. Schiff, M. Casa, D. Caro, V. Aprile, D. Spinelli et al.,

S. Montagnese, A low-cost, user-friendly electroencephalographic recording system for the assessment of hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, vol.63, issue.5, pp.1651-1660, 2016.

C. H. Lai, P. Y. Cheng, and Y. Y. Chen, Liver cirrhosis and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a 9-year follow-up study, Stroke, vol.42, issue.9, pp.2615-2622, 2011.

H. Grønbaek, S. P. Johnsen, P. Jepsen, M. Gislum, H. Vilstrup et al., Liver cirrhosis, other liver diseases, and risk of hospitalisation for intracerebral haemorrhage: a Danish population-based case-control study, BMC Gastroenterol, vol.8, p.16, 2004.

S. Agrawal, S. Umapathy, and R. K. Dhiman, Minimal hepatic encephalopathy impairs quality of life, J Clin Exp Hepatol, vol.5, issue.1, pp.42-50, 2015.

R. K. Prakash and K. D. Mullen, Is poor quality of life always present with minimal hepatic encephalopathy?, Liver Int, vol.31, issue.7, pp.908-918, 2011.

E. Román, J. Córdoba, M. Torrens, C. Guarner, and G. Soriano, Falls and cognitive dysfunction impair health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.25, issue.1, pp.77-84, 2013.

E. Román, J. Córdoba, M. Torrens, X. Torras, C. Villanueva et al., Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is associated with falls, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.106, issue.3, pp.476-82, 2011.

C. Wein, H. Koch, B. Popp, G. Oehler, and P. Schauder, Minimal hepatic encephalopathy impairs fitness to drive, Hepatology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.739-784, 2004.

P. Ferenci, A. Lockwood, K. Mullen, R. Tarter, K. Weissenborn et al., Hepatic encephalopathy-definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, vol.35, issue.3, pp.716-737, 1998.

C. Randolph, R. Hilsabeck, A. Kato, P. Kharbanda, Y. Y. Li et al., International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN). Neuropsychological assessment of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines, Liver Int, vol.29, issue.5, pp.629-664, 2009.

A. Duarte-rojo, J. Estradas, R. Hernández-ramos, S. Ponce-de-león, J. Córdoba et al., Validation of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) for identifying patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy, Dig Dis Sci, vol.56, issue.10, pp.3014-3037, 2011.

C. F. Tsai, C. J. Chu, Y. H. Huang, Y. P. Wang, P. Y. Liu et al., Detecting minimal hepatic encephalopathy in an endemic country for hepatitis B: the role of psychometrics and serum IL-6, PLoS One, vol.10, issue.6, p.128437, 2015.

M. Romero-gómez, J. Córdoba, R. Jover, J. A. Del-olmo, M. Ramírez et al., Value of the critical flicker frequency in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, vol.45, issue.4, pp.879-85, 2007.

G. Kircheis, M. Wettstein, L. Timmermann, A. Schnitzler, and D. Häussinger, Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.357-66, 2002.

P. Berlioux, M. A. Robic, H. Poirson, S. Métivier, P. Otal et al., Pre-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) prediction of post-TIPS overt hepatic encephalopathy: the critical flicker frequency is more accurate than psychometric tests, Hepatology, vol.59, issue.2, pp.622-631, 2014.

S. G. Elkington, M. H. Floch, and H. O. Conn, Lactulose in the treatment of chronic portalsystemic encephalopathy. A double-blind clinical trial, N Engl J Med, vol.281, issue.8, pp.408-420, 196921.

L. L. Gluud, H. Vilstrup, and M. Y. Morgan, Nonabsorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Hepatology, vol.64, issue.3, pp.908-930, 2016.

R. S. Rahimi, J. A. Cuthbert, and D. C. Rockey, Lactulose vs Polyethylene Glycol for Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy-Reply, JAMA Intern Med, vol.175, issue.5, pp.868-877, 2015.

N. M. Bass, K. D. Mullen, A. Sanyal, F. Poordad, G. Neff et al., Rifaximin treatment in hepatic encephalopathy, N Engl J Med, vol.362, issue.12, pp.1071-81, 2010.

B. C. Sharma, P. Sharma, M. K. Lunia, S. Srivastava, R. Goyal et al., A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing rifaximin plus lactulose with lactulose alone in treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.108, issue.9, pp.1458-63, 2013.

J. S. Bajaj, Review article: potential mechanisms of action of rifaximin in the management of hepatic encephalopathy and other complications of cirrhosis, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.43, pp.11-26, 2016.

A. Sanyal, Z. M. Younossi, N. M. Bass, K. D. Mullen, F. Poordad et al., Randomised clinical trial: rifaximin improves health-related quality of life in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy-a double-blind placebo-controlled study, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.34, issue.8, pp.853-61, 2011.

A. Zullo, L. Ridola, and C. Hassan, Rifaximin therapy and Clostridium difficile infection: a note of caution, J Clin Gastroenterol, vol.47, issue.8, p.737, 2013.

G. W. Neff, M. Jones, J. M. Ravinuthala, R. Novick, D. Kaiser et al., Lack of Clostridium difficile infection in patients treated with rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy: a retrospective analysis, J Clin Gastroenterol, vol.47, issue.2, pp.188-92, 2013.

M. Bai, Z. Yang, X. Qi, D. Fan, and G. Han, l-ornithine-l-aspartate for hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.28, issue.5, pp.783-92, 2013.

M. Bai, C. He, Z. Yin, J. Niu, Z. Wang et al., Randomised clinical trial: L-ornithine-L-aspartate reduces significantly the increase of venous ammonia concentration after TIPSS, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.40, issue.1, pp.63-71, 2014.

M. Ventura-cots, J. A. Arranz, M. Simón-talero, M. Torrens, A. Blanco et al., Safety of ornithine phenylacetate in cirrhotic decompensated patients: an open-label, dose-escalating, single-cohort study, J Clin Gastroenterol, vol.47, issue.10, pp.881-888, 2013.

D. C. Rockey, J. M. Vierling, P. Mantry, M. Ghabril, R. S. Brown et al., HALT-HE Study Group. Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycerol phenylbutyrate in hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, vol.59, issue.3, pp.1073-83, 2014.

T. I. Hassanein, F. Tofteng, R. S. Brown, B. Mcguire, P. Lynch et al., Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis, Hepatology, vol.46, issue.6, pp.1853-62, 2007.

R. Bañares, F. Nevens, F. S. Larsen, R. Jalan, A. Albillos et al., RELIEF study groupExtracorporeal albumin dialysis with the molecular adsorbent recirculating system in acute-on-chronic liver failure: the RELIEF trial, Hepatology, vol.57, issue.3, pp.1153-62, 2013.

R. Dalal, R. G. Mcgee, S. M. Riordan, and A. C. Webster, Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.2, p.8716, 2017.

L. L. Gluud, G. Dam, L. I. Marchesini, G. Borre, M. Aagaard et al., Branchedchain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.5, p.1939, 2017.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.cd001939.pub2

M. Rudler, Méthodes de traitement des varices oesophagiennes, EMC Gastroentérologie, vol.11, issue.4, 2016.

R. Jalan, T. G. John, D. N. Redhead, O. J. Garden, K. J. Simpson et al., A comparative study of emergency transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt and esophageal transection in the management of uncontrolled variceal hemorrhage, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.90, issue.11, pp.1932-1939, 1995.

P. A. Mccormick, R. Dick, E. B. Panagou, J. K. Chin, L. Greenslade et al., Emergency transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic stent shunting as salvage treatment for uncontrolled variceal bleeding, Br J Surg, vol.81, pp.1324-1327, 1994.

A. J. Sanyal, A. M. Freedman, V. A. Luketic, P. P. Purdum, M. L. Shiffman et al., Salvage" transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: gastric fundal compared with esophageal variceal bleeding, Gastroenterology, vol.111, issue.1, pp.138-184, 1996.

T. N. Chau, D. Patch, Y. W. Chan, A. Nagral, R. Dick et al., Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy, Gastroenterology, vol.114, issue.5, pp.981-988, 1998.

A. L. Gerbes, V. Gülberg, T. Waggershauser, J. Holl, and M. Reiser, Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for variceal bleeding in portal hypertension: comparison of emergency and elective interventions, Dig Dis Sci, vol.43, issue.11, pp.2463-2472, 1998.

R. Bañares, M. Casado, J. M. Rodríguez-láiz, F. Camúñez, A. Matilla et al., Urgent transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for control of acute variceal bleeding, Am J Gastroenterol, vol.93, issue.1, pp.75-84, 1998.

D. Azoulay, D. Castaing, P. Majno, F. Saliba, P. Ichaï et al., Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for uncontrolled variceal bleeding in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, J Hepatol, vol.35, issue.5, pp.590-597, 2001.

J. Rudler, , p.54, 2010.

M. Rudler, G. Rousseau, and D. Thabut, Salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt followed by early transplantation in patients with Child C14-15 cirrhosis and refractory variceal bleeding: a strategy improving survival, Transpl Int, vol.26, issue.6, pp.50-51, 2013.

I. L. Holster, E. T. Tjwa, A. Moelker, A. Wils, B. E. Hansen et al.,

B. Hoek, J. J. Nicolai, E. J. Kuipers, P. M. Pattynama, . Van-buuren et al., Covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus endoscopic therapy + ?-blocker for prevention of variceal rebleeding, Hepatology, vol.63, issue.2, pp.581-590, 2016.

X. Qi, Y. Tian, W. Zhang, H. Zhao, G. Han et al., Covered TIPS for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Medicine (Baltimore), vol.95, issue.1, p.5680, 2016.

T. Sauerbruch, M. Mengel, M. Dollinger, A. Zipprich, M. Rössle et al., Study Group for Prophylaxis of Variceal Rebleeding. Prevention of Rebleeding From Esophageal Varices in Patients With Cirrhosis Receiving Small-Diameter Stents Versus Hemodynamically Controlled Medical Therapy, Gastroenterology, vol.149, issue.3, pp.660-668, 2015.

E. Moitinho, A. Escorsell, J. C. Bandi, J. M. Salmerón, J. C. García-pagán et al., Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding, Gastroenterology, vol.117, issue.3, pp.626-657, 1999.

A. Monescillo, F. Martinez-lagares, L. Ruiz-del-arbol, A. Sierra, C. Guevara et al., Influence of portal hyper-tension and its early decompression by TIPS placement on the outcome of variceal bleeding, Hepatology, vol.40, pp.793-801, 2004.

M. Rudler, P. Cluzel, T. L. Corvec, H. Benosman, G. Rousseau et al.,

, Early-TIPSS placement prevents rebleeding in high-risk patients with variceal bleeding, without improving survival, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, vol.40, issue.9, pp.1074-80, 2014.

D. Thabut, A. Pauwels, N. Carbonell, A. J. Remy, P. Nahon et al., Cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension-related bleeding and an indication for early-TIPS: a large multicentre audit with real-life results, J Hepatol, 2017.

P. Ginés, V. Arroyo, E. Quintero, R. Planas, F. Bory et al., Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites. Results of a randomized study, Gastroenterology, vol.93, issue.2, pp.234-275, 1987.

V. Arroyo and J. Colmenero, Ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: pathophysiological basis of therapy and current management, J Hepatol, vol.38, issue.1, pp.69-89, 2003.

C. Bureau, D. Adebayo, C. De-rieu, M. Elkrief, L. Valla et al., Alfapump® system vs. large volume paracentesis for refractory ascites: A multicenter randomized controlled study, J Hepatol, issue.17, pp.32080-32089, 2017.

M. Rössle, A. Ochs, V. Gülberg, V. Siegerstetter, J. Holl et al., A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites, N Engl J Med, vol.342, issue.1, pp.1701-1708, 2000.

P. Ginès, J. Uriz, B. Calahorra, G. Garcia-tsao, P. S. Kamath et al., Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting versus paracentesis plus albumin for refractory ascites in cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, vol.123, issue.6, pp.1839-1886, 2002.

A. J. Sanyal, C. Genning, K. R. Reddy, F. Wong, K. V. Kowdley et al.,

, North American Study for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites Group. The North American Study for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites, Gastroenterology, vol.124, issue.3, pp.634-675, 2003.

F. Salerno, M. Merli, O. Riggio, M. Cazzaniga, V. Valeriano et al., Randomized controlled study of TIPS versus paracentesis plus albumin in cirrhosis with severe ascites, Hepatology, vol.40, issue.3, pp.629-664, 2004.

D. Lebrec, N. Giuily, A. Hadengue, V. Vilgrain, R. Moreau et al., Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. French Group of Clinicians and a Group of Biologists, J Hepatol, vol.25, issue.2, pp.135-179, 1996.

F. Salerno, C. Cammà, M. Enea, M. Rössle, and F. Wong, Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data

, Gastroenterology, vol.133, issue.3, p.1746, 2007.

S. Nardelli, B. Lattanzi, S. Torrisi, F. Greco, A. Farcomeni et al., Sarcopenia Is Risk Factor for Development of Hepatic Encephalopathy After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.15, issue.6, pp.934-936, 2017.

N. Kochar, D. Tripathi, H. Ireland, D. N. Redhead, and P. C. Hayes, Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) modification in the management of post-TIPSS refractory hepatic encephalopathy, Gut, vol.55, issue.11, pp.1617-1640, 2006.

S. Masson, H. A. Mardini, J. D. Rose, and C. O. Record, Hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion: a decade of experience, QJM, vol.101, issue.6, pp.493-501, 2008.

). Stadlbauer-v(1, J. Tauss, H. R. Portugaller, P. Stiegler, F. Iberer et al., Hepatic encephalopathy following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): management with L-ornithine-L-aspartate and stent reduction, Metab Brain Dis, vol.22, issue.1, pp.45-50, 2007.

J. Stefánková, P. H?leki, A. Babu, E. Cermáková, V. Safka et al., Hepatic encephalopathy due to TIPS-retrospective study, Hepatogastroenterology, vol.54, issue.74, pp.480-484, 2007.

G. Weitzman, N. J. Schamberg, and G. Lake-bakaar, Synergism between hepatocellular injury and shunting in portosystemic encephalopathy (PSE): case report of acute brittle TIPSinduced PSE, Dig Dis Sci, vol.52, issue.1, pp.3270-3274, 2007.

Q. Wang, Y. Lv, M. Bai, Z. Wang, H. Liu et al., Eight millimetre covered TIPS does not compromise shunt function but reduces hepatic encephalopathy in preventing variceal rebleeding, J Hepatol, vol.67, issue.3, pp.508-516, 2017.

O. Riggio, S. Nardelli, C. Pasquale, I. Pentassuglio, S. Gioia et al., No effect of albumin infusion on the prevention of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, Metab Brain Dis, vol.31, issue.6, pp.1275-1281, 2016.

O. Riggio, A. Masini, C. Efrati, F. Nicolao, S. Angeloni et al., Pharmacological prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a randomized controlled study, J Hepatol, vol.42, issue.5, pp.674-683, 2005.

E. Inoue, S. Hori, Y. Narumi, M. Fujita, K. Kuriyama et al., Portalsystemic encephalopathy: presence of basal ganglia lesions with high signal intensity on MR images, Radiology, vol.179, issue.2, pp.551-556, 1991.

K. Weissenborn, C. Ehrenheim, A. Hori, S. Kubicka, and M. P. Manns, Pallidal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical and MRI evaluation, Metab Brain Dis, vol.10, issue.3, pp.219-250, 1995.

S. A. Mirowitz, T. J. Westrich, and J. D. Hirsch, Hyperintense basal ganglia on T1-weighted MR images in patients receiving parenteral nutrition, Radiology, vol.181, issue.1, pp.117-137, 1991.

S. A. Mirowitz and T. J. Westrich, Basal ganglial signal intensity alterations: reversal after discontinuation of parenteral manganese administration, Radiology, vol.185, issue.2, pp.535-541, 1992.

K. Das, P. Singh, Y. Chawla, A. Duseja, R. K. Dhiman et al., Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in patients with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension, Dig Dis Sci, vol.53, issue.10, pp.2793-2801, 2008.

W. Nolte, J. Wiltfang, C. G. Schindler, K. Unterberg, M. Finkenstaedt et al., Bright basal ganglia in T1-weighted magnetic resonance images are frequent in patients with portal vein thrombosis without liver cirrhosis and not suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy, J Hepatol, vol.29, issue.3, pp.443-452, 1998.

J. A. Brunberg, E. Kanal, W. Hirsch, V. Thiel, and D. H. , Chronic acquired hepatic failure: MR imaging of the brain at 1.5 T, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.12, issue.5, pp.909-923, 1991.

M. L. Zeneroli, G. Cioni, G. Crisi, C. Vezzelli, and E. Ventura, Globus pallidus alterations and brain atrophy in liver cirrhosis patients with encephalopathy: an MR imaging study, Magn Reson Imaging, vol.9, issue.3, pp.295-302, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0730-725x(91)90414-h

E. Tarasów, A. Panasiuk, L. Siergiejczyk, A. Orzechowska-bobkiewicz, A. Lewszuk et al., MR and 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis and early stages of hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatogastroenterology, vol.50, issue.54, pp.2149-53, 2003.

S. Krieger, M. Jauss, O. Jansen, A. Stiehl, P. Sauer et al., MRI findings in chronic hepatic encephalopathy depend on portosystemic shunt: results of a controlled prospective clinical investigation, J Hepatol, vol.27, issue.1, pp.121-127, 1997.

N. Allaïli, R. Valabrègue, E. J. Auerbach, V. Guillemot, L. Yahia-cherif et al., Single voxel 1H spectroscopy in the human hippocampus at 3 T using the LASER sequence: characterization of neurochemical profile and reproducibility, NMR in Biomedicine, vol.28, pp.1209-1217, 2015.

R. Kreis, N. Farrow, and B. D. Ross, Localized 1H NMR spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Analysis of changes in cerebral glutamine, choline and inositol, NMR Biomed, vol.4, issue.2, pp.109-125, 1991.

J. Cordoba, C. Hinojosa, F. Sampedro, J. Alonso, A. Rovira et al., vUsefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with relapsing confusional syndrome, Dig Dis Sci, vol.46, issue.11, pp.2451-2456, 2001.

D. Häussinger, J. Laubenberger, S. Vom-dahl, T. Ernst, S. Bayer et al., Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy, Gastroenterology, vol.107, issue.5, pp.1475-80, 1994.

F. Miese, G. Kircheis, H. J. Wittsack, F. Wenserski, J. Hemker et al., 1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1019-1045, 2006.

B. D. Ross, The biochemistry of living tissues: examination by MRS, NMR Biomed, vol.5, issue.5, pp.215-224, 1992.

S. D. Taylor-robinson, J. Sargentoni, R. J. Mallalieu, J. D. Bell, D. J. Bryant et al., Cerebral phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, vol.20, issue.5, pp.1173-1181, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0270-9139(94)90753-6

S. D. Taylor-robinson, J. Sargentoni, A. Oatridge, D. J. Bryant, J. V. Hajnal et al., MR imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: correlation of T1-weighted contrast measurements with abnormalities in proton and phosphorus-31 MR spectra, Metab Brain Dis, vol.11, issue.3, pp.249-68, 1996.

A. Geissler, G. Lock, R. Fründ, P. Held, S. Hollerbach et al., Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging, Hepatology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.48-54, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/hep.510250109
URL : https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hep.510250109

L. Spahr, F. Vingerhoets, F. Lazeyras, J. Delavelle, R. Dupasquier et al., Magnetic resonance imaging and proton spectroscopic alterations correlate with parkinsonian signs in patients with cirrhosis, Gastroenterology, vol.119, issue.3, pp.774-81, 2000.
DOI : 10.1053/gast.2000.17857

B. D. Ross, S. Jacobson, F. Villamil, J. Korula, R. Kreis et al., Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: proton MR spectroscopic abnormalities, Radiology, vol.193, issue.2, pp.457-63, 1994.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.193.2.7972763

T. Nägele, U. Seeger, P. Pereira, D. Seitz, U. Klose et al., MR proton spectroscopy to monitor the concentration changes in cerebral metabolites following a TIPS placement, Rofo, vol.170, issue.3, pp.298-303, 1999.

V. P. Grover, M. J. Mcphail, M. Wylezinska-arridge, . Crossey, J. A. Fitzpatrick et al., A longitudinal study of patients with cirrhosis treated with Lornithine L-aspartate, examined with magnetization transfer, diffusion-weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Metab Brain Dis, vol.32, issue.1, pp.77-86, 2017.

P. G. Nucifora, R. Verma, S. K. Lee, and E. R. Melhem, Diffusion-tensor MR imaging and tractography: exploring brain microstructure and connectivity, Radiology, vol.245, issue.2, pp.367-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2452060445

E. Tollard, D. Galanaud, V. Perlbarg, P. Sanchez-pena, L. Fur et al., Experience of diffusion tensor imaging and 1H spectroscopy for outcome prediction in severe traumatic brain injury: Preliminary results, Crit Care Med, vol.37, issue.4, pp.1448-55, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00419938

D. Galanaud, V. Perlbarg, R. Gupta, R. D. Stevens, P. Sanchez et al., Neuro Imaging for Coma Emergence and Recovery Consortium. Assessment of white matter injury and outcome in severe brain trauma: a prospective multicenter cohort, Anesthesiology, vol.117, issue.6, pp.1300-1310, 2012.

J. Dinkel, A. Drier, O. Khalilzadeh, V. Perlbarg, V. Czernecki et al., Puybasset L; for NICER (Neuro Imaging for Coma Emergence and Recovery) Consortium. Long-term white matter changes after severe traumatic brain injury: a 5-year prospective cohort, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.35, issue.1, pp.23-32, 2014.

C. E. Luyt, D. Galanaud, V. Perlbarg, A. Vanhaudenhuyse, R. D. Stevens et al., Neuro Imaging for Coma Emergence and Recovery Consortium. Diffusion tensor imaging to predict long-term outcome after cardiac arrest: a bicentric pilot study, Anesthesiology, vol.117, issue.6, pp.1311-1332, 2012.

L. C. Manchester, V. Lee, V. Schmithorst, P. M. Kochanek, A. Panigrahy et al., Global and Regional Derangements of Cerebral Blood Flow and Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Pediatric Cardiac Arrest, J Pediatr, vol.169, pp.28-35, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.10.003
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4729616?pdf=render

R. A. Kale, R. K. Gupta, V. A. Saraswat, K. M. Hasan, R. Trivedi et al., Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy, Hepatology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.698-706, 2006.

R. Kumar, R. K. Gupta, V. Elderkin-thompson, A. Huda, J. Sayre et al., Voxel-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of lowgrade hepatic encephalopathy, J Magn Reson Imaging, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1061-1069, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/jmri.21342
URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmri.21342

L. Chavarria, J. Alonso, R. García-martínez, F. X. Aymerich, E. Huerga et al., Biexponential analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging of the brain in patients with cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1510-1517, 2011.

T. Ishihara, M. Ito, Y. Niimi, M. Tsujimoto, J. Senda et al., Clinical and radiological impact of liver transplantation for brain in cirrhosis patients without hepatic encephalopathy, Clin Neurol Neurosurg, vol.115, issue.11, pp.2341-2348, 2013.

V. Ahluwalia, J. B. Wade, M. B. White, H. S. Gilles, D. M. Heuman et al., Liver transplantation significantly improves global functioning and cerebral processing, Liver Transpl, vol.22, issue.10, pp.1379-90, 2016.
DOI : 10.1002/lt.24498
URL : https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lt.24498

R. Qi, L. J. Zhang, J. Zhong, S. Wu, Z. Zhang et al., Dynamic changes of intrinsic brain activity in cirrhotic patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a resting-state FMRI study, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.10, p.46681, 2012.

V. Ahluwalia, J. B. Wade, D. M. Heuman, T. A. Hammeke, A. J. Sanyal et al., Enhancement of functional connectivity, working memory and inhibitory control on multi-modal brain MR imaging with Rifaximin in Cirrhosis: implications for the gut-liver-brain axis, Metab Brain Dis, vol.29, issue.4, pp.1017-1042, 2014.

B. Gómez-ansón, E. Román, F. De-bobadilla, R. Pires-encuentra, P. Díazmanera et al., Alterations in cerebral white matter and neuropsychology in patients with cirrhosis and falls, PLoS One, vol.10, issue.3, p.118930, 201520.

M. E. Raichle and M. A. Mintun, Brain work and brain imaging, Annu Rev Neurosci, vol.29, pp.449-456, 2006.

M. E. Raichle and A. Z. Snyder, A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea, Neuroimage, vol.37, issue.4, pp.1083-90, 2007.

A. Anticevic, G. Repovs, G. L. Shulman, and D. M. Barch, When less is more: TPJ and default network deactivation during encoding predicts working memory performance, Neuroimage, vol.49, issue.3, pp.2638-2686, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.008
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3226712?pdf=render

B. Mazoyer, O. Houdé, M. Joliot, E. Mellet, and N. Tzourio-mazoyer, Regional cerebral blood flow increases during wakeful rest following cognitive training, Brain Res Bull, vol.80, issue.3, pp.133-141, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.021

L. J. Zhang, G. Zheng, L. Zhang, J. Zhong, S. Wu et al., Altered brain functional connectivity in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a functional MR imaging study, Radiology, vol.265, issue.2, pp.528-564, 2012.

L. J. Zhang, R. Qi, J. Zhong, L. Ni, G. Zheng et al., Disrupted functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy: a resting state fMRI study, PLoS One, vol.8, issue.1, p.53206, 2013.

X. Q. Zhu, H. J. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Cui, and G. J. Teng, Aberrant resting-state corticostriatal functional connectivity in cirrhotic patients with hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted MR imaging, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.11, p.48886, 2012.

H. J. Chen, X. Q. Zhu, Y. Jiao, P. C. Li, Y. Wang et al., Abnormal baseline brain activity in low-grade hepatic encephalopathy: a resting-statefMRI study, J Neurol Sci, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.140-145, 2012.

L. Ni, R. Qi, L. J. Zhang, J. Zhong, G. Zheng et al., Altered regional homogeneity in the development of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a resting-state functional MRI study, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.7, p.42016, 2012.