. .. Summary-of-the-results, user manual. St Petersburg Bolch T and 11 others (2012) The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers, Science, vol.336, pp.310-314, 2013.

P. Buri, F. Pellicciotti, J. Steiner, M. E. Immerzeel, and W. , A grid-based model of backwasting of supraglacial ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers, Ann. Glaciol, vol.57, issue.71, pp.199-210, 2016.

P. Cignoni, M. Corsini, and G. Ranzuglia, Meshlab: an opensource 3d mesh processing system, Ercim News, vol.73, pp.45-46, 2008.

Y. Furukawa and J. Ponce, Accurate camera calibration from multi-view stereo and bundle adjustment, Int. J. Comput. Vis, vol.84, issue.3, pp.257-268, 2009.

J. Gardelle, E. Berthier, A. , Y. Kääb, and A. , Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during, vol.7, pp.1263-1286, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00880662

H. Han, J. Wang, W. J. Liu, and S. , Backwasting rate on debriscovered Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China. J. Glaciol, vol.56, pp.287-296, 2010.

N. Holzer, Four decades of glacier variations at Muztag Ata (Eastern Pamir): a multi-sensor study including Hexagon KH-9 and Pléiades data, Cryosphere Discuss, vol.9, issue.2, pp.1811-1856, 2015.

W. Immerzeel, High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles, Remote Sens. Environ, vol.150, pp.93-103, 2014.

A. Kääb, E. Berthier, C. Nuth, J. Gardelle, and Y. Arnaud, Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas, Nature, vol.488, issue.7412, pp.495-498, 2012.

P. Kraaijenbrink, Seasonal surface velocities of a Himalayan glacier derived by automated correlation of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery, Ann. Glaciol, vol.57, issue.61, pp.103-113, 2016.

D. Lague, N. Brodu, and J. Leroux, Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: application to the Rangitikei canyon (N-Z), ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens, vol.82, pp.10-26, 2013.

Y. Lejeune, J. M. Bertrand, P. Wagnon, and S. Morin, A physically based model of the year-round surface energy and mass balance of debris-covered glaciers, J. Glaciol, vol.59, pp.327-344, 2013.

M. , Refined energy-balance modelling of a supraglacial pond, Nepal. Ann. Glaciol, vol.57, issue.71, pp.29-39, 2016.

, Brun and others: Quantifying volume loss from ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using high-resolution terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry Mirtich B (1996) Fast and accurate computation of polyhedral mass properties, J. Graphics Tools, vol.1, issue.2, pp.31-50

N. , Surface flow on the ablation area of the Lirung Glacier in Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas. Bull. Glacier Res, vol.16, pp.67-73, 1998.

L. Nicholson and D. I. Benn, Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data, J. Glaciol, vol.52, pp.463-470, 2006.

T. Nuimura, K. Fujita, Y. S. Sharma, and R. R. , Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, J. Glaciol, vol.58, issue.210, pp.648-656, 1992.

G. Østrem, Ice melting under a thin layer of moraine, and the existence of ice cores in moraine ridges, Geogr. Ann, vol.41, issue.4, pp.228-230, 1959.

P. Passalacqua, Analyzing high resolution topography for advancing the understanding of mass and energy transfer through landscapes: a review, Earth-Sci. Rev, vol.148, pp.174-193, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01164979

P. , Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the Langtang Himal, Nepal, from 1974 to 1999, J. Glaciol, vol.61, issue.226, pp.373-386, 2015.

S. Ragettli, Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an advanced simulation model, Adv. Water Res, vol.78, issue.9, pp.94-111, 2015.

R. T. Brock and B. , Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, J. Glaciol, vol.60, issue.219, pp.3-13, 2014.

R. Td and B. W. Brock, An energy-balance model for debriscovered glaciers including heat conduction through the debris layer, 2010.

, J. Glaciol, vol.56, pp.903-916

A. Sakai, M. Nakawo, and K. Fujita, Melt rate of ice cliffs on the Lirung Glacier, Bull. Glacier Res, vol.16, pp.57-66, 1996.

A. Sakai, N. Takeuchi, K. Fujita, and M. Nakawo, Role of supraglacial ponds in the ablation process of a debris-covered glacier in the Nepal Himalayas, Debris-covered Glaciers (Proceedings of a Workshop Held at, vol.265, 2000.

A. Sakai, M. Nakawo, and K. Fujita, Distribution characteristics and energy balance of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res, vol.34, issue.1, pp.12-19, 2002.

D. Scherler, B. Bookhagen, and M. R. Strecker, Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover, Nat. Geosci, vol.4, pp.156-159, 2011.

N. Snavely, S. Seitz, and R. Szeliski, Modeling the world from internet photo collections, Int. J. Comput. Vis, vol.80, issue.2, pp.189-210, 2008.

J. Steiner, Modelling ice cliff backwasting on a debris covered glacier in the Nepalese Himalayas, J. Glaciol, issue.229, pp.889-907, 2015.

M. Westoby, J. Brasington, N. Glasser, M. Hambrey, and J. Reynolds, Structure-from-motion photogrammetry: a low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications, Geomorphology, vol.179, pp.300-314, 2012.

, MS received 27 July 2015 and accepted in revised form, p.695, 2016.

V. Bolch, T. H. Syed, T. Pieczonka, T. Strozzi, and R. Nagaich, Area and mass changes of Siachen Glacier (East Karakoram), Brun and others: Quantifying volume loss from ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using high-resolution terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry Bibliography Agarwal, vol.63, pp.148-163, 2017.

L. Agisoft, Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual: Professional Edition, 2017.

H. Akaike, A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE transactions on automatic control, vol.19, issue.6, pp.716-723, 1974.

M. Akhtar, N. Ahmad, and M. J. Booij, The impact of climate change on the water resources of Hindukush-Karakorum-Himalaya region under different glacier coverage scenarios, Journal of hydrology, vol.355, issue.1-4, pp.148-163, 2008.

D. Alexander, J. Shulmeister, and T. Davies, High basal melting rates within highprecipitation temperate glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.205, pp.789-795, 2011.

C. Andermann, S. Bonnet, and R. Gloaguen, Evaluation of precipitation data sets along the Himalayan front, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.12, p.23, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00612265

C. Andermann, L. Longuevergne, S. Bonnet, A. Crave, P. Davy et al., Impact of transient groundwater storage on the discharge of Himalayan rivers, Nature Geoscience, vol.5, p.127, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00710433

L. S. Anderson and R. S. Anderson, Modeling debris-covered glaciers: response to steady debris deposition, The Cryosphere, vol.10, issue.3, pp.1105-1124, 2016.

L. M. Andreassen, H. Elvehøy, B. Kjøllmoen, and R. V. Engeset, Reanalysis of long-term series of glaciological and geodetic mass balance for 10 Norwegian glaciers, The Cryosphere, vol.10, issue.2, pp.535-552, 2016.

M. F. Azam, P. Wagnon, A. Ramanathan, C. Vincent, P. Sharma et al., From balance to imbalance: a shift in the dynamic behaviour of Chhota Shigri glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, pp.315-324, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00675120

M. F. Azam, P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, A. Ramanathan, V. Favier et al., Processes governing the mass balance of Chhota Shigri Glacier (western Himalaya, India) assessed by point-scale surface energy balance measurements, The Cryosphere, vol.8, pp.2195-2217, 2014.

M. F. Azam, P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, A. Ramanathan, A. Linda et al., Reconstruction of the annual mass balance of Chhota Shigri glacier, Annals of Glaciology, vol.55, pp.69-80, 1969.

M. F. Azam, A. Ramanathan, P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, A. Linda et al., Meteorological conditions, seasonal and annual mass balances of Chhota Shigri Glacier, Annals of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.71, pp.328-338, 2016.

M. F. Azam, P. Wagnon, E. Berthier, C. Vincent, K. Fujita et al., Review of the status and mass changes of Himalayan-Karakoram glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, pp.1-14, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01952828

D. B. Bahr, W. T. Pfeffer, and G. Kaser, A review of volume-area scaling of glaciers, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.53, pp.95-140, 2015.

S. R. Bajracharya and B. Shrestha, The Status of Glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 2011.

S. R. Bajracharya, S. B. Maharjan, and F. Shrestha, The status and decadal change of glaciers in Bhutan from the 1980s to 2010 based on satellite data, Annals of Glaciology, vol.55, pp.159-166, 2014.

J. Bamber, R. M. Westaway, B. Marzeion, and B. Wouters, The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era, Environmental Research Letters, 2018.

A. Banerjee, Brief communication: Thinning of debris-covered and debris-free glaciers in a warming climate, The Cryosphere, vol.11, issue.1, pp.133-138, 2017.

M. Barandun, M. Huss, L. Sold, D. Farinotti, E. Azisov et al., Re-analysis of seasonal mass balance at Abramov glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.61, pp.1103-1117, 1968.

M. Barandun, M. Huss, R. Usubaliev, E. Azisov, E. Berthier et al., Multi-decadal mass balance series of three Kyrgyz glaciers inferred from modelling constrained with repeated snow line observations, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.6, pp.1899-1919, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01952823

S. Basnett, A. V. Kulkarni, and T. Bolch, The influence of debris cover and glacial lakes on the recession of glaciers in Sikkim Himalaya, Journal of Glaciology, vol.59, pp.1035-1046, 2013.

J. M. Belart, E. Berthier, E. Magnússon, L. S. Anderson, F. Pálsson et al., Winter mass balance of Drangajökull ice cap (NW Iceland) derived from satellite sub-meter stereo images, The Cryosphere, vol.11, issue.3, pp.1501-1517, 2017.

D. Benn, T. Bolch, K. Hands, J. Gulley, A. Luckman et al., Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.114, issue.1-2, pp.156-174, 2012.

D. I. Benn, S. Wiseman, and K. A. Hands, Growth and drainage of supraglacial lakes on the debris-mantled Ngozumpa Glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.47, pp.626-638, 2001.

D. I. Benn, S. Thompson, J. Gulley, J. Mertes, A. Luckman et al., Structure and evolution of the drainage system of a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, and its relationship with patterns of mass loss, The Cryosphere, vol.11, issue.5, pp.2247-2264, 2017.

E. Berthier and C. Vincent, Relative contribution of surface mass-balance and ice-flux changes to the accelerated thinning of Mer de Glace, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, pp.501-512, 1979.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00743992

E. Berthier, Y. Arnaud, C. Vincent, and F. Rémy, Biases of SRTM in high-mountain areas: Implications for the monitoring of glacier volume changes, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.33, p.502, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00375435

E. Berthier, Y. Arnaud, R. Kumar, S. Ahmad, P. Wagnon et al., Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.108, issue.3, pp.327-338, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00280179

E. Berthier, E. Schiefer, G. K. Clarke, B. Menounos, and F. Rémy, Contribution of Alaskan glaciers to sea-level rise derived from satellite imagery, Nature Geoscience, vol.3, pp.92-95, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00537722

E. Berthier, C. Vincent, E. Magnússon, .. P. Gunnlaugsson, P. Pitte et al., Glacier topography and elevation changes derived from Pléiades sub-meter stereo images, The Cryosphere, vol.8, issue.6, pp.2275-2291, 2014.

E. Berthier, V. Cabot, C. Vincent, and D. Six, Decadal region-wide and glacier-wide mass balances derived from multi-temporal ASTER satellite digital elevation models. Validation over the Mont-Blanc area, Frontiers in Earth Science, vol.4, issue.63, 2016.

E. Berthier, C. Larsen, W. J. Durkin, M. J. Willis, and M. E. Pritchard, Brief communication: Unabated wastage of the Juneau and Stikine icefields (southeast Alaska) in the early 21st century, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.4, pp.1523-1530, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01952671

R. Bhambri, T. Bolch, R. K. Chaujar, and S. C. Kulshreshtha, Glacier changes in the Garhwal Himalaya, India, from 1968 to 2006 based on remote sensing, Journal of Glaciology, vol.57, pp.543-556, 2011.

A. Bhattacharya, T. Bolch, K. Mukherjee, T. Pieczonka, J. Kropá?ek et al., Overall recession and mass budget of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2015 using remote sensing data, Journal of Glaciology, vol.62, pp.1115-1133, 2016.

T. Bolch, M. Buchroithner, T. Pieczonka, and A. Kunert, Planimetric and volumetric glacier changes in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal, since 1962 using Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER data, Journal of Glaciology, vol.54, pp.592-600, 2008.

T. Bolch, T. Pieczonka, and D. I. Benn, Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery, The Cryosphere, vol.5, pp.349-358, 2011.

T. Bolch, A. Kulkarni, A. Kääb, C. Huggel, F. Paul et al., The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers, Science, vol.336, pp.310-314, 2012.

T. Bolch, T. Pieczonka, K. Mukherjee, and J. Shea, Brief communication: Glaciers in the Hunza catchment (Karakoram) have been nearly in balance since the 1970s, The Cryosphere, vol.11, pp.531-539, 2017.

T. Bolch, J. M. Shea, L. Shiyin, M. F. Azam, Y. Gao et al., Hindu Kush Himalayan Monitoring and Assessment Program (HIMAP), 2018.

B. Bookhagen and D. W. Burbank, Topography, relief, and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya, vol.33, p.405, 2006.

B. Bookhagen and D. W. Burbank, Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.115, issue.F3, p.19, 2010.

R. J. Braithwaite, S. C. Raper, and K. Chutko, Accumulation at the equilibrium-line altitude of glaciers inferred from a degree-day model and tested against field observations, Annals of Glaciology, vol.43, pp.329-334, 2006.

B. W. Brock, C. Mihalcea, M. P. Kirkbride, G. Diolaiuti, M. E. Cutler et al., Meteorology and surface energy fluxes in the 2005-2007 ablation seasons at the Miage debriscovered glacier, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.115, 2010.

F. Brun, M. Dumont, P. Wagnon, E. Berthier, M. F. Azam et al., Seasonal changes in surface albedo of Himalayan glaciers from MODIS data and links with the annual mass balance, The Cryosphere, vol.9, issue.1, pp.341-355, 2015.

F. Brun, P. Buri, E. S. Miles, P. Wagnon, J. F. Steiner et al., Quantifying volume loss from ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers using high-resolution terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, Journal of Glaciology, vol.62, issue.234, pp.684-695, 2016.

F. Brun, E. Berthier, P. Wagnon, A. Kääb, and D. Treichler, A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from, Nature Geoscience, vol.10, pp.668-673, 2000.

F. Brun, P. Wagnon, E. Berthier, V. Jomelli, S. B. Maharjan et al., Non ubiquitous influence of debris cover and proglacial lakes on the variability of the High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances, review at Journal of Geophysical Research, 2018.

F. Brun, P. Wagnon, E. Berthier, J. M. Shea, W. W. Immerzeel et al., Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.11, pp.3439-3457, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01952649

D. W. Burbank, B. Bookhagen, E. J. Gabet, and J. Putkonen, Modern climate and erosion in the Himalaya, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, vol.344, issue.11, pp.610-626, 2012.

P. Buri and F. Pellicciotti, Aspect controls the survival of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, p.201713892, 2018.

P. Buri, F. Pellicciotti, J. F. Steiner, E. S. Miles, and W. W. Immerzeel, A grid-based model of backwasting of supraglacial ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers, Annals of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.71, pp.199-211, 2016.

P. Buri, E. S. Miles, J. F. Steiner, W. W. Immerzeel, P. Wagnon et al., A physically based 3-D model of ice cliff evolution over debris-covered glaciers, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.121, pp.2471-2493, 2016.

M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, J. Mabillard, T. Reid, and B. W. Brock, An enhanced temperature index model for debris-covered glaciers accounting for thickness effect, Advances in Water Resources, vol.94, pp.457-469, 2016.

K. A. Casey, A. Kääb, and D. I. Benn, Geochemical characterization of supraglacial debris via in situ and optical remote sensing methods: a case study in Khumbu Himalaya, vol.6, pp.85-100, 2012.

A. Ceglar, A. Toreti, G. Balsamo, and S. Kobayashi, Precipitation over Monsoon Asia: A Comparison of Reanalyses and Observations, Journal of Climate, vol.30, pp.465-476, 2017.

D. P. Chambers, A. Cazenave, N. Champollion, H. Dieng, W. Llovel et al., Evaluation of the Global Mean Sea Level Budget between, vol.38, pp.309-327, 1993.

K. Chanard, J. P. Avouac, G. Ramillien, and J. Genrich, Modeling deformation induced by seasonal variations of continental water in the Himalaya region: Sensitivity to Earth elastic structure, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.119, issue.6, pp.5097-5113, 2014.

T. J. Chinn, C. Heydenrych, and M. J. Salinger, Use of the ELA as a practical method of monitoring glacier response to climate in New Zealand's Southern Alps, Journal of Glaciology, vol.51, issue.172, pp.85-95, 2005.

J. Church, P. Clark, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Jevrejeva et al., Sea Level Change, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp.1137-1216, 2013.

G. R. Clare, B. B. Fitzharris, T. J. Chinn, and M. J. Salinger, Interannual variation in end-ofsummer snowlines of the Southern Alps of New Zealand, and relationships with Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature patterns, International Journal of Climatology, vol.22, pp.107-120, 2002.

G. K. Clarke, A. H. Jarosch, F. S. Anslow, V. Radi?, and B. Menounos, Projected deglaciation of western Canada in the twenty-first century, Nature Geoscience, vol.8, pp.372-377, 2015.

J. Cogley, R. Hock, L. Rasmussen, A. Arendt, A. Bauder et al., Glossary of glacier mass balance and related terms, IHPVII technical documents in hydrology, vol.86, p.965, 2011.

J. G. Cogley, Geodetic and direct mass-balance measurements: comparison and joint analysis, Annals of Glaciology, vol.50, pp.96-100, 2009.

J. G. Cogley, Glacier shrinkage across High Mountain Asia, Annals of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.71, pp.41-49, 2016.
DOI : 10.3189/2016aog71a040
URL : https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E97CB6310B980D595B65C36904A01EAF/S0260305500000069a.pdf/div-class-title-glacier-shrinkage-across-high-mountain-asia-div.pdf

J. G. Cogley, J. S. Kargel, G. Kaser, and C. J. Van-der-veen, Tracking the Source of Glacier Misinformation, Science, vol.327, pp.522-522, 2010.

E. Collier and W. W. Immerzeel, High-resolution modeling of atmospheric dynamics in the Nepalese Himalaya, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.120, pp.9882-9896, 2015.

E. Collier, T. Mölg, F. Maussion, D. Scherer, C. Mayer et al., High-resolution interactive modelling of the mountain glacier-atmosphere interface: an application over the Karakoram, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.3, pp.779-795, 2013.

E. Collier, L. I. Nicholson, B. W. Brock, F. Maussion, R. Essery et al., Representing moisture fluxes and phase changes in glacier debris cover using a reservoir approach, The Cryosphere, vol.8, issue.4, pp.1429-1444, 2014.

O. Conrad, B. Bechtel, M. Bock, H. Dietrich, E. Fischer et al., System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.8, 1991.

H. Conway and L. Rasmusen, Summer temperature profiles within supraglacial debris on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, IAHS-AISH publication, pp.89-97, 2000.

K. M. Cuffey and W. S. Paterson, The physics of glaciers, 2010.

J. Dall, S. N. Madsen, K. Keller, and R. Forsberg, Topography and penetration of the greenland ice sheet measured with airborne SAR interferometry, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.28, issue.9, pp.1703-1706, 2001.

L. Davaze, A. Rabatel, Y. Arnaud, P. Sirguey, D. Six et al., Monitoring glacier albedo as a proxy to derive summer and annual surface mass balances from optical remote-sensing data, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.1, pp.271-286, 2018.

R. J. De-kok, O. A. Tuinenburg, P. N. Bonekamp, and W. W. Immerzeel, Irrigation as a Potential Driver for Anomalous Glacier Behavior in High Mountain Asia, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.45, pp.2047-2054, 2018.

D. P. Dee, S. M. Uppala, A. J. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli et al., The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.137, pp.553-597, 2011.

A. Dehecq, N. Gourmelen, and E. Trouve, Deriving large-scale glacier velocities from a complete satellite archive: Application to the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.162, pp.55-66, 2015.

A. Dehecq, R. Millan, E. Berthier, N. Gourmelen, E. Trouvé et al., Elevation Changes Inferred From TanDEM-X Data Over the Mont-Blanc Area: Impact of the X-Band Interferometric Bias, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol.9, issue.8, pp.3870-3882, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01354172

A. Dehecq, N. Gourmelen, A. S. Gardner, F. Brun, D. Goldberg et al., Twenty-first century glacier slowdown driven by mass loss in High Mountain Asia, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01952548

P. Deline, Change in surface debris cover on Mont Blanc massif glaciers after the'Little Ice Age' termination, The Holocene, vol.15, pp.302-309, 2005.

D. J. Drewry, A quantitative assessment of dirt-cone dynamics, Journal of Glaciology, vol.11, pp.431-446, 1972.

D. Duethmann, T. Bolch, D. Farinotti, D. Kriegel, S. Vorogushyn et al., Attribution of streamflow trends in snow and glacier meltdominated catchments of the Tarim River, Water Resources Research, vol.51, pp.4727-4750, 2015.

M. Dumont, J. Gardelle, P. Sirguey, A. Guillot, D. Six et al., Linking glacier annual mass balance and glacier albedo retrieved from MODIS data, The Cryosphere, vol.6, issue.6, pp.1527-1539, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00843787

I. Dussaillant, E. Berthier, and F. Brun, Geodetic Mass Balance of the Northern Patagonian Icefield from 2000 to 2012 Using Two Independent Methods, vol.6, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01952640

J. Eeckman, P. Chevallier, A. Boone, L. Neppel, A. De-rouw et al., Providing a non-deterministic representation of spatial variability of precipitation in the Everest region, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.21, issue.9, pp.4879-4893, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01921983

G. W. Evatt, I. D. Abrahams, M. Heil, C. Mayer, J. Kingslake et al., Glacial melt under a porous debris layer, Journal of Glaciology, issue.229, pp.825-836, 2015.

D. Farinotti, Cryospheric science: Asia's glacier changes, Nature Geoscience, vol.10, pp.621-622, 2017.

D. Farinotti, L. Longuevergne, G. Moholdt, D. Duethmann, T. Mölg et al., Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years, Nature Geoscience, vol.8, issue.9, pp.716-722, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01185229

D. Farinotti, D. J. Brinkerhoff, G. K. Clarke, J. J. Fürst, H. Frey et al., How accurate are estimates of glacier ice thickness? Results from ITMIX, the Ice Thickness Models Intercomparison eXperiment, The Cryosphere, vol.11, issue.2, pp.949-970, 2017.

T. G. Farr, P. A. Rosen, E. Caro, R. Crippen, R. Duren et al., The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.45, issue.2, 2007.

M. Fischer, M. Huss, and M. Hoelzle, Surface elevation and mass changes of all Swiss glaciers, The Cryosphere, vol.9, pp.525-540, 1980.
DOI : 10.5194/tcd-8-4581-2014
URL : https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-4581-2014

N. Forsythe, H. J. Fowler, X. Li, S. Blenkinsop, and D. Pritchard, Karakoram temperature and glacial melt driven by regional atmospheric circulation variability, Nature Climate Change, vol.7, pp.664-670, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/nclimate3361

L. Foster, B. Brock, M. Cutler, and F. Diotri, A physically based method for estimating supraglacial debris thickness from thermal band remote-sensing data, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, issue.210, pp.677-691, 2012.

T. G. Freeman, Calculating catchment area with divergent flow based on a regular grid, Computers & Geosciences, vol.17, issue.3, pp.413-422, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0098-3004(91)90048-i

H. Frey, F. Paul, and T. Strozzi, Compilation of a glacier inventory for the western Himalayas from satellite data: methods, challenges, and results, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.124, pp.832-843, 2012.

Y. Fujii, Field experiment on glacier ablation under a layer of debris cover, Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, vol.39, issue.Special, pp.20-21, 1977.

K. Fujita and T. Nuimura, Spatially heterogeneous wastage of Himalayan glaciers, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, pp.43-51, 2011.

K. Fujita and A. Sakai, Modelling runoff from a Himalayan debris-covered glacier, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.18, issue.7, pp.2679-2694, 2014.
DOI : 10.5194/hess-18-2679-2014
URL : http://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2679-2014

C. L. Fyffe, T. D. Reid, B. W. Brock, M. P. Kirkbride, G. Diolaiuti et al., A distributed energy-balance melt model of an alpine debris-covered glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.60, issue.221, pp.587-602, 2014.

A. Gades, H. Conway, N. Nereson, N. Naito, and T. Kadota, Radio echo-sounding through supraglacial debris on Lirung and Khumbu Glaciers, pp.13-24, 2000.

O. Gagliardini, T. Zwinger, F. Gillet-chaulet, G. Durand, L. Favier et al., Capabilities and performance of Elmer/Ice, a new-generation ice sheet model, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, issue.4, pp.1299-1318, 2013.

J. Gardelle, E. Berthier, and Y. Arnaud, Impact of resolution and radar penetration on glacier elevation changes computed from DEM differencing, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, issue.208, pp.419-422, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00744054

J. Gardelle, E. Berthier, and Y. Arnaud, Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century, Nature geoscience, vol.5, issue.5, pp.322-325, 2012.

J. Gardelle, E. Berthier, Y. Arnaud, and A. Kääb, Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1263-1286, 1999.
DOI : 10.5194/tcd-7-975-2013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00880662

M. Gardent, A. Rabatel, J. Dedieu, and P. Deline, Multitemporal glacier inventory of the French Alps from the late 1960s to the late, Global and Planetary Change, vol.120, pp.24-37, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-01022927

A. S. Gardner, G. Moholdt, J. G. Cogley, B. Wouters, A. A. Arendt et al., A Reconciled Estimate of Glacier Contributions to Sea Level Rise, Science, vol.340, pp.852-857, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00846331

M. J. Gibson, N. F. Glasser, D. J. Quincey, C. Mayer, A. V. Rowan et al., Temporal variations in supraglacial debris distribution on, vol.295, pp.572-585, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.08.012
URL : http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/120003/1/1-s2.0-S0169555X17303185-main.pdf

A. Gilbert, G. E. Flowers, G. H. Miller, B. T. Rabus, W. Van-wychen et al., Sensitivity of Barnes Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, to climate state and internal dynamics, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.121, pp.1516-1539, 2016.

S. Gindraux, R. Boesch, and D. Farinotti, Accuracy Assessment of Digital Surface Models from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles' Imagery on Glaciers, Remote Sensing, vol.9, 2017.

L. Girod, C. Nuth, A. Kääb, R. Mcnabb, and O. Galland, MMASTER: Improved ASTER DEMs for Elevation Change Monitoring, Remote Sensing, vol.9, p.704, 2017.

. Glaciers_cci, Climate Research Data Package (CRDP) Technical Document, 2015.

J. Gulley and D. I. Benn, Structural control of englacial drainage systems in Himalayan debris-covered glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.53, pp.399-412, 2007.

J. D. Gulley, D. I. Benn, D. Müller, and A. Luckman, A cut-and-closure origin for englacial conduits in uncrevassed regions of polythermal glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.55, pp.66-80, 2009.

W. Guo, S. Liu, J. Xu, L. Wu, D. Shangguan et al., The second Chinese glacier inventory: data, methods and results, Journal of Glaciology, vol.61, pp.357-372, 2015.

W. Hagg, C. Mayer, A. Lambrecht, and A. Helm, Sub-debris melt rates on southern Inylchek Glacier, central Tian Shan, Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, vol.90, issue.1, pp.55-63, 2008.

H. Han, Y. Ding, and S. Liu, A simple model to estimate ice ablation under a thick debris layer, Journal of Glaciology, vol.52, issue.179, pp.528-536, 2006.

H. Han, J. Wang, J. Wei, and S. Liu, Backwasting rate on debris-covered Koxkar glacier, Tuomuer mountain, China, Journal of Glaciology, vol.56, pp.287-296, 2010.

U. K. Haritashya, J. S. Kargel, D. H. Shugar, G. J. Leonard, K. Strattman et al., Evolution and Controls of Large Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya, Remote Sensing, vol.10, issue.5, 2018.

T. Heid and A. Kääb, Repeat optical satellite images reveal widespread and long term decrease in land-terminating glacier speeds, The Cryosphere, vol.6, issue.2, pp.467-478, 2012.

S. Herreid and F. Pellicciotti, Automated detection of ice cliffs within supraglacial debris cover, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1811-1829, 2018.

S. Herreid, F. Pellicciotti, A. Ayala, A. Chesnokova, C. Kienholz et al., Satellite observations show no net change in the percentage of supraglacial debris-covered area in northern Pakistan from 1977 to, Journal of Glaciology, issue.227, pp.524-536, 2014.

K. Hewitt, The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the 'elevation effect, Mountain Research and Development, vol.25, issue.4, pp.332-340, 2005.

J. Höhle and M. Höhle, Accuracy assessment of digital elevation models by means of robust statistical methods, {ISPRS} Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.64, issue.4, pp.398-406, 2009.

R. R. Hocking, The Analysis and Selection of Variables in Linear Regression, Biometrics, vol.32, issue.1, pp.1-49, 1976.

M. Hoelzle, E. Azisov, M. Barandun, M. Huss, D. Farinotti et al., Reestablishing glacier monitoring in Kyrgyzstan and, Geoscientific Instrumentation, vol.6, issue.2, pp.397-418, 2017.

N. Holzer, S. Vijay, T. Yao, B. Xu, M. Buchroithner et al., Four decades of glacier variations at Muztagh Ata (eastern Pamir): a multi-sensor study including Hexagon KH-9 and Pléiades data, The Cryosphere, vol.9, issue.6, pp.2071-2088, 2015.

R. L. Hooke, Principles of glacier mechanics, 2005.

L. Huang, Z. Li, B. S. Tian, H. D. Han, Y. Q. Liu et al., Estimation of supraglacial debris thickness using a novel target decomposition on L-band polarimetric SAR images in the Tianshan Mountains, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.122, pp.925-940, 2017.

L. Huang, Z. Li, H. Han, B. Tian, and J. Zhou, Analysis of thickness changes and the associated driving factors on a debris-covered glacier in the Tienshan Mountain, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.206, pp.63-71, 2018.

M. Huss, Present and future contribution of glacier storage change to runoff from macroscale drainage basins in Europe, Water Resources Research, vol.47, p.511, 2011.

M. Huss, Extrapolating glacier mass balance to the mountain-range scale: the European Alps 1900-2100, The Cryosphere, vol.6, issue.4, pp.713-727, 2012.

M. Huss, Density assumptions for converting geodetic glacier volume change to mass change, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.3, pp.877-887, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/tcd-7-219-2013
URL : https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-219-2013

M. Huss and D. Farinotti, Distributed ice thickness and volume of all glaciers around the globe, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.117, issue.F4, p.10, 2012.

M. Huss and R. Hock, A new model for global glacier change and sea-level rise, Frontiers in Earth Science, vol.3, p.54, 2015.

M. Huss and R. Hock, Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier mass loss, Nature Climate Change, vol.8, issue.2, pp.135-140, 2018.
DOI : 10.1038/s41558-017-0049-x
URL : http://doc.rero.ch/record/309006/files/hus_gsh.pdf

M. Huss, G. Jouvet, D. Farinotti, and A. Bauder, Future high-mountain hydrology: a new parameterization of glacier retreat, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.14, issue.5, pp.815-829, 2010.

M. Huss, R. Hock, A. Bauder, and M. Funk, Conventional versus reference-surface mass balance, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, issue.208, pp.278-286, 2012.
DOI : 10.3189/2012jog11j216
URL : https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8E33BE0233E5221EEB648A62B853E8CD/S0022143000212021a.pdf/div-class-title-conventional-versus-reference-surface-mass-balance-div.pdf

M. Huss, B. Bookhagen, C. Huggel, D. Jacobsen, R. S. Bradley et al., Toward mountains without permanent snow and ice, Earth's Future, vol.5, pp.418-435, 2017.
DOI : 10.1002/2016ef000514
URL : https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2016EF000514

W. Immerzeel, F. Pellicciotti, and M. Bierkens, Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds, Nature Geoscience, vol.6, issue.9, pp.742-745, 2013.

W. Immerzeel, P. Kraaijenbrink, J. Shea, A. Shrestha, F. Pellicciotti et al., High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles, vol.150, pp.93-103, 2014.

W. W. Immerzeel, L. P. Van-beek, and M. F. Bierkens, Climate Change Will Affect the Asian Water Towers, Science, vol.328, issue.5984, pp.1382-1385, 2010.

W. W. Immerzeel, F. Pellicciotti, and A. B. Shrestha, Glaciers as a Proxy to Quantify the Spatial Distribution of Precipitation in the Hunza Basin, Mountain Research and Development, vol.32, issue.1, pp.30-38, 2012.

W. W. Immerzeel, L. Van-beek, M. Konz, A. Shrestha, and M. Bierkens, Hydrological response to climate change in a glacierized catchment in the Himalayas, Climatic Change, vol.110, issue.3-4, p.721, 2012.

W. W. Immerzeel, L. Petersen, S. Ragettli, and F. Pellicciotti, The importance of observed gradients of air temperature and precipitation for modeling runoff from a glacierized watershed in the Nepalese Himalayas, Water Resour. Res, vol.50, issue.3, pp.2212-2226, 2014.

W. W. Immerzeel, N. Wanders, A. F. Lutz, J. M. Shea, and M. F. Bierkens, Reconciling highaltitude precipitation in the upper Indus basin with glacier mass balances and runoff, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.19, issue.11, pp.4673-4687, 2015.

T. D. Irvine-fynn, P. R. Porter, A. V. Rowan, D. J. Quincey, M. J. Gibson et al., Supraglacial Ponds Regulate Runoff From Himalayan Debris-Covered Glaciers, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.44, p.11, 2017.
DOI : 10.1002/2017gl075398
URL : http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/124614/8/IrvineFynn_etal_GRL_MainText_FinalReSubmissionR.pdf

T. Jacob, J. Wahr, W. T. Pfeffer, and S. Swenson, Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise, Nature, vol.482, issue.7386, pp.514-518, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00633384

J. R. Janke, A. C. Bellisario, and F. A. Ferrando, Classification of debris-covered glaciers and rock glaciers in the Andes of central Chile, Geomorphology, vol.241, pp.98-121, 2015.

Q. Jin and C. Wang, A revival of Indian summer monsoon rainfall since 2002, Nature Climate Change, vol.7, pp.587-594, 2017.

M. Juen, C. Mayer, A. Lambrecht, H. Han, and S. Liu, Impact of varying debris cover thickness on ablation: a case study for Koxkar Glacier in the Tien Shan, The Cryosphere, vol.8, issue.2, pp.377-386, 2014.

A. Kääb, E. Berthier, C. Nuth, J. Gardelle, and Y. Arnaud, Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas, Nature, vol.488, issue.7412, pp.495-498, 2012.

A. Kääb, D. Treichler, C. Nuth, and E. Berthier, Brief Communication: Contending estimates of 2003-2008 glacier mass balance over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya, The Cryosphere, vol.9, pp.557-564, 2015.

A. Kääb, S. Leinss, A. Gilbert, Y. Bühler, S. Gascoin et al., Massive collapse of two glaciers in western Tibet in 2016 after surge-like instability, Nature Geoscience, vol.11, issue.2, pp.114-120, 2018.

S. B. Kapnick, T. L. Delworth, M. Ashfaq, S. Malyshev, and P. C. Milly, Snowfall less sensitive to warming in Karakoram than in Himalayas due to a unique seasonal cycle, Nature Geoscience, vol.7, pp.834-840, 2014.

G. Kaser, M. Großhauser, and B. Marzeion, Contribution potential of glaciers to water availability in different climate regimes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.47, p.223, 2010.

R. B. Kayastha, Y. Takeuchi, M. Nakawo, and Y. Ageta, Practical prediction of ice melting beneath various thickness of debris cover on Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, using a positive degree-day factor, pp.71-82, 2000.

O. King, D. J. Quincey, J. L. Carrivick, and A. V. Rowan, Spatial variability in mass loss of glaciers in the Everest region, central Himalayas, The Cryosphere, vol.11, issue.1, pp.407-426, 2000.

O. King, A. Dehecq, D. Quincey, and J. Carrivick, Contrasting geometric and dynamic evolution of lake and land-terminating glaciers in the central Himalaya, Global and Planetary Change, vol.167, pp.46-60, 2018.

M. P. Kirkbride and P. Deline, The formation of supraglacial debris covers by primary dispersal from transverse englacial debris bands, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.38, pp.1779-1792, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00873301

J. Korona, E. Berthier, M. Bernard, F. Rémy, and E. Thouvenot, SPIRIT. SPOT 5 stereoscopic survey of Polar Ice: Reference Images and Topographies during the fourth International Polar Year, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.64, pp.204-212, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00397912

P. Kraaijenbrink, S. W. Meijer, J. M. Shea, F. Pellicciotti, S. M. Jong et al., Seasonal surface velocities of a Himalayan glacier derived by automated correlation of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery, Annals of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.71, pp.103-113, 2016.

P. D. Kraaijenbrink, J. M. Shea, F. Pellicciotti, S. M. Jong, and W. W. Immerzeel, Objectbased analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery to map and characterise surface features on a debris-covered glacier, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.186, pp.581-595, 2016.

P. D. Kraaijenbrink, M. F. Bierkens, A. F. Lutz, and W. W. Immerzeel, Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia glaciers, Nature, vol.549, pp.257-260, 2017.

P. D. Kraaijenbrink, J. M. Shea, M. Litt, J. F. Steiner, D. Treichler et al., Mapping Surface Temperatures on a Debris-Covered Glacier With an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Frontiers in Earth Science, vol.6, 2018.

P. Kumar, S. Kotlarski, C. Moseley, K. Sieck, H. Frey et al., Response of Karakoram-Himalayan glaciers to climate variability and climatic change: A regional climate model assessment, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.42, pp.1818-1825, 2015.

A. Lambrecht and C. Mayer, Temporal variability of the non-steady contribution from glaciers to water discharge in western Austria, Journal of Hydrology, vol.376, issue.3-4, pp.353-361, 2009.

A. Lambrecht, C. Mayer, W. Hagg, V. Popovnin, A. Rezepkin et al., A comparison of glacier melt on debris-covered glaciers in the northern and southern Caucasus, The Cryosphere, vol.5, pp.525-538, 2011.

A. Lambrecht, C. Mayer, V. Aizen, D. Floricioiu, and A. Surazakov, The evolution of Fedchenko glacier in the Pamir, Tajikistan, during the past eight decades, Journal of Glaciology, vol.60, issue.220, pp.233-244, 2014.

D. Lamsal, K. Fujita, and A. Sakai, Surface lowering of the debris-covered area of Kanchenjunga Glacier in the eastern Nepal Himalaya since 1975, as revealed by Hexagon KH-9 and ALOS satellite observations, The Cryosphere, vol.11, pp.2815-2827, 2017.

P. W. Leclercq, J. Oerlemans, H. J. Basagic, I. Bushueva, A. J. Cook et al., A data set of worldwide glacier length fluctuations, The Cryosphere, vol.8, pp.659-672, 2014.

B. Lehner and P. Döll, Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands, Journal of Hydrology, vol.296, issue.1-4, pp.1-22, 2004.

Y. Lejeune, J. Bertrand, P. Wagnon, and S. Morin, A physically based model of the yearround surface energy and mass balance of debris-covered glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.59, pp.327-344, 2013.

S. Leprince, F. Ayoub, Y. Klingert, and J. Avouac, Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr): an operational methodology for ground deformation measurements, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp.1943-1946, 2007.

G. Li and H. Lin, Recent decadal glacier mass balances over the Western Nyainqentanglha Mountains and the increase in their melting contribution to Nam Co Lake measured by differential bistatic SAR interferometry, Global and Planetary Change, vol.149, pp.177-190, 2017.

G. Li, H. Lin, and Q. Ye, Heterogeneous decadal glacier downwasting at the Mt. Everest (Qomolangma) from 2000 to 2012 based on multi-baseline bistatic SAR interferometry, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.206, pp.336-349, 2018.

J. Li, Z. Li, J. Zhu, X. Li, B. Xu et al., Early 21st century glacier thickness changes in the Central Tien Shan, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.192, pp.12-29, 2017.

H. Lin, G. Li, L. Cuo, A. Hooper, and Q. Ye, A decreasing glacier mass balance gradient from the edge of the Upper Tarim Basin to the Karakoram during, Scientific Reports, vol.7, issue.1, p.6712, 2000.

L. Lliboutry, Traité de glaciologie: Glaciers, variations du climat, sols gelés, vol.2, 1965.

L. Longuevergne, C. R. Wilson, B. R. Scanlon, and J. F. Crétaux, GRACE water storage estimates for the Middle East and other regions with significant reservoir and lake storage, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.17, issue.12, pp.4817-4830, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00914992

A. F. Lutz, W. W. Immerzeel, A. B. Shrestha, and M. F. Bierkens, Consistent increase in High Asia's runoff due to increasing glacier melt and precipitation, Nature Clim. Change, vol.4, issue.7, pp.587-592, 2014.

A. F. Lutz, W. W. Immerzeel, P. D. Kraaijenbrink, A. B. Shrestha, and M. F. Bierkens, Climate Change Impacts on the Upper Indus Hydrology: Sources, Shifts and Extremes, vol.11, pp.1-33, 2016.

S. B. Maharjan, P. K. Mool, W. Lizong, G. Xiao, F. Shrestha et al., The status of glacial lakes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya, 2018.

M. Malsy, T. Der-beek, and M. Flörke, Evaluation of large-scale precipitation data sets for water resources modelling in Central Asia, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol.73, issue.2, pp.787-799, 2015.

R. Marti, S. Gascoin, E. Berthier, M. De-pinel, T. Houet et al., Mapping snow depth in open alpine terrain from stereo satellite imagery, The Cryosphere, vol.10, issue.4, pp.1361-1380, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01373099

B. Marzeion, A. H. Jarosch, and M. Hofer, Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers, The Cryosphere, vol.6, issue.6, pp.1295-1322, 2012.

B. Marzeion, J. G. Cogley, K. Richter, and D. Parkes, Attribution of global glacier mass loss to anthropogenic and natural causes, Science, vol.345, issue.6199, p.919, 2014.

B. Marzeion, P. W. Leclercq, J. G. Cogley, and A. H. Jarosch, Brief Communication: Global reconstructions of glacier mass change during the 20th century are consistent, The Cryosphere, vol.9, pp.2399-2404, 2015.

B. Marzeion, N. Champollion, W. Haeberli, K. Langley, P. Leclercq et al., ObservationBased Estimates of Global Glacier Mass Change and Its Contribution to Sea-Level Change, vol.38, pp.105-130, 2017.

B. Marzeion, G. Kaser, F. Maussion, and N. Champollion, Limited influence of climate change mitigation on short-term glacier mass loss, Nature Climate Change, vol.8, pp.305-308, 2018.

K. Matsuo and K. Heki, Time-variable ice loss in Asian high mountains from satellite gravimetry, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.290, pp.30-36, 2010.

J. M. Maurer, S. B. Rupper, and J. M. Schaefer, Quantifying ice loss in the eastern himalayas since 1974 using declassified spy satellite imagery, The Cryosphere, vol.10, pp.2203-2215, 2016.

F. Maussion, D. Scherer, T. Mölg, E. Collier, J. Curio et al., Precipitation Seasonality and Variability over the Tibetan Plateau as Resolved by the High Asia Reanalysis, Journal of Climate, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1910-1927, 2014.

F. Maussion, A. Butenko, J. Eis, K. Fourteau, A. H. Jarosch et al., The Open Global Glacier Model (OGGM) v1.0, Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, pp.1-33, 2018.

C. Mayer, A. Lambrecht, M. Belò, C. Smiraglia, and G. Diolaiuti, Glaciological characteristics of the ablation zone of Baltoro glacier, Annals of Glaciology, vol.43, pp.123-131, 2006.

M. Mccarthy, H. D. Pritchard, I. Willis, and E. King, Ground-penetrating radar measurements of debris thickness on Lirung Glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.63, issue.239, pp.543-555, 2017.

C. Mihalcea, C. Mayer, G. Diolaiuti, A. Lambrecht, C. Smiraglia et al., Ice ablation and meteorological conditions on the debris-covered area of Baltoro glacier, Annals of Glaciology, vol.43, pp.292-300, 2006.

C. Mihalcea, B. Brock, G. Diolaiuti, C. D'agata, M. Citterio et al., Using ASTER satellite and ground-based surface temperature measurements to derive supraglacial debris cover and thickness patterns on Miage Glacier, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol.52, issue.3, pp.341-354, 2008.

C. Mihalcea, C. Mayer, G. Diolaiuti, C. D'agata, C. Smiraglia et al., Spatial distribution of debris thickness and melting from remote-sensing and meteorological data, at debris-covered Baltoro glacier, Annals of Glaciology, vol.48, pp.49-57, 2008.

E. S. Miles, F. Pellicciotti, I. C. Willis, J. F. Steiner, P. Buri et al., Refined energybalance modelling of a supraglacial pond, Annals of Glaciology, vol.57, pp.29-40, 2016.

E. S. Miles, J. F. Steiner, and F. Brun, Highly variable aerodynamic roughness length (z0) for a hummocky debris-covered glacier, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.122, issue.16, p.510, 2017.

E. S. Miles, I. C. Willis, N. S. Arnold, J. Steiner, and F. Pellicciotti, Spatial, seasonal and interannual variability of supraglacial ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, Journal of Glaciology, vol.63, issue.237, pp.88-105, 1999.

E. S. Miles, J. Steiner, I. Willis, P. Buri, W. W. Immerzeel et al., Pond Dynamics and Supraglacial-Englacial Connectivity on Debris-Covered Lirung Glacier, vol.5, p.69, 2017.

E. S. Miles, P. Willis, J. Buri, N. S. Steiner, F. Arnold et al., Surface pond energy absorption across four Himalayan glaciers accounts for 1/8 of total catchment ice loss, Geophysical Research Letters, 2018.

A. M. Milner, K. Khamis, T. J. Battin, J. E. Brittain, N. E. Barrand et al., Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol.114, pp.9770-9778, 2017.

L. Mimeau, M. Esteves, I. Zin, H. Jacobi, F. Brun et al., Quantification of different flow components in a high-altitude glacierized catchment, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, pp.1-35, 2018.

N. Mölg, T. Bolch, P. Rastner, T. Strozzi, and F. Paul, A consistent glacier inventory for the Karakoram and Pamir regions derived from Landsat data: distribution of debris cover and mapping challenges, Earth System Science Data Discussions, pp.1-44, 2018.

T. Mölg, F. Maussion, W. Yang, and D. Scherer, The footprint of Asian monsoon dynamics in the mass and energy balance of a Tibetan glacier, The Cryosphere, vol.6, issue.6, pp.1445-1461, 2012.

T. Mölg, F. Maussion, and D. Scherer, Mid-latitude westerlies as a driver of glacier variability in monsoonal High Asia, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, p.68, 2013.

T. Mölg, F. Maussion, E. Collier, J. C. Chiang, and D. Scherer, Prominent Midlatitude Circulation Signature in High Asia's Surface Climate During Monsoon, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.122, issue.23, p.414, 2017.

M. Ménégoz, H. Gallée, and H. W. Jacobi, Precipitation and snow cover in the Himalaya: from reanalysis to regional climate simulations, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, vol.17, pp.3921-3936, 2013.

G. Moholdt, C. Nuth, J. O. Hagen, and J. Kohler, Recent elevation changes of Svalbard glaciers derived from ICESat laser altimetry, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.114, pp.2756-2767, 2010.

P. L. Moore, Stability of supraglacial debris, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.43, pp.285-297, 2018.

J. Mouginot, E. Rignot, B. Scheuchl, and R. Millan, Comprehensive Annual Ice Sheet Velocity Mapping Using Landsat-8, Sentinel-1, and RADARSAT-2 Data, Remote Sensing, vol.9, p.364, 2017.

K. Mukherjee, A. Bhattacharya, T. Pieczonka, S. Ghosh, and T. Bolch, Glacier mass budget and climate reanalysis data indicate a climatic shift around 2000 in Lahaul-Spiti, western Himalaya, Climatic Change, 2018.

M. Nakawo and G. J. Young, Field experiments to determine the effect of a debris layer on ablation of glacier ice, Annals of Glaciology, vol.2, pp.85-91, 1981.

M. Nakawo and G. J. Young, Estimate of glacier ablation under a debris layer from surface temperature and meteorological variables, Journal of Glaciology, vol.28, pp.29-34, 1982.

M. Nakawo, S. Iwata, O. Watanabe, and M. Yoshida, Processes which distribute supraglacial debris on the Khumbu Glacier, vol.8, pp.129-131, 1985.

N. Neckel, A. Braun, J. Kropá?ek, and V. Hochschild, Recent mass balance of the Purogangri Ice Cap, central Tibetan Plateau, by means of differential X-band SAR interferometry, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.5, pp.1623-1633, 2013.

N. Neckel, J. Kropá?ek, T. Bolch, and V. Hochschild, Glacier mass changes on the Tibetan Plateau 2003-2009 derived from ICESat laser altimetry measurements, Environmental Research Letters, vol.9, issue.1, p.9, 2014.

N. Neckel, D. Loibl, and M. Rankl, Recent slowdown and thinning of debris-covered glaciers in south-eastern Tibet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.464, pp.95-102, 2017.

S. Nepal, P. Krause, W. Flügel, M. Fink, and C. Fischer, Understanding the hydrological system dynamics of a glaciated alpine catchment in the Himalayan region using the J2000 hydrological model, Hydrological Processes, vol.28, pp.1329-1344, 2014.

L. Nicholson and D. I. Benn, Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data, Journal of Glaciology, vol.52, pp.463-470, 2006.
DOI : 10.3189/172756506781828584
URL : https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D1B92BB2343D00A47624864454748B5F/S0022143000211751a.pdf/div-class-title-calculating-ice-melt-beneath-a-debris-layer-using-meteorological-data-div.pdf

L. Nicholson and D. I. Benn, Properties of natural supraglacial debris in relation to modelling sub-debris ice ablation, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, vol.38, issue.5, pp.490-501, 2012.

L. Nicholson and J. Mertes, Thickness estimation of supraglacial debris above ice cliff exposures using a high-resolution digital surface model derived from terrestrial photography, Journal of Glaciology, vol.63, issue.242, pp.989-998, 2017.

L. I. Nicholson, M. Mccarthy, H. Pritchard, and I. Willis, Supraglacial debris thickness variability: Impact on ablation and relation to terrain properties, The Cryosphere Discussions, pp.1-30, 2018.

T. Nuimura, K. Fujita, K. Fukui, K. Asahi, R. Aryal et al., Temporal Changes in Elevation of the Debris-Covered Ablation Area of Khumbu Glacier in the Nepal Himalaya since, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol.43, issue.2, pp.246-255, 1978.

T. Nuimura, K. Fujita, S. Yamaguchi, and R. R. Sharma, Elevation changes of glaciers revealed by multitemporal digital elevation models calibrated by GPS survey in the Khumbu region, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, issue.210, pp.648-656, 1992.

T. Nuimura, A. Sakai, K. Taniguchi, H. Nagai, D. Lamsal et al., The GAMDAM glacier inventory: a quality-controlled inventory of Asian glaciers, vol.9, pp.849-864, 2015.

T. Nuimura, K. Fujita, and A. Sakai, Downwasting of the debris-covered area of Lirung Glacier in Langtang Valley, Quaternary International, 1974.

S. Nussbaumer, H. Zumbühl, and D. Steiner, Fluctuations of the Mer de Glace (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500-2050. Part I: The history of the Mer de Glace AD 1570-2003 according to pictorial and written documents, Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, vol.40, pp.5-140, 2007.

C. Nuth and A. Kääb, Co-registration and bias corrections of satellite elevation data sets for quantifying glacier thickness change, The Cryosphere, vol.5, pp.271-290, 2011.

J. Oerlemans, Glaciers as indicators of a carbon dioxide warming, Nature, vol.320, issue.6063, pp.607-609, 1986.

J. Oerlemans, A note on the water budget of temperate glaciers, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.5, pp.1557-1564, 2013.

J. Oerlemans and B. K. Reichert, Relating glacier mass balance to meteorological data by using a seasonal sensitivity characteristic, Journal of Glaciology, vol.46, issue.152, pp.1-6, 2000.

G. Østrem, Ice Melting under a Thin Layer of Moraine, and the Existence of Ice Cores in Moraine Ridges, Geografiska Annaler, vol.41, issue.4, pp.228-230, 1959.

E. Palazzi, J. Hardenberg, and A. Provenzale, Precipitation in the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalaya: Observations and future scenarios, vol.118, pp.85-100, 2013.

F. Paul and W. Haeberli, Spatial variability of glacier elevation changes in the Swiss Alps obtained from two digital elevation models, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.35, issue.21, 2008.

F. Paul, N. E. Barrand, S. Baumann, E. Berthier, T. Bolch et al., On the accuracy of glacier outlines derived from remote-sensing data, Annals of Glaciology, vol.54, pp.171-182, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00846333

F. Paul, T. Bolch, A. Kääb, T. Nagler, C. Nuth et al., The glaciers climate change initiative: Methods for creating glacier area, elevation change and velocity products, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.162, pp.408-426, 2015.

F. Pellicciotti, B. Brock, U. Strasser, P. Burlando, M. Funk et al., An enhanced temperature-index glacier melt model including the shortwave radiation balance: development and testing for Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Journal of Glaciology, vol.51, pp.573-587, 2005.

F. Pellicciotti, C. Buergi, W. W. Immerzeel, M. Konz, and A. B. Shrestha, Challenges and uncertainties in hydrological modeling of remote Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan (HKH) basins: suggestions for calibration strategies, Mountain Research and Development, vol.32, issue.1, pp.39-50, 2012.

F. Pellicciotti, C. Stephan, E. Miles, S. Herreid, W. W. Immerzeel et al., Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the Langtang Himal, Journal of Glaciology, issue.226, pp.373-386, 1974.

W. T. Pfeffer, A. A. Arendt, A. Bliss, T. Bolch, J. G. Cogley et al., The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.60, pp.537-552, 2014.

T. Pieczonka and T. Bolch, Region-wide glacier mass budgets and area changes for the Central Tien Shan between ?1975 and 1999 using Hexagon KH-9 imagery, Global and Planetary Change, vol.128, pp.1-13, 2015.

T. Pieczonka, T. Bolch, W. Junfeng, and L. Shiyin, Heterogeneous mass loss of glaciers in the Aksu-Tarim Catchment (Central Tien Shan) revealed by 1976 KH-9 Hexagon and 2009 SPOT-5 stereo imagery, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.130, pp.233-244, 2013.

E. Pohl, R. Gloaguen, C. Andermann, and M. Knoche, Glacier melt buffers river runoff in the Pamir Mountains, Water Resources Research, vol.53, pp.2467-2489, 2017.

H. D. Pritchard, Asia's glaciers are a regionally important buffer against drought, Nature, vol.545, issue.7653, pp.169-174, 2017.

W. Qian and D. Lee, Seasonal march of Asian summer monsoon, International Journal of Climatology, vol.20, pp.1371-1386, 2000.

D. Quincey, M. Smith, D. Rounce, A. Ross, O. King et al., Evaluating morphological estimates of the aerodynamic roughness of debris covered glacier ice, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.42, pp.2541-2553, 2017.

D. J. Quincey, S. D. Richardson, A. Luckman, R. M. Lucas, J. M. Reynolds et al., Early recognition of glacial lake hazards in the Himalaya using remote sensing datasets, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, pp.137-152, 2007.

D. J. Quincey, A. Luckman, and D. Benn, Quantification of Everest region glacier velocities between 1992 and 2002, using satellite radar interferometry and feature tracking, Journal of Glaciology, vol.55, pp.596-606, 2009.

A. Rabatel, J. Dedieu, and C. Vincent, Using remote-sensing data to determine equilibrium-line altitude and mass-balance time series: validation on three French glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.51, pp.539-546, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00374887

A. Rabatel, A. Bermejo, E. Loarte, A. Soruco, J. Gomez et al., Can the snowline be used as an indicator of the equilibrium line and mass balance for glaciers in the outer tropics?, Journal of Glaciology, vol.58, issue.212, pp.1027-1036, 2012.

A. Rabatel, A. Letréguilly, J. Dedieu, and N. Eckert, Changes in glacier equilibrium-line altitude in the western Alps from 1984 to 2010: evaluation by remote sensing and modeling of the morpho-topographic and climate controls, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.5, pp.1455-1471, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00923554

A. Rabatel, J. P. Dedieu, and C. Vincent, Spatio-temporal changes in glacier-wide mass balance quantified by optical remote sensing on 30 glaciers in the French Alps for the period, Journal of Glaciology, vol.62, issue.236, pp.1153-1166, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01894324

A. Racoviteanu, F. Paul, B. Raup, S. Khalsa, and R. Armstrong, Challenges in glacier mapping from space: recommendations from the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) initiative, Annals of Glaciology, vol.50, issue.53, pp.53-69, 2009.

A. E. Racoviteanu, R. Armstrong, and M. W. Williams, Evaluation of an ice ablation model to estimate the contribution of melting glacier ice to annual discharge in the Nepal Himalaya, Water Resources Research, vol.49, pp.5117-5133, 2013.

V. Radi? and R. Hock, Modeling future glacier mass balance and volume changes using ERA-40 reanalysis and climate models: A sensitivity study at Storglaciären, Sweden, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.111, p.3, 2006.

V. Radi? and R. Hock, Glaciers in the Earth's Hydrological Cycle: Assessments of Glacier Mass and Runoff Changes on Global and Regional Scales, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.35, pp.813-837, 2014.

V. Radi?, A. Bliss, A. C. Beedlow, R. Hock, E. Miles et al., Regional and global projections of twenty-first century glacier mass changes in response to climate scenarios from global climate models, Climate Dynamics, vol.42, pp.37-58, 2014.

S. Ragettli, F. Pellicciotti, W. Immerzeel, E. Miles, L. Petersen et al., Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an advanced simulation model, Advances in Water Resources, vol.78, issue.0, pp.94-111, 2015.

S. Ragettli, W. W. Immerzeel, and F. Pellicciotti, Contrasting climate change impact on river flows from high-altitude catchments in the Himalayan and Andes Mountains, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol.113, pp.9222-9227, 2016.

S. Ragettli, T. Bolch, and F. Pellicciotti, Heterogeneous glacier thinning patterns over the last 40 years in Langtang Himal, vol.10, pp.2075-2097, 2016.

G. Ramillien, J. S. Famiglietti, and J. Wahr, Detection of Continental Hydrology and Glaciology Signals from GRACE: A Review, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.361-374, 2008.

M. Rankl and M. Braun, Glacier elevation and mass changes over the central Karakoram region estimated from TanDEM-X and SRTM/X-SAR digital elevation models, Annals of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.71, pp.273-281, 2016.

J. T. Reager, A. S. Gardner, J. S. Famiglietti, D. N. Wiese, A. Eicker et al., A decade of sea level rise slowed by climate-driven hydrology, Science, issue.6274, p.699, 2016.

T. Reid and B. Brock, Assessing ice-cliff backwasting and its contribution to total ablation of debris-covered Miage glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.60, issue.219, pp.3-13, 2014.

T. D. Reid and B. W. Brock, An energy-balance model for debris-covered glaciers including heat conduction through the debris layer, Journal of Glaciology, vol.56, pp.903-916, 2010.

N. Reznichenko, T. Davies, J. Shulmeister, and M. Mcsaveney, Effects of debris on icesurface melting rates: an experimental study, Journal of Glaciology, vol.56, pp.384-394, 2010.

K. Röhl, Thermo-erosional notch development at fresh-water-calving Tasman Glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.52, issue.177, pp.203-213, 2006.

E. Rignot, K. Echelmeyer, and W. Krabill, Penetration depth of interferometric syntheticaperture radar signals in snow and ice, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.28, pp.3501-3504, 2001.

B. A. Robson, C. Nuth, S. O. Dahl, D. Hölbling, T. Strozzi et al., Automated classification of debris-covered glaciers combining optical, SAR and topographic data in an objectbased environment, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.170, pp.372-387, 2015.

B. A. Robson, C. Nuth, P. R. Nielsen, L. Girod, M. Hendrickx et al., Spatial Variability in Patterns of Glacier Change across the Manaslu Range, Central Himalaya, Frontiers in Earth Science, vol.6, 2018.

C. Rolstad, T. Haug, and B. Denby, Spatially integrated geodetic glacier mass balance and its uncertainty based on geostatistical analysis: application to the western Svartisen ice cap, Journal of Glaciology, vol.55, issue.192, pp.666-680, 2009.

D. R. Rounce and D. C. Mckinney, Debris thickness of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from satellite imagery using a nonlinear energy balance model, The Cryosphere, vol.8, issue.4, pp.1317-1329, 2014.

D. R. Rounce, D. J. Quincey, and D. C. Mckinney, Debris-covered glacier energy balance model for Imja-Lhotse Shar Glacier in the Everest region of Nepal, The Cryosphere, vol.9, pp.2295-2310, 2015.

D. R. Rounce, O. King, M. Mccarthy, D. E. Shean, and F. Salerno, Quantifying debris thickness of debris-covered glaciers in the Everest region of Nepal through inversion of a sub-debris melt model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 2018.

A. V. Rowan, The 'Little Ice Age' in the Himalaya: A review of glacier advance driven by Northern Hemisphere temperature change, The Holocene, vol.27, pp.292-308, 2017.

A. V. Rowan, D. L. Egholm, D. J. Quincey, and N. F. Glasser, Modelling the feedbacks between mass balance, ice flow and debris transport to predict the response to climate change of debriscovered glaciers in the Himalaya, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.430, pp.427-438, 2015.

M. Réveillet, Sensibilité du bilan de masse des glaciers alpins aux variables atmosphériques et topographiques: Observations et simulations, vol.175, 2016.

M. Réveillet, C. Vincent, D. Six, and A. Rabatel, Which empirical model is best suited to simulate glacier mass balances?, Journal of Glaciology, vol.63, pp.39-54, 2017.

A. Sakai and K. Fujita, Contrasting glacier responses to recent climate change in highmountain Asia, Scientific Reports, vol.7, issue.1, p.717, 2017.

A. Sakai, M. Nakawo, and K. Fujita, Melt rate of ice cliffs on the Lirung Glacier, Nepal Himalayas, Bulletin of Glacier Research, vol.16, pp.57-66, 1996.

A. Sakai, N. Takeuchi, K. Fujita, and M. Nakawo, Role of supraglacial ponds in the ablation process of a debris-covered glacier in the Nepal Himalayas, Debris-covered Glaciers, p.265, 2000.

A. Sakai, M. Nakawo, and K. Fujita, Distribution characteristics and energy balance of ice cliffs on debris-covered glaciers, vol.34, pp.12-19, 2002.

A. Sakai, T. Nuimura, K. Fujita, S. Takenaka, H. Nagai et al., Climate regime of Asian glaciers revealed by GAMDAM glacier inventory, vol.9, pp.865-880, 2015.

F. Salerno, N. Guyennon, S. Thakuri, G. Viviano, E. Romano et al., Weak precipitation, warm winters and springs impact glaciers of south slopes of Mt. Everest (central Himalaya) in the last 2 decades, The Cryosphere, vol.9, pp.1229-1247, 1994.

F. Salerno, S. Thakuri, G. Tartari, T. Nuimura, S. Sunako et al., Debriscovered glacier anomaly? Morphological factors controlling changes in the mass balance, surface area, terminus position, and snow line altitude of Himalayan glaciers, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.471, pp.19-31, 2017.

O. Sasaki, O. Noguchi, Y. Zhang, Y. Hirabayashi, and S. Kanae, A global high-resolution map of debris on glaciers derived from multi-temporal ASTER images, The Cryosphere Discussions, pp.1-24, 2016.

M. Savéan, F. Delclaux, P. Chevallier, P. Wagnon, N. Gonga-saholiariliva et al., Water budget on the Dudh Koshi River (Nepal): Uncertainties on precipitation, Journal of Hydrology, vol.531, pp.850-862, 2015.

N. Schaner, N. Voisin, B. Nijssen, and D. P. Lettenmaier, The contribution of glacier melt to streamflow, Environmental Research Letters, vol.7, issue.3, p.29, 2012.

S. Schauwecker, M. Rohrer, C. Huggel, A. Kulkarni, A. Ramanathan et al., Remotely sensed debris thickness mapping of Bara Shigri Glacier, Indian Himalaya, Journal of Glaciology, vol.61, pp.675-688, 2015.

D. Scherler, Climatic limits to headwall retreat in the Khumbu Himalaya, eastern Nepal, Geology, vol.42, pp.1019-1022, 2014.

D. Scherler, B. Bookhagen, and M. R. Strecker, Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover, Nature Geoscience, vol.4, pp.156-159, 2011.

D. Scherler, B. Bookhagen, and M. R. Strecker, Hillslope-glacier coupling: The interplay of topography and glacial dynamics in High Asia, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, vol.116, issue.F2, 2011.

E. J. Schrama, B. Wouters, and R. Rietbroek, A mascon approach to assess ice sheet and glacier mass balances and their uncertainties from GRACE data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.119, issue.7, pp.6048-6066, 2014.

H. Sevestre and D. I. Benn, Climatic and geometric controls on the global distribution of surge-type glaciers: implications for a unifying model of surging, Journal of Glaciology, issue.228, pp.646-662, 2015.

T. E. Shaw, B. W. Brock, C. L. Fyffe, F. Pellicciotti, N. Rutter et al., Air temperature distribution and energy-balance modelling of a debris-covered glacier, Journal of Glaciology, vol.62, pp.185-198, 2016.

J. M. Shea, W. W. Immerzeel, P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, and S. Bajracharya, Modelling glacier change in the Everest region, The Cryosphere, vol.9, issue.3, pp.1105-1128, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01284412

D. Shean, High Mountain Asia 8-meter DEMs Derived from Along-track Optical Imagery, vol.1, 2017.

D. E. Shean, O. Alexandrov, Z. M. Moratto, B. E. Smith, I. R. Joughin et al., An automated, open-source pipeline for mass production of digital elevation models (DEMs) from very-high-resolution commercial stereo satellite imagery, {ISPRS} Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.116, pp.101-117, 2016.

S. F. Sherpa, P. Wagnon, F. Brun, E. Berthier, C. Vincent et al., Contrasted surface mass balances of debris-free glaciers observed between the southern and the inner parts of the Everest region, Journal of Glaciology, vol.63, issue.240, pp.637-651, 2007.

D. Six and C. Vincent, Sensitivity of mass balance and equilibrium-line altitude to climate change in the French Alps, Journal of Glaciology, vol.60, pp.867-878, 2014.

W. C. Skamarock and J. B. Klemp, A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.227, pp.3465-3485, 2008.

R. J. Small, M. J. Clark, and T. J. Cawse, The formation of medial moraines on Alpine glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.22, pp.43-52, 1979.

A. Soncini, D. Bocchiola, G. Confortola, U. Minora, E. Vuillermoz et al., Future hydrological regimes and glacier cover in the Everest region: The case study of the upper Dudh Koshi basin, Science of the Total Environment, vol.565, pp.1084-1101, 2016.

J. F. Steiner, F. Pellicciotti, P. Buri, E. S. Miles, W. W. Immerzeel et al., Modelling ice-cliff backwasting on a debris-covered glacier in the Nepalese Himalaya, Journal of Glaciology, issue.229, pp.889-907, 2015.

C. Swithinbank, The Origin of Dirt Cones on Glaciers, Journal of Glaciology, vol.1, pp.461-465, 1950.

B. D. Tapley, S. Bettadpur, M. Watkins, and C. Reigber, The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.31, p.607, 2004.

S. Thakuri, F. Salerno, C. Smiraglia, T. Bolch, C. D'agata et al., Tracing glacier changes since the 1960s on the south slope of Mt. Everest (central Southern Himalaya) using optical satellite imagery, The Cryosphere, vol.8, issue.4, pp.1297-1315, 2014.

E. Thibert, R. Blanc, C. Vincent, and N. Eckert, Instruments and Methods Glaciological and volumetric mass-balance measurements: error analysis over 51 years for Glacier de Sarennes, Journal of Glaciology, vol.54, pp.522-532, 2008.

S. Thompson, D. I. Benn, J. Mertes, and A. Luckman, Stagnation and mass loss on a Himalayan debris-covered glacier: processes, patterns and rates, Journal of Glaciology, vol.62, issue.233, pp.467-485, 2016.

S. S. Thompson, D. I. Benn, K. Dennis, and A. Luckman, A rapidly growing moraine-dammed glacial lake on Ngozumpa Glacier, vol.145, pp.1-11, 2012.

D. Treichler and A. Kääb, ICESat laser altimetry over small mountain glaciers, The Cryosphere, vol.10, pp.2129-2146, 2016.

A. Tribe, Automated recognition of valley lines and drainage networks from grid digital elevation models: a review and a new method, Journal of Hydrology, vol.139, issue.1, p.90206, 1992.

M. Usman and M. Furuya, Interannual modulation of seasonal glacial velocity variations in the Eastern Karakoram detected by ALOS-1/2 data, Journal of Glaciology, pp.1-12, 2018.

D. Vaughan, J. Comiso, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Kaser et al., Observations: Cryosphere in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, book section 4, pp.317-382, 2013.

S. Vijay and M. Braun, Elevation Change Rates of Glaciers in the Lahaul-Spiti, Remote Sensing, vol.8, issue.12, p.1038, 2000.

S. Vijay and M. Braun, Early 21st century spatially detailed elevation changes of Jammu and Kashmir glaciers, Global and Planetary Change, vol.165, pp.137-146, 2018.

C. Vincent, A. Ramanathan, P. Wagnon, D. P. Dobhal, A. Linda et al., Balanced conditions or slight mass gain of glaciers in the Lahaul and Spiti region (northern India, Himalaya) during the nineties preceded recent mass loss, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.2, pp.569-582, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00846332

C. Vincent, P. Wagnon, J. M. Shea, W. W. Immerzeel, P. Kraaijenbrink et al., Reduced melt on debris-covered glaciers: investigations from Changri Nup Glacier, vol.10, pp.1845-1858, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01389475

C. Vincent, A. Fischer, C. Mayer, A. Bauder, S. P. Galos et al., Common climatic signal from glaciers in the European Alps over the last 50 years, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.44, pp.1376-1383, 2017.

P. Wagnon, C. Vincent, Y. Arnaud, E. Berthier, E. Vuillermoz et al., Seasonal and annual mass balances of Mera and Pokalde glaciers (Nepal Himalaya) since, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1769-1786, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00982297

D. Wang and A. Kääb, Modeling Glacier Elevation Change from DEM Time Series, Remote Sensing, vol.7, pp.117-127, 2015.

J. Wang, C. Song, J. T. Reager, F. Yao, J. Famiglietti et al., Recent Global Decline in Endorheic Basin Water Storage and Its Impact on Sea Level Budget, 2018.

Q. Wang, S. Yi, L. Chang, and W. Sun, Large-Scale Seasonal Changes in Glacier Thickness Across High Mountain Asia, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.44, issue.20, p.300, 2017.

D. J. Ward and R. S. Anderson, The use of ablation-dominated medial moraines as samplers for 10be-derived erosion rates of glacier valley walls, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.36, pp.495-512, 2011.

C. S. Watson, D. J. Quincey, J. L. Carrivick, and M. W. Smith, The dynamics of supraglacial ponds in the Everest region, central Himalaya, Global and Planetary Change, vol.142, pp.14-27, 2016.

C. S. Watson, D. J. Quincey, M. W. Smith, J. L. Carrivick, A. V. Rowan et al., Quantifying ice cliff evolution with multi-temporal point clouds on the debris-covered, Journal of Glaciology, vol.63, issue.241, pp.823-837, 2017.

C. S. Watson, D. J. Quincey, J. L. Carrivick, and M. W. Smith, Ice cliff dynamics in the Everest region of the Central Himalaya, Geomorphology, vol.278, pp.238-251, 2017.

C. S. Watson, D. J. Quincey, J. L. Carrivick, M. W. Smith, A. V. Rowan et al., Heterogeneous water storage and thermal regime of supraglacial ponds on debris-covered glaciers, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.43, pp.229-241, 2018.

A. S. Waugh, On Mounts Everest and Deodanga, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, vol.2, issue.2, pp.102-115, 1857.

M. Weiler, J. Seibert, and K. Stahl, Magic components-why quantifying rain, snowmelt, and icemelt in river discharge is not easy, Hydrological Processes, vol.32, pp.160-166, 2018.

, Global Glacier Change Bulletin, issue.2, 2014.

M. J. Willis, A. K. Melkonian, M. E. Pritchard, and J. M. Ramage, Ice loss rates at the Northern Patagonian Icefield derived using a decade of satellite remote sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.117, pp.184-198, 2012.

A. Wirbel, A. H. Jarosch, and L. Nicholson, Modelling debris transport within glaciers by advection in a full-Stokes ice flow model, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.1, pp.189-204, 2018.

K. Wu, S. Liu, Z. Jiang, J. Xu, J. Wei et al., Recent glacier mass balance and area changes in the Kangri Karpo Mountains from DEMs and glacier inventories, The Cryosphere, vol.12, issue.1, pp.103-121, 2018.

Z. Wu and S. Liu, Imaging the debris internal structure and estimating the effect of debris layer on ablation of Glacier ice, Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol.80, issue.6, pp.825-835, 2012.

Y. Xiang, T. Yao, Y. Gao, G. Zhang, W. Wang et al., Retreat rates of debris-covered and debris-free glaciers in the Koshi River Basin, central Himalayas, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol.77, issue.7, p.285, 1975.

W. Xin, L. Shiyin, H. Haidong, W. Jian, and L. Qiao, Thermal regime of a supraglacial lake on the debris-covered Koxkar Glacier, southwest Tianshan, China, Environmental Earth Sciences, vol.67, issue.1, pp.175-183, 2012.

K. Yang, H. Lu, S. Yue, G. Zhang, Y. Lei et al., Quantifying recent precipitation change and predicting lake expansion in the Inner Tibetan Plateau, Climatic Change, vol.147, issue.1, pp.149-163, 2018.

T. Yao, L. Thompson, W. Yang, W. Yu, Y. Gao et al., Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, Nature Clim. Change, vol.2, issue.9, pp.663-667, 2012.

A. Yatagai, K. Kamiguchi, O. Arakawa, A. Hamada, N. Yasutomi et al., APHRODITE: Constructing a Long-Term Daily Gridded Precipitation Dataset for Asia Based on a Dense Network of Rain Gauges, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.93, issue.9, pp.1401-1415, 2012.

S. Yi and W. Sun, Evaluation of glacier changes in high-mountain Asia based on 10 year GRACE RL05 models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.119, issue.3, pp.2504-2517, 2014.

S. Yi, Q. Wang, L. Chang, and W. Sun, Changes in Mountain Glaciers, Lake Levels, and Snow Coverage in the Tianshan Monitored by GRACE, ICESat, Altimetry, and MODIS, Remote Sensing, vol.8, p.798, 2016.

Z. Yin, X. Zhang, X. Liu, M. Colella, and X. Chen, An Assessment of the Biases of Satellite Rainfall Estimates over the Tibetan Plateau and Correction Methods Based on Topographic Analysis, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.9, pp.301-326, 2008.

H. Zekollari and P. Huybrechts, Statistical modelling of the surface mass-balance variability of the Morteratsch glacier, Switzerland: strong control of early melting season meteorological conditions, Journal of Glaciology, vol.64, issue.244, pp.275-288, 2018.

M. Zemp, E. Thibert, M. Huss, D. Stumm, C. R. Denby et al., Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1227-1245, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941911

M. Zemp, H. Frey, I. Gärtner-roer, S. U. Nussbaumer, M. Hoelzle et al., Historically unprecedented global glacier decline in the early 21st century, Journal of Glaciology, issue.228, pp.745-762, 2015.

G. Zhang, T. Yao, C. K. Shum, S. Yi, K. Yang et al., Lake volume and groundwater storage variations in Tibetan Plateau's endorheic basin, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.44, issue.11, pp.5550-5560, 2017.

G. Zhang, T. Bolch, W. Chen, F. Brun, E. Berthier et al., Comprehensive estimation of lake volume changes on the Tibetan Plateau during 1970s-2015 1 and basin-wide glacier contribution

Y. Zhang, K. Fujita, S. Liu, Q. Liu, and T. Nuimura, Distribution of debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuogou glacier, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery, Journal of Glaciology, vol.57, pp.1147-1157, 2011.

Z. Zhang, J. C. Chan, and Y. Ding, Characteristics, evolution and mechanisms of the summer monsoon onset over Southeast Asia, International Journal of Climatology, vol.24, issue.12, pp.1461-1482, 2004.

Z. Zhang, S. Liu, J. Wei, J. Xu, W. Guo et al., Mass Change of Glaciers in Muztag Ata, PLoS ONE, vol.11, p.327, 2016.

Y. Zhou, Z. Li, and J. Li, Slight glacier mass loss in the Karakoram region during the 1970s to 2000 revealed by KH-9 images and SRTM DEM, vol.63, pp.331-342, 2017.

Y. Zhou, Z. Li, J. Li, R. Zhao, and X. Ding, Glacier mass balance in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surroundings from the mid-1970s to 2000 based on Hexagon KH-9 and SRTM DEMs, vol.210, pp.96-112, 2018.