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, Example of power curve for some usual wind turbine
, Axial stream tube around a wind turbine
, 10 1.6 Comparison of predicted power for BEM and GAD models with experimental data of NREL UAE
, Example of quadtree discretization and corresponding tree representation
, Example of mesh conguration in 2D with stencils
, Examples of quadtree grids used for validation
, Example of mesh conguration in 2D with stencils for Laplacian operator, p.26
, Example of error distribution between a Laplace operator discretization and an analytical expression and numerical solution with a quadtree grid conguration corresponding to tree level 7
, Example of mesh conguration in 2D with stencils for semi-Lagrangian scheme, vol.29
, Example of octree grid conguration used for validation of the solver, p.32
, Example of mesh conguration in 3D with stencils for Laplace operator, p.33
, Turbulent boundary layer proles for dierent Reynolds numbers, p.37
, 38 2.10 Implementation of the wall law
, Velocity eld of the Taylor-Green vortex on a quadtree grid (tree level = 7) after 0.1 s of simulation
, Quadtree mesh around a two-dimensional cylinder (minimum tree level = 7), p.44
, Drag coecient history at Re = 550 with the numerical solution of reference and the computed results with 3 dierent grid sizes
, Isobars and contour lines of z?component of vorticity obtained at t = 100 and Re = 100 for the ow around a circular cylinder
, Drag and Lift coecients history at Re = 100
, Isobars and contour lines of z?component of vorticity obtained at t = 100 and Re = 200 for the ow around a circular cylinder
, Drag and Lift coecients history at Re = 200
, Isobars and contour lines of z?component of vorticity obtained at t = 100 and Re = 600 for the ow around a circular cylinder
, 49 3.10 Simulation of a blade in a rotating frame, y-Velocity at plane z =-5, p.52
, Octree mesh used for the ow around a sphere-Tree level 5
, Time history of drag coecients for the ow at Re = 500 with 3 dierent grid renements and 2 dierent CFL conditions
, Pressure coecient around the cylinder at Re = 3900. Angle of ? corresponds to the wake of the cylinder, whereas angle of 0 is the incoming ow, p.57
, Wake prole of streamwise velocity at dierent positions obtained by an average over 9 vortex sheddings after a preliminary simulation for the ow past a cylinder at Re = 3900
, Comparison of x-Velocity eld obtained with the Cartesian and the octree codes for the ow around a cylinder at Re = 140000
, Wake prole for the ow past a cylinder at Re = 140000 at dierent locations obtained by an average over 5 vortex shedding after a preliminary simulation, p.62
, Wake prole for the ow past a cylinder at Re = 140000 at dierent locations obtained after a preliminary simulation and by an average over the 5 rst vortex shedding (a, c and e), and over 5 next vortex shedding (b, d and f), p.63
, Computational domain with d = rotor diameter + a few meters, p.66
, Topographic view of the wind plant obtained with Google Earth ® and wind rose corresponding to the site
, Fiber Bragg Grating principle. n corresponds to the index of refraction and ? is the period of n variation. Found on www
,
, Position of the strain gauges on the blade
, Position of pressure sensors on the blade
, 7 Final position of the met mast and wind rose of the area
, Photo of the met mast after its installation
, 76 4.12 Longitudinal deformations from sensors at dierent locations as a function of wind speed
, Time history of deformation data from sensor located on the leading edge at 7m of the blade length, of wind speed data reconstructed at the wind turbine and frequency (with a normalized scale) during a gust and with weak wind, p.79
, Deformations on the blade at several location as a function of blade position with weak wind (a and c) or during gust events (b and d)
, Blade cross section with suggested reference system including denition of apwise and lagwise bending axes
, Partitioned scheme implemented in the 3D solver, vol.87
, 3 Sketch of the computational domain for the ow past a rotating blade, p.90
, Display of the octree mesh used for the simulation of the ow past a rotating blade, vol.91
, 6 rpm after 3.5 revolutions of the blade
, Time history of the power extracted by the simulated wind turbine, p.94
, Velocity magnitude for the ow past a circular cylinder in 2D at Re = 200 showing the AMR process with superimposition of the mesh at the top, p.95
, Beginning of the simulation with AMR process for the case of the ow around a sphere at Re = 5000
, 97 5.10 End of the simulation with AMR process for the case of the ow around a sphere at Re = 5000
, AMR process for the rotating blade with an operating condition at U ? = 6 m.s ?1 , ? = 16.2 rpm and Re = 1000
, Visualization of the ow around a rotating blade with a gust-like event, p.101
, Streamwise velocity past a cylinder for the ow at Re=140 000, p.106
, Comparaison de la vitesse selon l'axe x obtenue avec les codes Cartesien et octree pour le cas de l'écoulement autour d'un cylindre à Re = 140000, p.125
, Prols de vitesses dans le sillage du cylindre à Re = 140000 obtenus à plusieurs positions et en moyennant sur 5 lachés tourbillonaires après une simulation préliminaire
, 34 2.8 Norm of the error and order of the semi-Lagrangian scheme for 3D octree grid. . 34 3.1 Norm of the spatial error and orders of the Taylor-Green vortex for 2D quadtree grid
, , p.43
, Comparison of Strouhal number and drag coecient for the ow past a circular cylinder at Re = 100
, Comparison of Strouhal number and drag coecient for the ow past a circular cylinder at Re = 200
, Comparison of Strouhal number and drag coecient for the ow past a circular cylinder at Re = 600
, Comparison of lift coecient for the ow past a NACA0012 airfoil at Re = 1000 with dierent angles of attack
, Comparison of averaged drag coecient (over 9 vortex sheddings) for the ow past a cylinder at Re = 140000
, Mean values of frequency (noted f ) and amplitude (noted Amp) of deformations during gusts or with weak wind for each sensor