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, Illustration of magnetic anisotropies in two often found cases. a. In multilayer systems consisting of alternating magnetic and non-magneticlayers, the magnetization may be out-of-plane. b. In magnetic films with the thickness exceeding about 2nm the easy magnetization direction is typically found to be in-plane
, Anisotropy orbital moment in a thin layer
, Magnetization measurements in the case of the samples with out of the plane magnetization
, Magnetic anisotropic energy times Co layer thickness versus Co layer thickness of Co/Pd multilayer
, Diagram showing the rotation of magnetic moments through a. 180 ? domain wall b. 90 ? domain wall
, Bloch domain wall, with rotation of the magnetization in the plane parallel to the plane of DW: side view (top) and top view (bottom), p.12
, Néel domain wall, with rotation of the magnetization in the plane perpendicular to the plane of DW: side view (top) and top view (bottom, p.12
, Predicted domain wall velocity versus magnetic field of a Bloch wall showing steady and precessional flow regime in thin films without pinning (1D model)
, Theoretical velocity-field curves for systems real showing depinning , creep and flow regime
, Schematic of a DMI between the neighboring spins that results from indirect exchange mechanism for the triangle composed of two atomic spins and an atom with a strong SOC
, chiral Néel domain wall
, Velocity vs. out-of-plane field for Pt/Co/AlOx with different values of D. Image adapted from [Thi+12]
, 39 3.13 DC SQUID, a superconducting loop contains two Josephson junctions (the insulator part in yellow) sandwiched between two superconductors (blue and red).(Image adapted from [Sim12]), p.41
, Experimental set up for XMCD measurements b. Illustration the size of magnetic dichroism effects
, Stacks of a.symmetric trilayer Pt/Co/Pt b.non-centrosymmetric trilayer
, 44 4.2 a. XRR data (black curve) and fit (red curve) for Pt/Co/Pt sample b. results of the fit the data
, Magnetization vs temperature normalized to a 1 nm thickness, measured by VSM-SQUID for Pt/Co/GdOx sample
, Magnetization vs temperature normalized to a 1 nm thickness, measured by VSM-SQUID for Pt/Co/Gd sample
, XAS (blue line) and XMCD (red line) measurements of Pt/Co/Gd sample at 4K and in an applied magnetic field of 1T for a, vol.2
, 49 4.9 Sketch of the DW magnetization direction (arrow) and width (blue area) for chiral Néel (a,b) and Bloch domain walls (c,d) respectively with H x = 0 and an applied in-plane field, XAS (blue line) and XMCD (red line) measurements of Pt/Co/Gd sample at 300K and in an applied magnetic field of 1T for a, vol.2
, After saturating the film magnetization with a positive out-of-plane field (black contrast) a. nucleation of a bubble with the opposite negative magnetic field pulse (white contrast) b. Differential image illustrating the DW displacement after the application of positive magnetic field pulse. In the sketch, the vertical arrows represent the magnetization direction within the domains. The horizontal arrows the magnetization direction at the center of the chiral Néel walls
, Differential Kerr images showing the expansion of a domain during the pplication of an out-of-plane field B z whithout and with the simultaneous application of an in-plane field for Pt/Co/Pt sample, p.53
, DW speed vs in plane field H x for the Pt/Co/Pt sample, measured for up/down and down/up DW propagation in ± direction
, The differential Kerr images represent larger expansion for up/down for B z = 150mT, larger for down/up for B z = +150mT. From this, one can deduce the magnetization direction within the two DWs, therefore the left handed chirality
, DW speed vs in-plane magnetic field H x , measured for up/down and down/up DW propagating in ± direction, driven by 20ns long B z pulses of 88mT in 2cm position
, DW speed vs in-plane magnetic field H x , measured for up/down and down/up DW propagating in ± direction, driven by 20ns long B z pulses of 88mT in 3.5cm position
, DW speed vs applied magnetic field H z. The line shows the linear fit to high field for Pt/Co/Pt sample
, Dw speed vs. H z field measured for Pt/Co/GdOx sample, p.59
, 60 4.19 Speed of down/up DW vs H z in the Pt/Co/Gd sample in the presence of different fixed in-plane fields H x, p.61
, 64 5.1 a. Hall effect cycles (EHE) as a function of the applied field for Pt/Co/AlOx after oxidation with different exposure times b. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of Co 2p edges in Pt/Co/AlOx for various plasma oxidation times from 15 to 60s, Simulated DW dynamics with the Pt/Co/GdOx: A = 16 pJ/m, M s = 1.26 MA/m, D = 1.5 mJ.m ?2 , K u = 1.44 MJ.m ?3. a. perfect sample b. disordered
, 69 5.3 a. XRR data (black curve) with fit (red curve) using Brucker's LEPTOS software b. Table showing the parameters found with the fit in a
, 70 5.4 a. XRR data (black curve) with fit (red curve) using Brucker's LEPTOS software b. Table showing the values found with the fit in a
, 5 a. XRR data (black curve) with fit (red curve) using Brucker's LEPTOS software b. Table showing the values found with the fit in a. for
, Hysteresis loops measured by magneto-optical Kerr effect in different positions of the sample Pt(15)/Co/AlOx wedge b. curve of coercive field of the same sample
, as a function of Co content (1 ? x). The range of the Co composition is between to 0.77 and 0.81 the dependence was linearized by ?T comp = 44 ± 1K/at.% (red line).Image from, p.91
, Temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization for Gd 1?x Co x in different concentration of Co. Image from, p.91
, Side view showing how the gradient composition works in relation to the target. Our Si substrates are 8 cm long, and the sample positions used in the text are indicated in the figure
, Unit surface magnetization measured at 300K at different sample positions in the GdCo(4nm) sample. The two measurements for-1.5 cm were taken at different times, after different thermal treatment needed for patterning. b. Table of the values found for different positions of GdCo(4nm) for unit surface magnetization M s t and effective anisotropy field µ 0 H k. The results of the measurements carried out for some of the GdCo(4.8nm) sample positions are also reported in the Table. c. Magnetization vs temperature curve for the GdCo(4.8nm) sample for two different positions
, 96 6.9 DW speed vs. in-plane magnetic field H x , measured in the position-1.5cm for up/down and down/up DW propagating in ± direction, driven by 20ns long H z pulses of 77, p.97
, Example Pt/ GdCo(4nm)/ Ta sample with a 5ns pulses ×10
, J =, vol.1, issue.5
, 97 6.11 a. Current-driven DW speed (J = 1.57 × 10 12 A/m 2 ) measured for up/down and down/up DW as a function on H x field amplitude applied parallel to the strips for the GdCo(4nm) sample in position-1.5cm. b. Differential Kerr images indicating the DW motion, black contrast corresponds to up magnetization
, 101 6.14 a. Speed vs current density for Pt/Co (1nm)/Gd and GdOx b. Image from Miron et al. [Mir+11] for speed vs current density for Pt/Co (0.6nm), Kerr differential image of Pt/Co/Gd Sample driven by current pulses of density J = 1.4 × 10 12 A/m
, 103 6.16 a. Hysteresis loops measured by magneto-optical Kerr effect in different positions of the sample GdCo (4nm). b. curve of coercive field of the same sample, Speed vs current density a. for GdCo(4nm) in position-1.5cm and +1.5cm b. for GdCo(2nm) in position 0cm and-1.5cm
, Kerr microscopy images of the GdCo wires and sketch of the corresponding Gd and Co magnetic moments. Image taken after application of a 500 mT positive magnetic field. The compensation interface becomes visible. Image from ??
, 110 7.2 Stripe domains observed at remanence in Pt/Co/TbOx a. transform into skyrmionic bubbles for very weak fields b. Images are taken with Kerr microscopy, Field-driven DW velocity for a. fixed D = 1.5 mJ/m 2 , K eff = 1.44 MJ/m 3 and varying saturation magnetization. b
, MgO trilayers transform into bubbles in the presence of small out-of-plane fields. These images have been taken using a XMCD-PEEM microscope at the CIRCE beamline of the Alba synchrotron in Barcelona, Domains in 500 nm wide stripes in Pt/Co(1nm)
, For DWs lying perpendicular to the X-ray beam direction, thin white and black lines can be seen, corresponding to the magnetization being aligned antiparallel and parallel to the photon beam respectively. b. Line scan of the magnetic contrast corresponding to the dotted white line in (a), chiral Néel structure of domain walls using XMCD-PEEM magnetic microscopy, vol.113
, XMCD-PEEM image of a 420 nm square dot (indicated by the dotted line) and b. line scan along the dotted black line (black line). The line scan has been averaged perpendicularly to the linescan over 30 nm