, Les durées de vie à LT70, pour les OLEDs N°9

, 283 h, et 194 h respectivement, et les durées de vie LT50, pour les OLEDs N°9/10/11/15/16/17/18, sont 2275 h, 2137 h, 1135 h, 869 h, 606 h, 539 h, 343 h respectivement. Les rapports entre LT50 et LT70, p.84

, et 1,76 pour les OLEDs N°9/10/11/15/16/17/18 respectivement. La figure 75 montre l'évolution de la luminance relative des OLEDs Philips, vol.853

, La courbe luminance relative-temps de stress

A. Ainsebaa, Diodes électroluminescentes hybrides organiques inorganiques: Mécanismes aux interfaces, 2010.

A. Alexandrov, Polarons in Advanced Materials, 2007.

G. G. Andersson, M. P. Jong, G. J. Winands, A. W. Gon, L. J. Ijzendoorn et al., Failure of polymeric light emitting diodes by controlled exposure of the polymer-cathode interface to oxygen, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1103-1108, 2002.

P. Arnaud, B. Jamart-grégoire, J. Bodiguel, and N. Brosse, Chimie organique: les cours de Paul Arnaud, 2009.

H. Aziz and Z. D. Popovic, Degradation Phenomena in Small-Molecule Organic Light-Emitting Devices, Chemistry of Materials, pp.4522-4532, 2004.

H. Aziz, Z. Popovic, N. Hu, A. Hor, and G. Xu, Degradation Mechanism of Small Molecule-Based Organic Light-Emitting Devices, Science, pp.1900-1902, 1999.

H. Aziz, Z. Popovic, S. Xie, A. Hor, N. Hu et al., , 1998.

, Humidity-induced crystallization of tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum layers in organic light-emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters, pp.756-758

N. Bardsley, S. Bland, M. Hansen, L. Pattison, M. Pattison et al., Solid-State Lighting Research and Development : Multi-Year Program Plan, 2015.

J. Blochwitz, Organic light-emitting diodes with doped charge transport layers.Doctoral thesis, 2001.

E. Brown, Traité de chimie organique, 1999.

P. Bruice, C. Ouellet, and J. Gagnon, Chimie organique. Montréal ; Toronto, 2012.

. Boston,

P. E. Burrows, V. Bulovic, S. R. Forrest, L. S. Sapochak, D. M. Mccarty et al., Reliability and degradation of organic light emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters, vol.65, issue.23, pp.2922-2924, 1994.

P. E. Burrows, Z. Shen, V. Bulovic, D. M. Mccarty, S. R. Forrest et al., Relationship between electroluminescence and current transport in organic heterojunction light-emitting devices, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.79, issue.10, pp.7991-8006, 1996.

P. Burrows, M. Sullivan, G. Graff, M. Gross, P. Martin et al.,

W. Bennett, Ultra barrier flexible substrates for flat panel displays, Displays, vol.22, issue.2, pp.65-69, 2001.

Y. Cai, Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and OLED-based structurally integrated optical sensors, 2010.

X. A. Cao, X. M. Li, R. Y. Yang, and Y. M. Zhou, Effects of Localized Heating at Heterointerfaces on the Reliability of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, IEEE Electron Device Letters, pp.847-849, 2015.

A. Cester, D. Bari, J. Framarin, N. Wrachien, G. Meneghesso et al., Thermal and electrical stress effects of electrical and optical characteristics of Alq3/NPD OLED. Microelectronics Reliability, pp.1866-1870, 2010.

A. Cester, D. Bari, N. Wrachien, and G. Meneghesso, Study of the effect of stressinduced trap levels on OLED characteristics by numerical model, IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS), 2012.

C. Chang, C. Pai, W. Chen, and S. Jenekhe, Spin coating of conjugated polymers for electronic and optoelectronic applications, Thin Solid Films, pp.254-260, 2005.

H. Choukri, Contrôle de la couleur d'émission d'une OLED multicouche via la diffusion des excitons, 2008.

T. Chu and O. Song, Hole mobility of N ,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N ,N'bis(phenyl) benzidine investigated by using space-charge-limited currents, Applied Physics Letters, vol.90, issue.20, p.203512, 2007.

D. Chung and T. Kim, Equivalent-circuit Analysis of ITO/Alq3/Al Organic Light-emitting Diode, Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials, vol.8, issue.3, pp.131-134, 2007.

V. Coropceanu, J. Cornil, D. Da-silva-filho, Y. Olivier, R. Silbey et al., Charge transport in organic semiconductors, Chem. Rev, pp.926-952, 2007.

M. M. De-kok, M. Buechel, S. I. Vulto, P. Van-de-weijer, E. A. Meulenkamp et al., Modification of PEDOT:PSS as hole injection layer in polymer LEDs, vol.5, pp.1342-1359, 2004.

P. Depovere, Chimie organique: mémento, 2005.

L. Do, M. Oyamada, A. Koike, E. Han, N. Yamamoto et al., Morphological change in the degradation of Al electrode surfaces of electroluminescent devices by fluorescence microscopy and AFM, Thin Solid Films, vol.273, issue.1, pp.209-213, 1996.

J. G. Drobny, Polymers for Electricity and Electronics: Materials, Properties, and Applications, 2012.

, ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Solid State, vol.9, 2007.

S. Fan, M. Sun, J. Wang, W. Yang, and Y. Cao, Novel Polyfluorene Based Copolymers for Optoelectronic Applications, Applied Physics Letters, p.213502, 2007.

C. Féry, B. Racine, D. Vaufrey, H. Doyeux, and S. Cinà, Physical mechanism responsible for the stretched exponential decay behavior of aging organic lightemitting diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.21, pp.213502-213502, 2005.

E. Flamand and J. Bilodeau, Chimie organique: structures, nomenclature, réactions, 2008.

E. Flamand, Élements de chimie organique: techniques biologiques et physiques. Mont-Royal, 2008.

M. Flämmich, Optical Characterization of OLED Emitter Properties by Radiation Pattern Analyses, 2011.

M. Fujihira, L. Do, A. Koike, and E. Han, Growth of dark spots by interdiffusion across organic layers in organic electroluminescent devices, Applied Physics Letters, pp.1787-1789, 1996.

B. Geffroy, P. Le-roy, and C. Prat, Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology: materials, devices and display technologies, Polymer International, pp.572-582, 2006.

M. Geoghegan and G. Hadziioannou, Polymer electronics, 2013.

D. Grozea, A. Turak, X. D. Feng, Z. H. Lu, D. Johnson et al., Chemical structure of Al/LiF/Alq interfaces in organic light-emitting diodes, Applied Physics Letters, p.3173, 2002.

M. Grundmann, The physics of semiconductors: an introduction including nanophysics and applications, 2010.

H. Harold, A. Lachapelle, D. Després, and N. Liao, Chimie organique, 2008.

E. I. Haskal, A. Curioni, P. F. Seidler, and W. Andreoni, Lithium-aluminum contacts for organic light-emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters, pp.1151-1153, 1997.

G. He, Organic Semiconductor Electroluminescent Materials, Organic Optoelectronic Materials, pp.241-302, 2015.

N. Huby, Optimisation des performances d'OLEDs à base de dérivés du silole par le contrôle des structures moléculaire et supramoléculaire, 2006.

R. E. Hummel, Electronic properties of materials, 2001.

L. S. Hung, C. W. Tang, and M. G. Mason, Enhanced electron injection in organic electroluminescence devices using an Al/LiF electrode, Applied Physics Letters, p.152, 1997.

K. Hyunjoo, Récupéré sur OLEDnet, vol.8, 2016.

M. Ishii and Y. Taga, Influence of temperature and drive current on degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.80, p.3430, 2002.

A. Johnson, White-Light Generation and OLED Lifetime Issues, 2008.

C. Jonda and A. B. Mayer, Investigation of the Electronic Properties of Organic Light-Emitting Devices by Impedance Spectroscopy, Chemistry of Materials, vol.11, issue.9, pp.1520-5002, 1999.

J. Jou, S. Kumar, and Y. Jou, Disruptive characteristics and lifetime issues of OLEDs, Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Materials, Devices and Applications, vol.28, pp.410-442, 2013.

G. Jung, A. Yates, I. Samuel, and M. Petty, Lifetime studies of light-emitting diode structures incorporating polymeric Langmuir-Blodgett films, Materials Science & Engineering C, pp.1-10, 2001.

A. Kahn, N. Koch, and W. Gao, Electronic Structure and Electrical Properties of Interfaces between Metals and ?-Conjugated Molecular Films, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, pp.2529-2548, 2003.

M. Kamalasanan, R. Srivastava, G. Chauhan, A. Kumar, P. Tayagi et al., Organic Light Emitting Diode for White Light Emission, 2010.

. Mazzeo, Organic Light Emitting Diode, pp.179-224

H. Kanaan, Spectroscopie d'électro-absorption appliquée aux diodes électroluminescentes (OLEDs) et aux cellules photovoltaïques organiques (OPVs), 2009.

M. B. Khalifa, D. Vaufrey, A. Bouazizi, J. Tardy, and H. Maaref, Hole injection and transport in ITO/PEDOT/PVK/Al diodes, Materials Science & Engineering C, pp.277-282, 2002.

V. K. Khanna, Fundamentals of Solid-State Lighting, 2014.

W. Kim, D. Kim, B. Kim, B. Lee, and Y. Kwon, Characteristics of white OLED using Zn(phen) as a yellowish green emitting layer and BCP as a hole blocking layer, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, pp.320-323, 2008.

S. M. King, D. Dai, C. Rothe, and A. P. Monkman, Exciton annihilation in a polyfluorene: Low threshold for singlet-singlet annihilation and the absence of singlet-triplet annihilation, Phys. Rev. B, vol.76, p.85204, 2007.

P. Krausz, R. Benhaddou, and R. Granet, Mini manuel de chimie organique : cours + exos, 2015.

Y. Kuwabara, H. Ogawa, H. Inada, N. Noma, and Y. Shirota, Thermally stable multilared organic electroluminescent devices using novel starburst molecules, 4,4?,4?-Tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) and 4,4?,4?-Tris(3methylphenylphenylamino)triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), as hole-transport materials, Advanced Materials, vol.9, pp.677-679, 1994.

F. Laquai, Y. Park, and J. Kim, Excitation Energy Transfer in Organic Materials: From Fundamentals to Optoelectronic Devices, vol.30, pp.1203-1231, 2009.

S. T. Lee, Z. Q. Gao, and L. S. Hung, Metal diffusion from electrodes in organic light-emitting diodes, Applied Physics Letters, 1404.

Y. S. Lee, J. Park, J. S. Choi, and J. I. Han, Admittance Spectroscopic Characteristics and Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Small Molecule-Based Organic Light Emitting Diodes, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.42, issue.5A, pp.2715-2718, 2003.

J. S. Lewis and M. S. Weaver, Thin-film permeation-barrier technology for flexible organic light-emitting devices, IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol.10, issue.1, pp.45-57, 2004.

H. Lu and M. Yokoyama, Plasma preparation on indium-tin-oxide anode surface for organic light emitting diodes, Journal of Crystal Growth, pp.186-190, 2004.

Y. Luo, H. Aziz, Z. D. Popovic, and G. Xu, Degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting devices: Metal migration model versus unstable tris(8hydroxyquinoline) aluminum cationic model, Journal of Applied Physics, pp.34510-034510, 2007.

Y. Luo, H. Aziz, G. Xu, and Z. Popovic, Electron-induced quenching of excitons in luminescent materials, Chemistry of Materials, pp.2288-2291, 2007.

Y. Luo, H. Aziz, G. Xu, and Z. Popovic, Similar Roles of Electrons and Holes in Luminescence Degradation of Organic Light-Emitting Devices Similar Roles of Electrons and Holes in Luminescence Degradation of Organic Light-Emitting Devices, Chemistry of Materials, pp.2079-2083, 2007.

T. Maindron and D. Vaufrey, La technologie OLED, Mottier, Les diodes électroluminescentes pour l'éclairage, pp.233-264, 2008.

P. Mark and W. Helfrich, Space-Charge-Limited Currents in Organic Crystals, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.205-215, 1962.

J. Mcmurry and E. Simanek, Chimie organique : les grands principes : cours et exercices corrigés, 2007.

J. Mcmurry, Fundamentals of organic chemistry. Australia ; Canada, 2003.

. Mexico,

R. Meerheim, K. Walzer, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, Ultrastable and efficient red organic light emitting diodes with doped transport layers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.89, issue.6, p.61111, 2006.

H. Meng and H. Norman, Organic Small Molecule Materials for Organic LightEmitting Diodes, Organic light-emitting materials and devices, pp.295-412, 2007.

H. Meng, Polymer Electronics, 2012.

A. Moliton, Optoelectronics of Molecules and Polymers, 2006.

A. Moliton, Électronique et photo-électronique des matériaux et composants, 2009.

A. Moliton, Electronique et optoélectronique organiques, 2010.

J. M. Montero, Charge Transport in organic semiconductors with application to optoelectronic devices.Doctoral thesis, 2010.

J. M. Montero and J. Bisquert, Trap origin of field-dependent mobility of the carrier transport in organic layers, Solid-State Electronics, vol.55, issue.1, pp.1-4, 2011.

P. N. Murgatroyd, Theory of space-charge-limited current enhanced by Frenkel effect, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.3, issue.2, p.308, 1970.

T. Nagamoto, Y. Maruta, and O. Omoto, Electrical and optical profites of vacuum evaporated indium-tin oxide films with high electron mobility, Thin Solid Films, pp.17-25, 1990.

Y. Nakayama, S. Machida, Y. Miyazaki, T. Nishi, Y. Noguchi et al., Electronic structures at organic heterojunctions of N,N?-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N?diphenyl-1,1?-biphenyl-4,4?-diamin (NPB)-based organic light emitting diodes, Organic Electronics, pp.2850-2855, 2012.

D. A. Neamen, semiconductor physics and devices basic principles, 2012.

G. Nenna, M. Barra, A. Cassinese, R. Miscioscia, T. Fasolino et al.,

D. Sala and D. , Insights into thermal degradation of organic light emitting diodes induced by glass transition through impedance spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Physics, issue.12, pp.123511-123511, 2009.

T. P. Nguyen, C. Renaud, C. H. Huang, C. Lo, C. Lee et al., Effect of electrical operation on the defect states in organic semiconductors, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, pp.92-95, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00396696

J. W. Nicholson, The Chemistry of Polymers, 2006.

H. T. Nicolai, M. M. Mandoc, and P. W. Blom, Electron traps in semiconducting polymers: Exponential versus Gaussian trap distribution, Physical Review BCondensed Matter and Materials Physics, vol.83, issue.19, 2011.

F. Ortmann, F. Bechstedt, and K. Hannewald, Charge transport in organic crystals: Interplay of band transport, hopping and electron-phonon scattering, New Journal of Physics, p.23011, 2010.

J. W. Park, D. C. Shin, and S. H. Park, Large-area OLED lightings and their applications, Semiconductor Science and Technology, p.34002, 2011.

S. Park, C. Lee, W. Song, and C. Seoul, Enhanced electron injection in organic light-emitting devices using Al/LiF electrodes, Current Applied Physics, pp.116-120, 2001.

I. .. Parker, Y. Cao, and C. .. Yang, Lifetime and degradation effects in polymer light-emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys, vol.85, p.2441, 1999.

I. D. Parker, Carrier tunneling and device characteristics in polymer light-emitting diodes, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.75, issue.3, pp.1656-1666, 1994.

Z. Peng and M. E. Galvin, Polymers with High Electron Affinities for LightEmitting Diodes, Chemistry of Materials, pp.1785-1788, 1998.

L. Pereira, Organic Light Emitting Diodes: The Use of Rare Earth and Transition Metals, 2012.

C. Pinot, Modélisation électrique des diodes électroluminescentes organiques multicouches dopées. Application à de nouvelles architectures, 2008.

A. Pitarch, G. Garcia-belmonte, J. Bisquert, and H. J. Bolink, Impedance of space-charge-limited currents in organic light-emitting diodes with double injection and strong recombination, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.100, issue.8, p.84502, 2006.

S. Reineke, M. Thomschke, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, White organic light-emitting diodes: Status and perspective, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.85, issue.3, pp.1245-1293, 2013.

F. Reisdorffer, Dégradation des diodes électroluminescentes organiques : analyses électriques et thermiques, 2013.

C. Renaud and T. Nguyen, Study of trap states in polyspirobifluorene based devices: Influence of aging by electrical stress, Journal of Applied Physics, pp.53707-053707, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00432843

S. Roth, Hopping Conduction in Electrically Conducting Polymers, 1991.

&. B. Pollak and . Shklovskii, Hopping Transport in Solids, pp.377-395

M. Schaer, F. Nüesch, D. Berner, W. Leo, and L. Zuppiroli, Water Vapor and Oxygen Degradation Mechanisms in Organic Light Emitting Diodes, Advanced Functional Materials, vol.11, issue.2, pp.116-121, 2001.

R. Schmeche and H. Von-seggern, Electronic traps in organic transport layers, Physica Status Solidi (A) Applied Research, pp.1215-1235, 2004.

S. Schols, Device Architecture and Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Devices, 2011.

S. Scholz, D. Kondakov, B. Lüssem, and K. Leo, Degradation Mechanisms and Reactions in Organic Light-Emitting Devices, Chemical reviews, vol.115, issue.16, p.8449, 2015.

T. Shahul-hameed, P. Predeep, and M. Baiju, Organic Light Emitting Diodes: Device Physics and Effect of Ambience on Performance Parameters, 2011.

. Predeep, Optoelectronics-Devices and Applications, pp.3-22

M. Stossel, J. Staudigel, F. Steuber, and J. Simmerer, Impact of the cathode metal work function on the performance of vacuum-deposited organic light emittingdevices, Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, pp.387-390, 1999.

S. M. Sze and M. Lee, Semiconductor devices: physics and technology, 2013.

S. M. Sze and K. K. Ng, physics of semiconductors devices, 2007.

S. Tadayyon, H. Grandin, K. Griffiths, P. Norton, H. Aziz et al., , 2004.

, CuPc buffer layer role in OLED performance: a study of the interfacial band energies, Organic Electronics, pp.157-166

Y. Tak, K. Kim, H. Park, K. Lee, and J. Lee, Criteria for ITO (indium-tin-oxide) thin film as the bottom electrode of an organic light emitting diode, Thin Solid Films, pp.12-16, 2002.

K. Tashiro, E. Dans, C. R. Piorkowska, and . Gregory, Growth of polymer crystals, Handbook of polymer crystallization, pp.165-196, 2013.

S. Tse, C. Cheung, and S. So, Charge Transport and Injection in Amorphous Organic Semiconductors, Organic electronics: materials, processing, devices and applications, pp.61-109, 2010.

T. Tsuboi, A. Bansal, and A. Penzkofer, Fluorescence and phosphorescence behavior of TPD doped and TPD neat films, Thin Solid Films, pp.835-838, 2009.

M. Tyagi, Physics of Schottky Barrier Junctions, MetalSemiconductor Schottky Barrier Junctions and Their Applications, pp.1-60, 1984.

N. Ueno, T. Sueyoshi, F. Bussolotti, and S. Kera, Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) III: Direct Study of, 2013.

U. Ultrahigh-sensitivity, H. K. Dans, and . Ishii, Electronic Processes in Organic Electronics, pp.51-68

D. Vaufrey, Réalisation d'OLED à émission par la surface :Optimisation de structures ITO / semiconducteurs organiques, 2003.

M. S. Weaver, P. M. Martin, M. Hall, E. Mast, C. Bonham et al., Organic light-emitting devices with extended operating lifetimes on plastic substrates, Applied Physics Letters, vol.81, issue.16, p.2929, 2002.

S. Wu, S. Han, H. Zheng, Y. Zheng, N. Liu et al., pH-neutral PEDOT:PSS as hole injection layer in polymer light emitting diodes, Organic Electronics, pp.504-508, 2011.

K. Yamashita, T. Mori, and T. Mizutani, Encapsulation of organic light-emitting diode using thermal chemical-vapour-deposition polymer film, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.5, pp.740-743, 2001.

Y. Yang and Y. Shao, White organic light-emitting diodes prepared by a fused organic solid solution method, Applied Physics Letters, p.73510, 2005.

P. Yawalkar, S. Dhoble, N. Thejo-kalyani, R. Atram, and N. Kokode, Photoluminescence of Alq3and Tb-activated aluminium-tris(8hydroxyquinoline) complex for blue chip-excited OLEDs, Luminescence, pp.63-68, 2013.

W. Zhang, Z. Wu, S. Liang, B. Jiao, X. Zhang et al., Study on scalable Coulombic degradation for estimating the lifetime of organic lightemitting, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.44, p.155103, 2011.

D. Zou and T. Tsutsui, Voltage shift phenomena introduced by reverse-bias application in multilayer organic light emitting diodes, J. Appl. Phys, vol.87, 1951.

T. Zyung and J. Kim, Photodegradation of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) by laser light at the peak wavelength of electroluminescence, Applied Physics Letters, vol.67, issue.23, p.3420, 1995.