A. K. Ngugi, C. Bottomley, I. Kleinschmidt, J. W. Sander, and C. R. Newton, Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: A metaanalytic approach, Epilepsia, vol.51, issue.5, pp.883-90, 2010.

C. R. Newton and H. H. Garcia, Epilepsy in poor regions of the world, The Lancet, vol.380, issue.9848, pp.1193-201, 2012.

L. Forsgren, E. Beghi, A. Õun, and M. Sillanpää, The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe-a systematic review, Eur J Neurol, 2005.

A. Ba-diop, B. Marin, M. Druet-cabanac, E. B. Ngoungou, C. R. Newton et al., Epidemiology, causes, and treatment of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet Neurol, vol.13, issue.10, pp.1029-1073, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01092288

, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.23, issue.00, 2017.

A. Carpio, A. Escobar, and W. A. Hauser, Cysticercosis and epilepsy: a critical review, Epilepsia, vol.39, issue.10, pp.1025-1065, 1998.

J. G. Burneo, J. Tellez-zenteno, and S. Wiebe, Understanding the burden of epilepsy in Latin America: a systematic review of its prevalence and incidence, Epilepsy Res, vol.66, issue.1-3, pp.63-74, 2005.

K. S. Mani, G. Rangan, H. V. Srinivas, S. Kalyanasundaram, S. Narendran et al., The yelandur study: a community-based approach to epilepsy in rural south India-epidemiological aspects, Seizure, vol.7, issue.4, pp.281-289, 1998.

S. C. Li, B. S. Schoenberg, C. C. Wang, X. M. Cheng, S. S. Zhou et al., Epidemiology of epilepsy in urban areas of the People's Republic of China, Epilepsia, vol.26, issue.5, pp.391-395, 1985.

L. Yemadje, D. Houinato, F. Quet, M. Druet-cabanac, and P. Preux, Understanding the differences in prevalence of epilepsy in tropical regions, Epilepsia, vol.52, issue.8, pp.1376-81, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678389

V. Ratsimbazafy, T. Rakotovao, B. Marin, M. Javerliat, and P. Preux, The dangers of inadequate understanding of epilepsy in Madagascar, Lancet Neurol, vol.11, issue.9, pp.748-757, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921098

A. Sow, Accès aux soins des épileptiques en Guinée!: enquête sur les obstacles liés au contexte socio-anthropologique et à la disponibilité des médicaments, Epilepsies, vol.20, issue.1, pp.38-44, 2008.

G. Birbeck, E. Chomba, M. Atadzhanov, E. Mbewe, and A. Haworth, The social and economic impact of epilepsy in Zambia: a cross-sectional study, Lancet Neurol, vol.6, issue.1, pp.39-44, 2007.

D. Ding, W. Wang, J. Wu, G. Ma, X. Dai et al., Premature mortality in people with epilepsy in rural China: a prospective study, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, issue.10, pp.823-830, 2006.

T. L. Mac, D. Tran, F. Quet, P. Odermatt, P. Preux et al., Epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical management of epilepsy in Asia: a systematic review, Lancet Neurol, vol.6, issue.6, pp.533-576, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00347427

P. Preux and M. Druet-cabanac, Epidemiology and aetiology of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet Neurol, vol.4, issue.1, pp.21-31, 2005.

E. B. Ngoungou, F. Quet, C. M. Dubreuil, B. Marin, D. Houinato et al.,

. Santé-montrouge-fr, , vol.16, pp.225-263, 2006.

H. Meinardi, R. A. Scott, and R. Reis, On Behalf Of The Ilae Commission on the Developing World JWASS. The Treatment Gap in Epilepsy: The Current Situation and Ways Forward, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.1, pp.136-185, 2001.

T. Dua, D. Boer, H. M. Prilipko, L. L. Saxena, and S. , Epilepsy Care in the World: Results of an ILAE/IBE/WHO Global Campaign Against Epilepsy Survey, Epilepsia, vol.47, issue.7, pp.1225-1256, 2006.

M. Baldy-moulinier, Compte rendu du 18ème congrès de l'Association panafricaine des sciences neurologiques, Epilepsies, vol.21, issue.1, p.100, 2009.

R. Kale, Global Campaign Against Epilepsy: the treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.43, issue.6, pp.31-34, 2002.

C. K. Mbuba, A. K. Ngugi, C. R. Newton, and J. A. Carter, The epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries: a systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies, Epilepsia, 2008.

V. Ratsimbazafy, Treatment gap for people living with epilepsy in Madagascar, Trop Doct, vol.41, issue.1, pp.38-47, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00608568

A. Meyer, T. Dua, J. Ma, S. Saxena, and G. Birbeck, Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ, vol.88, pp.260-266, 2010.

R. A. Scott, S. D. Lhatoo, and J. W. Sander, The treatment of epilepsy in developing countries: where do we go from here?, Bull World Health Organ, vol.79, issue.4, pp.344-51, 2001.

S. D. Shorvon and P. J. Farmer, Epilepsy in developing countries: a review of epidemiological, sociocultural, and treatment aspects, Epilepsia, vol.29, issue.1, pp.36-54, 1988.

W. Wang, J. Wu, D. Wang, G. Chen, T. Wang et al., Epidemiological survey on epilepsy among rural populations in five prov

, Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, vol.82, issue.7, pp.449-52, 2002.

H. Aziz, S. M. Ali, P. Frances, M. I. Khan, and K. Z. Hasan, Epilepsy in Pakistan: a population-based epidemiologic study, Epilepsia, vol.35, issue.5, pp.950-958, 1994.

K. Radhakrishnan, Challenges in the management of epilepsy in resource-poor countries, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.5, issue.6, pp.323-353, 2009.

D. K. Pal, T. Das, G. Chaudhury, A. L. Johnson, and B. G. Neville, Randomised controlled trial to assess acceptability of phenobarbital for childhood epilepsy in rural India, Lancet Lond Engl, vol.351, issue.9095, pp.19-23, 1998.

A. T. Feksi, J. Kaamugisha, J. W. Sander, S. Gatiti, and S. D. Shorvon, Comprehensive primary health care antiepileptic drug treatment programme in rural and semi-urban Kenya. ICBERG (International Community-based Epilepsy Research Group), Lancet, vol.337, issue.8738, pp.406-415, 1991.

M. Placencia, J. W. Sander, S. D. Shorvon, M. Roman, F. Alarcon et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in a community health care setting in northern Ecuador: a prospective 12-month assessment, Epilepsy Res, vol.14, issue.3, pp.237-281, 1993.

C. Kaiser, G. Asaba, C. Mugisa, W. Kipp, S. Kasoro et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in rural Africa: involving the community, Trop Doct, vol.28, issue.2, pp.73-80, 1998.

A. G. Diop, Developed versus undeveloped conditions in the management of epilepsy: advantages and disadvantages, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.3, pp.439-479, 2001.

. Lice/ilae, Availability and distribution of antiepileptic drugs in developing countries. III and IV Commissions on Antiepileptic Drugs of the International League Against Epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.26, issue.2, pp.117-138, 1985.

J. Jost, A. Raharivelo, V. Ratsimbazafy, M. Nizard, E. Auditeau et al., Availability and cost of major and first-line antiepileptic drugs: a comprehensive evaluation in the capital of Madagascar, SpringerPlus, vol.5, issue.1, p.1726, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01381172

A. Cameron, A. Bansal, T. Dua, S. R. Hill, S. L. Moshe et al., Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries, Epilepsia, vol.53, issue.6, pp.962-971, 2012.

P. Chivorakoun, A. Harimanana, S. Clavel, S. Jousseaume, and H. Barennes, Épilepsie au Laos : le difficile parcours d'un antiépileptique de première ligne contribue à la forte carence de traitement, Rev Neurol, vol.168, issue.3, pp.221-230, 2012.

T. Gissel, C. S. Poulsen, and P. Vestergaard, Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density in children, Expert Opin Drug Saf, vol.6, issue.3, pp.267-78, 2007.

S. Crepin, B. Godet, B. Chassain, P. Preux, and J. Desport, Malnutrition and epilepsy: A two-way relationship, Clin Nutr. 2009 juin, vol.28, issue.3, pp.219-244
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00408039

F. El-khatib, M. Rauchenzauner, M. Lechleitner, F. Hoppichler, A. Naser et al., Valproate, weight gain and carbohydrate craving: A gender study. Seizure-Eur J Epilepsy, vol.16, pp.226-258, 2007.

J. Koo and A. Zavras, Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy and risk of congenital jaw and oral malformation, Oral Dis, 2013.

S. Man, I. Petersen, M. Thompson, and I. Nazareth, Antiepileptic Drugs during Pregnancy in Primary Care: A UK Population Based Study, PLOS ONE. 2012 déc, vol.7, issue.12, p.52339

B. J. Wlodarczyk, A. M. Palacios, T. M. George, and R. H. Finnell, Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes, Am J Med Genet A, 2012.

, 158A, issue.8, pp.2071-90

J. M. Rao and R. Arulappu, Drug use in pregnancy: how to avoid problems, Drugs, vol.22, issue.5, pp.409-423, 1981.

S. Hernández-díaz, M. M. Werler, A. M. Walker, and A. A. Mitchell, Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects, N Engl J Med, vol.343, issue.22, pp.1608-1622, 2000.

W. M. Meijer, H. De-walle, W. S. Kerstjens-frederikse, D. Jong-van-den, and L. Berg, Folic acid sensitive birth defects in association with intrauterine exposure to folic acid antagonists, Reprod Toxicol Elmsford N, vol.20, issue.2, pp.203-210, 2005.

D. Kjaer, E. Horvath-puhó, J. Christensen, M. Vestergaard, A. E. Czeizel et al., Antiepileptic drug use, folic acid supplementation, and congenital abnormalities: a population-based casecontrol study, BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol, vol.115, issue.1, pp.98-103, 2008.

J. I. Morrow, S. J. Hunt, A. J. Russell, W. H. Smithson, L. Parsons et al., Folic acid use and major congenital malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.80, issue.5, pp.506-517, 2009.

G. Veiby, A. K. Daltveit, B. A. Engelsen, and N. E. Gilhus, Pregnancy, delivery, and outcome for the child in maternal epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.50, issue.9, pp.2130-2139, 2009.

G. Mawer, M. Briggs, G. A. Baker, R. Bromley, H. Coyle et al., Pregnancy with epilepsy: obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study, Seizure, vol.19, issue.2, pp.112-121, 2010.

, Antiepileptic Treatments in Developing Countries Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol.23, p.9, 2017.

J. Jentink, M. K. Bakker, C. M. Nijenhuis, B. Wilffert, . De-jong-van-den et al., Does folic acid use decrease the risk for spina bifida after in utero exposure to valproic acid?, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol.19, issue.8, pp.803-810, 2010.

J. Craig, P. Morrison, J. Morrow, and V. Patterson, Failure of periconceptual folic acid to prevent a neural tube defect in the offspring of a mother taking sodium valproate, Seizure, vol.8, issue.4, pp.253-257, 1999.

S. Duncan, S. Mercho, I. Lopes-cendes, M. H. Seni, A. Benjamin et al., Repeated neural tube defects and valproate monotherapy suggest a pharmacogenetic abnormality, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.6, pp.750-753, 2001.

M. Candito, J. Guéant, M. Naimi, A. Bongain, and E. Van-obberghen, Antiepileptic drugs: a case report in a pregnancy with a neural tube defect, Pediatr Neurol, vol.34, issue.4, pp.323-327, 2006.

T. L. Mac, J. Gaulier, V. T. Le, A. N. Vu, P. Preux et al., Quality of antiepileptic drugs in Vietnam, Epilepsy Res, vol.80, issue.1, pp.77-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338030

F. Ballereau, T. Prazuck, I. Schrive, M. T. Lafleuriel, D. Rozec et al., Stability of essential drugs in the field: results of a study conducted over a two-year period in Burkina Faso, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.57, issue.1, pp.31-37, 1997.

J. T. Wang, G. K. Shiu, T. Ong-chen, C. T. Viswanathan, and J. P. Skelly, Effects of humidity and temperature on in vitro dissolution of carbamazepine tablets, J Pharm Sci, vol.82, issue.10, pp.1002-1007, 1993.

K. Dégardin, Y. Roggo, and P. Margot, Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market, J Pharm Biomed Anal, vol.87, pp.167-75, 2014.

R. B. Taylor, O. Shakoor, R. H. Behrens, M. Everard, A. S. Low et al., Pharmacopoeial quality of drugs supplied by Nigerian pharmacies, Lancet, vol.357, issue.9272, pp.1933-1939, 2001.

P. Tabernero, F. M. Fernández, M. Green, P. J. Guerin, and P. N. Newton, Mind the gaps-the epidemiology of poor-quality anti-malarials in the malarious world-analysis of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network database, Malar J, vol.13, p.139, 2014.

D. Bhalla, H. Aziz, D. Bergen, G. L. Birbeck, A. Carpio et al., Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.56, issue.4, pp.659-62, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204883

W. M. Otte, E. Van-diessen, P. Van-eijsden, F. Van-der-maas, P. N. Patsalos et al., Counterfeit antiepileptic drugs threaten community services in Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria, Lancet Neurol, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1075-1081, 2015.

V. Ratsimbazafy, C. Bahans, and V. Guigonis, Dramatic diminution of a large calcification treated with topical sodium thiosulfate, Arthritis Rheum, vol.64, issue.11, p.3826, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921278

H. T. Rwiza, W. B. Matuja, G. P. Kilonzo, J. Haule, P. Mbena et al., Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward epilepsy among rural Tanzanian residents, Epilepsia, 1993.

G. L. Birbeck, Seizures in Rural Zambia, Epilepsia, vol.41, issue.3, pp.277-81, 2000.

A. K. Njamnshi, E. N. Tabah, F. N. Yepnjio, S. A. Angwafor, F. Dema et al., General public awareness, perceptions, and attitudes with respect to epilepsy in the Akwaya Health District, Epilepsy Behav EB, vol.15, issue.2, pp.179-85, 2009.

P. K. Nyame and R. B. Biritwum, Epilepsy: knowledge, attitude and practice in literate urban population, West Afr J Med, vol.16, issue.3, pp.139-184, 1997.

N. Kendall-taylor, C. Kathomi, K. Rimba, and C. R. Newton, Traditional healers and epilepsy treatment on the Kenyan coast, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1638-1647, 2008.

A. S. Winkler, M. Mayer, M. Ombay, B. Mathias, E. Schmutzhard et al., Attitudes Towards African Traditional Medicine and Christian Spiritual Healing Regarding Treatment of Epilepsy in a Rural Community of Northern Tanzania, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, vol.7, issue.2, pp.162-70, 2009.

M. Kaddumukasa, A. Kakooza, J. Kayima, M. N. Kaddumukasa, E. Ddumba et al., Community knowledge of and attitudes toward epilepsy in rural and urban Mukono district, Uganda: A cross-sectional study, Epilepsy Behav EB, vol.54, pp.7-11, 2016.

A. Millogo and A. S. Siranyan, Knowledge of epilepsy and attitudes towards the condition among schoolteachers in, Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, vol.6, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2004.

A. Millogo, V. Ratsimbazafy, P. Nubukpo, S. Barro, I. Zongo et al., Epilepsy and traditional medicine in, Acta Neurol Scand, vol.109, issue.4, pp.250-254, 2004.

A. K. Njamnshi, S. A. Angwafor, F. Baumann, F. F. Angwafo, P. Jallon et al., Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of Cameroonian medical students and graduating physicians with respect to epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1296-1305, 2009.

B. C. Ekeh and U. E. Ekrikpo, The Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception towards Epilepsy amongst Medical Students in Uyo, Southern Nigeria, Adv Med, 2015.
DOI : 10.1155/2015/876135

URL : http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/amed/2015/876135.pdf

A. Millogo, M. Diagana, S. A. Siranyan, P. Preux, and M. Dumas, Health seeking behaviour in epileptic patients in, Epilepsies, vol.15, pp.153-159, 2003.

H. Traore, M. Diagana, C. Debrock, A. Ba, B. Alqad et al.,

, Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon, vol.58, issue.4, pp.365-373, 1998.

I. N. Mohammed and H. E. Babikir, Traditional and spiritual medicine among Sudanese children with epilepsy, Sudan J Paediatr, vol.13, issue.1, pp.31-38, 2013.

D. Tran, P. Odermatt, S. Singphuoangphet, M. Druet-cabanac, P. Preux et al., Epilepsy in Laos: knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the community, Epilepsy Behav EB, vol.10, issue.4, pp.565-70, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00274173

M. A. Danesi and J. B. Adetunji, Use of alternative medicine by patients with epilepsy: a survey of 265 epileptic patients in a developing country, Epilepsia, vol.35, issue.2, pp.344-51, 1994.

W. M. Otte, E. Meeuwesse, E. Kafiluddin, S. M. Peerdeman, J. C. Baaijen et al., Knowledge and beliefs about epilepsy among people with and without epilepsy in urban Suriname. Epilepsy Behav EB, vol.29, pp.128-160, 2013.

M. J. Moshi, G. Kagashe, and Z. H. Mbwambo, Plants used to treat epilepsy by Tanzanian traditional healers, J Ethnopharmacol, vol.97, issue.2, pp.327-363, 2005.

J. Muazu and A. H. Kaita, A Review of Traditional Plants Used in the Treatment of Epilepsy Amongst the Hausa/Fulani Tribes of Northern Nigeria, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, vol.5, issue.4, pp.387-90, 2008.

J. Jost, P. Preux, M. Druet-cabanac, and V. Ratsimbazafy, How to reduce the treatment gap for people with epilepsy in resourcelimited settings by innovative galenic formulations: A review of the current situation, overview of potential techniques, interests and limits, Epilepsy Res, vol.119, pp.49-61, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245403

P. Preux and M. Druet-cabanac, Epidemiology and aetiology of epilepsy in subSaharan Africa, Lancet Neurol, vol.4, issue.04, pp.963-972, 2005.

A. Andriantsimahavandy, J. L. Lesbordes, B. Rasoaharimalala, M. Peghini, L. Rabarijaona et al., Neurocysticercosis: a major aetiological factor of late-onset epilepsy in Madagascar, Trop Med Int Health, vol.2, issue.8, pp.741-747, 1997.

D. S. Tran, P. Odermatt, L. T. Oanh, P. Huc, N. Phoumindr et al., Risk factors for epilepsy in rural lao PDR: a case-control study, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.38, issue.3, pp.537-579, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00349129

V. Ratsimbazafy, R. Andrianabelina, S. Randrianarisona, P. Preux, and P. Odermatt, Treatment gap for people living with epilepsy in Madagascar, Trop Doct, vol.41, issue.1, pp.38-47, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00608568

R. Kale, Global campaign against epilepsy: the treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.43, pp.31-34, 2002.

L. M. Andriantseheno and D. Ralaizandriny, Prévalence communautaire de l'épilepsie chez les Malgaches, Epilepsies, vol.16, pp.83-89, 2004.

M. Laroche, H. Traore, M. L. Gaulier, J. Viana, M. Preux et al., Quality of phenobarbital solid-dosage forms in the urban community of Nouakchott (Mauritania), Epilepsia, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1293-1299, 2005.

P. Odermatt, S. Ly, C. Simmala, T. Angerth, V. Phongsamouth et al., Availability and costs of antiepileptic drugs and quality of phenobarbital in Vientiane municipality, Lao PDR, Neuroepidemiology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.169-74, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00348017

T. L. Mac, J. Gaulier, V. T. Le, A. N. Vu, P. Preux et al., Quality of antiepileptic drugs in Vietnam, Epilepsy Res, vol.80, issue.1, pp.77-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338030

O. Madagascar and . Who-n.d.|-madagascar, , 2010.

M. G. Weiss, D. R. Doongaji, S. Siddhartha, D. Wypij, S. Pathare et al., The explanatory model interview catalogue (EMIC): contribution to cross-cultural research methods from a study of leprosy and mental health, Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci, vol.160, pp.819-849, 1992.

. Europe-c-of-european and . Pharmacopoeia, European Treaty Series, issue.50, 2007.

, National Institute of statistics. Demographic and Health survey, 2010.

D. Simonet, Une analyse du marché pharmaceutique vietnamien, Cah Détudes Rech Francoph Santé, vol.11, pp.155-60, 2001.

, Ministry of Health Identité et Developpement économique. (IDEE)-Le profil environnemental de la Région Haute Matsiatra, 2003.

G. Farnarier and P. Preux, Des réseaux pour l'épilepsie dans les pays en voie dedéveloppement, Epilepsies, vol.22, p.98, 2010.

M. Preux, F. Tiemagni, L. Fodzo, P. Tandem, P. Ngouafong et al., Antiepileptic therapies in the Mifi Province in Cameroon, Epilepsia, vol.41, issue.4, pp.432-441, 2000.

C. Kaiser, G. Asaba, C. Mugisa, W. Kipp, S. Kasoro et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in rural Africa: involving the community, Trop Doct, vol.28, issue.2, pp.73-80, 1998.

R. Coleman, L. Loppy, and G. Walraven, The treatment gap and primary health care for people with epilepsy in rural Gambia, Bull World Health Organ, vol.80, pp.378-83, 2002.

, National Epilepsy Coordination Committee, 2014.

S. Rabefiringa and . Smic-À-madagascar, , vol.4, 2011.

F. Quet, F. Rafael, E. B. Ngoungou, M. Diagana, M. Druet-cabanac et al., Investigating epilepsy in Africa: 10 years of data collection using a standardized questionnaire in 2269 peoples with epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.52, issue.10, pp.1868-76, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678743

A. Meyer, T. Dua, J. Ma, S. Saxena, and G. Birbeck, Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review, Bull World Health Organ, vol.88, pp.260-266, 2010.

H. Meinardi, R. A. Scott, and R. Reis, On behalf of the ILAE commission on the developing world JWASS. The treatment gap in epilepsy: the current situation and ways forward, Epilepsia, vol.42, pp.136-185, 2001.

A. S. Winkler, M. Mayer, M. Ombay, B. Mathias, E. Schmutzhard et al., Attitudes towards African traditional medicine and Christian spiritual healing regarding treatment of epilepsy in a rural community of northern Tanzania, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med AJTCAM Afr Netw Ethnomed, vol.7, pp.162-70, 2010.

R. M. Jones, J. A. Butler, V. A. Thomas, R. C. Peveler, and M. Prevett, Adherence to treatment in patients with epilepsy: associations with seizure control and illness beliefs, Seizure, vol.15, issue.7, pp.504-512, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.003

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.003

K. L. Davis, S. D. Candrilli, and H. M. Edin, Prevalence and cost of nonadherence with antiepileptic drugs in an adult managed care population, Epilepsia, vol.49, pp.446-54, 2008.

A. K. Ngugi, C. Bottomley, I. Kleinschmidt, J. W. Sander, and C. R. Newton, Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach, Epilepsia, vol.51, issue.5, pp.883-90, 2010.

M. H. Collaboratorsforouzanfar, L. Alexander, H. R. Anderson, V. F. Bachman, and S. Biryukov, Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013, GBD 2013 Risk Factors, vol.386, pp.2287-323, 2015.

J. S. Duncan, J. W. Sander, S. M. Sisodiya, and M. C. Walker, Adult epilepsy, Lancet, vol.367, issue.9516, pp.1087-100, 2006.

P. N. Banerjee, D. Filippi, A. Hauser, and W. , The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy-a review, Epilepsy Res, vol.85, issue.1, pp.31-45, 2009.

A. Ba-diop, B. Marin, M. Druet-cabanac, E. B. Ngoungou, C. R. Newton et al., Epidemiology, causes, and treatment of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet Neurol, vol.13, issue.10, pp.1029-1073, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01092288

C. R. Newton and H. H. Garcia, Epilepsy in poor regions of the world, Lancet, vol.380, issue.9848, pp.1193-201, 2012.

M. W. Mann and G. Pons, Drug resistance in partial epilepsy: epidemiology, mechanisms, pharmacogenetics and therapeutical aspects, Neurochirurgie, vol.54, issue.3, pp.259-64, 2008.

R. Kale, Global campaign against epilepsy: the treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.43, pp.31-34, 2002.

C. K. Mbuba, A. K. Ngugi, C. R. Newton, and J. A. Carter, The epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries: a systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1491-503, 2008.

H. Meinardi, R. A. Scott, and R. Reis, On Behalf Of The ILAE Commission on the Developing World JWASS. The treatment gap in epilepsy: the current situation and ways forward, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.1, pp.136-185, 2001.

C. R. Newton and H. H. Garcia, Epilepsy in poor regions of the world, Lancet, vol.29, issue.9848, pp.1193-201, 2012.

V. Ratsimbazafy, Treatment gap for people living with epilepsy in Madagascar, Trop Doct, vol.41, issue.1, pp.38-47, 2011.
DOI : 10.1258/td.2010.100254

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00608568

A. Meyer, T. Dua, J. Ma, S. Saxena, and G. Birbeck, Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review, Bull World Health Organ, vol.88, issue.4, pp.260-266, 2010.
DOI : 10.2471/blt.09.064147

URL : https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.09.064147

A. E. Watts, A model for managing epilepsy in a rural community in Africa, BMJ, vol.298, issue.6676, pp.805-812, 1989.

A. T. Feksi, J. Kaamugisha, J. Sander, S. D. Shorvon, and S. Gatiti, Comprehensive primary health care antiepileptic drug treatment programme in rural and semi-urban Kenya. (ICBERG (International Community-based, Epilepsy Research Group)) Lancet, vol.337, issue.8738, pp.406-415, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91176-u

L. Jilek-aall and H. T. Rwiza, Prognosis of epilepsy in a rural African community: a 30-year follow-up of 164 patients in an outpatient clinic in rural Tanzania, Epilepsia, vol.33, issue.4, pp.645-50, 1992.

M. Placencia, J. Sander, S. D. Shorvon, M. Roman, F. Alarcon et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in a community health care setting in northern Ecuador: a prospective 12-month assessment, Epilepsy Res, vol.14, issue.3, pp.237-281, 1993.

P. H. Voskuil, A survey of 100 patients in a primary health care setting in Liberia, Trop Geogr Med, vol.46, pp.18-27, 1994.

S. C. Karande, S. S. Dalvi, and N. A. Kshirsagar, Shortcomings in the pharmacotherapy of epileptic children in Bombay, India, J Trop Pediatr, vol.41, issue.4, pp.247-256, 1995.

R. Coleman, G. Gill, and D. Wilkinson, Noncommunicable disease management in resource-poor settings: a primary care model from rural South Africa, Bull World Health Organ, vol.76, issue.6, pp.633-673, 1998.

A. Ogunniyi, O. S. Oluwole, and B. O. Osuntokun, Two-year remission in Nigerian epileptics, East Afr Med J, vol.75, issue.7, pp.392-397, 1998.

C. Kaiser, G. Asaba, C. Mugisa, W. Kipp, S. Kasoro et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in rural Africa: involving the community, Trop Doct, vol.28, issue.2, pp.73-80, 1998.

D. K. Pal, T. Das, G. Chaudhury, A. L. Johnson, and B. Neville, Randomised controlled trial to assess acceptability of phenobarbital for childhood epilepsy in rural India, Lancet, vol.351, issue.9095, pp.19-23, 1998.

K. Radhakrishnan, S. D. Nayak, S. P. Kumar, and P. S. Sarma, Profile of antiepileptic pharmacotherapy in a tertiary referral center in South India: a pharmacoepidemiologic and pharmacoeconomic study, Epilepsia, vol.40, issue.2, pp.179-85, 1999.

B. Adamolekun, J. Mielke, D. Ball, and T. Mundanda, An evaluation of the management of epilepsy by primary health care nurses in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Epilepsy Res, vol.39, issue.3, pp.177-81, 2000.

K. S. Mani, G. Rangan, H. V. Srinivas, V. S. Sridharan, and D. K. Subbakrishna, Epilepsy control with phenobarbital or phenytoin in rural south India: the Yelandur study, Lancet, vol.357, issue.9265, pp.1316-1336, 2001.

G. Farnarier, K. Nimaga, D. Desplats, and O. Doumbo, Treatment of epilepsy in rural areas in Mali, Rev Neurol, vol.158, issue.8-9, pp.815-823, 2002.

K. Nimaga, D. Desplats, O. Doumbo, and G. Farnarier, Treatment with phenobarbital and monitoring of epileptic patients in rural Mali, Bull World Health Organ, vol.80, issue.7, pp.532-539, 2002.

S. Berhanu and M. Prevett, Treatment of epilepsy in rural Ethiopia: 2 year follow-up

E. Dev, , pp.31-35, 2004.

W. Z. Wang, J. Z. Wu, G. Y. Ma, X. Y. Dai, B. Yang et al., Efficacy assessment of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a large community-based intervention trial in rural China, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, issue.1, pp.46-52, 2006.

A. Balogou, E. K. Grunitzky, M. Belo, M. Sankaredja, D. D. Djagba et al., Management of epilepsy patients in Batamariba district, Acta Neurol Scand, vol.116, issue.4, pp.211-217, 2007.

L. M. Li, P. T. Fernandes, A. Noronha, L. Marques, M. A. Borges et al., Demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil: outcome assessment, Arq Neuropsiquiatr, vol.65, pp.58-62, 2007.

D. Ding, Z. Hong, G. S. Chen, X. Y. Dai, J. Z. Wu et al., Primary care treatment of epilepsy with phenobarbital in rural China: cost-outcome analysis from the WHO/ ILAE/IBE global campaign against epilepsy demonstration project, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.3, pp.535-544, 2008.

A. P. Kengne, L. L. Fezeu, P. K. Awah, E. Sobngwi, S. Dongmo et al., Nurse-led care for epilepsy at primary level in a rural health district in Cameroon, Epilepsia, 2008.

D. Tran, J. Zen, M. Strobel, P. Odermatt, P. Preux et al., The challenge of epilepsy control in deprived settings: low compliance and high fatality rates during a community-based phenobarbital program in rural Laos, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.3, pp.539-579, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00337693

B. Koffi, G. E. Kodjo, A. Adodo, A. Komi, and B. Mofou, Evolution of epilepsy therapeutic gap in 6 peripheral care units in Togo, Mali Méd, vol.24, issue.1, pp.39-43, 2009.

S. H. Nizamie, S. Akthar, I. Banerjee, and N. Goyal, Health care delivery model in epilepsy to reduce treatment gap: World Health Organization study from a rural tribal population of India, Epilepsy Res, vol.84, issue.2-3, pp.146-52, 2009.

H. Liu, P. Li, and Q. Wei, Magnetic N-succinyl chitosan/alginate beads for carbamazepine delivery, Drug Dev Ind Pharm, vol.36, issue.11, pp.1286-94, 2010.

M. Tripathi, D. Vibha, N. Choudhary, K. Prasad, M. Srivastava et al., Management of refractory status epilepticus at a tertiary care centre in a developing country, Seizure, vol.19, issue.2, pp.109-120, 2010.

S. H. Banu, N. Z. Khan, M. Hossain, S. Ferdousi, S. Boyd et al., Prediction of seizure outcome in childhood epilepsies in countries with limited resources: a prospective study, Dev Med Child Neurol, vol.54, issue.10, pp.918-942, 2012.

E. Bruno, K. Nimaga, I. Foba, P. Vignoles, P. Genton et al., Results of an action-research on epilepsy in rural Mali, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.8, p.44469, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921481

W. Wang, J. Wu, S. Li, X. Ru, J. Zheng et al., Sodium valproate for epilepsy in rural China: an efficacy and safety assessment in primary care, Epilepsy Res, vol.102, issue.3, pp.201-206, 2012.

J. Li, Y. Si, J. Hu, L. Liu, Y. Deng et al., Enhancing medical compliance of patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural community: a randomized intervention trial, Epilepsia, vol.54, issue.11, pp.1988-96, 2013.

J. Bigelow, V. Singh, and M. Singh, Medication adherence in patients with epilepsy after a single neurologist visit in rural India, Epilepsy Behav, vol.29, issue.2, pp.412-417, 2013.

F. Ibinda, C. K. Mbuba, S. M. Kariuki, E. Chengo, A. K. Ngugi et al., Evaluation of Kilifi epilepsy education programme: a randomized controlled trial, Epilepsia, vol.55, issue.2, pp.344-52, 2014.

J. S. Werry, R. L. Sprague, and M. N. Cohen, Conners' teacher rating scale for use in drug studies with children-an empirical study, J Abnorm Child Psychol, vol.3, issue.3, pp.217-246, 1975.

N. Richman and P. J. Graham, A behavioural screening questionnaire for use with threeyear-old children. Preliminary findings, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, vol.12, issue.1, pp.5-33, 1971.

P. Tennis and R. S. Stern, Risk of serious cutaneous disorders after initiation of use of phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate: a record linkage study, Neurology, vol.49, issue.2, pp.542-548, 1997.

M. Mockenhaupt, J. Messenheimer, P. Tennis, and J. Schlingmann, Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users of antiepileptics, Neurology, vol.64, issue.7, pp.1134-1142, 2005.

S. Hung, W. Chung, S. Jee, W. Chen, Y. Chang et al., Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions, Pharmacogenet Genomics, vol.16, issue.4, pp.297-306, 2006.

A. K. Ngugi, C. Bottomley, and I. Kleinschmidt, Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach, Epilepsia, vol.51, pp.883-90, 2010.

C. R. Newton and H. H. Garcia, Epilepsy in poor regions of the world, Lancet, vol.380, pp.1193-201, 2012.

M. Laroche, H. Traore, and L. Merle, Quality of phenobarbital solid-dosage forms in the urban community of Nouakchott (Mauritania), Epilepsia, vol.46, pp.1293-1299, 2005.

T. L. Mac, J. Gaulier, and V. T. Le, Quality of antiepileptic drugs in Vietnam, Epilepsy Res, vol.80, pp.77-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338030

W. M. Otte, E. Van-diessen, and P. Van-eijsden, Counterfeit antiepileptic drugs threaten community services in Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria, Lancet Neurol, vol.14, pp.1075-1081, 2015.

, Stability testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished pharmaceutical products. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Thirty-sixth report. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.

F. Ballereau, T. Prazuck, and I. Schrive, Stability of essential drugs in the field: results of a study conducted over a two-year period in Burkina Faso, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.57, pp.31-37, 1997.

D. Yang, P. Plianbangchang, and N. Visavarungroj, Quality of pharmaceutical items available from drugstores in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.35, pp.741-748, 2004.

, Guidelines on packaging for pharmaceutical product. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-sixth report

, Summuray of product characteristics and labelling. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-sixth report, 2002.

S. Durand, M. Sancelme, and P. Besse-hoggan, Biodegradation pathway of mesotrione: complementarities of NMR, LC-NMR and LC-MS for qualitative and quantitative metabolic profiling, Chemosphere, vol.81, pp.372-80, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530557

P. N. Newton, S. J. Lee, and C. Goodman, Guidelines for field surveys of the quality of medicines: a proposal, PLoS Med, vol.6, p.52, 2009.

M. Kottek, J. Grieser, and C. Beck, World Map of the K? oppenGeiger climate classification updated, Meteorol Z, vol.15, pp.259-63, 2006.

F. Krahn and J. Mielck, Relations between several polymorphic forms and the dihydrate of carbamazepine, Pharm Acta Helv, vol.2, p.247, 1987.

L. Mcmahon, P. Timmins, and A. Williams, Characterization of dihydrates prepared from carbamazepine polymorphs, J Pharm Sci, vol.85, pp.1064-1073, 1996.

Y. Kobayashi, S. Ito, and S. Itai, Physicochemical properties and bioavailability of carbamazepine polymorphs and dihydrate, Int J Pharm, vol.193, pp.137-183, 2000.

O. Lake, M. Olling, and D. Barends, In vitro/in vivo correlations of dissolution data of carbamazepine immediate release tablets with pharmacokinetic data obtained in healthy volunteers, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, vol.48, pp.13-22, 1999.

U. Klotz, Bioavailability of a slow-release preparation of valproic acid under steady-state conditions, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, vol.20, pp.24-30, 1982.

R. Gugler, A. Schell, and Y. Eichelbaum, Disposition of valproic acid in man, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.12, pp.125-157, 1977.

P. Albright, J. Bruni, and D. Suria, Pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated valproic acid, Ther Drug Monit, vol.6, pp.21-24, 1984.

A. Johnston and D. W. Holt, Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.78, pp.218-261, 2014.

B. Références-1.-adamolekun, J. Mielke, D. Ball, and T. Mundanda, An evaluation of the management of epilepsy by primary health care nurses in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Epilepsy Res, vol.39, issue.3, pp.177-81, 2000.

P. Albright, J. Bruni, and D. Suria, Pharmacokinetics of enteric-coated valproic acid, Ther Drug Monit, pp.62-65, 1984.

P. Ambroise-thomas, Meeting of the Société de pathologie exotique-Limoges Institute of Tropical Neurology, Bull. Société Pathol. Exot, vol.103, pp.280-290, 2010.

L. Andriantseheno, D. Marcellin, and . Ralaizandriny, Community Prevalence of Epilepsy Among Malagasy People, Epilepsies, vol.16, issue.2, pp.83-86, 2004.

A. Andriantsimahavandy, J. L. Lesbordes, B. Rasoaharimalala, M. Peghini, L. Rabarijaona et al., Neurocysticercosis: a major aetiological factor of late-onset epilepsy in Madagascar, Trop Med Int Health, vol.2, issue.8, pp.741-747, 1997.

H. Aziz, S. M. Ali, P. Frances, M. I. Khan, and K. Z. Hasan, Epilepsy in Pakistan: a population-based epidemiologic study, Epilepsia, vol.35, issue.5, pp.950-958, 1994.

A. Ba-diop, B. Marin, M. Druet-cabanac, E. B. Ngoungou, C. R. Newton et al., Epidemiology, causes, and treatment of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa, Lancet Neurol, vol.13, issue.10, pp.1029-1073, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01092288

A. Baftiu, J. Landmark, C. Nikaj, V. Neslein, I. Johannessen et al., Treatment availability of antiepileptic drugs across Europe, Epilepsia, vol.56, pp.191-197, 2015.

M. Baldy-moulinier, Proceedings of the 18th Congress of the Pan-African Association of, Neurological Sciences. Epilepsies, vol.21, issue.1, p.100, 2009.

F. Ballereau, T. Prazuck, I. Schrive, M. T. Lafleuriel, D. Rozec et al., Stability of essential drugs in the field: results of a study conducted over a two-year period in Burkina Faso, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.57, issue.1, pp.31-37, 1997.

A. A. Balogou, E. K. Grunitzky, M. Belo, M. Sankaredja, D. D. Djagba et al., Management of epilepsy patients in Batamariba district, Acta Neurol Scand, vol.116, issue.4, pp.211-217, 2007.

P. N. Banerjee, D. Filippi, A. Hauser, and W. , The descriptive epidemiology of epilepsy-A review, Epilepsy Res, vol.85, issue.1, pp.31-45, 2009.

S. H. Banu, N. Z. Khan, M. Hossain, S. Ferdousi, S. Boyd et al., Prediction of seizure outcome in childhood epilepsies in countries with limited resources: a prospective study, Dev Med Child Neurol, vol.54, issue.10, pp.918-942, 2012.

R. J. Behme and D. Brooke, Heat of fusion measurement of a low melting polymorph of carbamazepine that undergoes multiple-phase changes during differential scanning calorimetry analysis, J Pharm Sci, vol.80, issue.10, pp.986-90, 1991.

A. T. Berg, S. F. Berkovic, M. J. Brodie, J. Buchhalter, J. H. Cross et al., Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005.

S. Berhanu and M. Prevett, Treatment of Epilepsy in Rural Ethiopia: 2 Year Follow-up, Ethiop J Health Dev, pp.31-35, 2004.

D. Bhalla, H. Aziz, D. Bergen, G. L. Birbeck, A. Carpio et al., Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.56, issue.4, pp.659-62, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262367

J. Bigelow, V. Singh, and M. Singh, Medication adherence in patients with epilepsy after a single neurologist visit in rural India, Epilepsy Behav, vol.29, issue.2, pp.412-417, 2013.

G. Birbeck, E. Chomba, M. Atadzhanov, E. Mbewe, and A. Haworth, The social and economic impact of epilepsy in Zambia: a cross-sectional study, Lancet Neurol, vol.6, issue.1, pp.39-44, 2007.

G. L. Birbeck, Seizures in Rural Zambia, Epilepsia, vol.41, issue.3, pp.277-81, 2000.

E. Bruno, K. Nimaga, I. Foba, P. Vignoles, P. Genton et al., Results of an action-research on epilepsy in rural Mali, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.8, p.44469, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921481

J. G. Burneo, J. Tellez-zenteno, and S. Wiebe, Understanding the burden of epilepsy in Latin America: a systematic review of its prevalence and incidence, Epilepsy Res, vol.66, issue.1-3, pp.63-74, 2005.

A. Cameron, A. Bansal, T. Dua, S. R. Hill, S. L. Moshe et al., Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries, Epilepsia, vol.53, issue.6, pp.962-971, 2012.

M. Candito, J. Guéant, M. Naimi, A. Bongain, and E. Van-obberghen, Antiepileptic drugs: a case report in a pregnancy with a neural tube defect, Pediatr Neurol, 2006.

J. Jost and |. , Cysticercosis and epilepsy: a critical review, Epilepsia, vol.39, issue.10, pp.1025-1065, 1998.

J. A. Carter, C. S. Molyneux, C. K. Mbuba, J. Jenkins, C. Newton et al., The reasons for the epilepsy treatment gap in Kilifi, Kenya: Using formative research to identify interventions to improve adherence to antiepileptic drugs, Epilepsy Behav, vol.25, pp.614-621, 2012.

P. Chivorakoun, A. Harimanana, S. Clavel, S. Jousseaume, and H. Barennes, Epilepsy in Laos: the difficult journey of a first-line antiepileptic drug contributes to the severe lack of treatment, Rev Neurol, vol.168, issue.3, pp.221-230, 2012.

E. N. Chomba, A. Haworth, E. Mbewe, M. Atadzhanov, P. Ndubani et al., The current availability of antiepileptic drugs in Zambia: implications for the ILAE/WHO "out of the shadows" campaign, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol.83, issue.3, pp.571-575, 2010.

R. Coleman, L. Loppy, and W. G. , The Treatment Gap and Primary Health Care for People with Epilepsy in Rural Gambia, Bull World Health Organ, vol.80, issue.5, pp.378-83, 2002.

J. Craig, P. Morrison, J. Morrow, and V. Patterson, Failure of periconceptual folic acid to prevent a neural tube defect in the offspring of a mother taking sodium valproate, Seizure, vol.8, issue.4, pp.253-257, 1999.

S. Crepin, D. Houinato, B. Nawana, G. D. Avode, P. Preux et al., Link between Epilepsy and Malnutrition in a Rural Area of Benin, Epilepsia, vol.48, pp.1926-1933, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00348035

S. Crepin, B. Godet, B. Chassain, P. Preux, and J. Desport, Malnutrition and epilepsy: A twoway relationship, Clin Nutr. 2009 juin, vol.28, issue.3, pp.219-244
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00408039

W. Czernicki and M. Baranska, Carbamazepine polymorphs: Theoretical and experimental vibrational spectroscopy studies, Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol.65, pp.12-23, 2013.

B. M. Daff, C. Seck, H. Belkhayat, and P. Sutton, Informed push distribution of contraceptives in Senegal reduces stockouts and improves quality of family planning services. Glob Health Sci Pract, vol.2, pp.245-52, 2014.

M. A. Danesi and J. B. Adetunji, Use of alternative medicine by patients with epilepsy: a survey of 265 epileptic patients in a developing country, Epilepsia, vol.35, issue.2, pp.344-51, 1994.

K. L. Davis, S. D. Candrilli, and E. H. , Prevalence and Cost of Nonadherence with Antiepileptic Drugs in an Adult Managed Care Population, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.3, pp.446-54, 2008.

K. Dégardin, Y. Roggo, and P. Margot, Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market, J Pharm Biomed Anal, vol.87, pp.167-75, 2014.

D. Ding, Z. Hong, G. S. Chen, X. Y. Dai, J. Z. Wu et al., Primary care treatment of epilepsy with phenobarbital in rural China: cost

J. Jost and |. , Université de Limoges |-204Licence CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 outcome analysis from the WHO/ILAE/IBE global campaign against epilepsy demonstration project, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.3, pp.535-544, 2008.

D. Ding, W. Wang, J. Wu, G. Ma, X. Dai et al., Premature mortality in people with epilepsy in rural China: a prospective study, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, issue.10, pp.823-830, 2006.

A. G. Diop, Developed versus undeveloped conditions in the management of epilepsy: advantages and disadvantages, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.3, pp.439-479, 2001.

T. Dua, D. Boer, H. M. Prilipko, L. L. Saxena, and S. , Epilepsy Care in the World: Results of an ILAE/IBE/WHO Global Campaign Against Epilepsy Survey, Epilepsia, vol.47, issue.7, pp.1225-1256, 2006.

J. S. Duncan, J. W. Sander, S. M. Sisodiya, and M. C. Walker, Adult epilepsy. The Lancet, vol.367, pp.1087-100, 2006.

S. Duncan, S. Mercho, I. Lopes-cendes, M. H. Seni, A. Benjamin et al., Repeated neural tube defects and valproate monotherapy suggest a pharmacogenetic abnormality, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.6, pp.750-753, 2001.

S. Durand, M. Sancelme, P. Besse-hoggan, and B. Combourieu, Biodegradation pathway of mesotrione: complementarities of NMR, LC-NMR and LC-MS for qualitative and quantitative metabolic profiling, Chemosphere, vol.81, issue.3, pp.372-80, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530557

B. C. Ekeh and U. E. Ekrikpo, The Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception towards Epilepsy amongst Medical Students in Uyo, Southern Nigeria, Adv Med, vol.2015, p.876135, 2015.

F. L-khatib, M. Rauchenzauner, M. Lechleitner, F. Hoppichler, A. Naser et al., Valproate, weight gain and carbohydrate craving: a gender study, Seizure, vol.16, issue.3, pp.226-258, 2007.

G. Farnarier, K. Nimaga, D. Desplats, and O. Doumbo, Treatment of epilepsy in rural areas in Mali, Rev Neurol (Paris), vol.158, issue.8-9, pp.815-823, 2002.

G. Farnarier and P. Preux, Networks for Epilepsy in Developing Countries, Epilepsies, vol.22, issue.2, p.98, 2010.

A. T. Feksi, J. Kaamugisha, J. W. Sander, S. Gatiti, and S. D. Shorvon, Comprehensive primary health care antiepileptic drug treatment programme in rural and semi-urban Kenya. ICBERG (International Community-based Epilepsy Research Group), Lancet, vol.337, issue.8738, pp.406-415, 1991.

R. S. Feldman, J. S. Meyer, and L. F. Quenzer, Principles of neuropsychopharmacology, 1997.

R. S. Fisher, W. Van-emde-boas, W. Blume, C. Elger, P. Genton et al., Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy

C. Licence, 0 (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE), Epilepsia, vol.3, issue.4, pp.470-472, 2005.

R. S. Fisher, C. Acevedo, A. Arzimanoglou, A. Bogacz, J. H. Cross et al., ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.55, issue.4, pp.475-82, 2014.

L. Forsgren, E. Beghi, A. Õun, and M. Sillanpää, The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe-a systematic review, Eur J Neurol. 2005 avril, vol.12, issue.4, pp.245-53

, Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study, GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, 2013.

P. Genton, When antiepileptic drugs aggravate epilepsy, Brain Dev, vol.22, pp.75-80, 2000.

T. Gissel, C. S. Poulsen, and P. Vestergaard, Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density in children, Expert Opin Drug Saf, vol.6, issue.3, pp.267-78, 2007.

A. Groenewegen, A. Tofighy, P. Ryvlin, B. J. Steinhoff, and P. Dedeken, Measures for improving treatment outcomes for patients with epilepsy-results from a large multinational patient-physician survey, Epilepsy Behav, vol.34, pp.58-67, 2014.

A. L. Grzesiak, M. Lang, K. Kim, and A. J. Matzger, Comparison of the four anhydrous polymorphs of carbamazepine and the crystal structure of form I, J Pharm Sci, vol.92, issue.11, pp.2260-71, 2003.

R. Gugler, A. Schell, M. Eichelbaum, W. Fröscher, and H. U. Schulz, Disposition of valproic acid in man, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, vol.12, issue.2, pp.125-157, 1977.

, Summuray of product characteristics and labelling. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-sixth report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.

, WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-sixth report. Geneva, World Health Organization, issue.9, 2002.

S. Hernández-díaz, M. M. Werler, A. M. Walker, and A. A. Mitchell, Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects, N Engl J Med, vol.343, issue.22, pp.1608-1622, 2000.

L. B. Holmes and . Mr, Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies: Different risks from different drug combinations, Arch. Neurol, vol.68, pp.1275-1281, 2011.

M. Holtkamp and W. H. Theodore, Generic antiepileptic drugs-Safe or harmful in patients with epilepsy? Epilepsia, vol.59, pp.1273-1281, 2018.
DOI : 10.1111/epi.14439

S. I. Hung, W. H. Chung, S. H. Jee, W. C. Chen, Y. T. Chang et al., Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions, Pharmacogenet Genomics, vol.16, issue.4, pp.297-306, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.fpc.0000199500.46842.4a

F. Ibinda, C. K. Mbuba, S. M. Kariuki, E. Chengo, A. K. Ngugi et al., Evaluation of Kilifi epilepsy education programme: a randomized controlled trial, Epilepsia, vol.55, issue.2, pp.344-52, 2014.

J. Jentink, M. K. Bakker, C. M. Nijenhuis, B. Wilffert, . De-jong-van-den et al., Does folic acid use decrease the risk for spina bifida after in utero exposure to valproic acid?, Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, vol.19, issue.8, pp.803-810, 2010.

L. Jilek-aall and H. T. Rwiza, Prognosis of epilepsy in a rural African community: a 30-year follow-up of 164 patients in an outpatient clinic in rural Tanzania, Epilepsia, vol.33, issue.4, pp.645-50, 1992.

A. Johnston and D. W. Holt, Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.78, issue.2, pp.218-243, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/bcp.12298

URL : https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/bcp.12298

R. M. Jones, J. A. Butler, V. A. Thomas, R. C. Peveler, and M. Prevett, Adherence to treatment in patients with epilepsy: associations with seizure control and illness beliefs, Seizure, vol.15, issue.7, pp.504-512, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.003

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2006.06.003

J. Jost, P. Preux, M. Druet-cabanac, and V. Ratsimbazafy, How to reduce the treatment gap for people with epilepsy in resource-limited settings by innovative galenic formulations: A review of the current situation, overview of potential techniques, interests and limits, Epilepsy Res, vol.119, pp.49-61, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01245403

J. Jost, A. Raharivelo, V. Ratsimbazafy, M. Nizard, E. Auditeau et al., Availability and cost of major and first-line antiepileptic drugs: a comprehensive evaluation in the capital of Madagascar, SpringerPlus, vol.5, issue.1, p.1726, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01381172

P. J. Kaboli, A. B. Hoth, B. J. Mcclimon, and J. L. Schnipper, Clinical pharmacists and inpatient medical care: a systematic review, Arch Intern Med, vol.166, issue.9, pp.955-64, 2006.

M. Kaddumukasa, A. Kakooza, J. Kayima, M. N. Kaddumukasa, E. Ddumba et al., Community knowledge of and attitudes toward epilepsy in rural and urban Mukono district, Uganda: A cross-sectional study, Epilepsy Behav, vol.54, pp.7-11, 2016.

C. Kaiser, G. Asaba, C. Mugisa, W. Kipp, S. Kasoro et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in rural Africa: involving the community, Trop Doct, vol.28, issue.2, p.73, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/004947559802800206

R. Kale, Global Campaign Against Epilepsy: the treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.43, issue.6, pp.31-34, 2002.

S. C. Karande, S. S. Dalvi, and N. A. Kshirsagar, Shortcomings in the pharmacotherapy of epileptic children in Bombay, India, J Trop Pediatr, vol.41, issue.4, pp.247-256, 1995.

S. Karceski, M. J. Morrell, and D. Carpenter, Treatment of epilepsy in adults: expert opinion, Epilepsy Behav, vol.7, pp.1-64, 2005.

N. Kendall-taylor, C. Kathomi, K. Rimba, and C. R. Newton, Traditional healers and epilepsy treatment on the Kenyan coast, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1638-1647, 2008.

A. P. Kengne, L. L. Fezeu, P. K. Awah, E. Sobngwi, S. Dongmo et al., Nurse-led care for epilepsy at primary level in a rural health district in Cameroon, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1639-1681, 2008.

K. Kipouros, K. Kachrimanis, I. Nikolakakis, and S. Malamataris, Quantitative analysis of less soluble form IV in commercial carbamazepine (form III) by diffuse reflectance fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and lazy learning algorithm, Analytica chimica acta, vol.550, issue.1, pp.191-198, 2005.

D. Kjaer, E. Horvath-puhó, J. Christensen, M. Vestergaard, A. E. Czeizel et al., Antiepileptic drug use, folic acid supplementation, and congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control study, BJOG, vol.115, issue.1, pp.98-103, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aoa.0000326393.73357.5f

U. Klotz, Bioavailability of a slow-release preparation of valproic acid under steady-state conditions, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, vol.20, pp.24-30, 1982.

Y. Kobayashi, S. Ito, S. Itai, and K. Yamamoto, Physicochemical properties and bioavailability of carbamazepine polymorphs and dihydrate, Int J Pharm, vol.193, issue.2, pp.137-183, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00315-4

B. Koffi, G. E. Kodjo, A. Adodo, A. Komi, and B. Mofou, Evolution of epilepsy therapeutic gap in 6 peripheral care units in Togo, Mali Méd, vol.24, issue.1, pp.39-43, 2009.

J. Koo and A. Zavras, Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy and risk of congenital jaw and oral malformation, Oral Dis, vol.19, issue.7, pp.712-732, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/odi.12061

M. Kottek, J. Grieser, C. Beck, R. B. Rubel, and F. , World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol Z, vol.15, pp.259-263, 2006.
DOI : 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130

F. Krahn and J. Mielck, Relations between several polymorphic forms and the dihydrate of carbamazepine, Pharm Acta Helv, vol.2, issue.9, p.247, 1987.

P. Kwan and M. J. Brodie, Definition of refractory epilepsy: defining the indefinable?, Lancet Neurol, vol.9, issue.1, pp.27-36, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70304-7

O. Lake, M. Olling, and D. Barends, In vitro/in vivo correlations of dissolution data of carbamazepine immediate release tablets with pharmacokinetic data obtained in healthy volunteers, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, vol.48, pp.13-19, 1999.

M. L. Laroche, H. Traore, L. Merle, J. M. Gaulier, M. Viana et al., Quality of phenobarbital solid-dosage forms in the urban community of

, Epilepsia, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1293-1299, 2005.

M. Leonardi and T. B. Ustun, The Global Burden of Epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.43, pp.21-25, 2002.

J. Li, Y. Si, J. Hu, L. Liu, Y. Deng et al., Enhancing medical compliance of patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural community: a randomized intervention trial, Epilepsia, vol.54, issue.11, pp.1988-96, 2013.

L. M. Li, P. T. Fernandes, A. L. Noronha, L. H. Marques, M. A. Borges et al., Demonstration project on epilepsy in Brazil: outcome assessment, Arq Neuropsiquiatr, vol.65, issue.1, pp.58-62, 2007.

S. C. Li, B. S. Schoenberg, C. C. Wang, X. M. Cheng, S. S. Zhou et al., Epidemiology of epilepsy in urban areas of the People's Republic of China, Epilepsia, vol.26, issue.5, pp.391-395, 1985.

. Lice/ilae, Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia, vol.34, pp.592-596, 1993.

. Lice/ilae, Availability and distribution of antiepileptic drugs in developing countries. III and IV Commissions on Antiepileptic Drugs of the International League Against Epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.26, issue.2, pp.117-138, 1985.

H. Liu, P. Li, and Q. Wei, Magnetic N-succinyl chitosan/alginate beads for carbamazepine delivery, Drug Dev Ind Pharm, vol.36, issue.11, pp.1286-94, 2010.

R. Logendra, D. Rosen, and S. Rickwood, Africa: A ripe opportunity: Understanding the pharmaceutical market opportunity and developing sustainable business models in Africa, 2013.

M. M. Lowes, M. R. Caira, A. P. Lötter, and J. G. Van-der-watt, Physicochemical properties and Xray structural studies of the trigonal polymorph of carbamazepine, J Pharm Sci, vol.76, issue.9, pp.744-52, 1987.

T. L. Mac, J. Gaulier, V. T. Le, A. N. Vu, P. Preux et al., Quality of antiepileptic drugs in Vietnam, Epilepsy Res, vol.80, pp.77-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338030

T. L. Mac, D. Tran, F. Quet, P. Odermatt, P. Preux et al., Epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical management of epilepsy in Asia: a systematic review, Lancet Neurol, vol.6, issue.6, pp.533-576, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00347427

S. Man, I. Petersen, M. Thompson, and I. Nazareth, Antiepileptic Drugs during Pregnancy in Primary Care: A UK Population Based Study, Plos One. 2012 déc, vol.7, issue.12, p.52339

K. S. Mani, G. Rangan, H. V. Srinivas, S. Kalyanasundaram, S. Narendran et al., The yelandur study: a community-based approach to epilepsy in rural south Indiaepidemiological aspects, Seizure, vol.7, issue.4, pp.281-289, 1998.

K. S. Mani, G. Rangan, H. V. Srinivas, V. S. Srindharan, and D. K. Subbakrishna, Epilepsy control with phenobarbital or phenytoin in rural south India: the Yelandur study, Lancet, vol.357, issue.9265, pp.1316-1336, 2001.

M. W. Mann and G. Pons, Drug resistance in partial epilepsy: epidemiology, mechanisms, pharmacogenetics and therapeutical aspects, Neurochirurgie, vol.54, issue.3, pp.259-64, 2008.

G. Mawer, M. Briggs, G. A. Baker, R. Bromley, H. Coyle et al.,

. Liverpool-&-manchester-neurodevelopment and . Group, Pregnancy with epilepsy: obstetric and neonatal outcome of a controlled study, Seizure, vol.19, issue.2, pp.112-121, 2010.

U. Maywald, C. Schindler, J. Krappweis, and W. Kirch, First patient-centered drug information service in Germany-a descriptive study, Ann Pharmacother, vol.38, issue.12, pp.2154-2163, 2004.

C. K. Mbuba, A. K. Ngugi, C. R. Newton, and J. A. Carter, The epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries: a systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1491-503, 2008.

C. K. Mbuba and C. R. Newton, Packages of care for epilepsy in low-and middle-income countries, PLoS Med, vol.6, issue.10, p.1000162, 2009.

A. Mccabe, A. Seiter, A. Diack, C. Herbest, S. Dutta et al., Private sector pharmaceutical supply and distribution channels in Africa: a focus on Ghana, Malawi and Mali. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) discussion paper, 2001.

C. Mcgregor, M. Saunders, G. Buckton, and R. Saklatvala, The use of high-speed differential scanning calorimetry (Hyper-DSC?) to study the thermal properties of carbamazepine polymorphs, Thermochimica Acta, vol.417, issue.2, pp.231-237, 2004.

L. E. Mcmahon, P. Timmins, A. C. Williams, and P. York, Characterization of dihydrates prepared from carbamazepine polymorphs, J Pharm Sci, vol.85, issue.10, pp.1064-1073, 1996.

W. M. Meijer, H. De-walle, W. S. Kerstjens-frederikse, D. Jong-van-den, and L. Berg, Folic acid sensitive birth defects in association with intrauterine exposure to folic acid antagonists, Reprod Toxicol Elmsford N, vol.20, issue.2, pp.203-210, 2005.

H. Meinardi, R. A. Scott, and R. Reis, On Behalf Of The ILAE Commission on the Developing World JWASS. The Treatment Gap in Epilepsy: The Current Situation and Ways Forward, Epilepsia, vol.42, issue.1, pp.136-185, 2001.

A. Meyer, T. Dua, J. Ma, S. Saxena, and G. Birbeck, Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review, Bull World Health Organ, vol.88, issue.4, pp.260-266, 2010.

A. Millogo, M. Diagana, S. A. Siranyan, P. Preux, and M. Dumas, Health seeking behaviour in epileptic patients in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Epilepsies, vol.15, pp.153-159, 2003.

A. Millogo, V. Ratsimbazafy, P. Nubukpo, S. Barro, I. Zongo et al., Acta Neurol Scand, 2004.

A. Millogo and A. S. Siranyan, Knowledge of epilepsy and attitudes towards the condition among schoolteachers in, Epileptic Disord Int Epilepsy J Videotape, vol.6, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2004.

M. Mockenhaupt, J. Messenheimer, P. Tennis, and J. Schlingmann, Risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users of antiepileptics, Neurology, vol.64, issue.7, pp.1134-1142, 2005.

M. In and H. E. Babikir, Traditional and spiritual medicine among Sudanese children with epilepsy, Sudan J Paediatr, vol.13, issue.1, pp.31-38, 2013.

J. I. Morrow, S. J. Hunt, A. J. Russell, W. H. Smithson, L. Parsons et al., Folic acid use and major congenital malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, vol.80, issue.5, pp.506-517, 2009.

M. J. Moshi, G. Kagashe, and Z. H. Mbwambo, Plants used to treat epilepsy by Tanzanian traditional healers, J Ethnopharmacol, vol.97, issue.2, pp.327-363, 2005.

J. Muazu and A. H. Kaita, A Review of Traditional Plants Used in the Treatment of Epilepsy Amongst the Hausa/Fulani Tribes of Northern Nigeria, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, vol.5, issue.4, pp.387-90, 2008.

C. R. Newton and H. H. Garcia, Epilepsy in poor regions of the world, The Lancet, vol.380, issue.9848, pp.1193-201, 2012.

P. N. Newton, S. J. Lee, C. Goodman, F. M. Fernández, S. Yeung et al., Guidelines for field surveys of the quality of medicines: a proposal, PLoS Med, vol.6, issue.3, p.52, 2009.

E. B. Ngoungou, F. Quet, C. M. Dubreuil, B. Marin, D. Houinato et al.,

. Sante, , vol.16, pp.225-263, 2006.

E. B. Ngoungou and P. Preux, Cerebral malaria and epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.6, pp.19-24, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01752.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338306

A. K. Ngugi, C. Bottomley, and I. Kleinschmidt, Estimation of the burden of active and lifetime epilepsy: A meta-analytic approach, Epilepsia, vol.51, issue.5, pp.883-90, 2010.

A. Nicoletti, A. Bartoloni, A. Reggio, F. Bartalesi, M. Roselli et al., Epilepsy, cysticercosis, and toxocariasis: a population-based case-control study in rural Bolivia, Neurology, vol.58, issue.8, pp.1256-61, 2002.

K. Nimaga, D. Desplats, O. Doumbo, and G. Farnarier, Treatment with phenobarbital and monitoring of epileptic patients in rural Mali, Bull World Health Organ, vol.80, issue.7, pp.532-539, 2002.

S. H. Nizamie, S. Akthar, I. Banerjee, and N. Goyal, Health care delivery model in epilepsy to reduce treatment gap: World Health Organization study from a rural tribal population of India, Epilepsy Res, vol.84, issue.2-3, pp.146-52, 2009.

A. K. Njamnshi, S. A. Angwafor, F. Baumann, F. F. Angwafo, P. Jallon et al., Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of Cameroonian medical students and graduating physicians with respect to epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1296-1305, 2009.

A. K. Njamnshi, E. N. Tabah, F. N. Yepnjio, S. A. Angwafor, F. Dema et al., General public awareness, perceptions, and attitudes with respect to epilepsy in the Akwaya Health District, Epilepsy Behav, vol.15, issue.2, pp.179-85, 2009.

A. K. Njamnshi, E. N. Tabah, A. C. Bissek, F. N. Yepnjio, C. Kuate et al., Knowledge, attitudes and practice with respect to epilepsy among secondary school students in the Kumbo West Health District-North West Region-Cameroon, Epilepsy Behav, 2010.

P. K. Nyame and R. B. Biritwum, Epilepsy: knowledge, attitude and practice in literate urban population, West Afr J Med, vol.16, issue.3, pp.139-184, 1997.

P. Odermatt, S. Ly, C. Simmala, T. Angerth, V. Phongsamouth et al., Availability and costs of antiepileptic drugs and quality of phenobarbital in Vientiane municipality, Lao PDR. Neuroepidemiology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.169-74, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00348017

A. Ogunniyi, O. Oluwole, and B. O. Osuntokun, Two-year remission in Nigerian epileptics, East Afr Med J, vol.75, issue.7, pp.392-397, 1998.

M. Ono, Y. Tozuka, T. Oguchi, S. Yamamura, and K. Yamamoto, Effects of dehydration temperature on water vapor adsorption and dissolution behavior of carbamazepine, Int J Pharm, vol.239, issue.1-2, pp.1-12, 2002.

M. Otsuka, T. Ofusa, and Y. Matsuda, Effect of environmental humidity on the transformation pathway of carbamazepine polymorphic modifications during grinding, Colloids and Surfaces B. Biointerfaces, vol.13, issue.5, pp.263-273, 1999.

W. M. Otte, E. Meeuwesse, E. Kafiluddin, S. M. Peerdeman, J. C. Baaijen et al., Knowledge and beliefs about epilepsy among people with and without epilepsy in urban Suriname, Epilepsy Behav, vol.29, issue.1, pp.128-160, 2013.

W. M. Otte, E. Van-diessen, P. Van-eijsden, F. Van-der-maas, P. N. Patsalos et al., Counterfeit antiepileptic drugs threaten community services in Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria, Lancet Neurol, vol.14, issue.11, pp.1075-1081, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00255-0

D. K. Pal, T. Das, G. Chaudhury, A. L. Johnson, and B. G. Neville, Randomised controlled trial to assess acceptability of phenobarbital for childhood epilepsy in rural India, The Lancet

, Jan, vol.3, issue.9095, pp.19-23

B. Pécoul, P. Chirac, P. Trouiller, and J. Pinel, Access to essential drugs in poor countries: a lost battle? JAMA, vol.281, pp.361-368, 1999.

E. Perucca, Treatment of epilepsy in developing countries, Br Med J, vol.334, pp.1175-1176, 2007.

M. Pinto, B. Ambrozini, G. Ferreira, and G. Cavalheiro, Thermoanalytical studies of carbamazepine: hydration/dehydration, thermal decomposition, and solid phase transitions, Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.50, issue.4, pp.877-884, 2014.
DOI : 10.1590/s1984-82502014000400023

URL : http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjps/v50n4/1984-8250-bjps-50-04-00877.pdf

M. Placencia, J. W. Sander, S. D. Shorvon, M. Roman, F. Alarcon et al., Antiepileptic drug treatment in a community health care setting in northern Ecuador: a prospective 12-month assessment, Epilepsy Res, vol.14, issue.3, pp.237-281, 1993.

H. Pöhlmann, C. Gulde, R. Jahn, and S. Pfeifer, Pharmazie, vol.30, issue.11, pp.709-720, 1975.

P. Preux and M. Druet-cabanac, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Epilepsy in SubSaharan Africa, Lancet Neurology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.21-31, 2005.

P. Preux, F. Tiemagni, L. Fodzo, P. Kandem, P. Ngouafong et al., Antiepileptic therapies in the Mifi Province in Cameroon, Epilepsia, vol.41, issue.4, pp.432-441, 2000.

G. Quattrocchi, A. Nicoletti, B. Marin, E. Bruno, M. Druet-cabanac et al., Toxocariasis and epilepsy: systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.6, issue.8, p.1775, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001775

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921073

F. Quet, F. Rafael, E. B. Ngoungou, M. Diagana, M. Druet-cabanac et al., Investigating epilepsy in Africa: 10 years of data collection using a standardized questionnaire in 2,269 peoples with epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.52, issue.10, pp.1868-76, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678743

K. Radhakrishnan, S. D. Nayak, S. P. Kumar, and P. S. Sarma, Profile of antiepileptic pharmacotherapy in a tertiary referral center in South India: a pharmacoepidemiologic and pharmacoeconomic study, Epilepsia, vol.40, issue.2, pp.179-85, 1999.

K. Radhakrishnan, Challenges in the management of epilepsy in resource-poor countries, Nat Rev Neurol, vol.5, issue.6, pp.323-353, 2009.

J. M. Rao and R. Arulappu, Drug use in pregnancy: how to avoid problems, Drugs, vol.22, issue.5, pp.409-423, 1981.
DOI : 10.2165/00003495-198122050-00004

V. Ratsimbazafy, R. Andrianabelina, S. Randrianarisona, P. Preux, and P. Odermatt, Treatment gap for people living with epilepsy in Madagascar, Trop Doct, 2011.
DOI : 10.1258/td.2010.100254

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00608568

V. Ratsimbazafy, T. Rakotovao, B. Marin, M. Javerliat, and P. Preux, The dangers of inadequate understanding of epilepsy in Madagascar, Lancet Neurol, vol.11, issue.9, pp.748-757, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921098

N. Richman and P. J. Graham, A behavioural screening questionnaire for use with three-yearold children. Preliminary findings, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, vol.12, issue.1, pp.5-33, 1971.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1971.tb01047.x

J. J. Riviello, J. Claassen, S. M. Laroche, M. R. Sperling, B. Alldredge et al., Neurocritical Care Society Status Epilepticus Guideline Writing Committee. Treatment of status epilepticus: an international survey of experts, Neurocrit Care, vol.18, issue.2, pp.193-200, 2013.

A. O. Rossetti, J. Villemure, M. Seeck, O. Prilipko, P. Despland et al., Current epilepsy treatment in adults, Rev. Médicale Suisse, vol.1, issue.1220, pp.1224-1226, 2005.

C. Rustichelli, G. Gamberini, V. Ferioli, M. C. Gamberini, R. Ficarra et al., Solid-state study of polymorphic drugs: carbamazepine, J Pharm Biomed Anal, vol.23, issue.1, pp.41-54, 2000.

H. T. Rwiza, W. B. Matuja, G. P. Kilonzo, J. Haule, P. Mbena et al., Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward epilepsy among rural Tanzanian residents, Epilepsia, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1017-1040, 1993.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02127.x

R. A. Scott, S. D. Lhatoo, and J. W. Sander, The treatment of epilepsy in developing countries: where do we go from here?, Bull World Health Organ, vol.79, issue.4, pp.344-51, 2001.

F. Semah, M. C. Picot, C. Adam, D. Broglin, A. Arzimanoglou et al., Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? Neurology, vol.51, pp.1256-62, 1998.

A. K. Sharma, R. E. Waheed, A. Rajput, and S. K. , Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy: A Current Update on Non-Conventional Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions, J. Epilepsy Res, vol.5, pp.1-8, 2015.
DOI : 10.14581/jer.15001

URL : https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.15001

I. E. Scheffer, S. Berkovic, G. Capovilla, M. B. Connolly, J. French et al., ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology, Epilepsia, vol.58, issue.4, pp.512-521, 2017.

S. D. Shorvon and P. J. Farmer, Epilepsy in developing countries: a review of epidemiological, sociocultural, and treatment aspects, Epilepsia, vol.29, issue.1, pp.36-54, 1988.

A. Sow, Access to epilepsy care in Guinea: survey on obstacles related to the socioanthropological context and the availability of medicines, Epilepsies, vol.20, issue.1, pp.38-44, 2008.

, Stability testing of active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished pharmaceutical products. WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Thirty-sixth report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2009.

M. B. Sundaram, Etiology and patterns of seizures in the elderly, Neuroepidemiology, vol.8, pp.234-238, 1989.

C. Y. Sung and N. S. Chu, Epileptic seizures in elderly people: aetiology and seizure type, Age Ageing, vol.19, pp.25-30, 1990.

P. Tabernero, F. M. Fernández, M. Green, P. J. Guerin, and P. N. Newton, Mind the gaps-the epidemiology of poor-quality anti-malarials in the malarious world-analysis of the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network database, Malar J, vol.13, p.139, 2014.

R. B. Taylor, O. Shakoor, R. H. Behrens, M. Everard, A. S. Low et al., Pharmacopoeial quality of drugs supplied by Nigerian pharmacies, Lancet, vol.357, issue.9272, pp.1933-1939, 2001.

P. Tennis and R. S. Stern, Risk of serious cutaneous disorders after initiation of use of phenytoin, carbamazepine, or sodium valproate: a record linkage study, Neurology, vol.49, issue.2, pp.542-548, 1997.

D. S. Tran, P. Odermatt, S. Singphuoangphet, M. Druet-cabanac, P. Preux et al., Epilepsy in Laos: knowledge, attitudes, and practices in the community, Epilepsy Behav, vol.10, issue.4, pp.565-70, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00274173

D. S. Tran, J. Zen, M. Strobel, P. Odermatt, P. Preux et al., The challenge of epilepsy control in deprived settings: low compliance and high fatality rates during a community-based phenobarbital program in rural Laos, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.3, pp.539-579, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00337693

D. S. Tran, P. Odermatt, L. Oanh, T. Huc, P. Phoumindr et al., Risk factors for epilepsy in rural Lao PDR: a case-control study, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.38, issue.3, pp.537-579, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00349129

H. Traore, M. Diagana, C. Debrock, A. Ba, B. Alqad et al.,

, Med Trop Rev Corps Sante Colon, vol.58, issue.4, pp.365-373, 1998.

M. Tripathi, D. Vibha, N. Choudhary, K. Prasad, M. V. Srivastava et al., Management of refractory status epilepticus at a tertiary care centre in a developing country, Seizure, vol.19, issue.2, pp.109-120, 2010.

G. Veiby, A. K. Daltveit, B. A. Engelsen, and N. E. Gilhus, Pregnancy, delivery, and outcome for the child in maternal epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.50, pp.2130-2139, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02147.x

URL : https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02147.x

D. Vigo, G. Thornicroft, and R. Atun, Estimating the true global burden of mental illness, Lancet Psychiatry, vol.3, issue.2, pp.171-179, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00505-2

URL : https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/55296846/16001_vigo_et_al_GBD_lancet_psychiatry_2016.pdf

M. C. Vinson, OBRA's counseling requirement and pharmaceutical care, Am J Hosp Pharm, vol.50, issue.5, pp.910-911, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/ajhp/50.5.910

E. I. Viteva and Z. I. Zahariev, Pseudoresistance in patients with epilepsy-characteristics and determining factors, Folia Med, vol.51, pp.33-39, 2009.

P. H. Voskuil, A survey of 100 patients in a primary health care setting in Liberia, Trop Geogr Med, vol.46, pp.18-27, 1994.

R. A. Wallace, P. J. Schluter, and P. M. Webb, Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication among adults with intellectual disability, J Intellect Disabil Res, vol.48, pp.646-54, 2004.

J. T. Wang, G. K. Shiu, T. Ong-chen, C. T. Viswanathan, and J. P. Skelly, Effects of humidity and temperature on in vitro dissolution of carbamazepine tablets, J Pharm Sci, vol.82, issue.10, pp.1002-1007, 1993.

W. Wang, J. Wu, S. Li, X. Ru, J. Zheng et al., Sodium valproate for epilepsy in rural China: an efficacy and safety assessment in primary care, Epilepsy Res, vol.102, issue.3, pp.201-206, 2012.

W. Wang, J. Wu, D. Wang, G. Chen, T. Wang et al.,

, Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi, vol.82, issue.7, pp.449-52, 2002.

W. Z. Wang, J. Z. Wu, G. Y. Ma, X. Y. Dai, B. Yang et al., Efficacy assessment of phenobarbital in epilepsy: a large community-based intervention trial in rural China, Lancet Neurol, vol.5, issue.1, pp.46-52, 2006.

M. M. Watila, M. R. Keezer, S. A. Angwafor, A. S. Winkler, and J. W. Sander, Health service provision for people with epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa: A situational review, Epilepsy Behav, vol.70, pp.24-32, 2017.

A. E. Watts, A model for managing epilepsy in a rural community in Africa, BMJ, vol.298, issue.6676, pp.805-812, 1989.

J. S. Werry, R. L. Sprague, M. N. Cohen, and . Conners, Teacher Rating Scale for use in drug studies with children-an empirical study, J Abnorm Child Psychol, vol.3, issue.3, pp.217-246, 1975.

A. S. Winkler, M. Mayer, M. Ombay, B. Mathias, E. Schmutzhard et al., Attitudes Towards African Traditional Medicine and Christian Spiritual Healing Regarding Treatment of Epilepsy in a Rural Community of Northern Tanzania, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med, vol.7, issue.2, pp.162-70, 2009.

B. J. Wlodarczyk, A. M. Palacios, T. M. George, and R. H. Finnell, Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes, Am J Med Genet A, vol.158, issue.8, pp.2071-90, 2012.

D. Yang, P. Plianbangchang, N. Visavarungroj, and S. Rujivipat, Quality of pharmaceutical items available from drugstores in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.35, issue.3, pp.741-748, 2004.

L. Yemadje, D. Houinato, F. Quet, M. Druet-cabanac, and P. Preux, Understanding the differences in prevalence of epilepsy in tropical regions, Epilepsia, vol.52, issue.8, pp.1376-81, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678389

J. E. Zeber, L. A. Copeland, and M. Pugh, ) 1674 cm-1 (30) 1683 cm-1 (5) 1690 cm-1 (7) 1673 cm-1 (30) 1675 cm-1 (26) (moins intense dû à la présence de molécule H 2 O) 1674 cm-1 (7) 1667 cm-1 (5) Élongation de C=O (26) Déformation de N-H (5) 1605 et 1593 cm-1 (30) 1603 et 1592 cm-1 (30) 1591 cm-1 (30) Bande de C-C Élongation de C=O Déformation de N-H 1386 cm-1 (7,13) 1383 cm-1 (30) 1379 cm-1 (5) 1397 cm-1 (30) 1396 cm-1 (7) 1392 cm-1 (5) 1395 cm-1 (7) 1393 cm-1 (30) 1394 cm-1 (13) 1389 cm-1 (5) 1394 avec épaule à 1418 cm-1 (7) Élongation de C-NH 2 (13) Déformation de N-H, CN (5) 1271 cm-1 moins intense que 1245 cm-1 (30) 1270 cm-1 même intense que 1251 cm-1 (30) 1271 cm-1 moins intense que 1249 cm-1 (30) Vibration de C-N (30)1220 cm-1 (13)954 cm-1 (30) (forte) 954 cm-1 (30) (faible) 870 cm-1 (5) 869 cm-1 (30) 876 cm-1 (30) 873 cm-1 (30), Variation in antiepileptic drug adherence among older patients with new-onset epilepsy, vol.44, pp.1896-1904, 2002.

. , 50 The treatment gap improvement assumption in developing countries, p.51

. .. Objectives,

. .. Methods,

.. .. Aeds,

, * Corresponding author at: UMR 1094-IENT Faculté de Pharmacie 2 rue du Docteur Marcland 87025 Limoges cedex. Tel.: +33 0 6 24 24 67 14. E-mail addresses: jostjeremy@gmail.com (J. Jost), pierre-marie.preux@unilim.fr (P.-M. Preux), michel.druet-cabanac@unilim.fr (M. Druet-Cabanac), voa rastimbazafy@yahoo.fr (V. Ratsimbazafy)

J. Jost, Epilepsy Research, vol.119, pp.49-61, 2016.

. .. Results,

. , Other routes of administration

.. .. Secondary,

. .. Liposome,

. , 54 Summary of the different features of sustained models available

. .. Discussion, 58 Which molecule represents the best candidate?

. .. Conclusion,

. .. Conflicts-of-interest,

. .. Acknowledgments,

. .. References,

J. Jost, Epilepsy Research, vol.119, p.59, 2016.

R. Ahmed, T. A. Ibrahim, H. M. Ibrahim, and F. , Development of biodegradable in situ implant and microparticle injectable formulations for sustained delivery of haloperidol, J Pharm Sci, vol.101, issue.10, pp.3753-3762, 2012.

J. Jost, Epilepsy Research, vol.119, pp.49-61, 2016.

A. A. Al-helw, A. A. Al-angary, G. M. Mahrous, and M. M. Dardari, Preparation and evaluation of sustained release cross-linked chitosan microspheres containing phenobarbitone, J. Microencapsul, vol.15, pp.373-382, 1998.

T. M. Allen and P. R. Cullis, Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.65, pp.36-48, 2013.

N. S. Barakat, F. K. Elanazi, and A. S. Almurshedi, The influence of various amphiphilic excipients on the physicochemical properties of carbamazepine-loaded microparticles, J. Microencapsul, vol.26, pp.251-262, 2009.

N. S. Barakat and A. E. Yassin, In vitro characterization of carbamazepine-loaded precifac lipospheres, Drug Deliv, vol.13, pp.95-104, 2006.

N. S. Barakat and M. A. Radwan, In vitro performance of carbamazepine loaded to various molecular weights of poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide), Drug Deliv, vol.13, pp.9-18, 2006.

D. Bhalla, H. Aziz, D. Bergen, G. L. Birbeck, A. Carpio et al., Undue regulatory control on phenobarbital-an important yet overlooked reason for the epilepsy treatment gap, Epilepsia, vol.56, pp.659-662, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262367

M. Bialer, Extended-release formulations for the treatment of epilepsy, CNS Drugs, vol.21, pp.765-774, 2007.

M. Bialer, S. I. Johannessen, H. J. Kupferberg, R. H. Levy, E. Perucca et al., Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Eigth Eilat Conference, vol.73, pp.1-52, 2007.

V. Biton, B. F. Shneker, and D. Naritoku, Long-term tolerability and safety of lamotrigine extended-release: pooled analysis of three clinical trials, Clin. Drug Investig, vol.33, issue.5, pp.359-364, 2013.

B. B?aszczyk and S. J. Czuczwar, Efficacy, safety, and potential of extended-release lamotrigine in the treatment of epileptic patients, Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat, vol.6, pp.145-150, 2010.

A. Bochot, O. Chambin, and F. Pillon, Nouvel arsenal galénique pour la voie parentérale, Actual. Pharm, vol.50, pp.12-14, 2011.

A. Cameron, I. Roubos, M. Ewen, A. K. Mantel-teeuwisse, H. G. Leufkens et al., Differences in the availability of medicines for chronic and acute conditions in the public and private sectors of developing countries, Bull. World Health Organ, vol.89, issue.6, pp.412-421, 2011.

A. Cameron, A. Bansal, and T. Dua, Mapping the availability, price, and affordability of antiepileptic drugs in 46 countries, Epilepsia, vol.53, issue.6, pp.962-969, 2012.

N. S. Chandrashekar and R. R. Shobha, Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters in drug selection and loading for transdermal drug delivery, Indian J. Pharm. Sci, vol.70, issue.1, pp.94-96, 2008.

S. Chakraborty, J. K. Pandit, and A. Srinatha, Development of extended release divalproex sodium tablets containing hypdrophobic and hydrophilic matrix, Curr. Drug Deliv, vol.6, pp.291-296, 2009.

P. Desai, M. V. Padma, S. Jain, and M. C. Maheshwari, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of epilepsy: experience at a comprehensive rural health services project, Seizure, vol.7, issue.2, pp.133-138, 1998.

R. L. Dunn, J. P. English, D. R. Cowsar, D. P. Vanderbilt, . Laboratories et al., Biodegradable in situ forming implants and methods of producing the same. US Patent No, vol.4938, p.763, 1990.

C. A. Elechi and Y. El-said, Default and non-compliance among adult epileptics in Zaria, Nigeria. The need to restructure continued care, el-Helw Ael, vol.43, pp.159-163, 1988.

R. S. El-mallakh, M. R. Salem, and A. Chopra, A blinded, randomized comparison of immediate-release and extended-release carbamazepine capsules in manic and depressed bipolar subjects, Ann Clin. Psychiatr. Off. J. Am. Acad. Clin. Psychiatr, vol.22, issue.1, pp.3-8, 2010.

R. S. Fisher and J. Ho, Potential new methods for antiepileptic drug delivery, CNS Drugs, vol.16, issue.9, pp.579-593, 2002.

D. M. Ficker, M. Privitera, and G. Krauss, Spray-dried carbamazepine-loaded chitosan and HPMC microspheres: preparation and characterisation, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, vol.65, issue.4, pp.921-931, 2003.

F. J. Vajda and M. J. Eadie, The clinical pharmacology of traditional antiepileptic drugs, Epileptic Disord, vol.16, issue.4, pp.395-408, 2014.

J. French, The long-term therapeutic management of epilepsy, Ann. Intern. Med, vol.120, issue.5, pp.411-422, 1994.

, Gabapentin ER, Gabapentin Gastric Retention, Gabapentin GR. Drugs R&D, vol.8, pp.317-320, 2007.

S. Galal, M. A. El-massik, O. Y. Abdallah, and N. A. Daabis, Study of in-vitro release characteristics of carbamazepine extended release semisolid matrix filled capsules based on Gelucires, Drug. Dev. Ind. Pharm, vol.30, issue.8, pp.817-829, 2004.

W. R. Garnett, Antiepileptic drug treatment: outcomes and adherence, Pharmacotherapy, vol.20, issue.8, pp.191-199, 2000.

P. Genton, Progress in pharmaceutical development presentation with improved pharmacokinetics: a new formulation for valproate, Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl, vol.182, pp.26-32, 2005.

L. D. Ginsberg, Carbamazepine extended-release capsules: a retrospective review of its use in children and adolescents, Ann. Clin. Psychiatr. Off. J. Am. Acad. Clin. Psychiatr, vol.18, pp.3-7, 2006.

P. Gosselin, F. X. Lacasse, M. Preda, R. Thibert, S. D. Clas et al., Physicochemical evaluation of carbamazepine microparticles produced by the rapidexpansion of supercritical solutions and by spray-drying, Pharm. Dev. Technol, vol.8, issue.1, pp.11-20, 2003.

C. Guerin, A. Olivi, and J. D. Weingart, Recent advances in brain tumor therapy: local intracerebral drug delivery by polymers, Investig. New Drugs, vol.22, issue.1, pp.27-37, 2004.

A. J. Halliday, S. E. Moulton, and G. G. Wallace, Novel methods of antiepileptic drug delivery-polymer-based implants, Adv Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.64, issue.10, pp.953-964, 2012.

R. Hargrave and M. P. Remler, Noncompliance. J. Natl. Med. Assoc, vol.88, issue.1, pp.7-11, 1996.

A. Hatefi and B. Amsden, Biodegradable injectable in situ forming drug delivery systems, J. Control. Release, vol.80, pp.9-28, 2002.

M. Hsiao, M. Larsson, and A. Larsson, Design and characterization of a novel amphiphilic chitosan nanocapsule-based thermo-gelling biogel with sustained in vivo release of the hydrophilic anti-epilepsy drug ethosuximide, J. Control. Release, vol.161, issue.3, pp.942-948, 2012.

R. A. Jain, C. T. Rhodes, and A. M. Railkar, Controlled release of drugs from injectable in situ formed biodegradable PLGA microspheres: effect of various formulation variables, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm, vol.50, issue.2, pp.257-262, 2000.

R. Jalil and J. R. Nixon, IV: Effect of storage on the microcapsule characteristics, J. Microencapsul, vol.7, issue.3, pp.375-383, 1990.

I. Jalsenjak, C. F. Nicolaidou, and J. R. Nixon, The in vitro dissolution of phenobarbitone sodium from ethyl cellulose microcapsules, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, vol.28, issue.12, pp.912-914, 1976.

M. W. Jann, L. Ereshefsky, and S. R. Saklad, Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics, Clin. Pharmacokinet, vol.10, pp.315-333, 1985.

I. Karakasa, N. Yagi, M. Shibata, H. Kenmotsu, H. Sekikawa et al., Sustained release of phenytoin following the oral administration of phenytoin sodium/ethylcellulose microcapsules in human subjects and rabbits, Biol. Pharm. Bull, vol.17, issue.3, pp.432-436, 1994.

L. Kernitsky, K. A. O'hara, and P. Jiang, Extended-release divalproex in child and adolescent outpatients with epilepsy, Epilepsia, vol.46, issue.3, pp.440-443, 2005.

J. H. Kou, C. Emmett, and P. Shen, Bioerosion and biocompatibility of poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) implants in brain, J. Control. Release, vol.43, issue.2-3, pp.123-130, 1997.

M. Karan, S. Inderbir, N. Manju, and A. Sandeep, Atrigel: a potentiel parenteral controlled drug delivery system, Der Pharm. Sin, vol.1, issue.1, pp.74-81, 2010.

H. Kranz and R. Bodmeier, A novel in situ forming drug delivery system for controlled parenteral drug delivery, Int. J. Pharm, vol.332, pp.107-114, 2007.

K. P. Kumar, D. Bhowmik, S. Srivastava, S. Paswan, and A. S. Dutta, Sustained release drug delivery system potential, Pharma Innov, vol.1, issue.2, pp.48-60, 2012.

M. Laroche, H. Traore, and L. Merle, Quality of phenobarbital solid-dosage forms in the urban community of Nouakchott (Mauritania), Epilepsia, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1293-1296, 2005.

K. W. Leong and R. Langer, Polymeric controlled drug delivery, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev, vol.1, pp.199-233, 1988.

I. E. Leppik and C. A. Hovinga, Extended-release antiepileptic drugs: a comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters relative to original immediate-release formulations, Epilepsia, vol.54, pp.28-35, 2013.

H. Lian, S. S. Steiner, and R. D. Sofia, A self-complementary, self-assembling microsphere system: application for intravenous delivery of the antiepileptic and neuroprotectant compound felbamate, J. Pharm. Sci, vol.89, issue.7, pp.867-875, 2000.

P. Loiseau, C. Larousse, and M. Bourin, Antiepileptiques. Sem Hop Paris, vol.60, pp.2741-2764, 1984.

L. P. Longo, Extended-release divalproex sodium for patients with side effects from delayed-release divalproex sodium, Am. J. Psychiatr, vol.162, pp.1548-1549, 2005.

T. L. Mac, J. Gaulier, and V. T. Le, Quality of antiepileptic drugs in Vietnam, Epilepsy Res, vol.80, issue.1, pp.77-82, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338030

C. Matschke, U. Isele, P. Van-hoogevest, and A. Fahr, Sustained-release injectables formed in situ and their potential use for veterinary products, J. Control. Release, vol.85, issue.1-3, pp.1-15, 2002.

C. K. Mbuba, A. K. Ngugi, C. R. Newton, and J. A. Carter, The epilepsy treatment gap in developing countries: a systematic review of the magnitude, causes, and intervention strategies, Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.9, pp.1491-1503, 2008.

A. Meyer, T. Dua, J. Ma, S. Saxena, and G. Birbeck, Global disparities in the epilepsy treatment gap: a systematic review, Bull. World Health Organ, vol.88, pp.260-266, 2010.

W. U. Mirza, I. W. Rak, and V. M. Thadani, Six-month evaluation of Carbatrol (extended-release carbamazepine) in complex partial seizures, Neurology, vol.51, issue.6, pp.1727-1729, 1998.

E. Mommers, G. Blum, and T. G. Gent, Nexplanon, a radiopaque etonogestrel implant in combination with a next-generation applicator: 3-year results of a noncomparative multicenter trial, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, vol.207, issue.5, pp.1-6, 2012.

M. Moneghini, D. Voinovich, and F. Princivalle, Formulation and evaluation of vinylpyrrolidone/vinylacetate copolymer microspheres with carbamazepine, Pharm. Dev. Technol, vol.5, issue.3, pp.347-353, 2000.

D. K. Naritoku, C. R. Warnock, and J. A. Messenheimer, Lamotrigine extended-release as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures, Neurology, vol.69, issue.16, pp.1610-1618, 2007.

C. R. Newton and H. H. Garcia, Epilepsy in poor regions of the world, Lancet, vol.380, pp.1193-1201, 2012.

A. K. Ngugi, C. Bottomley, and I. Kleinschmidt, Estimation of the burden of active and life-time epilepsy: a meta-analytic approach, Epilepsia, vol.51, issue.5, pp.883-890, 2010.

C. Packhaeuser, J. Schnieders, and C. Oster, In situ forming parenteral drug delivery systems: an overview, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm, vol.58, issue.2, pp.445-455, 2004.

J. Jost, Epilepsy Research, vol.119, pp.49-61, 2016.

C. Padula, S. Nicoli, and V. Aversa, Bioadhesive film for dermal and transdermal drug delivery, Eur. J. Dermatol. EJD, vol.17, issue.4, pp.309-312, 2007.

N. Passerini, B. Perissutti, M. Moneghini, D. Voinovich, B. Albertini et al., Characterization of carbamazepine-Gelucire 50/13 microparticles prepared by a spray-congealing process using ultrasounds, J. Pharm. Sci, vol.91, issue.3, pp.699-707, 2002.

P. N. Patsalos, D. J. Berry, and B. F. Bourgeois, Antiepileptic drugs-best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia, vol.49, issue.7, pp.1239-1276, 2008.

D. B. Patel, A review on atrigel drug delivery system, J. Glob. Pharma Technol, vol.2, issue.2, 2010.

J. Peltola, C. Coetzee, and F. Jiménez, Once-daily extended-release levetiracetam as adjunctive treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Epilepsia, vol.50, issue.3, pp.406-414, 2009.

D. Pepic, M. S. Nikolic, and S. Grujic, Release behaviour of carbamazepine-loaded poly(-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene oxide) microspheres, J. Microencapsul, vol.30, issue.2, pp.151-160, 2013.

R. Perez-marrero and R. C. Tyler, A subcutaneous delivery system for the extended release of leuprolide acetate for the treatment of prostate cancer, Expert Opin. Pharmacother, vol.5, pp.447-457, 2004.

E. Perucca, Extended-release formulations of antiepileptic drugs: rationale and comparative value, Epilepsy Curr, vol.9, issue.6, pp.153-157, 2009.

L. M. Protass, Improved tolerability and efficacy in epilepsy patients with extended-release carbamazepine, Neurology, vol.66, p.957, 2006.

M. Rajkumar and S. Bhise, Carbamazepine-loaded porous microspheres for short-term sustained drug delivery, J. Young Pharm, vol.2, issue.1, pp.7-14, 2010.

V. Ratsimbazafy, T. Rakotovao, and B. Marin, The dangers of inadequate understanding of epilepsy in Madagascar, Lancet Neurol, vol.11, issue.9, pp.748-749, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921098

W. Rungseevijitprapa and R. Bodmeier, Injectability of biodegradable in situ forming microparticle systems (ISM), Eur. J. Pharm. Sci, vol.36, pp.524-531, 2009.

G. K. Scriba and D. M. Lambert, Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino acid prodrugs of phenytoin, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, vol.51, pp.549-553, 1999.

R. Senjkovic and I. Jalsenjak, Apparent diffusion coefficient of sodium phenobarbitone in ethylcellulose microcapsules: effects of capsule size, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, vol.33, issue.5, pp.279-282, 1981.

K. W. Sommerville, Bioequivalence in development of antiepileptic drugs, Epilepsy Res, vol.68, issue.1, pp.82-85, 2006.

S. Spanarello and T. La-ferla, The pharmacokinetics of long-acting antipsychotic medications, Curr. Clin. Pharmacol, vol.9, issue.3, pp.310-317, 2014.

A. G. Stein, H. G. Eder, and D. E. Blum, An automated drug delivery system for focal epilepsy, Epilepsy Res, vol.39, issue.2, pp.103-114, 2000.

B. J. Steinhoff and A. Wendling, Short-term impact of the switch from immediate-release to extended-release oxcarbazepine in epilepsy patients on high dosages, Epilepsy Res, vol.87, pp.256-259, 2009.

A. Stockis, M. L. Sargentini-maier, and C. Otoul, Assessment of levetiracetam bioavailability from targeted sites in the human intestine using remotely activated capsules and gamma scintigraphy: Open-label, single-dose, randomized, four-way crossover study in healthy male volunteers, Clin. Ther, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1813-1821, 2010.

R. J. Tamargo, L. A. Rossell, and E. H. Kossoff, The intracerebral administration of phenytoin using controlled-release polymers reduces experimental seizures in rats, Epilepsy Res, vol.48, issue.3, pp.145-155, 2002.

J. Traue and H. Kala, Use of polyacrylate dispersions for spray coating phenobarbital. 1: Production and in vitro study of microcapsules, Pharmazie, vol.39, issue.4, pp.233-237, 1984.

U. W. Tunn, A 6-month depot formulation of leuprolide acetate is safe and effective in daily clinical practice: a non-interventional prospective study in 1273 patients, BMC Urol, vol.29, pp.11-15, 2011.

K. E. Uhrich, S. M. Cannizzaro, and R. S. Langer, Polymeric systems for controlled drug release, Chem. Rev, vol.99, issue.11, pp.3181-3198, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/cr940351u

C. M. Ulloa, A. Towfigh, and J. Safdieh, Review of levetiracetam, with a focus on the extended release formulation, as adjuvant therapy in controlling partial-onset seizures, Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat, vol.5, pp.467-476, 2009.

K. Uno, M. Arakawa, T. Kondo, and M. Donbrow, Permeability of ethylcellulosemicrocapsules towards phenobarbital, J. Microencapsul, vol.1, issue.4, pp.335-341, 1984.
DOI : 10.3109/02652048409031546

B. M. Uthman, G. S. Miller, and G. Montouris, Safety of 25-and 50-mg capsules in the initiation of zonisamide therapy in patients with epilepsy: an uncontrolled, open-label study, Curr. Med. Res. Opin, vol.20, issue.6, pp.837-842, 2004.

A. Verrotti, C. Salladini, and G. Di-marco, Extended-release formulations in epilepsy, J. Child Neurol, vol.22, issue.4, pp.419-426, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/0883073807302760

C. Voellmy, P. Speiser, and M. Soliva, Microencapsulation of phenobarbital by spray polycondensation, J. Pharm. Sci, vol.66, issue.5, pp.631-634, 1977.

R. H. Weisler, Extended-release carbamazepine capsules: a view point, CNS Drugs, vol.19, pp.717-718, 2005.

J. W. Wheless and V. Venkataraman, New formulations of drugs in epilepsy, Expert. Opin. Pharmacother, vol.1, issue.1, pp.49-60, 1999.

, Annexe 24 : Grant de la Fondation Pierre-Fabre et

, Study area: This study will be focused on 4 countries: Cambodia, Lao, Thailand, Vietnam 4. Population involved in study: Pharmacist or doctor or nurse or seller who is in direct contact with patients with epilepsy in the official supply chain, and seller in the illicit system. ? The official supply chain has 2 sectors: Public sectors (Health centers, District Hospitals, Provincial Hospitals, Regional Hospitals, Central Hospitals), and Private sectors (Private Hospital, SEA 3

, The illicit system (e.g. kiosks, street sellers, street market, grocery shops) will be systematically investigated in each setting

, Sample eligibility criteria 5.1. Inclusion criteria Only oral pharmaceutical forms such as pills, tablets, capsules will be included. AEDs found in SEA included in the study are sodium valproate, phenobarbital, phenytoin and carbamazepine (prolonged or conventional release form) in all doses available. Every AED sample will be collected with the primary and/or secondary packaging when present

B. Job and V. Wiwanitkit, Therapeutic management of people with epilepsy in low-and middle-income countries, Epilepsy Behav, 2018.

J. Jost, L. M. Moyano, E. Auditeau, F. Boumediene, V. Ratsimbazafy et al., Interventional programs to improve therapeutic management of people with epilepsy in low-and middle-income countries, Epilepsy Behav, vol.80, issue.17, pp.30618-30620, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01703089

J. Preux, I. Univ, C. Limoges, and . Limoges, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, vol.1094

E. , Therapeutic management of people with epilepsy in low-and middle-income countries, as: Jost J, Preux P-M, 2018.

, Acte de Congrès, XXII World Congress of Epilepsy, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.27

, Risk factors for the diagnosis of ADD included mild intellectual of comorbid ADD did not adversely impact long-term epilepsy outcome, with similar rates of seizure freedom (72.3% without and 78.7% with ADD) and intractability (10.8% without and 8.1% with ADD) at final follow-up. Conclusion: Comorbid ADD is present in over one quarter of children with epilepsy, ADD had been diagnosed in 98 subjects (26.1%) of which 75 (77%) were prescribed medication for this diagnosis

S. Angus-leppan, T. Keddie, S. Parker, A. Toescu, O. Nash et al., United Kingdom Background: There is disparity between clinical practice and guidelines on discussing Sudden death in epilepsy (SUDEP) with patients. Objective: To examine how patients are currently informed about SUDEP compared to other risks in epilepsy, the impact of such discussion on health seeking behaviour, and patients' views on the timing, content and delivery of such discussion. Patients and methods: 50/74 patients (mean age 37 years, 26 men) excluded. Results: 98% of patients were aware of medication adherence, 84% of factors influencing seizure frequency, 78% of driving regulations, 50% of SUDEP and 38% of status epilepticus. Preferences for timing of SUDEP discussions were divided between those wanting information at diagnosis (42%) and after three clinic appointments (36%), to avoid information overload and excessive worry on first consultation. Emotional responses (38% negative), rather than behavioural changes to self-management

P. Bergin-a, W. D'souza-b, E. Beghi-c, M. Tripathi-d, M. Richardson-e et al., Neurology Department, Auckland City Hospital

P. Research, I. Institute, I. Milan, and . Background, Centre for Geographical Medicine (Coast) Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya The control group was 15 almost healthy individuals. Were used clinical, neurological, instrumental, laboratory, and statistical methods. Results: The patients of the first group received antiepileptic drugs with preventive aim after an epileptic seizure in anamnesis. The best results were obtained with lamotrigine (p b 0.05). Posttraumatic epilepsy patients in groups II and III revealed the following manifestations: generalized seizures (65.3%), focal seizures (24.2%), combined paroxysms (11.5%), paroxysmal activity on EEG with a predominance of polyphasic complexes (69.4%), spike-waves (63.1%), and sharp waves (78.3%). In these groups of patients was the most efficient use of combination therapy of valproate and lamotrigine, It is not known whether doctors make diagnoses of epilepsy in a similar way. Objective: To determine variability in epilepsy diagnoses when neurologists are presented with identical case scenarios

, Abstracts / Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.333, pp.1-64, 2013.

, Autres travaux et contribution Encadrements d'étudiants-Yattussia Mafilaza-Qualité des antiépileptiques à Madagascar. Travaux pour l'obtention du Master 2 Recherche NeuroEpidémiologie et Parasitologie Tropicales

T. Nguyen-thu, Evaluation du profil de stabilité de comprimé de carbamazépine en conditions de stresse

M. Pharma-spécialité, Assurance Qualité et Contrôle Qualité des produits de santé

L. Nguyen-thuy, Evaluation du profil de stabilité de comprimé de valproate de sodium en conditions de stresse

M. Pharma-spécialité, Assurance Qualité et Contrôle Qualité des produits de santé

, Travaux pour l'obtention du Master 2 pharmacologie et toxicologie à la faculté des sciences de la santé à l

, Mémoire soutenu le 05 septembre 2013 pour l'obtention du Master 1 Sciences de la vie et de la Santé

E. Auditeau, L. M. Moyano, G. Bourdy, M. Nizard, J. Jost et al., Herbal medicine uses to treat people with epilepsy: a survey in rural communities of northern Peru, taux d'encadrement : 50%) Autres publications, vol.3, p.115, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01682356

J. Jost, P. Preux, and . Reply, Therapeutic management of people with epilepsy in low-and middle-income countries, vol.83, p.600, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01745272

M. Nizard, J. Luna, E. Auditeau, J. Jost, M. Cruz et al., Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning epilepsy of professional health-workers who dispensed medications: a cross-sectional study in Rwanda, J Ethnopharmacol