P. Abdulhannan, D. A. Russell, and S. Homer-vanniasinkam, Peripheral arterial disease: a literature review, Br Med Bull, vol.104, pp.21-39, 2012.

V. Aboyans, P. Abraham, J. P. Beregi, M. A. Delesalle, P. Delsart et al., Physiologie de la circulation sanguine, EMC-Cardiologie, 2011.

V. Aboyans, M. H. Criqui, P. Abraham, M. A. Allison, M. A. Creager et al., Measurement and interpretation of the ankle-brachial index: a scientific statement from the, American Heart Association. Circulation, vol.126, issue.24, pp.2890-2909, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921590

V. Aboyans, M. H. Criqui, R. L. Mcclelland, M. A. Allison, M. M. Mcdermott et al., Intrinsic contribution of gender and ethnicity to normal ankle-brachial index values: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), J Vasc Surg, vol.45, issue.2, pp.319-327, 2007.

V. Aboyans, P. Lacroix, S. Doucet, P. M. Preux, M. H. Criqui et al., Diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in general practice: can the ankle-brachial index be measured either by pulse palpation or an automatic blood pressure device?, Int J Clin Pract, vol.62, issue.7, pp.1001-1007, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338048

P. Abraham, S. Bickert, B. Vielle, J. M. Chevalier, and J. L. Saumet, Pressure measurements at rest and after heavy exercise to detect moderate arterial lesions in athletes, J Vasc Surg, vol.33, issue.4, pp.721-727, 2001.
DOI : 10.1067/mva.2001.112802
URL : https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2001.112802

P. Abraham, B. Desvaux, D. Colin, G. Leftheriotis, and J. L. Saumet, Heart rate-corrected ankle-to-arm index in the diagnosis of moderate lower extremity arterial disease, Angiology, vol.46, issue.8, pp.673-677, 1995.

P. Abraham, B. Desvaux, and J. L. Saumet, Ankle-brachial index after maximum exercise in treadmill and cycle ergometers in athletes, Clin Physiol, vol.18, issue.4, pp.321-326, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2281.1998.00100.x

M. Al-qaisi, D. M. Nott, D. H. King, and S. Kaddoura, Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI): An update for practitioners. Vasc Health Risk Manag, vol.5, pp.833-841, 2009.
DOI : 10.2147/vhrm.s6759
URL : https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.s6759

G. Alinier, W. B. Hunt, and R. Gordon, Determining the value of simulation in nurse education: study design and initial results, Nurse Educ Pract, vol.4, issue.3, pp.200-207, 2004.

B. Andreassian, C. Bonithon-kopp, J. Bonnet, F. Becker, L. Drouet et al., Chapitre 4 : Dépistage précoce par l'index de pression cheville/bras. Arthériopathie des membres inférieurs : dépistages et risque cardiovasculaire, 1994.

R. Asmar, , 2007.

, Nephrol Ther, vol.3, issue.4, pp.163-184

A. Avogaro and G. P. Fadini, Mechanisms of ectopic calcification: implications for diabetic vasculopathy, Cardiovasc Diagn Ther, vol.5, issue.5, pp.343-352, 2015.
DOI : 10.1517/14728222.2014.894021

M. Bakehe, Système Cardiovasculaire I: Xlibris Corporation, 2013.

J. D. Baker, Poststress Doppler ankle pressures: a comparison of treadmill exercise with two other methods of induced hyperemia, Arch Surg, vol.113, issue.10, pp.1171-1173, 1978.

G. Ballard, S. Piper, and P. Stokes, Effect of simulated learning on blood pressure measurement skills, Nurs Stand, vol.27, issue.8, pp.43-47, 2012.

S. Barquera, A. Pedroza-tobias, C. Medina, L. Hernandez-barrera, K. Bibbinsdomingo et al., Global Overview of the Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease, Arch Med Res, vol.46, issue.5, pp.328-338, 2015.

F. Becker, F. Luizy, J. M. Baud, and O. Pichot, Duplex US) of the lower limb arteries in vascular medicine, 2011.

, J Mal Vasc, vol.36, issue.6, pp.364-385

J. A. Beckman, C. O. Higgins, and M. Gerhard-herman, Automated oscillometric determination of the ankle-brachial index provides accuracy necessary for office practice, Hypertension, vol.47, issue.1, pp.35-38, 2006.

D. Benchimol, X. Pillois, M. Oysel-mestre, P. Sagardiluz, and J. Bonnet, Ankle brachial index using an automatic blood pressure device in occupational medicine: relevance in routine examination and comparison with Framingham cardio-vascular risk score, Int J Clin Pract, vol.66, issue.9, pp.862-866, 2012.

A. Benetos, S. Laurent, A. P. Hoeks, P. H. Boutouyrie, and M. E. Safar, Arterial alterations with aging and high blood pressure. A noninvasive study of carotid and femoral arteries, Arterioscler Thromb, vol.13, issue.1, pp.90-97, 1993.
DOI : 10.1161/01.atv.13.1.90
URL : https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.ATV.13.1.90

J. F. Bentzon, F. Otsuka, R. Virmani, and E. Falk, Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture, Circ Res, vol.114, issue.12, pp.1852-1866, 2014.

R. Berguer and N. H. Hwang, Critical arterial stenosis: a theoretical and experimental solution, Ann Surg, vol.180, issue.1, pp.39-50, 1974.

M. Bland and K. Ousey, Preparing students to competently measure blood pressure in the real-world environment: a comparison between New Zealand and the United Kingdom, Nurse Educ Pract, vol.12, issue.1, pp.28-35, 2012.

M. M. Bottenberg, G. A. Bryant, S. L. Haack, and A. M. North, Assessing pharmacy students' ability to accurately measure blood pressure using a blood pressure simulator arm, Am J Pharm Educ, vol.77, issue.5, p.98, 2013.
DOI : 10.5688/ajpe77598
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3687131?pdf=render

A. Bruneau, A. Le-faucheur, G. Mahe, B. Vielle, G. Leftheriotis et al., Endofibrosis in athletes: is a simple bedside exercise helpful or sufficient for the diagnosis?, Clin J Sport Med, vol.19, issue.4, pp.282-286, 2009.

A. Bura-rivière and H. Boccalon, Physiologie et exploration de la circulation artérielle, EMC-Podologie, vol.10, issue.4, pp.1-22, 2014.

A. Calas, H. J. Boulouis, J. F. Perrin, C. Plas, and P. Vanneste, Chapitre 5. Coeur et circulation. Précis de physiologie, pp.83-113, 2016.

G. Caligiuri, Rôle de l'immunité dans l'athérosclérose et dans les syndromes coronariens aigus, Medecine/Sciences, vol.20, issue.2, pp.175-181, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/medsci/2004202175
URL : https://www.medecinesciences.org/articles/medsci/pdf/2004/02/medsci2004202p175.pdf

S. A. Carter, Indirect systolic pressures and pulse waves in arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremities, Circulation, vol.37, issue.4, pp.624-637, 1968.

S. Chaudru, P. Y. De-mullenheim, A. Le-faucheur, V. Jaquinandi, and G. Mahe, Ankle brachial index teaching: A call for an international action, Int J Cardiol, vol.184, pp.489-491, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01134196

S. Chaudru, P. Y. De-mullenheim, A. Le-faucheur, A. Kaladji, V. Jaquinandi et al., Training to Perform Ankle-Brachial Index: Systematic Review and Perspectives to Improve Teaching and Learning, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, vol.51, issue.2, pp.240-247, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01220638

P. Chirossel, R. Barbe, A. Clermont, D. Revel, and M. Amiel, Notion de stenose arterielle critique: interet d'une modelisation des mesures obtenues par methode angiographique et technique Doppler, avant et apres angioplastie endoluminale des arteres iliaques, J Mal Vasc, vol.13, issue.2, pp.89-94, 1988.

A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green et al., The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report, vol.289, pp.2560-2572, 2003.

F. Congnard, P. Abraham, F. Vincent, T. Le-tourneau, F. Carre et al., Ankle to brachial systolic pressure index at rest increases with age in asymptomatic physically active participants, BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, vol.1, issue.1, p.81, 2015.
DOI : 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000081
URL : http://bmjopensem.bmj.com/content/1/1/e000081.full.pdf

F. Congnard, A. Bruneau, P. Abraham, C. Colas-ribas, J. Picquet et al., Time and reliability issues associated with automatic vs. manual measurements of Ankle to Brachial pressure Index (ABI) following heavy load exercise, J Sci Med Sport, vol.18, issue.6, pp.737-741, 2014.

C. H. Cottart, C. Laguillier, V. Nivet-antoine, C. Klimczak, C. Sebban et al., Biologie du vieillissement artériel et artériosclérose, C.R. Biologies, vol.332, pp.433-447, 2009.

M. H. Criqui and V. Aboyans, Epidemiology of peripheral artery disease, Circ Res, vol.116, issue.9, pp.1509-1526, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01233163

M. H. Criqui, A. Fronek, E. Barrett-connor, M. R. Klauber, S. Gabriel et al., The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population, Circulation, vol.71, issue.3, pp.510-515, 1985.

X. Dachun, L. Jue, Z. Liling, X. Yawei, H. Dayi et al., Sensitivity and specificity of the ankle-brachial index to diagnose peripheral artery disease: a structured review, Vasc Med, vol.15, issue.5, pp.361-369, 2010.

V. Deplano and M. Siouffi, Experimental and numerical study of pulsatile flows through stenosis: wall shear stress analysis, J Biomech, vol.32, issue.10, pp.1081-1090, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00098-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00085336

B. Desvaux, P. Abraham, D. Colin, G. Leftheriotis, and J. L. Saumet, Ankle systolic blood pressure following sub-maximal and maximal exercises in healthy young men, J Sports Med Phys Fitness, vol.35, issue.2, pp.127-130, 1995.

B. Desvaux, P. Abraham, D. Colin, G. Leftheriotis, and J. L. Saumet, Ankle to arm index following maximal exercise in normal subjects and athletes, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.28, issue.7, pp.836-839, 1996.

B. Desvaux, P. Abraham, D. Colin, G. Leftheriotis, and J. L. Saumet, Ankle to arm index response to exercise and heat stress in healthy subjects, Clin Physiol, vol.16, issue.1, pp.1-7, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1996.tb00551.x

N. Diehm, F. Dick, C. Czuprin, H. Lawall, I. Baumgartner et al., Oscillometric measurement of ankle-brachial index in patients with suspected peripheral disease: comparison with Doppler method, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.139, pp.357-363, 2009.

K. P. Dingemans, P. Teeling, J. H. Lagendijk, and A. E. Becker, Extracellular matrix of the human aortic media: an ultrastructural histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the adult aortic media, Anat Rec, vol.258, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2000.

M. Elbaz and J. F. Arnal, Dysfonction endothéliale et athérosclérose. Réalités Cardiologiques, p.215, 2006.

H. G. Endres, C. Hucke, T. Holland-letz, H. J. Trampisch, C. Espinola-klein et al., A new efficient trial design for assessing reliability of ankle-brachial index measures by three different observer groups, BMC Cardiovasc Disord, vol.6, issue.9, pp.961-967, 2006.

H. H. Feringa, J. J. Bax, V. H. Van-waning, E. Boersma, A. Elhendy et al., The long-term prognostic value of the resting and postexercise ankle-brachial index, Arch Intern Med, vol.166, issue.5, pp.529-535, 2006.

C. L. Forjaz, Y. Matsudaira, F. B. Rodrigues, N. Nunes, and C. E. Negrao, Post-exercise changes in blood pressure, heart rate and rate pressure product at different exercise intensities in normotensive humans, Braz J Med Biol Res, issue.10, pp.1247-1255, 1998.
DOI : 10.1590/s0100-879x1998001000003
URL : http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjmbr/v31n10/2964c.pdf

F. G. Fowkes, E. Housley, E. H. Cawood, C. C. Macintyre, C. V. Ruckley et al., Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population, Int J Epidemiol, vol.20, issue.2, pp.384-392, 1991.

F. G. Fowkes, G. D. Murray, I. Butcher, C. L. Heald, R. J. Lee et al., Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis, 2008.

, JAMA, vol.300, issue.2, pp.197-208

F. G. Fowkes, D. Rudan, I. Rudan, V. Aboyans, J. O. Denenberg et al., Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis, Lancet, vol.382, issue.9901, pp.1329-1340, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00925590

J. Frostegard, Acute vascular endothelial changes associated with increased blood velocity gradients, Circ Res, vol.11, issue.2, pp.165-197, 1968.

R. F. Furchgott and J. V. Zavadzki, The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine, Nature, vol.299, pp.373-376, 1980.

A. W. Gardner and P. S. Montgomery, Comparison of three blood pressure methods used for determining ankle/brachial index in patients with intermittent claudication, Angiology, vol.49, issue.9, pp.723-728, 1998.

.. L. Ge-healthcare, B. Garcia, K. Wolski, D. C. Jones, K. A. Macdonald et al., Validation of a method for determination of the ankle-brachial index in the seated position, CARESCAPE V100 Vital Signs Monitor-Service Manual, vol.48, pp.1204-1210, 2008.

M. Grenon, J. Gagnon, and Y. Hsiang, Ankle-brachial index for assessment of peripheral arterial disease, N Engl J Med, vol.40, p.361, 2009.
DOI : 10.1056/nejmvcm0807012

J. R. Halliwill, J. A. Taylor, T. D. Hartwig, and D. L. Eckberg, Augmented baroreflex heart rate gain after moderate-intensity, dynamic exercise, Am J Physiol, vol.270, issue.2, pp.420-426, 1996.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.2.r420

G. K. Hansson and P. Libby, The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.6, issue.7, pp.508-519, 2006.

W. R. Hiatt, S. Hoag, and R. F. Hamman, Effect of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study, Circulation, vol.91, issue.5, pp.1472-1479, 1995.

D. W. Hill, M. A. Collins, K. J. Cureton, and J. J. Demello, Blood pressure response after weight training exercise, J Appl Sport Sci Res, vol.3, pp.44-47, 1989.
DOI : 10.1519/1533-4287(1989)003<0044:bprawt>2.3.co;2

A. T. Hirsch, Z. J. Haskal, N. R. Hertzer, C. W. Bakal, M. A. Creager et al., ACC/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 2006.

, Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation, Circulation, vol.113, issue.11, pp.463-654

T. Holland-letz, H. G. Endres, S. Biedermann, M. Mahn, J. Kunert et al., Reproducibility and reliability of the ankle-brachial index as assessed by vascular experts, family physicians and nurses, Vasc Med, vol.12, issue.2, pp.105-112, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571355

A. Holzinger, M. Kickmeier-rust, S. Wassertheurer, and M. Hessinger, Learning performance with interactive simulations in medical education : Lessons learned from results of learning complex physiological models with the HAEMOdynamics SIMulator, Computers & Education, vol.52, pp.292-301, 2009.

, Variability of blood pressure and the results of screening in the hypertension detection and follow-up program, Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group, vol.31, pp.651-667, 1978.

A. Ishida, M. Miyagi, K. Kinjo, and Y. Ohya, Age-and sex-related effects on ankle-brachial index in a screened cohort of Japanese: the Okinawa Peripheral Arterial Disease Study (OPADS), Eur J Prev Cardiol, 2012.

M. P. Jacob, Matrice extracellulaire et vieillissement vasculaire, Medecine/Sciences, vol.22, pp.273-278, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/medsci/2006223273
URL : https://www.medecinesciences.org/articles/medsci/pdf/2006/04/medsci2006223p273.pdf

N. U. Jeelani, B. D. Braithwaite, C. Tomlin, and S. T. Macsweeney, Variation of method for measurement of brachial artery pressure significantly affects ankle-brachial pressure index values, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, vol.20, issue.1, pp.25-28, 2000.

R. C. Johnson, J. A. Leopold, and J. Loscalzo, Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications, Circ Res, issue.10, pp.1044-1059, 2006.

A. L. Kierszenbaum, Chapitre 12. Système cardiovasculaire. istologie et iologie cellulaire: une introduction a l'anatomie pathologique, p.321, 2006.

. Bruxelles,

G. E. King, Influence of rate of cuff inflation and deflation on observed blood pressure by sphygmomanometry, Am Heart J, vol.65, pp.303-306, 1963.

S. Klein and J. J. Hage, Measurement, calculation, and normal range of the ankle-arm index: a bibliometric analysis and recommendation for standardization, Ann Vasc Surg, vol.20, issue.2, pp.282-292, 2006.

A. Kollias, A. Xilomenos, A. Protogerou, E. Dimakakos, and G. S. Stergiou, Automated determination of the ankle-brachial index using an oscillometric blood pressure monitor: validation vs. Doppler measurement and cardiovascular risk factor profile, Hypertens Res, vol.34, issue.7, pp.825-830, 2011.

M. Korno, N. Eldrup, and H. Sillesen, Comparison of ankle-brachial index measured by an automated oscillometric apparatus with that by standard Doppler technique in vascular patients, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, vol.38, issue.5, pp.610-615, 2009.

D. N. Ku, D. P. Giddens, C. K. Zarins, and S. Glagov, Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive correlation between plaque location and low oscillating shear stress, Arteriosclerosis, vol.5, issue.3, pp.293-302, 1985.

S. Laurent, J. Cockcroft, L. Van-bortel, P. Boutouyrie, C. Giannattasio et al., Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications, Eur Heart J, vol.27, issue.21, pp.2588-2605, 2006.

L. Faucheur, A. Noury-desvaux, B. Jaquinandi, V. , L. Saumet et al., Simultaneous arterial pressure recordings improve the detection of endofibrosis, Med Sci Sports Exerc, vol.38, issue.11, pp.1889-1894, 2006.

B. Y. Lee, C. Assadi, J. L. Madden, D. Kavner, F. S. Trainor et al., Hemodynamics of arterial stenosis, World J Surg, vol.2, issue.5, pp.621-627, 1978.

H. Y. Lee and B. H. Oh, Aging and arterial stiffness, Circ J, vol.74, issue.11, pp.2257-2262, 2010.

J. J. Lee, D. M. Sobieraj, and E. L. Kuti, Student measurement of blood pressure using a simulator arm compared with a live subject's arm, Am J Pharm Educ, issue.5, p.74, 2010.

G. C. Leng, F. G. Fowkes, A. J. Lee, J. Dunbar, E. Housley et al., Use of ankle brachial pressure index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study, BMJ, issue.7070, pp.1440-1444, 1996.

J. A. Leopold and J. Loscalzo, Clinical importance of understanding vascular biology, Cardiol Rev, vol.8, issue.2, pp.115-123, 2000.

U. Leuenberger, L. Sinoway, S. Gubin, L. Gaul, D. Davis et al., Effects of exercise intensity and duration on norepinephrine spillover and clearance in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.75, issue.2, pp.668-674, 1993.

J. R. Levick, Chapter 1. Overview of the cardiovascular system An introduction to cardiovascular physiology, pp.1-15, 2010.

J. R. Levick, Haemodynamics: flow, pressure, resistance. An introduction to cardiovascular physiology, pp.116-146, 2010.

B. Levy, Modifications de la paroi artérielle au cours du vieillissement. La Revue de médecine interne, vol.27, pp.40-42, 2006.

S. Lewington, R. Clarke, N. Qizilbash, R. Peto, and R. Collins, Agespecific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a metaanalysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies, Lancet, vol.360, issue.9349, pp.1903-1913, 2002.

M. X. Li, J. J. Beech-brandt, L. R. John, P. R. Hoskins, and W. J. Easson, Numerical analysis of pulsatile blood flow and vessel wall mechanics in different degrees of stenoses, J Biomech, vol.40, issue.16, pp.3715-3724, 2007.

K. Logason, T. Barlin, M. L. Jonsson, A. Bostrom, H. G. Hardemark et al., The importance of Doppler angle of insonation on differentiation between 50-69% and 70-99% carotid artery stenosis, Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, vol.21, issue.4, pp.311-313, 2001.

C. Macchi, C. Catini, F. Giannelli, F. Cecchi, L. Corcos et al., Collateral circulation in distal occlusion of lower limb arteries: an anatomical study and statistical research in 40 elderly subjects by echocolor-Doppler method, Ital J Anat Embryol, vol.101, issue.4, pp.221-227, 1996.

A. M. Macdougall, V. Tandon, M. P. Wilson, and T. W. Wilson, Oscillometric measurement of ankle-brachial index, Can J Cardiol, vol.24, issue.1, pp.49-51, 2008.

F. Mach, L'athérosclérose : une maladie inflammatoire, Rev Med Suisse, p.2292, 2000.

G. Mahe, Ankle-brachial index measurement: Methods of teaching in French medical schools and review of literature, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01141681

, J Mal Vasc, vol.40, issue.3, pp.165-172

S. Male, A. Coull, and T. Murphy-black, Preliminary study to investigate the normal range of Ankle Brachial Pressure Index in young adults, J Clin Nurs, vol.16, issue.10, pp.1878-1885, 2007.

G. Mancia, G. De-backer, A. Dominiczak, R. Cifkova, R. Fagard et al., Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), J Hypertens, vol.25, issue.6, pp.1105-1187, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02042310

F. C. Mann, J. F. Herrick, H. E. Essex, and E. J. Baldes, The effect on blood flow of decreasing the lumen of a blood vessel, Surgery, vol.4, issue.2, pp.249-252, 1938.

C. S. Mccaughey and M. K. Traynor, The role of simulation in nurse education, Nurse Educ Today, vol.30, issue.8, pp.827-832, 2010.

M. M. Mcdermott, D. R. Kerwin, K. Liu, G. J. Martin, E. O&apos;brien et al., Prevalence and significance of unrecognized lower extremity peripheral arteraial disease in general medicine practice, J Gen Intern Med, vol.16, pp.384-390, 2001.

M. M. Mcdermott, K. Liu, M. H. Criqui, K. Ruth, D. Goff et al., Ankle-brachial index and subclinical cardiac and carotid disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis, Am J Epidemiol, vol.162, issue.1, pp.33-41, 2005.

M. M. Mcdermott, K. Liu, P. Greenland, J. M. Guralnik, M. H. Criqui et al., Functional decline in peripheral arterial disease: associations with the ankle brachial index and leg symptoms, JAMA, vol.292, issue.4, pp.453-461, 2004.

C. M. Mceniery, . Yasmin, I. R. Hall, A. Qasem, I. B. Wilkinson et al., Normal vascular aging: differential effects on wave reflection and aortic pulse wave velocity: the Anglo-Cardiff Collaborative Trial (ACCT), J Am Coll Cardiol, vol.46, issue.9, pp.1753-1760, 2005.

W. T. Meijer, A. W. Hoes, D. Rutgers, M. L. Bots, A. Hofman et al., Peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, vol.18, issue.2, pp.185-192, 1998.
DOI : 10.1161/01.atv.18.2.185
URL : https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.ATV.18.2.185

W. S. Moore and J. M. Malone, Effect of flow rate and vessel calibre on critical arterial stenosis, J Surg Res, vol.26, issue.1, pp.1-9, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-4804(79)90071-4

K. A. Mundt, L. E. Chambless, C. B. Burnham, and G. Heiss, Measuring ankle systolic blood pressure: validation of the Dinamap 1846 SX, Angiology, vol.43, issue.7, pp.555-566, 1992.

M. R. Nelson, S. Quinn, T. M. Winzenberg, F. Howes, L. Shiel et al., Ankle-Brachial Index determination and peripheral arterial disease diagnosis by an oscillometric blood pressure device in primary care: validation and diagnostic accuracy study, BMJ Open, vol.2, issue.5, 2012.
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001689
URL : https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/5/e001689.full.pdf

M. R. Nendaz and A. Perrier, Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of a diagnostic test, Rev Mal Respir, vol.21, issue.2, pp.390-393, 2004.

E. Neven, . De, T. M. Schutter, M. E. De-broe, and P. C. Haese, Cell biological and physicochemical aspects of arterial calcification, Kidney Int, vol.79, issue.11, pp.1166-1177, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/ki.2011.59
URL : https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.59

L. Norgren, W. R. Hiatt, J. A. Dormandy, M. R. Nehler, K. A. Harris et al., Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II), Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg, p.33, 2007.

Y. Nukumizu, M. Matsushita, T. Sakurai, M. Kobayashi, N. Nishikimi et al., Comparison of Doppler and oscillometric ankle blood pressure measurement in patients with angiographically documented lower extremity arterial occlusive disease, Angiology, vol.58, issue.3, pp.303-308, 2007.

E. O&apos;brien, R. Asmar, L. Beilin, Y. Imai, G. Mancia et al., Practice guidelines of the European Society of Hypertension for clinic, ambulatory and self blood pressure measurement, J Hypertens, vol.23, issue.4, pp.697-701, 2005.

S. Ogoh, J. P. Fisher, E. A. Dawson, M. J. White, N. H. Secher et al., Autonomic nervous system influence on arterial baroreflex control of heart rate during exercise in humans, J Physiol, vol.566, pp.599-611, 2005.

R. R. Packard and P. Libby, Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction, Clin Chem, vol.54, issue.1, pp.24-38, 2008.

T. Pearson, G. Kukulka, and Z. Rahman, Ankle brachial index measurement in primary care setting: how long does it take, South Med J, vol.102, issue.11, pp.1106-1110, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/smj.0b013e3181bad07c

L. S. Pescatello, M. A. Guidry, B. E. Blanchard, A. Kerr, A. L. Taylor et al., Exercise intensity alters postexercise hypotension, J Hypertens, vol.22, issue.10, pp.1881-1888, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/00004872-200410000-00009

J. C. Petrie, E. T. O&apos;brien, W. A. Littler, and M. Swiet, Recommendations on blood pressure measurement, Br Med J (Clin Res Ed, issue.6547, pp.611-615, 1986.

T. G. Pickering, J. E. Hall, L. J. Appel, B. E. Falkner, J. Graves et al., Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research, Hypertension, vol.45, issue.1, pp.142-161, 2005.

J. L. Poiseuille, Recherches expérimentales sur le mouvement des liquides dans les tubes de très petits diamètres, Mem Acad Sci, vol.9, pp.433-544, 1846.

L. Poulouin, O. Gallet, and J. M. Imhoff, La fibronectine : propriétés et fonctions de la molécule native et de ses fragments, Medecine/Sciences, vol.13, pp.657-661, 1997.
DOI : 10.4267/10608/433

C. Praillet, J. A. Grimaud, and H. Lortat-jacob, Les protéoglycanes I. Molécules aux multiples fonctions...futures molécules thérapeutiques ?, Medecine/Sciences, vol.14, pp.412-420, 1998.

C. Puissant, P. Abraham, S. Durand, A. Humeau-heurtier, S. Faure et al., La fonction endothéliale : rôle, méthodes d'évaluation et limites, J Mal Vasc, vol.39, issue.1, pp.47-56, 2014.

A. A. Quyyumi, Endothelial function in health and disease: new insights into the genesis of cardiovascular disease, Am J Med, vol.105, issue.1A, pp.32-39, 1998.

A. Ramanathan, P. J. Conaghan, A. D. Jenkinson, and C. R. Bishop, Comparison of ankle-brachial pressure index measurements using an automated oscillometric device with the standard Doppler ultrasound technique, ANZ J Surg, vol.73, issue.3, pp.105-108, 2003.

S. A. Ray, P. D. Srodon, R. S. Taylor, and J. A. Dormandy, Reliability of ankle:brachial pressure index measurement by junior doctors, Br J Surg, vol.81, issue.2, pp.188-190, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.1800810208

A. Reinders, F. Reggiori, and A. H. Shennan, Validation of the DINAMAP ProCare blood pressure device according to the international protocol in an adult population, Blood Press Monit, vol.11, issue.5, pp.293-296, 2006.

H. E. Resnick, R. S. Lindsay, M. M. Mcdermott, R. B. Devereux, K. L. Jones et al., Relationship of high and low ankle brachial index to all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Strong Heart Study, Circulation, vol.109, issue.6, pp.733-739, 2004.

C. C. Rezk, R. C. Marrache, T. Tinucci, D. Mion, . Jr et al., Post-resistance exercise hypotension, hemodynamics, and heart rate variability: influence of exercise intensity, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.98, issue.1, pp.105-112, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-006-0257-y

K. Rice, How to measure the ankle/measure index, Nursing, vol.35, pp.56-57, 2005.

T. Richart, T. Kuznetsova, B. Wizner, H. A. Struijker-boudier, and J. A. Staessen, Validation of automated oscillometric versus manual measurement of the ankle-brachial index, Hypertens Res, vol.32, issue.10, pp.884-888, 2009.

L. Robert, Mécanismes et mesure du vieillissement. Immuno-analyse & Biologie spécialisée, vol.19, pp.215-218, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immbio.2004.05.003

T. W. Rooke, A. T. Hirsch, S. Misra, A. N. Sidawy, J. A. Beckman et al., 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery, J Vasc Surg, vol.54, issue.5, pp.32-58, 2011.

D. Rosenbaum, S. Rodriguez-carranza, P. Laroche, E. Bruckert, P. Giral et al., Accuracy of the ankle-brachial index using the SCVL((R)), an arm and ankle automated device with synchronized cuffs, in a population with increased cardiovascular risk. Vasc Health Risk Manag, vol.8, pp.239-246, 2012.

J. Ruskin, R. J. Bache, J. C. Rembert, J. C. Greenfield, and . Jr, Pressureflow studies in man: effect of respiration on left ventricular stroke volume, Circulation, vol.48, issue.1, pp.79-85, 1973.

R. J. Scalese, V. T. Obeso, and S. B. Issenberg, Simulation technology for skills training and competency assessment in medical education, J Gen Intern Med, vol.23, issue.1, pp.46-49, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11606-007-0283-4
URL : https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11606-007-0283-4.pdf

G. Schallock, On the morphology of arteriosclerosis, J Atheroscler Res, vol.2, pp.25-31, 1962.

F. Schroder, N. Diehm, S. Kareem, M. Ames, A. Pira et al., A modified calculation of ankle-brachial pressure index is far more sensitive in the detection of peripheral arterial disease, J Vasc Surg, vol.44, issue.3, pp.531-536, 2006.

E. Selvin and T. P. Erlinger, Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Circulation, vol.110, issue.6, pp.738-743, 1999.

A. L. Seybert and C. M. Barton, Simulation-based learning to teach blood pressure assessment to doctor of pharmacy students, Am J Pharm Educ, vol.71, issue.3, p.48, 2007.
DOI : 10.5688/aj710348
URL : http://www.ajpe.org/doi/pdf/10.5688/aj710348

C. K. Shepherd, M. Mccunnis, L. Brown, and M. Hair, Investigating the use of simulation as a teaching strategy, Nurs Stand, vol.24, issue.35, pp.42-48, 2010.

S. Singh, K. R. Bailey, and I. J. Kullo, Ethnic differences in ankle brachial index are present in middle-aged individuals without peripheral arterial disease, Int J Cardiol, vol.162, issue.3, pp.228-233, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.05.068
URL : http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc3174274?pdf=render

F. B. Smith, A. J. Lee, J. F. Price, M. C. Van-wijk, and F. G. Fowkes, Changes in ankle brachial index in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects in the general population, J Vasc Surg, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1323-1330, 2003.

C. Stahler, D. E. Strandness, and . Jr, Ankle blood pressure response to graded treadmill exercise, Angiology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.237-241, 1967.
DOI : 10.1177/000331976701800406

H. C. Stary, Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults, Arteriosclerosis, vol.9, issue.1, pp.19-32, 1989.

H. C. Stary, A. B. Chandler, R. E. Dinsmore, V. Fuster, S. Glagov et al., A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association. Circulation, vol.92, issue.5, pp.1355-1374, 1995.

H. Tanaka, F. A. Dinenno, K. D. Monahan, C. M. Clevenger, C. A. Desouza et al., Aging, habitual exercise, and dynamic arterial compliance, Circulation, vol.102, issue.11, pp.1270-1275, 2000.
DOI : 10.1161/01.cir.102.11.1270

N. Torres, M. Guevara-cruz, L. A. Velazquez-villegas, and A. R. Tovar, Nutrition and Atherosclerosis, Arch Med Res, vol.46, issue.5, pp.408-426, 2015.

G. J. Tortora and S. R. Grabowski, Principes d'anatomie et de physiologie, 1997.

G. J. Tortora, S. R. Grabowski, F. Boudreault, and M. C. Desorcy, Chapitre 21. Système cardiovasculaire : les vaisseaux sanguins et l'hémodynamique. Principes d'anatomie et de physiologie, pp.791-865, 2007.

T. Ushiki, Collagen fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. A comprehensive understanding from a morphological viewpoint, Arch Histol Cytol, vol.65, issue.2, pp.109-126, 2002.

H. Van-langen, J. Van-gurp, and L. Rubbens, Interobserver variability of ankle-brachial index measurements at rest and post exercise in patients with intermittent claudication, Vasc Med, vol.14, issue.3, pp.221-226, 2009.

S. J. Vermeersch, E. R. Rietzschel, M. L. De-buyzere, D. De-bacquer, G. De-backer et al., Age and gender related patterns in carotid-femoral PWV and carotid and femoral stiffness in a large healthy, middle-aged population, J Hypertens, vol.26, issue.7, pp.1411-1419, 2008.

R. Virmani, A. P. Avolio, W. J. Mergner, M. Robinowitz, E. E. Herderick et al., Effect of aging on aortic morphology in populations with high and low prevalence of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Comparison between occidental and Chinese communities, Am J Pathol, vol.139, issue.5, pp.1119-1129, 1991.

B. Waeber and F. Feihl, La dysfonction endothéliale : un marqueur du risque cardiovasculaire, Rev Med Suisse, p.2383, 2002.

E. Wahlberg, Angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in limb ischemia, J Vasc Surg, vol.38, issue.1, pp.198-203, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00151-4
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00151-4

J. C. Wang and M. Bennett, Aging and atherosclerosis: mechanisms, functional consequences, and potential therapeutics for cellular senescence, Circ Res, vol.111, issue.2, pp.245-259, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/circresaha.111.261388
URL : http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/circresaha/111/2/245.full.pdf

J. Williams, S. Brown, and P. Conlin, Blood-pressure measurement, N Engl J Med, p.360, 2009.

H. Wolinsky and S. Glagov, A lamellar unit of aortic medial structure and function in mammals, Circ Res, vol.20, issue.1, pp.99-111, 1967.

M. F. Wyatt, C. Stickrath, A. Shah, A. Smart, J. Hunt et al., Ankle-brachial index performance among internal medicine residents, Vasc Med, vol.15, issue.2, pp.99-105, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/1358863x09356015
URL : http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1358863X09356015

J. S. Yao, New techniques in objective arterial evaluation, Arch Surg, vol.106, issue.4, pp.600-604, 1973.
DOI : 10.1001/archsurg.1973.01350160212038

S. T. Yao, J. T. Hobbs, and W. T. Irvine, Ankle systolic pressure measurements in arterial disease affecting the lower extremities, Br J Surg, vol.56, issue.9, pp.676-679, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.1800560910

D. F. Young, N. R. Cholvin, R. L. Kirkeeide, and A. C. Roth, Hemodynamics of arterial stenoses at elevated flow rates, Circ Res, vol.41, issue.1, pp.99-107, 1977.

A. J. Yun, J. D. Doux, K. A. Bazar, and P. Y. Lee, Adventitial dysfunction: an evolutionary model for understanding atherosclerosis, Med Hypotheses, vol.65, issue.5, pp.962-965, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.02.009

D. Zheng, J. N. Amoore, S. Mieke, and A. Murray, How important is the recommended slow cuff pressure deflation rate for blood pressure measurement, Ann Biomed Eng, vol.39, issue.10, pp.2584-2591, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10439-011-0347-9

I. Hirsch, Classification des pathologies artérielles périphériques selon l'expression des signes cliniques (ischémie/claudication). Sur les bases des nomenclatures de Fontaine et Rutherford, Exemple d'organisation d'éléments cellulaires et extracellulaires au sein d'une artère de petit calibre (Levick, 2010a), 2006.

R. .. ,

C. 1. Structure and . .. Systeme-arteriel, 6 1.2. Pression, vitesse d'écoulement et répartition sanguine

.. .. Structure,

.. .. Histologie,

(. Matrice-extracellulaire and . .. Mec),

.. .. Hémodynamique-artérielle,

. , Débit cardiaque et débits sanguins périphériques

.. .. ,

. Loi-de-poiseuille and . .. Vasomotricité,

. , Valeurs périphériques et amplification de l'onde pouls

. , Caractéristiques de l'écoulement du sang artériel

.. .. Sénescence-artérielle,

. , Artériopathie Oblitérante des Membres Inférieurs (AOMI)

C. and .. .. ,

.. .. De-sévérité-de-la-sténose,

. , Mesure de l'Index de Pression Systolique de Cheville (IPSC), Sténose, outils diagnostiques et Index de Pression Systolique de Cheville

. , Qualités métrologiques et performances diagnostiques de l'IPSC

. , Table des matières XXVI 3.5. Mesures manuelles vs. automatiques, p.61

C. and .. .. , , p.65

N. Etude and . Victor, Etude de l'évolution physiologique de l'IPSC avec l'âge

.. .. ,

. , Mesure et calcul de l'Index de Pression Systolique de Cheville au repos

N. Etude and R. , Reproductibilité des mesures manuelles vs. automatiques d'Index de Pression systolique de Cheville Après Test

. .. Maximal,

. Matériel and . .. Méthode,

, Table des matières XXVII

.. .. Principaux, 83 2.5.1. Variables associées aux temps de mesure

N. Etude and J. Fantome, 2.1. Standards de mesure de la pression artérielle, Apprentissage et application des standards de mesure de la pression artérielle systolique de cheville

. , Apprentissage de la mesure de pression artérielle

. Matériel and . .. Méthode,

C. .. Et-perspectives,

B. .. ,

A. .. ,

I. .. Glossaire,