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, Response of the closed-loop system with proportional-derivative (PD) control
, 2 · (s + 1) ?3 with set-point of y s = 1. Being y(t) the control variable and u(t) the output of the controller. Responses to fixed proportional gains (K p ) for different derivative coefficients (K d ) are shown, p.35
, Block diagram of the previously mentioned example system in figure 3.4 implementing a proportional-integrative-derivative control Being e the control error, y s the target or expected value for the control variable, y the control variable and u the output of the controller, p.36
, PID) control. The transfer function of the process is G(s) = 2 · (s + 1) ?3 with set-point of y s = 1. Being y(t) the control variable and u(t) the output of the controller. Responses to fixed proportional gains (K p ) and integrative coefficients (K i ) for different derivative coefficients, p.37
, Representation of the performance indicators commonly computed for control methods. The response of the closed-loop system with proportional-integrativederivative (PID) control is presented. The transfer function of the process is G(s) = 2 · (s + 1) ?3 with set-point of y s = 1
, The following indicators are illustrated: settling time (t s ), peak (M p ), peak time (T p ), rise time (B r ) and the error (?), p.38
, General diagram of the PASITHEA detection and stimulation system, p.46
, The prototype cardiorespiratory Holter device with associated sensors (ECG electrodes, SaO 2 ear sensor and nasal pressure cannula), p.47
, showing (a) an opened control module and (b) and the kinesthetic actuator, The kinesthetic stimulation system, p.48
, Placement site of the kinesthetic actuator. The selected region is on the mastoid bone behind the ear of the patient which is an area rich in mechanoreceptors, allowing a more effective activation of the startle reflex (see section 3, p.48
, User-defined configuration parameters and BT connexion with the Holter and the stimulator are placed in the left side of the application. Four screens showing real-time acquired data: 2 ECG channels (top), nasal pressure (bottom left), SaO2 (bottom right). The output of the real-time respiratory event detector (apnea or hypopnea) indicated by LEDs and the stimulation parameters are found in the right side of the application frame, p.49
, Block diagram of the PASITHEA system integrating an "on-off" controller, being, y s the set-point or expected value, e the error, u the output of the controller, y the output of the system which, in this case is the patient, and its output the nasal pressure (NP) signal, and ? the output of the respiratory event detector, p.50
, Block diagram for the global methodology implementation, p.83
, R-wave peak detections and RR series extraction from a representative ECG signal. Figure adapted from, p.84, 2018.
, Top: example of estimated?festimated? estimated?f (t) and corrected f r (t) instantaneous respiratory frequencies represented in dashed black line and blue solid line respectively
, Bottom: SPWVD spectral power of an estimated EDR series, together with its corrected instantaneous respiratory frequency, f r (t), (white solid line), p.85
, C) LF/HF ratio, D) Short-term fractal scaling exponent (? 1 ), E) Sample Entropy (SampEn) and F) Higuchi's Fractal Dimension (HF D) Analyzed groups are divided as non-responders (NR), apnea & hypopnea responders (AHR), apnea responders (AH) and hypopnea responders (HR) Statistically significant differences are represented by black dashed lines, p.89
, These parameters led to the highest mean AUC values among the analyzed HRV and HRC markers. A and D present the results from the all responders group, B and E show results for the apnea responders group and C and F illustrate the results from hypopnea responders group, p.90
, A) Machine state for the cycle detection function and B) example of cycle detection, Functioning, p.98
, Flow diagram of a simple evolutionary algorithm in one generation Adapted figure from, p.99, 2015.
, A) Left side of the screen of the application: user-defined configuration parameters and BT connection with the Holter and the stimulator along with configuration and test buttons Central part of the screen of the application: 4 screens showing real-time acquired data: 2 ECG channels (top), nasal pressure (bottom left) SaO 2 (bottom right) Right side of the screen of the application: Output of the real-time respiratory event detector (normal, apnea or hypopnea) and characteristics of the stimulation. B) Configuration window view for customize all the different set of parameters to be used by the adaptive controller and the respiratory event detector, p.101
, The black, red and violet lines represent the different coupling thresholds Body positions are represented by a color-bar, 1) yellow = the head of the patient rests on top of the actuator, 2) green = neutral position where the actuator is on one side of the head without any other contact and 3) blue = the actuator is on the opposite side to the
, Values are given as mean [95% Confidence intervals]. The first two lines give the performances of the on-line detector, as assessed prospectively on all 30 patients included in the evaluation phase of the study. The last line gives the performances of the improved detector (v2) on the same patients, but assessed retrospectively, Real-time respiratory event detector performances, p.57
, of the mean respiratory frequency for all groups: Non-responders (NR), apnea responders (AR), hypopnea responders (HR) and all responders (AHR) Statistical analysis was performed by a Mann-Whitney U test comparing each responder group with non-responders, Mean ± standard deviation [Hz, p.88
, Mean ± standard deviation of the AUC resulting from leave-one-out analysis for each statistically significant responder group with respect to non-responders 88
, All the indicators are represented as percentage (%)), Respiratory detector performance results, p.106
, Optimized set of parameters for the respiratory event detector, p.107
, Set of control coefficients of each patient implemented for the closed-loop controller109
, Q1 and Q3 for the apnea duration results (24 patients), p.124
, Q1 and Q3 for the hypopnea duration results (24 patients), p.125
, Q1 and Q3 for the apnea ?SaO 2 results (24 patients), p.126
, Q1 and Q3 for the hypopnea ?SaO 2 results (24 patients), p.127
, Time spent in awake for T her en and T her dis periods (24 patients), p.128
, Time spent in REM for T her en and T her dis periods (24 patients), p.129
, Time spent in stage 1 for T her en and T her dis periods (24 patients), p.130
, Time spent in stage 2 for T her en and T her dis periods (24 patients), p.131
, Time spent in stage 3 for T her en and T her dis periods (24 patients), p.132
, MicroArousal Index results for T her en and T her dis periods (24 patients), p.133
, Time spent in each sleep stage for the whole night (24 patients), p.134