G. Vieusseux, Mémoire sur la maladie qui a régné à Genève au printemps de 1805, J Med Chir Pharmacol, vol.11, p.163, 1805.

L. Danielson and E. Mann, A history of a singular and very noted disease, which lately made its appearance in Medfield, Med Agricultural Reg, vol.1, pp.65-69, 1806.

B. Greenwood and . Manson-lecture, Meningococcal meningitis in Africa, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.93, pp.341-353, 1999.

E. Marchiafava and A. Celli, Sopra i micrococchi della meningite cerebrospinale epidemica, Gazzetta Osp, vol.5, 1884.

A. Weichselbaum, Ueber die Aetiologie der akuten Meningitis cerebro-spinalis, vol.5, pp.573-83, 1887.

F. Kiefer, Zur differentialdiagnose des erregers der epidemischen cerebrospinalmeningitis und der gonorrhoe, Berl. Klin. Wochenschr, vol.33, pp.628-630, 1896.

H. Albrecht and A. Ghon, Uber die aetiologie und pathologische anatomie der meningitis cerebrospinalis epidemica, Wien Klin Wochenschr, vol.14, p.984, 1901.

C. Dopter, Etude de quelques germes idolés du rhinopharynx, voisans du méningocoque (para méningocoques, C R Soc Biol, vol.67, p.64, 1909.

S. Flexner, The results of the serum treatment in thirdteen hundred cases of epidemic meningitis, J. Exp. Med, vol.17, pp.553-576, 1913.

H. Bruns and . Hohn, J. Meningokokken im Nasenrachenram. Kiln Jahrb Jena, vol.28, p.285, 1908.

R. A. Waterhouse, A case of suprarenal apoplexy, The Lancet, vol.1, pp.577-578, 1911.

J. Norton and J. Gordon, Meningococcus meningitis in Detroit in 1928-1929, I. Epidemiology, J prev Med, vol.4, p.207, 1930.

M. R. French, Epidemiological Study of 383 Cases of Meningococcus Meningitis in the City of Milwaukee, 1927-1928 and 1929, Am J Public Health Nations Health, vol.21, pp.130-138, 1931.

J. A. Glover, The Cerebro-Spinal Fever Epidemic of 1917 at X Depôt, J Hyg (Lond), vol.17, pp.350-365, 1918.

F. F. Schwentker, S. Gelman, P. H. Long, H. Perrin, and . Long, The treatment of meningococcic meningitis with sulfanilamide. Preliminary report. By Francis F. Schwentker, Sidney Gelman, JAMA, vol.251, pp.788-790, 1937.

D. Khuns, C. Nelson, H. Feldman, and L. Kuhn, The prophylactic value of sulfadiazine in the control of meningococcic meningitis, JAMA, vol.123, pp.335-339, 1943.

E. B. Schoenbach and J. J. Phair, The sensitivity of meningococci to sulfadiazine, Am J Hyg, vol.47, pp.177-186, 1948.

W. M. Bristow, P. F. Vanpeenen, and R. Volk, Epidemic meningitis in naval recruits, Am J Public Health Nations Health, vol.55, pp.1039-1045, 1965.

J. R. Gauld, R. E. Nitz, D. H. Hunter, J. H. Rust, and R. L. Gauld, Epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis at fort ord, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.82, pp.56-72, 1965.

W. B. Deal and E. Sanders, Efficacy of rifampin in treatment of meningococcal carriers, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.281, pp.641-645, 1969.

P. Gardner, Clinical practice. Prevention of meningococcal disease, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.355, pp.1466-1473, 2006.

M. Guibourdenche, M. Y. Popoff, and J. Y. Riou, Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. lactamica, N. cinerea and "Neisseria polysaccharea, Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol, vol.137, pp.177-185, 1986.

L. A. Snyder and N. J. Saunders, The majority of genes in the pathogenic Neisseria species are present in non-pathogenic Neisseria lactamica, including those designated as 'virulence genes, BMC Genomics, vol.7, p.128, 2006.

M. Vandekerkove, P. Bradstreet, R. Faucon, and S. Benech,

, Ann Inst Pasteur, vol.113, pp.260-263, 1967.

A. Bäckman, P. Lantz, P. Rådström, and P. Olcén, Evaluation of an extended diagnostic PCR assay for detection and verification of the common causes of bacterial meningitis in CSF and other biological samples, Mol. Cell. Probes, vol.13, pp.49-60, 1999.

M. Frosch, D. Müller, K. Bousset, and A. Müller, Conserved outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis involved in capsule expression, Infect. Immun, vol.60, pp.798-803, 1992.

K. W. Slaterus, Serological typing of meningococci by means of micro-precipitation

, Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, vol.27, pp.305-315, 1961.

M. Taha, Interlaboratory comparison of PCR-based identification and genogrouping of Neisseria meningitidis, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.43, pp.144-149, 2005.

C. E. Frasch, W. D. Zollinger, and J. T. Poolman, Serotype antigens of Neisseria meningitidis and a proposed scheme for designation of serotypes, Rev. Infect. Dis, vol.7, pp.504-510, 1985.

J. T. Poolman and H. Abdillahi, Outer membrane protein serosubtyping of Neisseria meningitidis, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, vol.7, pp.291-292, 1988.

I. M. Feavers, J. Suker, A. J. Mckenna, A. B. Heath, and M. Maiden, Molecular analysis of the serotyping antigens of Neisseria meningitidis, Infect. Immun, vol.60, pp.3620-3629, 1992.

M. C. Maiden, J. A. Bygraves, J. Mccarvil, and I. M. Feavers, Identification of meningococcal serosubtypes by polymerase chain reaction, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.30, pp.2835-2841, 1992.

R. J. Scholten, Lipo-oligosaccharide immunotyping of Neisseria meningitidis by a whole-cell ELISA with monoclonal antibodies, J. Med. Microbiol, vol.41, pp.236-243, 1994.

M. C. Maiden, Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.95, pp.3140-3145, 1998.

J. A. Sáez-nieto, Epidemiology and molecular basis of penicillin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis in Spain: a 5-year history (1985-1989), Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.14, pp.394-402, 1992.

M. W. Bijlsma, Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in the Netherlands, 1960-2012: an analysis of national surveillance data, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.14, pp.805-812, 2014.

A. Bilal, Neonatal Meningococcal Meningitis In France From, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, vol.35, pp.1270-1272, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02055841

D. Caprio and G. , Increased rate of penicillin non-susceptible strains of N, J Chemother, vol.29, pp.389-390, 2017.

A. Deghmane, E. Hong, and M. Taha, Emergence of meningococci with reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, J. Antimicrob. Chemother, vol.72, pp.95-98, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02013247

J. Griffiss, B. Brandt, and G. A. Jarvis, Natural immunity to Neisseria meningitidis, Evolution of meningococcal disease, pp.99-119, 1987.

K. A. Cartwright, J. M. Stuart, D. M. Jones, and N. D. Noah, The Stonehouse survey: nasopharyngeal carriage of meningococci and Neisseria lactamica, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.99, pp.591-601, 1987.

D. A. Caugant, Asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in a randomly sampled population, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.32, pp.323-330, 1994.

C. L. Trotter and B. M. Greenwood, Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.7, pp.797-803, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02263733

R. Gold, I. Goldschneider, M. L. Lepow, T. F. Draper, and M. Randolph, Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in infants and children, J. Infect. Dis, vol.137, pp.112-121, 1978.

H. Christensen, M. May, L. Bowen, M. Hickman, and C. L. Trotter, Meningococcal carriage by age: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.10, pp.853-861, 2010.

G. Rake, Studies on meningococcus infection : VI. The carrier problem, J. Exp. Med, vol.59, pp.553-576, 1934.

S. Greenfield, P. R. Sheehe, and H. A. Feldman, Meningococcal carriage in a population of 'normal' families, J. Infect. Dis, vol.123, pp.67-73, 1971.

D. A. Caugant, Pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in 2-19-year-old individuals in Uganda, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.100, pp.1159-1163, 2006.

I. C. Glitza, Longitudinal study of meningococcal carrier rates in teenagers, Int J Hyg Environ Health, vol.211, pp.263-272, 2008.

K. A. Cartwright, Meningococcal carriage and disease, pp.114-146, 1995.

D. S. Stephens, Uncloaking the meningococcus: dynamics of carriage and disease, Lancet, vol.353, pp.941-942, 1999.

I. Goldschneider, E. C. Gotschlich, and M. S. Artenstein, Human immunity to the meningococcus. II. Development of natural immunity, J. Exp. Med, vol.129, pp.1327-1348, 1969.

L. B. Reller, R. R. Macgregor, and H. N. Beaty, Bactericidal antibody after colonization with Neisseria meningitidis, J. Infect. Dis, vol.127, pp.56-62, 1973.

N. E. Rosenstein, B. A. Perkins, D. S. Stephens, T. Popovic, and J. Hughes, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.344, pp.1378-1388, 2001.

P. B. Mcintyre, K. L. O'brien, B. Greenwood, and D. Van-de-beek, Effect of vaccines on bacterial meningitis worldwide, Lancet, vol.380, pp.1703-1711, 2012.

M. L. Zarantonelli, Hyperinvasive genotypes of Neisseria meningitidis in France, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, vol.14, pp.467-472, 2008.

K. Trivedi, C. M. Tang, and R. M. Exley, Mechanisms of meningococcal colonisation, Trends Microbiol, vol.19, pp.456-463, 2011.

M. Coureuil, H. Lécuyer, S. Bourdoulous, and X. Nassif, A journey into the brain: insight into how bacterial pathogens cross blood-brain barriers, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.15, pp.149-159, 2017.

I. Goldschneider, E. C. Gotschlich, and M. S. Artenstein, Human immunity to the meningococcus. I. The role of humoral antibodies, J. Exp. Med, vol.129, pp.1307-1326, 1969.

R. T. Ellison, P. F. Kohler, J. G. Curd, F. N. Judson, and L. B. Reller, Prevalence of congenital or acquired complement deficiency in patients with sporadic meningococcal disease, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.308, pp.913-916, 1983.

M. Emonts, J. A. Hazelzet, R. De-groot, and P. W. Hermans, Host genetic determinants of Neisseria meningitidis infections, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.3, pp.565-577, 2003.

M. C. Brouwer, Host genetic susceptibility to pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.9, pp.31-44, 2009.

J. M. Griffiss, Bactericidal activity of meningococcal antisera. Blocking by IgA of lytic antibody in human convalescent sera, J. Immunol, vol.114, pp.1779-1784, 1975.

D. S. Stephens, Sporadic meningococcal disease in adults: results of a 5-year population-based study, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.123, pp.937-940, 1995.

L. S. Young, F. M. Laforce, J. J. Head, J. C. Feeley, and J. V. Bennett, A simultaneous outbreak of meningococcal and influenza infections, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.287, pp.5-9, 1972.

P. S. Moore, Respiratory viruses and mycoplasma as cofactors for epidemic group A meningococcal meningitis, JAMA, vol.264, pp.1271-1275, 1990.

J. Maclennan, Social behavior and meningococcal carriage in British teenagers, Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.12, pp.950-957, 2006.

C. C. Blackwell, Secretor status, smoking and carriage of Neisseria meningitidis, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.104, pp.203-209, 1990.

J. Andersen, L. Berthelsen, B. Bech-jensen, and I. Lind, Dynamics of the meningococcal carrier state and characteristics of the carrier strains: a longitudinal study within three cohorts of military recruits, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.121, pp.85-94, 1998.

P. Olcén, J. Kjellander, D. Danielsson, and B. L. Lindquist, Epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis; prevalence and symptoms from the upper respiratory tract in family members to patients with meningococcal disease. Scand, J. Infect. Dis, vol.13, pp.105-109, 1981.

P. S. Moore, M. W. Reeves, B. Schwartz, B. G. Gellin, and C. V. Broome, Intercontinental spread of an epidemic group A Neisseria meningitidis strain, Lancet, vol.2, pp.260-263, 1989.

B. M. Greenwood, I. S. Blakebrough, A. K. Bradley, S. Wali, and H. C. Whittle, Meningococcal disease and season in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet, vol.1, pp.1339-1342, 1984.

B. M. Greenwood, A. K. Bradley, and R. A. Wall, Meningococcal disease and season in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet, vol.2, pp.829-830, 1985.

M. S. Artenstein, J. H. Rust, D. H. Hunter, T. H. Lamson, and E. L. Buescher, Acute respiratory disease and meningococcal infection in army recruits, JAMA, vol.201, pp.1004-1007, 1967.

K. A. Cartwright, Influenza A and meningococcal disease, Lancet, vol.338, pp.554-557, 1991.

M. J. Thompson, Clinical recognition of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents, Lancet, vol.367, pp.397-403, 2006.

M. Van-deuren and P. Brandtzaeg, Parents' and GPs' key role in diagnosis of meningococcal septicaemia, Lancet, vol.356, pp.954-955, 2000.

D. Pace and A. J. Pollard, Meningococcal disease: clinical presentation and sequelae. Vaccine 30 Suppl 2, pp.3-9, 2012.

P. Brandtzaeg, A. Halstensen, P. Kierulf, T. Espevik, and A. Waage, Molecular mechanisms in the compartmentalized inflammatory response presenting as meningococcal meningitis or septic shock, Microb. Pathog, vol.13, pp.423-431, 1992.

V. K. Wong, W. Hitchcock, and W. H. Mason, Meningococcal infections in children: a review of 100 cases, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, vol.8, pp.224-227, 1989.

P. Valmari, H. Peltola, O. Ruuskanen, and H. Korvenranta, Childhood bacterial meningitis: initial symptoms and signs related to age, and reasons for consulting a physician, Eur. J. Pediatr, vol.146, pp.515-518, 1987.

S. Granier, P. Owen, and N. C. Stott, Recognizing meningococcal disease: the case for further research in primary care, Br J Gen Pract, vol.48, pp.1167-1171, 1998.

N. Pathan, S. N. Faust, and M. Levin, Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia, Arch. Dis. Child, vol.88, pp.601-607, 2003.

D. M. Adcock and M. J. Hicks, Dermatopathology of skin necrosis associated with purpura fulminans, Semin. Thromb. Hemost, vol.16, pp.283-292, 1990.

M. N. Sotto, B. Langer, S. Hoshino-shimizu, and T. De-brito, Pathogenesis of cutaneous lesions in acute meningococcemia in humans: light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopic studies of skin biopsy specimens, J. Infect. Dis, vol.133, pp.506-514, 1976.

J. S. Wheeler, B. J. Anderson, and T. M. De-chalain, Surgical interventions in children with meningococcal purpura fulminans-a review of 117 procedures in 21 children, J. Pediatr. Surg, vol.38, pp.597-603, 2003.

P. Vienne, The role of particular strains of Neisseria meningitidis in meningococcal arthritis, pericarditis, and pneumonia, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.37, pp.1639-1642, 2003.

G. Moreno, Clinical characterization of cases with meningococcal disease by W135 group in Chile, Rev Chilena Infectol, vol.30, pp.350-360, 2012.

K. Edmond, Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.10, pp.317-328, 2010.

I. Koomen, Neuropsychology of academic and behavioural limitations in school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis, Dev Med Child Neurol, vol.46, pp.724-732, 2004.

S. A. Douglas, H. Sanli, and W. P. Gibson, Meningitis resulting in hearing loss and labyrinthitis ossificans-does the causative organism matter?, Cochlear Implants Int, vol.9, pp.90-96, 2008.

C. M. Buysse, Long-term skin scarring and orthopaedic sequelae in survivors of meningococcal septic shock, Arch. Dis. Child, vol.94, pp.381-386, 2009.

M. V. Belthur, C. F. Bradish, and P. J. Gibbons, Late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. A multicentre study, J Bone Joint Surg Br, vol.87, pp.236-240, 2005.

R. Slack, Long-term outcome of meningococcal sepsis-associated acute renal failure, Pediatr Crit Care Med, vol.6, pp.477-479, 2005.

H. Schiffl and R. Fischer, Five-year outcomes of severe acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy, Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, vol.23, pp.2235-2241, 2008.

M. L. Metzker, Sequencing technologies-the next generation, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.11, pp.31-46, 2010.

M. Pop and S. L. Salzberg, Bioinformatics challenges of new sequencing technology, Trends Genet, vol.24, pp.142-149, 2008.

C. Trapnell and S. L. Salzberg, How to map billions of short reads onto genomes, Nat. Biotechnol, vol.27, pp.455-457, 2009.

M. J. Chaisson, D. Brinza, and P. A. Pevzner, De novo fragment assembly with short mate-paired reads: Does the read length matter?, Genome Res, vol.19, pp.336-346, 2009.

C. Schoen, H. Tettelin, J. Parkhill, and M. Frosch, Genome flexibility in Neisseria meningitidis, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.103-114, 2009.

H. Tettelin, Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58, Science, vol.287, pp.1809-1815, 2000.

J. Parkhill, Complete DNA sequence of a serogroup A strain of Neisseria meningitidis Z2491, Nature, vol.404, pp.502-506, 2000.

C. Schoen, Whole-genome comparison of disease and carriage strains provides insights into virulence evolution in Neisseria meningitidis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.105, pp.3473-3478, 2008.

J. Peng, Characterization of ST-4821 complex, a unique Neisseria meningitidis clone, Genomics, vol.91, pp.78-87, 2008.

S. D. Bentley, Meningococcal genetic variation mechanisms viewed through comparative analysis of serogroup C strain FAM18, PLoS Genet, vol.3, p.23, 2007.

K. A. Jolley, M. C. Maiden, and . Bigsdb, Scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.11, p.595, 2010.

P. R. Marri, Genome sequencing reveals widespread virulence gene exchange among human Neisseria species, PLoS ONE, vol.5, p.11835, 2010.

M. C. Maiden, B. Malorny, and M. Achtman, A global gene pool in the neisseriae, Mol. Microbiol, vol.21, pp.1297-1298, 1996.

N. J. Saunders, Repeat-associated phase variable genes in the complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58, Mol. Microbiol, vol.37, pp.207-215, 2000.

A. R. Richardson and I. Stojiljkovic, Mismatch repair and the regulation of phase variation in Neisseria meningitidis, Mol. Microbiol, vol.40, pp.645-655, 2001.

L. A. Snyder, S. A. Butcher, and N. J. Saunders, Comparative whole-genome analyses reveal over 100 putative phase-variable genes in the pathogenic Neisseria spp, Microbiology (Reading, Engl.), vol.147, pp.2321-2332, 2001.

R. Moxon, C. Bayliss, and D. Hood, Bacterial contingency loci: the role of simple sequence DNA repeats in bacterial adaptation, Annu. Rev. Genet, vol.40, pp.307-333, 2006.

S. Hammerschmidt, Capsule phase variation in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B by slipped-strand mispairing in the polysialyltransferase gene (siaD): correlation with bacterial invasion and the outbreak of meningococcal disease, Mol. Microbiol, vol.20, pp.1211-1220, 1996.

A. B. Jonsson, G. Nyberg, and S. Normark, Phase variation of gonococcal pili by frameshift mutation in pilC, a novel gene for pilus assembly, EMBO J, vol.10, pp.477-488, 1991.

M. P. Jennings, The genetic basis of the phase variation repertoire of lipopolysaccharide immunotypes in Neisseria meningitidis, Microbiology (Reading, Engl.), vol.145, pp.3013-3021, 1999.

A. Van-der-ende, Variable expression of class 1 outer membrane protein in Neisseria meningitidis is caused by variation in the spacing between the-10 and-35 regions of the promoter, J. Bacteriol, vol.177, pp.2475-2480, 1995.

A. Van-der-ende, C. T. Hopman, and J. Dankert, Multiple mechanisms of phase variation of PorA in Neisseria meningitidis, Infect. Immun, vol.68, pp.6685-6690, 2000.

J. Sarkari, N. Pandit, E. R. Moxon, and M. Achtman, Variable expression of the Opc outer membrane protein in Neisseria meningitidis is caused by size variation of a promoter containing poly-cytidine, Mol. Microbiol, vol.13, pp.207-217, 1994.

R. J. Belland, S. G. Morrison, J. H. Carlson, and D. M. Hogan, Promoter strength influences phase variation of neisserial opa genes, Mol. Microbiol, vol.23, pp.123-135, 1997.

A. R. Richardson and I. Stojiljkovic, HmbR, a hemoglobin-binding outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis, undergoes phase variation, J. Bacteriol, vol.181, pp.2067-2074, 1999.

L. A. Lewis, Phase variation of HpuAB and HmbR, two distinct haemoglobin receptors of Neisseria meningitidis DNM2, Mol. Microbiol, vol.32, pp.977-989, 1999.

E. Siena, In-silico prediction and deep-DNA sequencing validation indicate phase variation in 115 Neisseria meningitidis genes, BMC Genomics, vol.17, p.843, 2016.

D. Medini, C. Donati, H. Tettelin, V. Masignani, and R. Rappuoli, The microbial pan-genome, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev, vol.15, pp.589-594, 2005.

M. Skovgaard, L. J. Jensen, S. Brunak, D. Ussery, and A. Krogh, On the total number of genes and their length distribution in complete microbial genomes, Trends Genet, vol.17, pp.425-428, 2001.

G. J. Baart, Towards a Neisseria meningitidis B vaccine, pp.1-290, 2008.

Y. H. Sun, S. Bakshi, R. Chalmers, and C. M. Tang, Functional genomics of Neisseria meningitidis pathogenesis, Nat. Med, vol.6, pp.1269-1273, 2000.

R. A. Stabler, Identification of pathogen-specific genes through microarray analysis of pathogenic and commensal Neisseria species, Microbiology (Reading, Engl.), vol.151, pp.2907-2922, 2005.

J. C. Dunning-hotopp, Comparative genomics of Neisseria meningitidis: core genome, islands of horizontal transfer and pathogen-specific genes, Microbiology (Reading, Engl.), vol.152, pp.3733-3749, 2006.

B. Joseph, Comparative genome biology of a serogroup B carriage and disease strain supports a polygenic nature of meningococcal virulence, J. Bacteriol, vol.192, pp.5363-5377, 2010.

B. Joseph, Virulence evolution of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis by recombination in the core and accessory genome, PLoS ONE, vol.6, p.18441, 2011.

H. Echenique-rivera, Transcriptome analysis of Neisseria meningitidis in human whole blood and mutagenesis studies identify virulence factors involved in blood survival, PLoS Pathog, vol.7, p.1002027, 2011.

B. J. Ampattu, Transcriptomic buffering of cryptic genetic variation contributes to meningococcal virulence, BMC Genomics, vol.18, p.282, 2017.

T. Y. Liu, E. C. Gotschlich, F. T. Dunne, and E. K. Jonssen, Studies on the meningococcal polysaccharides. II. Composition and chemical properties of the group B and group C polysaccharide, J. Biol. Chem, vol.246, pp.4703-4712, 1971.

A. K. Bhattacharjee, H. J. Jennings, C. P. Kenny, A. Martin, and I. C. Smith, Structural determination of the polysaccharide antigens of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups Y, W-135, and BO1, Can. J. Biochem, vol.54, pp.1-8, 1976.

T. Y. Liu, E. C. Gotschlich, E. K. Jonssen, and J. R. Wysocki, Studies on the meningococcal polysaccharides. I. Composition and chemical properties of the group A polysaccharide, J. Biol. Chem, vol.246, pp.2849-2858, 1971.

D. R. Bundle, I. C. Smith, and H. J. Jennings, Determination of the structure and conformation of bacterial polysaccharides by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Studies on the group-specific antigens of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and X, J. Biol. Chem, vol.249, pp.2275-2281, 1974.

D. S. Stephens, P. A. Spellman, and J. S. Swartley, Effect of the (alpha 2->8)-linked polysialic acid capsule on adherence of Neisseria meningitidis to human mucosal cells, J. Infect. Dis, vol.167, pp.475-479, 1993.

M. R. Spinosa, The Neisseria meningitidis capsule is important for intracellular survival in human cells, Infect. Immun, vol.75, pp.3594-3603, 2007.

L. A. Lewis and S. Ram, Meningococcal disease and the complement system, Virulence, vol.5, pp.98-126, 2014.

O. B. Harrison, Description and nomenclature of Neisseria meningitidis capsule locus, Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.19, pp.566-573, 2013.

J. S. Swartley, Capsule switching of Neisseria meningitidis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.94, pp.271-276, 1997.

D. S. Stephens, A. M. Whitney, J. Rothbard, and G. K. Schoolnik, Pili of Neisseria meningitidis. Analysis of structure and investigation of structural and antigenic relationships to gonococcal pili, J. Exp. Med, vol.161, pp.1539-1553, 1985.

D. R. Brown, S. Helaine, E. Carbonnelle, and V. Pelicic, Systematic functional analysis reveals that a set of seven genes is involved in fine-tuning of the multiple functions mediated by type IV pili in Neisseria meningitidis, Infect. Immun, vol.78, pp.3053-3063, 2010.

T. Rudel, I. Scheurerpflug, and T. F. Meyer, Neisseria PilC protein identified as type-4 pilus tip-located adhesin, Nature, vol.373, pp.357-359, 1995.

H. C. Winther-larsen, A conserved set of pilin-like molecules controls type IV pilus dynamics and organelle-associated functions in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mol. Microbiol, vol.56, pp.903-917, 2005.

M. S. Strom, D. N. Nunn, and S. Lory, A single bifunctional enzyme, PilD, catalyzes cleavage and N-methylation of proteins belonging to the type IV pilin family, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.90, pp.2404-2408, 1993.

M. Wolfgang, J. P. Van-putten, S. F. Hayes, D. Dorward, and M. Koomey, Components and dynamics of fiber formation define a ubiquitous biogenesis pathway for bacterial pili, EMBO J, vol.19, pp.6408-6418, 2000.

D. S. Stephens and Z. A. Mcgee, Attachment of Neisseria meningitidis to human mucosal surfaces: influence of pili and type of receptor cell, J. Infect. Dis, vol.143, pp.525-532, 1981.

K. Melican, P. Michea-veloso, T. Martin, P. Bruneval, and G. Duménil, Adhesion of Neisseria meningitidis to dermal vessels leads to local vascular damage and purpura in a humanized mouse model, PLoS Pathog, vol.9, p.1003139, 2013.

H. S. Seifert, R. S. Ajioka, D. Paruchuri, F. Heffron, and M. So, Shuttle mutagenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: pilin null mutations lower DNA transformation competence, J. Bacteriol, vol.172, pp.40-46, 1990.

J. M. Griffiss, Lipooligosaccharides: the principal glycolipids of the neisserial outer membrane, Rev. Infect. Dis, vol.10, issue.2, pp.287-95, 1988.

C. M. Kahler and D. S. Stephens, Genetic basis for biosynthesis, structure, and function of meningococcal lipooligosaccharide (endotoxin), Crit. Rev. Microbiol, vol.24, pp.281-334, 1998.

P. Massari, S. Ram, H. Macleod, and L. M. Wetzler, The role of porins in neisserial pathogenesis and immunity, Trends Microbiol, vol.11, pp.87-93, 2003.

A. K. Lehmann, Human opsonins induced during meningococcal disease recognize outer membrane proteins PorA and PorB, Infect. Immun, vol.67, pp.2552-2560, 1999.

K. A. Haines, Protein I, a translocatable ion channel from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, selectively inhibits exocytosis from human neutrophils without inhibiting O2-generation, J. Biol. Chem, vol.263, pp.945-951, 1988.

J. F. Weel and J. P. Van-putten, Fate of the major outer membrane protein P.IA in early and late events of gonococcal infection of epithelial cells, Res. Microbiol, vol.142, pp.985-993, 1991.

T. Rudel, Modulation of Neisseria porin (PorB) by cytosolic ATP/GTP of target cells: parallels between pathogen accommodation and mitochondrial endosymbiosis, Cell, vol.85, pp.391-402, 1996.

J. P. Van-putten, T. D. Duensing, and J. Carlson, Gonococcal invasion of epithelial cells driven by P.IA, a bacterial ion channel with GTP binding properties, J. Exp. Med, vol.188, pp.941-952, 1998.

C. M. Snapper, F. R. Rosas, M. R. Kehry, J. J. Mond, and L. M. Wetzler, Neisserial porins may provide critical second signals to polysaccharide-activated murine B cells for induction of immunoglobulin secretion, Infect. Immun, vol.65, pp.3203-3208, 1997.

L. M. Wetzler, Innate immune function of the neisserial porins and the relationship to vaccine adjuvant activity, Future Microbiol, vol.5, pp.749-758, 2010.

I. Claassen, Production, characterization and control of a Neisseria meningitidis hexavalent class 1 outer membrane protein containing vesicle vaccine, Vaccine, vol.14, pp.1001-1008, 1996.

M. J. Callaghan, K. A. Jolley, and M. C. Maiden, Opacity-associated adhesin repertoire in hyperinvasive Neisseria meningitidis, Infect. Immun, vol.74, pp.5085-5094, 2006.

M. Virji, K. Makepeace, D. J. Ferguson, M. Achtman, and E. R. Moxon,

, Meningococcal Opa and Opc proteins: their role in colonization and invasion of human epithelial and endothelial cells, Mol. Microbiol, vol.10, pp.499-510, 1993.

M. Virji, Expression of the Opc protein correlates with invasion of epithelial and endothelial cells by Neisseria meningitidis, Mol. Microbiol, vol.6, pp.2785-2795, 1992.

M. Virji, S. M. Watt, S. Barker, K. Makepeace, and R. Doyonnas, The N-domain of the human CD66a adhesion molecule is a target for Opa proteins of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mol. Microbiol, vol.22, pp.929-939, 1996.

J. Pohlner, R. Halter, K. Beyreuther, and T. F. Meyer, Gene structure and extracellular secretion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae IgA protease, Nature, vol.325, pp.458-462, 1987.

T. Klauser, J. Krämer, K. Otzelberger, J. Pohlner, and T. F. Meyer, Characterization of the Neisseria Iga beta-core. The essential unit for outer membrane targeting and extracellular protein secretion, J. Mol. Biol, vol.234, pp.579-593, 1993.

B. J. Loveless and M. H. Saier, A novel family of channel-forming, autotransporting, bacterial virulence factors, Mol. Membr. Biol, vol.14, pp.113-123, 1997.

A. Besbes, Hyperinvasive Meningococci Induce Intra-nuclear Cleavage of the NF-?B Protein p65/RelA by Meningococcal IgA Protease, PLoS Pathog, vol.11, p.1005078, 2015.

R. A. Finkelstein, C. V. Sciortino, and M. A. Mcintosh, Role of iron in microbe-host interactions, Rev. Infect. Dis, vol.5, pp.759-77, 1983.

E. D. Weinberg, Iron withholding: a defense against infection and neoplasia, Physiol. Rev, vol.64, pp.65-102, 1984.

B. R. Otto, A. M. Verweij-van-vught, and D. M. Maclaren, Transferrins and hemecompounds as iron sources for pathogenic bacteria, Crit. Rev. Microbiol, vol.18, pp.217-233, 1992.

P. A. Mickelsen and P. F. Sparling, Ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and commensal Neisseria species to obtain iron from transferrin and iron compounds, Infect. Immun, vol.33, pp.555-564, 1981.

P. A. Mickelsen, E. Blackman, and P. F. Sparling, Ability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and commensal Neisseria species to obtain iron from lactoferrin, Infect. Immun, vol.35, pp.915-920, 1982.

D. W. Dyer, E. P. West, and P. F. Sparling, Effects of serum carrier proteins on the growth of pathogenic neisseriae with heme-bound iron, Infect. Immun, vol.55, pp.2171-2175, 1987.

I. Stojiljkovic, The Neisseria meningitidis haemoglobin receptor: its role in iron utilization and virulence, Mol. Microbiol, vol.15, pp.531-541, 1995.

L. A. Lewis and D. W. Dyer, Identification of an iron-regulated outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis involved in the utilization of hemoglobin complexed to haptoglobin, J. Bacteriol, vol.177, pp.1299-1306, 1995.

D. Perkins-balding, M. Ratliff-griffin, and I. Stojiljkovic, Iron transport systems in Neisseria meningitidis. Microbiol, Mol. Biol. Rev, vol.68, pp.154-171, 2004.

M. Legrain, Cloning and characterization of Neisseria meningitidis genes encoding the transferrin-binding proteins Tbp1 and Tbp2, Gene, vol.130, pp.73-80, 1993.

A. Pettersson, V. Klarenbeek, J. Van-deurzen, J. T. Poolman, and J. Tommassen, Molecular characterization of the structural gene for the lactoferrin receptor of the meningococcal strain H44/76, Microb. Pathog, vol.17, pp.395-408, 1994.

A. Pettersson, T. Prinz, A. Umar, J. Van-der-biezen, and J. Tommassen, Molecular characterization of LbpB, the second lactoferrin-binding protein of Neisseria meningitidis, Mol. Microbiol, vol.27, pp.599-610, 1998.

M. D. Retzer, R. H. Yu, Y. Zhang, G. C. Gonzalez, and A. B. Schryvers, Discrimination between apo and iron-loaded forms of transferrin by transferrin binding protein B and its N-terminal subfragment, Microb. Pathog, vol.25, pp.175-180, 1998.

L. A. Lewis, E. Gray, Y. P. Wang, B. A. Roe, and D. W. Dyer, Molecular characterization of hpuAB, the haemoglobin-haptoglobin-utilization operon of Neisseria meningitidis, Mol. Microbiol, vol.23, pp.737-749, 1997.

I. Tauseef, Influence of the combination and phase variation status of the haemoglobin receptors HmbR and HpuAB on meningococcal virulence, Microbiology (Reading, Engl.), vol.157, pp.1446-1456, 2011.

C. Chen, D. Mclean, C. E. Thomas, J. E. Anderson, and P. F. Sparling, Point mutations in HpuB enable gonococcal HpuA deletion mutants to grow on hemoglobin, J. Bacteriol, vol.184, pp.420-426, 2002.

I. Stojiljkovic, J. Larson, V. Hwa, S. Anic, and M. So, HmbR outer membrane receptors of pathogenic Neisseria spp.: iron-regulated, hemoglobin-binding proteins with a high level of primary structure conservation, J. Bacteriol, vol.178, pp.4670-4678, 1996.

M. C. Maiden and I. M. Feavers, Meningococcal typing, J. Med. Microbiol, vol.40, pp.157-158, 1994.

E. C. Holmes, R. Urwin, and M. C. Maiden, The influence of recombination on the population structure and evolution of the human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.16, pp.741-749, 1999.

D. A. Caugant, Population genetics and molecular epidemiology of Neisseria meningitidis, APMIS, vol.106, pp.505-525, 1998.

E. Feil, G. Carpenter, and B. G. Spratt, Electrophoretic variation in adenylate kinase of Neisseria meningitidis is due to inter-and intraspecies recombination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.92, pp.10535-10539, 1995.

K. A. Jolley, Carried meningococci in the Czech Republic: a diverse recombining population, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.38, pp.4492-4498, 2000.

D. A. Caugant, Multilocus genotypes determined by enzyme electrophoresis of Neisseria meningitidis isolated from patients with systemic disease and from healthy carriers, J. Gen. Microbiol, vol.132, pp.641-652, 1986.

D. A. Caugant, Intercontinental spread of a genetically distinctive complex of clones of Neisseria meningitidis causing epidemic disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.83, pp.4927-4931, 1986.

D. A. Caugant, Genetic structure of Neisseria meningitidis populations in relation to serogroup, serotype, and outer membrane protein pattern, J. Bacteriol, vol.169, pp.2781-2792, 1987.

D. A. Caugant, B. E. Kristiansen, L. O. Frøholm, K. Bøvre, and R. K. Selander, Clonal diversity of Neisseria meningitidis from a population of asymptomatic carriers, Infect. Immun, vol.56, pp.2060-2068, 1988.

S. P. Yazdankhah, Distribution of serogroups and genotypes among diseaseassociated and carried isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from the Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.42, pp.5146-5153, 2004.

S. Gupta, The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents, Nat. Med, vol.2, pp.437-442, 1996.

R. Urwin, Distribution of surface protein variants among hyperinvasive meningococci: implications for vaccine design, Infect. Immun, vol.72, pp.5955-5962, 2004.

C. O. Buckee, S. Gupta, P. Kriz, M. C. Maiden, and K. A. Jolley, Long-term evolution of antigen repertoires among carried meningococci, Proc. Biol. Sci, vol.277, pp.1635-1641, 2010.

C. O. Buckee, M. Recker, E. R. Watkins, and S. Gupta, Role of stochastic processes in maintaining discrete strain structure in antigenically diverse pathogen populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.108, pp.15504-15509, 2011.

M. Pizza, Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing, Science, vol.287, pp.1816-1820, 2000.

D. E. Craven, Adherence of isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from patients and carriers to human buccal epithelial cells, J. Infect. Dis, vol.142, pp.556-568, 1980.

A. J. Merz, C. A. Enns, and M. So, Type IV pili of pathogenic Neisseriae elicit cortical plaque formation in epithelial cells, Mol. Microbiol, vol.32, pp.1316-1332, 1999.

P. C. Morand, M. Drab, K. Rajalingam, X. Nassif, and T. F. Meyer, Neisseria meningitidis differentially controls host cell motility through PilC1 and PilC2 components of type IV Pili, PLoS ONE, vol.4, p.6834, 2009.

S. N. Bartley, Attachment and invasion of Neisseria meningitidis to host cells is related to surface hydrophobicity, bacterial cell size and capsule, PLoS ONE, vol.8, p.55798, 2013.

S. Hammerschmidt, Modulation of cell surface sialic acid expression in Neisseria meningitidis via a transposable genetic element, EMBO J, vol.15, pp.192-198, 1996.

D. A. Caugant, G. Tzanakaki, and P. Kriz, Lessons from meningococcal carriage studies, FEMS Microbiol. Rev, vol.31, pp.52-63, 2007.

H. Claus, M. C. Maiden, R. Maag, M. Frosch, and U. Vogel, Many carried meningococci lack the genes required for capsule synthesis and transport, Microbiology (Reading, Engl.), vol.148, pp.1813-1819, 2002.

U. Vogel, Bacteremia in an immunocompromised patient caused by a commensal Neisseria meningitidis strain harboring the capsule null locus (cnl), J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.42, pp.2898-2901, 2004.

L. M. Hoang, Rapid and fatal meningococcal disease due to a strain of Neisseria meningitidis containing the capsule null locus, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.40, pp.38-42, 2005.

H. Findlow, Three cases of invasive meningococcal disease caused by a capsule null locus strain circulating among healthy carriers in Burkina Faso, J. Infect. Dis, vol.195, pp.1071-1077, 2007.

K. Hubert, Opc expression, LPS immunotype switch and pilin conversion contribute to serum resistance of unencapsulated meningococci, PLoS ONE, vol.7, p.45132, 2012.

C. Tsai, G. Kao, and P. Zhu, Influence of the length of the lipooligosaccharide alpha chain on its sialylation in Neisseria meningitidis, Infect. Immun, vol.70, pp.407-411, 2002.

F. J. Veyrier, I. G. Boneca, M. F. Cellier, and M. Taha, A novel metal transporter mediating manganese export (MntX) regulates the Mn to Fe intracellular ratio and Neisseria meningitidis virulence, PLoS Pathog, vol.7, p.1002261, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00720833

C. Guilhen, M. Taha, and F. J. Veyrier, Role of transition metal exporters in virulence: the example of Neisseria meningitidis, Front Cell Infect Microbiol, vol.3, p.102, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02093303

F. A. Bidmos, Investigation into the Antigenic Properties and Contributions to Growth in Blood of the Meningococcal Haemoglobin Receptors, HpuAB and HmbR, PLoS ONE, vol.10, p.133855, 2015.

R. E. Mebius and G. Kraal, Structure and function of the spleen, Nat. Rev. Immunol, vol.5, pp.606-616, 2005.

S. A. Thompson, L. L. Wang, A. West, and P. F. Sparling, Neisseria meningitidis produces iron-regulated proteins related to the RTX family of exoproteins, J. Bacteriol, vol.175, pp.811-818, 1993.

R. Osicka, J. Kalmusova, P. Krízová, and P. Sebo, Neisseria meningitidis RTX protein FrpC induces high levels of serum antibodies during invasive disease: polymorphism of frpC alleles and purification of recombinant FrpC, Infect. Immun, vol.69, pp.5509-5519, 2001.

R. A. Welch, RTX toxin structure and function: a story of numerous anomalies and few analogies in toxin biology, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol, vol.257, pp.85-111, 2001.

D. K. Paruchuri, H. S. Seifert, R. S. Ajioka, K. A. Karlsson, and M. So, Identification and characterization of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae gene encoding a glycolipid-binding adhesin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.87, pp.333-337, 1990.

A. Jamet, A new family of secreted toxins in pathogenic Neisseria species, PLoS Pathog, vol.11, p.1004592, 2015.

J. Arenas, Fratricide activity of MafB protein of N. meningitidis strain B16B6, BMC Microbiol, vol.15, p.156, 2015.

A. P. Jackson, G. H. Thomas, J. Parkhill, and N. R. Thomson, Evolutionary diversification of an ancient gene family (rhs) through C-terminal displacement, BMC Genomics, vol.10, p.584, 2009.

S. J. Poole, Identification of functional toxin/immunity genes linked to contactdependent growth inhibition (CDI) and rearrangement hotspot (Rhs) systems, PLoS Genet, vol.7, p.1002217, 2011.

S. Koskiniemi, Rhs proteins from diverse bacteria mediate intercellular competition, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.110, pp.7032-7037, 2013.

S. Koskiniemi, Selection of orphan Rhs toxin expression in evolved Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, PLoS Genet, vol.10, p.1004255, 2014.

N. G. Rouphael and D. S. Stephens, Neisseria meningitidis: biology, microbiology, and epidemiology, Methods Mol. Biol, vol.799, pp.1-20, 2012.

S. Flexner and J. W. Jobling, An analysis of four hundred cases of epidemic meningitis treated with the anti-meningitis serum, J. Exp. Med, vol.10, pp.690-733, 1908.

L. H. Harrison, C. L. Trotter, and M. E. Ramsay, Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.51-63, 2009.

S. A. Halperin, The changing and dynamic epidemiology of meningococcal disease. Vaccine 30 Suppl 2, pp.26-36, 2012.

R. Borrow, The Global Meningococcal Initiative: global epidemiology, the impact of vaccines on meningococcal disease and the importance of herd protection, Expert Rev Vaccines, vol.16, pp.313-328, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02013240

M. C. Maiden, MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, vol.11, pp.728-736, 2013.

A. M. Molesworth, L. E. Cuevas, S. J. Connor, A. P. Morse, and M. C. Thomson, Environmental risk and meningitis epidemics in Africa, Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.9, pp.1287-1293, 2003.

L. Lapeyssonnie,

, Bull. World Health Organ, vol.28

D. A. Caugant and P. Nicolas, Molecular surveillance of meningococcal meningitis in Africa, Vaccine, vol.25, issue.1, pp.8-11, 2007.

M. Achtman, Epidemic spread and antigenic variability of Neisseria meningitidis, Trends Microbiol, vol.3, pp.186-192, 1995.

P. Zhu, Fit genotypes and escape variants of subgroup III Neisseria meningitidis during three pandemics of epidemic meningitis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.98, pp.5234-5239, 2001.

E. Tikhomirov, M. Santamaria, and K. Esteves, Meningococcal disease: public health burden and control, World Health Stat Q, vol.50, pp.170-177, 1997.

J. Decosas and J. T. Koama, Chronicle of an outbreak foretold: meningococcal meningitis W135 in Burkina Faso, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.2, pp.763-765, 2002.

L. W. Mayer, Outbreak of W135 meningococcal disease in 2000: not emergence of a new W135 strain but clonal expansion within the electophoretic type37 complex, J. Infect. Dis, vol.185, pp.1596-1605, 2002.

Y. Traoré, The rise and fall of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W135 meningitis in Burkina Faso, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.43, pp.817-822, 2002.

F. Marc-laforce, N. Ravenscroft, M. Djingarey, and S. Viviani, Epidemic meningitis due to Group A Neisseria meningitidis in the African meningitis belt: a persistent problem with an imminent solution, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.13-22, 2009.

D. A. Caugant, Molecular characterization of invasive meningococcal isolates from countries in the African meningitis belt before introduction of a serogroup A conjugate vaccine, PLoS ONE, vol.7, p.46019, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02085540

M. H. Djingarey, Introduction and Rollout of a New Group A Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PsA-TT) in African Meningitis Belt Countries, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.61, issue.5, pp.434-475, 2015.

F. M. Laforce, M. Djingarey, S. Viviani, and M. Preziosi, Successful African introduction of a new Group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine: Future challenges and next steps, Hum Vaccin Immunother, vol.50, pp.1-5, 2017.

H. C. Whittle and B. M. Greenwood, Meningococcal meningitis in the northern savanna of Africa, Trop Doct, vol.6, pp.99-104, 1976.

C. V. Broome, Epidemic group C meningococcal meningitis in Upper Volta, Bull. World Health Organ, vol.61, pp.325-330, 1979.

A. Funk, Sequential outbreaks due to a new strain of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in northern Nigeria, PLoS Curr, vol.6, pp.2013-2027, 2014.

F. Sidikou, Emergence of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C in Niger, 2015: an analysis of national surveillance data, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.16, pp.1288-1294, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01357718

A. Agnememel, Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup X in Sub-Saharan Africa. Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.22, pp.698-702, 2016.

P. Boisier, Meningococcal meningitis: unprecedented incidence of serogroup Xrelated cases in 2006 in Niger, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.44, pp.657-663, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00561840

I. Delrieu, Emergence of epidemic Neisseria meningitidis serogroup X meningitis in Togo and Burkina Faso, PLoS ONE, vol.6, p.19513, 2011.

R. Lewis, Meningococcal meningitis serogroup X: a new playerin Ugandan epidemiology, WHO Health Action in Crisis, vol.1, issue.6, 2006.

S. Materu, Serogroup X in meningococcal disease, Western Kenya. Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.13, pp.944-945, 2007.

E. Hong, Could the multicomponent meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB) control Neisseria meningitidis capsular group X outbreaks in Africa?, Vaccine, vol.31, pp.1113-1116, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02092889

X. Zhang, Genetic characteristics of serogroup A meningococci circulating in China, Clin. Microbiol. Infect, vol.14, pp.555-561, 1956.

Z. Shao, Identification of a new Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C clone from Anhui province, China. Lancet, vol.367, pp.419-423, 2006.

H. Zhou, Spread of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W clone, China. Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.19, pp.1496-1499, 2013.

D. Nair, Outbreak of meningococcal disease in and, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.137, pp.570-576, 2005.

, World Health Organisation, Meningococcal disease in the Philippines-update, 2005.

M. Fukusumi, National surveillance for meningococcal disease in Japan, Vaccine, vol.34, pp.4068-4071, 2016.

C. Pancharoen, Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in 13 government hospitals in Thailand, 1994-1999, Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, vol.31, pp.708-711, 2000.

N. S. Raja, N. Parasakthi, S. D. Puthucheary, and A. Kamarulzaman, Invasive meningococcal disease in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, J Postgrad Med, vol.52, p.29, 2006.

C. Chiou, Molecular epidemiology and emergence of worldwide epidemic clones of Neisseria meningitidis in Taiwan, BMC Infect. Dis, vol.6, p.25, 2006.

M. A. Sáfadi and O. A. Cintra, Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Latin America: current situation and opportunities for prevention, Neurol. Res, vol.32, pp.263-271, 2010.

M. A. Sáfadi, The current situation of meningococcal disease in Latin America and recommendations for a new case definition from the Global Meningococcal Initiative, Expert Rev Vaccines, vol.12, pp.903-915, 2013.

G. V. Sierra, Vaccine against group B Neisseria meningitidis: protection trial and mass vaccination results in Cuba, NIPH Ann, vol.14, pp.195-207, 1991.

A. P. Rodriguez, F. Dickinson, A. Baly, and R. Martinez, The epidemiological impact of antimeningococcal B vaccination in Cuba, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol.94, pp.433-440, 1999.

Y. Climent, Clonal distribution of disease-associated and healthy carrier isolates of Neisseria meningitidis between 1983 and 2005 in Cuba, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.48, pp.802-810, 2010.

J. B. Mccormick, Antibody response to serogroup A and C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants born of mothers vaccinated during pregnancy, J. Clin. Invest, vol.65, pp.1141-1144, 1980.

J. C. De-moraes and R. B. Barata,

, Cad Saude Publica, vol.21, pp.1458-1471, 2005.

J. C. De-moraes, Protective efficacy of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Lancet, vol.340, pp.1074-1078, 1992.

M. A. Sáfadi, The epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Latin America 1945-2010: an unpredictable and changing landscape, Epidemiol. Infect, vol.141, pp.447-458, 2013.

A. P. Lemos, L. H. Harrison, M. Lenser, and C. T. Sacchi, Phenotypic and molecular characterization of invasive serogroup W135 Neisseria meningitidis strains from 1990 to 2005 in Brazil, J. Infect, vol.60, pp.209-217, 2010.

M. Pírez, Control de un brote epidémico de enfermedad meningocócica por N. meningitidis serogrupo B, Rev Med Uruguay, vol.20, pp.92-101, 2004.

J. R. Macneil, A. E. Blain, X. Wang, and A. C. Cohn, Current Epidemiology and Trends in Meningococcal Disease-United States, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.62, p.1, 1996.

, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017.

P. V. Varughese and A. O. Carter, Meningococcal disease in Canada. Surveillance summary to 1987, Can Dis Wkly Rep, vol.15, pp.89-96, 1989.

, Enhanced surveillance of invasive meningococcal disease in Canada, Can. Commun. Dis. Rep, vol.32, pp.97-107, 2002.

F. E. Ashton and D. A. Caugant, The panmictic nature of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B during a period of endemic disease in Canada, Can. J. Microbiol, vol.47, pp.283-289, 2001.

D. K. Law, J. Stoltz, A. M. Henderson, and R. S. Tsang, Antigenic and genetic characterization of serogroup C meningococci isolated from invasive meningococcal disease cases in Canada from 1999 to 2003, Can. J. Microbiol, vol.51, pp.523-530, 2005.

F. E. Ashton, Emergence of a virulent clone of Neisseria meningitidis serotype 2a that is associated with meningococcal group C disease in Canada, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.29, pp.2489-2493, 1991.

R. S. Tsang, S. G. Squires, and T. W. Tam, Characterization of Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated from invasive meningococcal disease cases in Canada in 2001, Can. J. Microbiol, vol.49, pp.633-638, 2003.

, Statement on recommended use of meningococcal vaccines, Can Commun Dis Rep, vol.27, pp.2-36, 2001.

L. Saux and N. , Profile of serogroup Y meningococcal infections in Canada: Implications for vaccine selection, Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, vol.20, pp.130-134, 2009.

J. Zhou, persistence of the ST-269 clone since it first emerged in 2003, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.50, pp.1545-1551, 2003.

D. K. Law, Invasive meningococcal disease in Quebec, Canada, due to an emerging clone of ST-269 serogroup B meningococci with serotype antigen 17 and serosubtype antigen P1.19 (B:17:P1.19), J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.44, pp.2743-2749, 2006.

L. Lopez and J. Sherwood, The Epidemiology of Meningococcal Disease in New Zealand in, pp.1-50, 2013.

J. Jelfs and R. Munro, Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Australia, J Paediatr Child Health, vol.37, pp.3-6, 2001.

M. M. Lahra and R. P. Enriquez, National Neisseria Network. Australian Meningococcal Surveillance Programme annual report, Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, vol.40, pp.503-511, 2015.

C. Chiu, Vaccine preventable diseases in Australia, Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, vol.34, pp.1-167, 2005.

T. Slaon-gardner, Australia's notifiable disease status, 2009: annual report of the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, vol.35, pp.61-131, 2011.

K. S. Carville, Increase in Meningococcal Serogroup W Disease, vol.22, pp.1785-1787, 2016.

M. G. Baker, D. R. Martin, C. E. Kieft, and D. Lennon, A 10-year serogroup B meningococcal disease epidemic in New Zealand: descriptive epidemiology, J Paediatr Child Health, vol.37, pp.13-22, 2001.

P. Oster, MeNZB: a safe and highly immunogenic tailor-made vaccine against the New Zealand Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease epidemic strain, Vaccine, vol.23, pp.2191-2196, 2005.

, Notifiable Diseases in New Zealand: Annual Report, pp.1-86, 2015.

, The Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Disease. European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control, 2017.

P. Kriz, Changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Europe from the mid-20th to the early 21st Century, Expert Rev Vaccines, vol.10, pp.1477-1486, 2011.

R. Whittaker, The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in EU/EEA countries, Vaccine, vol.35, pp.2034-2041, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02055716

, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Invasive meningococcal disease, ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2015

S. J. Gray, Epidemiology of meningococcal disease in England and Wales 1993/94 to 2003/04: contribution and experiences of the Meningococcal Reference Unit, J. Med. Microbiol, vol.55, pp.887-896, 2006.

S. Berrón, L. Fuente, L. De, E. Martín, and J. A. Vazquez, Increasing incidence of meningococcal disease in Spain associated with a new variant of serogroup C, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, vol.17, pp.85-89, 1998.

W. Mattheus, G. Hanquet, J. M. Collard, R. Vanhoof, and S. Bertrand, Changes in Meningococcal Strains in the Era of a Serogroup C Vaccination Campaign: Trends and Evolution in Belgium during the Period, PLoS ONE, vol.10, p.139615, 1997.

E. Miller, D. Salisbury, and M. Ramsay, Planning, registration, and implementation of an immunisation campaign against meningococcal serogroup C disease in the UK: a success story, Vaccine, vol.20, issue.1, pp.58-67, 2001.

D. Salisbury, Introduction of a conjugate meningococcal type C vaccine programme in the UK, J Paediatr Child Health, vol.37, pp.34-40, 2001.

C. L. Trotter and M. E. Ramsay, Vaccination against meningococcal disease in Europe: review and recommendations for the use of conjugate vaccines, FEMS Microbiol. Rev, vol.31, pp.101-107, 2007.

C. L. Trotter, N. J. Andrews, E. B. Kaczmarski, E. Miller, and M. E. Ramsay, Effectiveness of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine 4 years after introduction, Lancet, vol.364, pp.365-367, 2004.

A. Larrauri, R. Cano, M. García, S. Mateo, and . De, Impact and effectiveness of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine following its introduction in Spain, Vaccine, vol.23, pp.4097-4100, 2005.

W. Hellenbrand, Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in Germany, 2002-2010, and impact of vaccination with meningococcal C conjugate vaccine, J. Infect, vol.66, pp.48-56, 2013.

M. Garrido-estepa, I. León-gómez, R. Herruzo, and R. Cano, Changes in meningococcal C epidemiology and vaccine effectiveness after vaccine introduction and schedule modification, Vaccine, vol.32, pp.2604-2609, 2014.

S. C. De-greeff, H. E. De-melker, L. Spanjaard, S. Van-den-hof, and J. Dankert, The first effect of the national vaccination campaign against meningococcal-C disease: a rapid

, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, vol.147, pp.1132-1135, 2003.

R. Cano, Impact of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in Spain: an epidemiological and microbiological decision, Euro Surveill, vol.9, pp.11-15, 2004.

H. Campbell, N. Andrews, R. Borrow, C. Trotter, and E. Miller, Updated postlicensure surveillance of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in England and Wales: effectiveness, validation of serological correlates of protection, and modeling predictions of the duration of herd immunity, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.17, pp.840-847, 2010.

K. Bøvre, Neisseria meningitidis infections in Northern Norway: an epidemic in 1974-1975 due mainly to group B organisms, J. Infect. Dis, vol.135, pp.669-672, 1977.

K. Bøvre, L. O. Frøholm, P. Gaustad, E. Holten, and E. A. Høiby, Some agent characteristics and their coexistence related to occurrence and severity of systemic meningococcal disease in Norway, NIPH Ann, vol.6, pp.75-84, 1981.

K. A. Cartwright, J. M. Stuart, and N. D. Noah, An outbreak of meningococcal disease in Gloucestershire, Lancet, vol.2, pp.558-561, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90124-8

F. Caron, From tailor-made to ready-to-wear meningococcal B vaccines: longitudinal study of a clonal meningococcal B outbreak, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.11, pp.455-463, 2011.

S. N. Ladhani, Enter B and W: two new meningococcal vaccine programmes launched, Arch. Dis. Child, vol.101, pp.91-95, 2016.
DOI : 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308928

URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4717420?pdf=render

M. Bröker, Meningococcal serogroup Y emergence in Europe: update, Hum Vaccin Immunother, vol.8, pp.1907-1911, 2011.

M. Bröker, S. Jacobsson, L. Detora, D. Pace, and M. Taha, Increase of meningococcal serogroup Y cases in Europe: a reason for concern?, Hum Vaccin Immunother, vol.8, pp.685-688, 2012.

B. Törös, Surveillance of invasive Neisseria meningitidis with a serogroup Y update, Euro Surveill, vol.19, 2010.

S. T. Hedberg, B. Törös, H. Fredlund, P. Olcén, and P. Mölling, Genetic characterisation of the emerging invasive Neisseria meningitidis serogroup Y in Sweden, Euro Surveill, vol.16, 2000.

M. Taha, Serogroup W135 meningococcal disease in Hajj pilgrims, Lancet, vol.356, p.2159, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03502-9

, Les infections invasives à méningocoque en France en 2016. Agence nationale de santé publique, 2017.

I. Parent-du-chatelet, Characteristics and changes in invasive meningococcal disease epidemiology in France, J. Infect, vol.74, pp.564-574, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02013252

, Le calendrier des vaccinations et les recommandations vaccinales 2012. Selon l'avis du Haut Conseil de la santé publique, Bull Epidemiol Hebd, pp.161-186

, Avis du 19 octobre 2012 relatif à la vaccination contre le méningocoque du sérogroupe C au vu de la situation épidémiologique du Finistère, 2012.

, Haut Conseil de la santé publique. Avis du 22 février 2013 relatif à la vaccination ciblée contre les infections invasives à méningocoque liées au clone B:14:P1.7,16 du complexe clonal ST-32 avec les vaccins MenBvac® et Bexsero® dans le département des, 2013.

. Haut-conseil-de-la-santé-publique, Avis du 7 novembre 2014 relatif à la vaccination ciblée contre les infections invasives à méningocoque C au-delà de 24 ans, notamment chez les hommes ayant des relastions sexuelles avec d'autres homme (HSH), 2014.

. Haut-conseil-de-la-santé-publique, Avis du 29 janvier 2016 relatif à la vaccination ciblée contre les infections invasives à méningocoque C au-delà de 24 ans, notamment chez les hommes ayant des relastions sexuelles avec d'autres homme (HSH)

. Cire-de-normandie, Situation épidémiologique des infections invasives à méningocoque (IIM) en Haute-Normandie en 2012, 2014.

A. Perrocheau, Infections à méningocoque en Seine Maritime : étude de l'augmentation des cas déclarés en 1997, Bull Epidemiol Hebd, vol.20, pp.77-82, 1999.

G. Bjune, Effect of outer membrane vesicle vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in Norway, Lancet, vol.338, pp.1093-1096, 1991.

M. Taha, Use of available outer membrane vesicle vaccines to control serogroup B meningococcal outbreaks, Vaccine, vol.25, pp.2537-2538, 2007.

. Ministère-de-la-santé, Arrêté du 7 juin 2006 relatif à la recommandation d'une vaccination en Seine-Maritime contre les infections invasives à méningocoque B, vol.14, pp.1-7, 2006.

, Avis du Comité technique des vaccinations relatif à la mise en place d'une vaccination contre les infections invasives à méningocoques B:14:P1-7,16 avec le vaccin norvégien anti méningococcique B, vol.15, p.16, 2006.

. Haut-conseil-de-la-santé-publique, Avis du 24 mars 2006 relatif à la mise en place d'une vaccination contre les infections invasives à méningocoques B:14:P1.7,16 avec le vaccin norvégien, p.16

, Retour d'expérience Hyper-endémie d'infections invasives à méningocoque B en Seine-Maritime. Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé, 4 avril, 2007.

M. Blanchard, S. Erouart, I. Parent-du-châtelet, and A. Mathieu, Evaluation de la couverture vaccinale par le vaccin MenBvac® chez les personnes ciblées par la campagne de vaccination à Dieppe et ses environs, Bull Epidemiol Hebd, pp.370-373, 2009.

, Haut Conseil de la santé publique. Avis du 19 mars 2008 relatif à la vaccination contre les infections invasives à méningocoque B:14:P1.7,16 avec le vaccin MenBvac® en, 2008.

, Avis du 5 septembre 2008 relatif à la vaccination contre les IIM B avec le MenBvac ® dans la zone de Dieppe (76), 2008.

. Haut-conseil-de-la-santé-publique, Avis du 17 octobre 2008 relatif à la vaccination en Seine-Maritime contre les infections invasives à méningocoque B et C avec le vaccin MenBvac®, 2008.

, Avis du 13 fevrier 2009 relatif à la vaccination contre les IIMB en Seine-Maritime et élargissement dans la Somme, 2009.

, Avis du 09 septembre 2011 relatif au schéma vaccinal recommandé pour l'administration du vaccin MenBvac®, 2011.

C. L. Vermont, H. H. Van-dijken, R. De-groot, L. Van-alphen, and G. P. Van-den-dobbelsteen, PorA-specific differences in antibody avidity after vaccination with a hexavalent Men B outer membrane vesicle vaccine in toddlers and school children, Vaccine, vol.22, pp.3008-3013, 2004.

U. Vogel, Predicted strain coverage of a meningococcal multicomponent vaccine (4CMenB) in Europe: a qualitative and quantitative assessment, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.13, pp.416-425, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02093031

, Bilan de la surveillance des infections invasives à méningocoques (IIM) en région Normandie, 2016.

H. W. Scherp and G. Rake, Studies on meningococcus infection : VIII. The type I specific substance, J. Exp. Med, vol.61, pp.753-769, 1935.

A. J. Pollard and C. Frasch, Development of natural immunity to Neisseria meningitidis, Vaccine, vol.19, pp.1327-1346, 2001.

E. C. Gotschlich, T. Y. Liu, and M. S. Artenstein, Human immunity to the meningococcus. 3. Preparation and immunochemical properties of the group A, group B, and group C meningococcal polysaccharides, J. Exp. Med, vol.129, pp.1349-1365, 1969.

E. C. Gotschlich, I. Goldschneider, and M. S. Artenstein, Human immunity to the meningococcus. IV. Immunogenicity of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharides in human volunteers, J. Exp. Med, vol.129, pp.1367-1384, 1969.

M. S. Artenstein, Prevention of meningococcal disease by group C polysaccharide vaccine, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.282, pp.417-420, 1970.

R. Gold, M. L. Lepow, I. Goldschneider, T. L. Draper, and E. C. Gotschlich, Clinical evaluation of group A and group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines in infants, J. Clin. Invest, vol.56, pp.1536-1547, 1975.

M. P. Broderick, D. J. Faix, C. J. Hansen, and P. J. Blair, Trends in meningococcal disease in the United States military, Emerging Infect. Dis, vol.18, pp.1430-1437, 1971.

J. Finne, M. Leinonen, and P. H. Mäkelä, Antigenic similarities between brain components and bacteria causing meningitis. Implications for vaccine development and pathogenesis, Lancet, vol.2, pp.355-357, 1983.

J. T. Poolman, Development of a meningococcal vaccine, Infect Agents Dis, vol.4, pp.13-28, 1995.

J. Maclennan, Immune response to revaccination with meningococcal A and C polysaccharides in Gambian children following repeated immunisation during early childhood, Vaccine, vol.17, pp.3086-3093, 1999.

R. Borrow, Reduced antibody response to revaccination with meningococcal serogroup A polysaccharide vaccine in adults, Vaccine, vol.19, pp.1129-1132, 2000.

P. Richmond, Meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine induces immunologic hyporesponsiveness in adults that is overcome by meningococcal C conjugate vaccine, J. Infect. Dis, vol.181, pp.761-764, 2000.

D. M. Granoff, R. K. Gupta, R. B. Belshe, and E. L. Anderson, Induction of immunologic refractoriness in adults by meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccination, J. Infect. Dis, vol.178, pp.870-874, 1998.

E. C. Gotschlich, I. Goldschneider, and M. S. Artenstein, Human immunity to the meningococcus. V. The effect of immunization with meningococcal group C polysaccharide on the carrier state, J. Exp. Med, vol.129, pp.1385-1395, 1969.

A. Sivonen, Effect of Neisseria meningitidis group A polysaccharide vaccine on nasopharyngeal carrier rates, J. Infect, vol.3, pp.266-272, 1981.

M. K. Hassan-king, R. A. Wall, and B. M. Greenwood, Meningococcal carriage, meningococcal disease and vaccination, J. Infect, vol.16, pp.55-59, 1988.

S. Dellicour and B. Greenwood, Systematic review: Impact of meningococcal vaccination on pharyngeal carriage of meningococci, Trop. Med. Int. Health, vol.12, pp.1409-1421, 2007.

H. Jennings, Further approaches for optimizing polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for prevention of invasive bacterial disease, J. Infect. Dis, vol.165, issue.1, pp.156-165, 1992.

O. T. Avery and W. F. Goebel, Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated carbohydrate-proteins : II. Immunological specificity of synthetic sugar-protein antigens, J. Exp. Med, vol.50, pp.533-550, 1929.

P. Richmond, Safety and immunogenicity of a new Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in healthy adults, Vaccine, vol.18, pp.641-646, 1999.

N. E. Macdonald, Induction of immunologic memory by conjugated vs plain meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine in toddlers: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, vol.280, pp.1685-1689, 1998.

P. Richmond, Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine is immunogenic in infancy and primes for memory, J. Infect. Dis, vol.179, pp.1569-1572, 1999.

M. E. Ramsay, N. Andrews, E. B. Kaczmarski, and E. Miller, Efficacy of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in teenagers and toddlers in England, Lancet, vol.357, pp.195-196, 2001.

D. V. Madore, Safety and immunologic response to Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine in 1-to 6-month-old infants, Pediatrics, vol.85, pp.331-337, 1990.

D. V. Madore, Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine in infants aged 15 to 23 months, Pediatrics, vol.86, pp.527-534, 1990.

P. Balmer, R. Borrow, and E. Miller, Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in the UK, J. Med. Microbiol, vol.51, pp.717-722, 2002.

C. L. Trotter, M. E. Ramsay, and E. B. Kaczmarski, Meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: coverage and initial impact of the campaign, Commun Dis Public Health, vol.5, pp.220-225, 2002.

M. E. Ramsay, N. J. Andrews, C. L. Trotter, E. B. Kaczmarski, and E. Miller, Herd immunity from meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination in England: database analysis, BMJ, vol.326, pp.365-366, 2003.

M. C. Maiden, Impact of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines on carriage and herd immunity, J. Infect. Dis, vol.197, pp.737-743, 2008.

, European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control. Meningococcal Disease: Recommended vaccinations, ByDisease?SelectedDiseaseId=48&SelectedCoun tryIdByDisease=-1>, 2018.

O. O. Bilukha and N. Rosenstein, Prevention and control of meningococcal disease. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), MMWR Recomm Rep, vol.54, pp.1-21, 2005.

R. Baxter, Five-year Antibody Persistence and Booster Response to a Single Dose of Meningococcal A, C, W and Y Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Open, Randomized Trial, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, vol.34, pp.1236-1243, 2015.

, Updated recommendations for use of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), vol.60, pp.72-76, 2010.

F. M. Laforce, K. Konde, S. Viviani, and M. Preziosi, The Meningitis Vaccine Project, Vaccine, vol.25, issue.1, pp.97-100, 2007.

L. Jódar, F. M. Laforce, C. Ceccarini, T. Aguado, and D. M. Granoff, Meningococcal conjugate vaccine for Africa: a model for development of new vaccines for the poorest countries, Lancet, vol.361, pp.1902-1904, 2003.

S. O. Sow, Immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine in Africans, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.364, pp.2293-2304, 2011.

M. H. Djingarey, Effectively introducing a new meningococcal A conjugate vaccine in Africa: the Burkina Faso experience, Vaccine, vol.30, issue.2, pp.40-45, 2012.

R. T. Novak, Serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccination in Burkina Faso: analysis of national surveillance data, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.12, pp.757-764, 2012.

P. A. Kristiansen, Baseline meningococcal carriage in Burkina Faso before the introduction of a meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccine, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.18, pp.435-443, 2011.

P. A. Kristiansen, Impact of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, on carriage and herd immunity, Clin. Infect. Dis, vol.56, pp.354-363, 2013.

C. E. Frasch, L. Van-alphen, J. Holst, J. T. Poolman, and E. Rosenqvist, Outer membrane protein vesicle vaccines for meningococcal disease, Methods Mol. Med, vol.66, pp.81-107, 2001.

E. Wedege, Antibody specificities and effect of meningococcal carriage in icelandic teenagers receiving the Norwegian serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccine, Infect. Immun, vol.71, pp.3775-3781, 2003.

M. L. Tondella, Distribution of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B serosubtypes and serotypes circulating in the United States. The Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team, J. Clin. Microbiol, vol.38, pp.3323-3328, 2000.

J. Holst, Properties and clinical performance of vaccines containing outer membrane vesicles from Neisseria meningitidis, Vaccine, vol.27, issue.2, pp.3-12, 2009.

J. Boslego, Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a meningococcal group B (15:P1.3) outer membrane protein vaccine in Iquique, Chile. Chilean National Committee for Meningococcal Disease, Vaccine, vol.13, pp.821-829, 1995.

D. S. Stephens, Outer-membrane-vesicle vaccines: old but not forgotten, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.11, pp.421-422, 2011.

E. D. De-kleijn, Immunogenicity and safety of a hexavalent meningococcal outer-membrane-vesicle vaccine in children of 2-3 and 7-8 years of age, Vaccine, vol.18, pp.1456-1466, 2000.

P. Kaaijk, Preclinical safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a nonavalent PorA native outer membrane vesicle vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease, Vaccine, vol.31, pp.1065-1071, 2013.

C. Brehony, D. M. Hill, J. Lucidarme, R. Borrow, and M. C. Maiden, Meningococcal vaccine antigen diversity in global databases, Euro Surveill, vol.20, p.355, 2015.

C. O. Buckee, Role of selection in the emergence of lineages and the evolution of virulence in Neisseria meningitidis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.105, pp.15082-15087, 2008.

L. Marsay, A novel meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine with constitutive expression of FetA: A phase I clinical trial, J. Infect, vol.71, pp.326-337, 2015.

P. Van-der-ley, Modification of lipid A biosynthesis in Neisseria meningitidis lpxL mutants: influence on lipopolysaccharide structure, toxicity, and adjuvant activity, Infect. Immun, vol.69, pp.5981-5990, 2001.

O. Koeberling, J. A. Welsch, and D. M. Granoff, Improved immunogenicity of a H44/76 group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine with over-expressed genomederived Neisserial antigen 1870, Vaccine, vol.25, pp.1912-1920, 2007.

B. Van-de-waterbeemd, Improved OMV vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis using genetically engineered strains and a detergent-free purification process, Vaccine, vol.28, pp.4810-4816, 2010.

L. K. Tan, G. M. Carlone, and R. Borrow, Advances in the development of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.362, pp.1511-1520, 2010.

O. Koeberling, Immunogenicity of a meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine with attenuated endotoxin and over-expressed factor H binding protein in infant rhesus monkeys, Vaccine, vol.29, pp.4728-4734, 2011.

P. B. Keiser, A phase 1 study of a meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine made from a group B strain with deleted lpxL1 and synX, overexpressed factor H binding protein, two PorAs and stabilized OpcA expression, Vaccine, vol.29, pp.1413-1420, 2011.

D. H. Schmiel, E. E. Moran, P. B. Keiser, B. L. Brandt, and W. D. Zollinger, Importance of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide in natural and vaccine-induced serum bactericidal activity against Neisseria meningitidis group B, Infect. Immun, vol.79, pp.4146-4156, 2011.

L. Steeghs, Differential activation of human and mouse Toll-like receptor 4 by the adjuvant candidate LpxL1 of Neisseria meningitidis, Infect. Immun, vol.76, pp.3801-3807, 2008.

W. D. Zollinger, Phase I study of a Neisseria meningitidis liposomal vaccine containing purified outer membrane proteins and detoxified lipooligosaccharide, Vaccine, vol.30, pp.712-721, 2012.

H. Petousis-harris, Effectiveness of a group B outer membrane vesicle meningococcal vaccine against gonorrhoea in New Zealand: a retrospective casecontrol study, Lancet, vol.390, pp.1603-1610, 2017.

R. Rappuoli and . Reverse, Curr. Opin. Microbiol, vol.3, pp.445-450, 2000.

M. M. Giuliani, A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.103, pp.10834-10839, 2006.

N. Gossger, Immunogenicity and tolerability of recombinant serogroup B meningococcal vaccine administered with or without routine infant vaccinations according to different immunization schedules: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, vol.307, pp.573-582, 2012.

T. Vesikari, Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational multicomponent, recombinant, meningococcal serogroup B vaccine (4CMenB) administered concomitantly with routine infant and child vaccinations: results of two randomised trials, Lancet, vol.381, pp.825-835, 2013.

J. Donnelly, Qualitative and quantitative assessment of meningococcal antigens to evaluate the potential strain coverage of protein-based vaccines, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.107, pp.19490-19495, 2010.

S. N. Ladhani, The introduction of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine (Bexsero®) into the national infant immunisation programme-New challenges for public health, J. Infect, vol.71, pp.611-614, 2015.

, Introduction of MenB vaccination for infants. GOV.UK, 22 juin 2015

S. R. Parikh, Effectiveness and impact of a reduced infant schedule of 4CMenB vaccine against group B meningococcal disease in England: a national observational cohort study, Lancet, vol.388, pp.2775-2782, 2016.

, First vaccine approved by FDA to prevent serogroup B Meningococcal disease. U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 29 octobre, 2014.

E. Murphy, Sequence diversity of the factor H binding protein vaccine candidate in epidemiologically relevant strains of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis, J. Infect. Dis, vol.200, pp.379-389, 2009.

L. D. Fletcher, Vaccine potential of the Neisseria meningitidis 2086 lipoprotein, Infect. Immun, vol.72, pp.2088-2100, 2004.

V. Masignani, Vaccination against Neisseria meningitidis using three variants of the lipoprotein GNA1870, J. Exp. Med, vol.197, pp.789-799, 2003.

H. Jiang, Broad vaccine coverage predicted for a bivalent recombinant factor H binding protein based vaccine to prevent serogroup B meningococcal disease, Vaccine, vol.28, pp.6086-6093, 2010.

N. J. Brendish and R. C. Read, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B bivalent factor H binding protein vaccine, Expert Rev Vaccines, vol.14, pp.493-503, 2015.

P. C. Richmond, A bivalent Neisseria meningitidis recombinant lipidated factor H binding protein vaccine in young adults: results of a randomised, controlled, doseescalation phase 1 trial, Vaccine, vol.30, pp.6163-6174, 2012.

E. A. Sheldon, H. Schwartz, Q. Jiang, P. C. Giardina, and J. L. Perez, A phase 1, randomized, open-label, active-controlled trial to assess the safety of a meningococcal serogroup B bivalent rLP2086 vaccine in healthy adults, Hum Vaccin Immunother, vol.8, pp.888-895, 2012.

P. C. Richmond, Safety, immunogenicity, and tolerability of meningococcal serogroup B bivalent recombinant lipoprotein 2086 vaccine in healthy adolescents: a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.12, pp.597-607, 2012.

H. S. Marshall, A phase 2 open-label safety and immunogenicity study of a meningococcal B bivalent rLP2086 vaccine in healthy adults, Vaccine, vol.31, pp.1569-1575, 2013.

D. M. Reiner, Immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of the meningococcal serogroup B bivalent rLP2086 vaccine in adult laboratory workers, Vaccine, vol.34, pp.809-813, 2016.

F. Martinon-torres, A randomized, phase 1/2 trial of the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of bivalent rLP2086 meningococcal B vaccine in healthy infants, Vaccine, vol.32, pp.5206-5211, 2014.

H. S. Marshall, Safety and immunogenicity of a meningococcal B bivalent rLP2086 vaccine in healthy toddlers aged 18-36 months: a phase 1 randomizedcontrolled clinical trial, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, vol.31, pp.1061-1068, 2012.

M. D. Nissen, A randomized, controlled, phase 1/2 trial of a Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B bivalent rLP2086 vaccine in healthy children and adolescents, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, vol.32, pp.364-371, 2013.

L. Ostergaard, A Bivalent Meningococcal B Vaccine in Adolescents and Young Adults, N. Engl. J. Med, vol.377, pp.2349-2362, 2017.

D. M. Daugla, Effect of a serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (PsATT) on serogroup A meningococcal meningitis and carriage in Chad: a community study, Lancet, vol.383, pp.40-47, 2014.

J. A. Welsch and D. Granoff, Immunity to Neisseria meningitidis group B in adults despite lack of serum bactericidal antibody, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.14, pp.1596-1602, 2007.

J. S. Plested and D. M. Granoff, Vaccine-induced opsonophagocytic immunity to Neisseria meningitidis group B, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.15, pp.799-804, 2008.

E. D. Mcintosh, M. Bröker, J. Wassil, J. A. Welsch, and R. Borrow, Serum bactericidal antibody assays-The role of complement in infection and immunity, Vaccine, vol.33, pp.4414-4421, 2015.

R. Borrow, N. Andrews, D. Goldblatt, and E. Miller, Serological basis for use of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines in the United Kingdom: reevaluation of correlates of protection, Infect. Immun, vol.69, pp.1568-1573, 2001.

R. Borrow, P. Balmer, and E. Miller, Meningococcal surrogates of protection-serum bactericidal antibody activity, Vaccine, vol.23, pp.2222-2227, 2005.

G. F. Santos, R. R. Deck, J. Donnelly, W. Blackwelder, and D. M. Granoff, Importance of complement source in measuring meningococcal bactericidal titers, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol, vol.8, pp.616-623, 2001.

D. M. Granoff, J. A. Welsch, and S. Ram, Binding of complement factor H (fH) to Neisseria meningitidis is specific for human fH and inhibits complement activation by rat and rabbit sera, Infect. Immun, vol.77, pp.764-769, 2009.

J. Holst, Serum bactericidal activity correlates with the vaccine efficacy of outer membrane vesicle vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease, Vaccine, vol.21, pp.734-737, 2003.

C. P. Noronha, C. J. Struchiner, and M. E. Halloran, Assessment of the direct effectiveness of BC meningococcal vaccine in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: a case-control study, Int J Epidemiol, vol.24, pp.1050-1057, 1995.

B. Feiring, Persisting immune responses indicating long-term protection after booster dose with meningococcal group B outer membrane vesicle vaccine, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.13, pp.790-796, 2006.

F. Caron, Evolution of immune response against Neisseria meningitidis B:14:P1.7,16 before and after the outer membrane vesicle vaccine MenBvac, Vaccine, vol.30, pp.5059-5062, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02085547

Y. Galloway, P. Stehr-green, A. Mcnicholas, and J. O'hallahan, Use of an observational cohort study to estimate the effectiveness of the New Zealand group B meningococcal vaccine in children aged under 5 years, Int J Epidemiol, vol.38, pp.413-418, 2009.

P. Oster, Immunogenicity and safety of a strain-specific MenB OMV vaccine delivered to under 5-year olds in New Zealand, Vaccine, vol.25, pp.3075-3079, 2007.

S. Wong, New zealand epidemic strain meningococcal B outer membrane vesicle vaccine in children aged 16-24 months, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, vol.26, pp.345-350, 2007.

V. Delbos, Impact of MenBvac, an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine, on the meningococcal carriage, Vaccine, vol.31, pp.4416-4420, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02073842

S. and J. , Durability of immunogenicity and strain coverage of MenBvac, a meningococcal vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles: Lessons of the Normandy campaign, Vaccine, vol.35, pp.4029-4033, 2017.

V. Delbos, Meningococcal carriage during a clonal meningococcal B outbreak in France, Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, vol.32, pp.1451-1459, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02074433

I. Martínez-motas, Characterization of Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated from carriers in Cuba during 20 years, Rev Cubana Med Trop, vol.58, pp.124-133, 2006.

M. C. Pírez, T. Picón, J. Galazka, I. Rubio, A. Montano et al., Control de un brote epidémico de enfermedad meningocócica por Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B, Rev Méd Urug, vol.20, issue.2, pp.92-101, 2004.

E. Rosenqvist, Human antibody responses to meningococcal outer membrane antigens after three doses of the Norwegian group B meningococcal vaccine, Infect. Immun, vol.63, pp.4642-4652, 1995.

J. W. Tappero, Immunogenicity of 2 serogroup B outer-membrane protein meningococcal vaccines: a randomized controlled trial in Chile, JAMA, vol.281, pp.1520-1527, 1999.

E. Wedege, R. Dalseg, D. A. Caugant, J. T. Poolman, and L. O. Frøholm, Expression of an inaccessible P1.7 subtype epitope on meningococcal class 1 proteins, J. Med. Microbiol, vol.38, pp.23-28, 1993.

V. Thornton, Safety and immunogenicity of New Zealand strain meningococcal serogroup B OMV vaccine in healthy adults: beginning of epidemic control, Vaccine, vol.24, pp.1395-1400, 2006.

E. Wedege, Functional and specific antibody responses in adult volunteers in new zealand who were given one of two different meningococcal serogroup B outer membrane vesicle vaccines, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.14, pp.830-838, 2007.

D. Boutriau, Immunogenicity and safety of three doses of a bivalent (B:4:p1.19,15 and B:4:p1.7-2,4) meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine in healthy adolescents, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, vol.14, pp.65-73, 2007.

P. Van-der-ley and J. Poolman, Construction of a multivalent meningococcal vaccine strain based on the class 1 outer membrane protein, Infect. Immun, vol.60, pp.3156-3161, 1992.

P. Van-der-ley, J. Van-der-biezen, and J. T. Poolman, Construction of Neisseria meningitidis strains carrying multiple chromosomal copies of the porA gene for use in the production of a multivalent outer membrane vesicle vaccine, Vaccine, vol.13, pp.401-407, 1995.

C. C. Peeters, Phase I clinical trial with a hexavalent PorA containing meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine, Vaccine, vol.14, pp.1009-1015, 1996.

K. Cartwright, Immunogenicity and reactogenicity in UK infants of a novel meningococcal vesicle vaccine containing multiple class 1 (PorA) outer membrane proteins, Vaccine, vol.17, pp.2612-2619, 1999.

E. D. De-kleijn, Immunogenicity and safety of monovalent p1.7(h),4 meningococcal outer membrane vesicle vaccine in toddlers: comparison of two vaccination schedules and two vaccine formulations, Vaccine, vol.19, pp.1141-1148, 2000.

S. Martin, IgG antibody subclass responses determined by immunoblot in infants' sera following vaccination with a meningococcal recombinant hexavalent PorA OMV vaccine, Vaccine, vol.19, pp.4404-4408, 2001.

E. De-kleijn, Serum bactericidal activity and isotype distribution of antibodies in toddlers and schoolchildren after vaccination with RIVM hexavalent PorA vesicle vaccine, Vaccine, vol.20, pp.352-358, 2001.

C. L. Vermont, Cross-reactivity of antibodies against PorA after vaccination with a meningococcal B outer membrane vesicle vaccine, Infect. Immun, vol.71, pp.1650-1655, 2003.

C. L. Vermont, H. H. Van-dijken, R. De-groot, L. Van-alphen, and G. P. Van-den-dobbelsteen, PorA-specific differences in antibody avidity after vaccination with a hexavalent Men B outer membrane vesicle vaccine in toddlers and school children, Vaccine, vol.22, pp.3008-3013, 2004.