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G. M. Erazmus, X. Garcia, H. Cai, Y. Chen, F. Andronic et al., Also, I would like to thank Nicole and Philippe for carefully reading my PhD manuscript and for the detailed corrections. Many thanks to Daicui, Nicole and Philippe who had many times manage to kindly arrange lunches and dinners for me when I did not had time to cook by myself. I am grateful to B, First, I would like to thank my supervisors Nicole Bastid and Philippe Crochet at LPC Clermont-Ferrand and, Daicui Zhou at IOPP Wuhan in China who gave me the opportunity to work alternately in France and China

, Last, I would like to thank my parents, my young sister as well my girlfriend's parents for their understanding and their support. All my apologies for the people I may have forgotten

X. Zhang, , 2012.

. Clermont-ferrand,