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, Annex 1-Redesign banana cropping systems in tropical areas

, Guadeloupe and Martinique are island environments where pollution problems from pesticides arise with particular acuity. These areas have been heavily impacted by the pollution of the soil by the chlordecone (or kepone), an insecticide used against weevils in banana plantations

, Since the 1990s there has been a shift in cultivation techniques with the gradual abandonment of monoculture systems from high consumption of chemical inputs, in favour of systems based on cleansing practices combining: healthy plant material from in vitro cultures, fallow and crop rotations. These systems have proved effective in limiting the pressure of telluric pathogens without the use of nematicides

, This has already led to a reduction in the use of nematicides of more than 65% in the plantations of Martinique. Similarly, the weed control is implemented by using mulching or the use of cover plants

, There are scientific and technical basis necessary for the identification of alternative farming techniques to the use of pesticides. We must, however, incorporate these cultural practices within the new culture systems, evaluate them and ensure their adoption capacity

. Black/yellow, Sigatoka The Black/Yellow Sigatoka can difficultly be managed using only the cultural control practices (e.g., partial or total necrotic leaf removal, suppression of infectious outbreaks). The obtaining of resistant cultivars is the main objective of the genetic improvement programme lead by CIRAD, 2001.

. Tixier, ) showed as the pests impacts decrease if the silicon nutrition is better. This latter can be improved through a soil amendment rich in silicon, 2010.

, Preventive Practices to limit fungal population Cut of all the leaves on the mother plant during harvest

, Reduce humidity in the plots through a proper management of irrigation and drainage (drip or under foliage spray are less favourable to the development of the fungus than overhead sprinklers)

, Weeding, up to date de-suckering, a planting density of 1650-1850 plants/ha, and maintenance of edges, will allow good aeration of the plot. Rapid destruction of all fallow plots to avoid creating infestation reserves. Elimination of all isolated bananas found at the edge of the plots

, Curative practices to eliminate fungal population When only Yellow Sigatoka is present, proceed to a regular trimming (weekly) focused on the necrotic parts when they represent less than 20% of leaf surface, beyond this, and remove the entire leaf. For Black Sigatoka, cut the entire leaf with necrosis, regardless of the level of infestation. Organic products The (IT²) is working on the possibility of using biological preparations (e.g., yeast, vegetable oils and stimulators of natural defence systems) in addition to chemical control to limit the emergence of resistance

, In addition to the management of crop residues and mechanical means, the use of cover crops (Damour et al. 2012) is the most appropriate option for the

. Chabrier, These measures, used on a large scale, have reduced the use of nematicides. The development of attractive pheromone traps allows controlling populations, The nematodes were controlled through implementation of control measures consisting in crop rotation, fallowing and the use of plants from in vitro culture, 1989.

. Tixier, It is necessary also to develop cultural practices to incentive biological regularisation of insects by culture auxiliaries, 2010.

, Monitoring of a regular array of pheromones traps has shown that the fallow played a preponderant role in the epidemiology of the pest to the scale of group of plots and entire farm (Rhino et al. 2010). In fact, fallows can clean up the farm plot abolishing resources useful for weevil survival

. Duyck, highlight also that the use of cover crops can increase the weevil control due to a modification of its diet. 1. What is your role in the plantation? 2. What is the corporate owner of the plantation? a. Does it have an email address?, 2011.

, What is the plantation name?

, Where this plantation is located?

, How many years has this plantation?

, What is the plantation extension (tareas/ha)?

, How many workers are currently working in this plantation? Plantation particulars 1. Who is the owner of this plot of land? 2

, Which territorial extension is dedicated to banana cultivation? 4. Which territorial extension is dedicated to co-products?

, In this plantation, do you produce bananas for export? a. If yes, which percentage of total banana production is destined to export?

, In the context of pesticides application activity, are they used service providers? a. If yes, in which plantation phase? b. If yes, how many they are? c. If yes

, If yes, in which plantation phase? b. If yes, how many they are?

, To incentive operators wearing Personal Protective Equipm organized?

, are bonus (cash) payments provided? 10. activities? a. If yes, what services (e.g., training, collective pesticides buying, etc.) are provided? Tasks evaluation 1. What of the plantation steps listed below are, To incentive operators wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

, If yes, with what frequency is carried out? b. If yes, by whom has done? c. If yes, which substances are used? d. If yes, in what place occur? e. If yes, are waste water management processes implemented? Annex 3-Questionnaire prepared to be given to plantation managers (Spanish version) Introducción 1. ¿Cuál es su rol en la plantación? 2. ¿Quién es el dueño de la plantación

, ¿Nombre de la plantación?

, Dónde se sitúa la plantación?

, ¿De cuánto fue la producción de esta plantación en, 2016.

, ¿Cuántos trabajadores trabajan en la plantación (temporales, permanentes)?

, ¿Pertenece a una asociación de productores? Si sí, ¿a cuál? Detalles sobre la plantación 1. ¿Quién es el dueño de la finca? (¿privado

, En esta finca, ¿se produce sólo banano? a. Si no, ¿cuáles son los otros cultivos?

, ¿Cuál es la superficie dedicada al cultivo del banano?

, ¿Cuál es la superficie dedicada a los otros cultivos?

, En esta plantación, ¿produce banano para la exportación? a. Si sí, ¿qué porcentaje del total de banano producido se destina a la exportación?

, ¿recurren a empresas externas proveedoras de servicios? a. Si sí, ¿para qué actividad específica? (Sigatoka, otras) b. Si sí, ¿cuántas veces por actividad? c. Si sí, ¿cuál es el nombre de la empresa? 7. a. Si sí, ¿para qué actividad específica? (Sigatoka, otras) b. Si sí

, ¿Dispone de un local especial donde se almacenan los productos fitosanitarios? 10

, que no son los Equipos de Protección? 12. ¿Qué hacen con los Equipos de Protección Individual ya usados? (basura, reutilizan, donde los guardan)? 13. o enfermedades vinculadas al uso de pesticidas? a. Si sí, ¿Con qué frecuencia? 14. rgan primas (efectivo) o algún otro tipo de bonificación?, ¿ Tiene un local donde guarda la ropa limpia de los obreros

D. Cesare, S. Macombe, C. Petti, L. Loeillet, and D. , Necessity of including the evaluation of pesticides impacts on farmworkers health in social LCA, 5th International Conference in Social Life Cycle Assessment, pp.6-7, 2016.

D. Cesare, S. Feschet, P. Macombe, C. Petti, L. Loeillet et al., Conceptualizing a new method to evaluate banana farmworkers pesticides exposure, 2016.

, 10 th 14 th October. Book of abstracts, X International Symposium on Banana/ISHS-ProMusa symposium, p.66

D. Cesare, S. Macombe, C. Grimbuhler, S. Feschet, P. Petti et al., Evaluating exposure to pesticides in banana production systems: an expert elicitation approach, 11th Conference of the Italian LCA Network. University of Siena (Italy), 22nd 23rd June. Atti del XI Convegno della Rete Italiana LCA Resource Efficiency e Sustainable Development Goals: il ruolo del Life Cycle Thinking, pp.150-158, 2017.

, Human cost of pesticides caused by agricultural practices, SETAC Europe 27th Annual Meeting, Brussels (Belgium), 7th 11th, 2017.

D. Cesare, S. Mathé, and S. , Social evaluation of the life cycle, application to the agriculture and agri-food sectors. FruitropThema, Montpellier, pp.978-980, 2017.

D. Cesare, S. Macombe, C. Loeillet, and D. , Social evaluation of the life cycle, application to the agriculture and agri-food sectors, pp.978-980, 2017.

D. Cesare, S. Macombe, C. Petti, L. Loeillet, and D. , Are the impacts of Plant Protection Products on farmworkers health, effectively assessed? A critical review for tropical regions, Journal of Cleaner Production