.. , , p.70

, References

L. Akman, A. Yamashita, H. Watanabe, and K. Oshima,

, Genome sequence of the endocellular obligate symbiont of tsetse flies, Wigglesworthia glossinidia, Nat. Genet, vol.32, pp.402-407

H. Bai, P. Kang, A. M. Hernandez, and M. Tatar, Activin Signaling Targeted by Insulin/dFOXO Regulates Aging and Muscle Proteostasis in Drosophila, PLoS Genetics, vol.17, issue.11, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003941.s016

D. Benton, C. Williams, and A. Brown, Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.30, issue.3, pp.355-361, 2007.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.30.4.909

D. H. Benzing, Vascular Epiphytes: General Biology and Related Biota, 1990.

J. E. Blum, C. N. Fischer, J. Miles, and J. Handelsman, Frequent Replenishment Sustains the Beneficial Microbiome of Drosophila melanogaster, mBio, vol.4, issue.6, pp.860-00813, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00860-13

L. Boulan, M. Milán, and P. Léopold, The Systemic Control of Growth, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol.7, 2015.
DOI : 10.1101/cshperspect.a019117

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01255237

S. Bourras, T. Rouxel, and M. Meyer, , 2015.

G. Agrobacterium and . Transfer, How a Plant Pathogen Hacks the Nuclei of Plant and Nonplant Organisms, Phytopathology, vol.105, pp.1288-1301

D. Bouskra, C. Brézillon, M. Bérard, C. Werts, R. Varona et al., Lymphoid tissue genesis induced by commensals through NOD1 regulates intestinal homeostasis, Nature, vol.194, issue.7221, pp.507-510, 2008.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5475

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01402759

N. A. Broderick and B. Lemaitre, Gut-associated microbes of Drosophila melanogaster, Gut Microbes, vol.134, issue.4, pp.307-321, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18001.x

R. M. Brucker and S. R. Bordenstein, The Hologenomic Basis of Speciation: Gut Bacteria Cause Hybrid Lethality in the Genus Nasonia, Science, vol.107, issue.1, pp.667-669, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.2010.157

T. Brummel, A. Ching, L. Seroude, A. F. Simon, and S. Benzer, Drosophila lifespan enhancement by exogenous bacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.290, issue.5499, pp.12974-12979, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5499.2137

A. Brune, Symbiotic digestion of lignocellulose in termite guts, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.69, issue.3, pp.168-180, 2014.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb.69.1145

N. Buchon, D. Osman, F. P. David, H. Y. Fang, J. Boquete et al., Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Adult Midgut Compartmentalization in Drosophila, Cell Reports, vol.3, issue.5, pp.1725-1738, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.001

, References

H. Bai, P. Kang, A. M. Hernandez, and M. Tatar, Activin Signaling Targeted by Insulin/dFOXO Regulates Aging and Muscle Proteostasis in Drosophila, PLoS Genetics, vol.17, issue.11, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003941.s016

J. M. Chaston, A. J. Dobson, P. D. Newell, and A. E. Douglas, ABSTRACT, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.82, issue.2, pp.671-679, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.03301-15

W. A. Chng, M. S. Bou-sleiman, F. Schüpfer, and B. Lemaitre, Transforming growth factor ?/activin signaling functions as a sugar-­?sensing feedback loop to regulate digestive enzyme expression. Cell Rep, pp.336-348, 2014.

D. Souza, A. T. Dai, X. Spencer, A. G. Reppen, T. Menzie et al., Transcriptional and phenotypic comparisons of Ppara knockout and siRNA knockdown mice, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.320, issue.16, pp.4486-4494, 2006.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3200345

A. J. Dobson, J. M. Chaston, P. D. Newell, L. Donahue, S. L. Hermann et al., Host genetic determinants of microbiota-dependent nutrition revealed by genome-wide analysis of Drosophila melanogaster, Nature Communications, vol.41, issue.1, p.6312, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gks1024

M. Elgart, S. Stern, O. Salton, Y. Gnainsky, Y. Heifetz et al., Impact of gut microbiota on the fly???s germ line, Nature Communications, vol.1826, 2016.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.012

B. Erkosar, B. Erkosar-combe, A. Defaye, N. Bozonnet, D. Puthier et al., Drosophila microbiota modulates host metabolic gene expression via IMD/NF-­??B signaling, PloS One, vol.9, p.94729, 2014.

B. Erkosar, G. Storelli, M. Mitchell, L. Bozonnet, N. Bozonnet et al., , 2015.

, Pathogen Virulence Impedes Mutualist-­?Mediated Enhancement of Host Juvenile Growth via Inhibition of Protein Digestion, Cell Host Microbe, vol.18, pp.445-455

L. K. Low and H. Cheng, Axon pruning: an essential step underlying the developmental plasticity of neuronal connections, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.46, issue.8, pp.1531-1544, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00683.x

T. F. Mackay, S. Richards, E. A. Stone, A. Barbadilla, J. F. Ayroles et al., The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, Nature, vol.18, issue.7384, pp.173-178, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00335-007-9040-6

I. Majláth, G. Szalai, I. Papp, R. Vanková, and T. Janda, Atnoa1 mutant Arabidopsis plants induce compensation mechanisms to reduce the negative effects of the mutation, Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.168, issue.11, pp.1184-1190, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.021

, References

H. Bai, P. Kang, A. M. Hernandez, and M. Tatar, Activin Signaling Targeted by Insulin/dFOXO Regulates Aging and Muscle Proteostasis in Drosophila, PLoS Genetics, vol.17, issue.11, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003941.s016

R. Chen, E. V. Davydov, M. Sirota, and A. J. Butte, Non-Synonymous and Synonymous Coding SNPs Show Similar Likelihood and Effect Size of Human Disease Association, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.10, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0013574.t002

V. R. Chintapalli, J. Wang, and J. A. Dow, Using FlyAtlas to identify better Drosophila melanogaster models of human disease, Nature Genetics, vol.38, issue.6, pp.715-720, 2007.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00035.2002

W. A. Chng, M. S. Bou-sleiman, F. Schüpfer, and B. Lemaitre, Transforming growth factor ?/activin signaling functions as a sugar-­?sensing feedback loop to regulate digestive enzyme expression. Cell Rep, pp.336-348, 2014.

D. Souza, A. T. Dai, X. Spencer, A. G. Reppen, T. Menzie et al., Transcriptional and phenotypic comparisons of Ppara knockout and siRNA knockdown mice, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.320, issue.16, pp.4486-4494, 2006.
DOI : 10.1042/bj3200345

B. Erkosar, B. Erkosar-combe, A. Defaye, N. Bozonnet, D. Puthier et al., Drosophila microbiota modulates host metabolic gene expression via IMD/NF-­??B signaling, PloS One, vol.9, p.94729, 2014.

B. Erkosar, G. Storelli, M. Mitchell, L. Bozonnet, N. Bozonnet et al., , 2015.

, Pathogen Virulence Impedes Mutualist-­?Mediated Enhancement of Host Juvenile Growth via Inhibition of Protein Digestion, Cell Host Microbe, vol.18, pp.445-455

S. C. Gesualdi and T. E. Haerry, Distinct Signaling of Drosophila Activin/TGF-?? Family Members, Fly, vol.1, issue.4, pp.212-221, 2007.
DOI : 10.4161/fly.5116

R. Brummel, T. Ching, A. Seroude, L. Simon, A. F. Benzer et al., Drosophila lifespan enhancement by exogenous bacteria, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.290, issue.5499, pp.12974-12979, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5499.2137

R. M. Brucker and S. R. Bordenstein, The hologenomic basis of speciation: gut bacteria cause hybrid lethality in the 8

R. M. Brucker and S. R. Bordenstein, The Hologenomic Basis of Speciation: Gut Bacteria Cause Hybrid Lethality in the Genus Nasonia, Science, vol.107, issue.1, pp.667-66910, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.2010.157

A. Moya and M. Ferrer, Functional Redundancy-Induced Stability of Gut Microbiota Subjected to Disturbance, Trends in Microbiology, vol.24, issue.5, pp.402-413002, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2016.02.002

E. M. Quigley, Gut bacteria in health and disease, Gastroenterol Hepatol, vol.9, pp.560-569, 2013.

B. Erkosar and F. Leulier, model, FEBS Letters, vol.3, issue.22, pp.4250-4257041, 2014.
DOI : 10.1534/g3.112.004820

S. C. Shin, Drosophila Microbiome Modulates Host Developmental and Metabolic Homeostasis via Insulin Signaling, Science, vol.194, issue.1, pp.670-67410, 2011.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1997.8821

G. Storelli, Lactobacillus plantarum Promotes Drosophila Systemic Growth by Modulating Hormonal Signals through TOR-Dependent Nutrient Sensing, Cell Metabolism, vol.14, issue.3, pp.403-414, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.07.012

B. Erkosar, G. Storelli, M. Mitchell, N. Bozonnet, and F. Leulier, Pathogen virulence impedes mutualist-­?mediated enhancement of host protein digestion capaciity and juvenile growth, 2015.

M. A. Felix and M. Barkoulas, Pervasive robustness in biological systems, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.12, issue.8, pp.483-496, 2015.
DOI : 10.1071/BI9590506

M. Boukhibar, L. Barkoulas, and M. , The developmental genetics of biological robustness, Annals of Botany, vol.118, issue.5, pp.699-707, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.01.010

M. L. Siegal and J. Leu, On the Nature and Evolutionary Impact of Phenotypic Robustness Mechanisms. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics 45, pp.496-51710, 2014.

D. M. Posadas and R. W. Carthew, MicroRNAs and their roles in developmental canalization. Current opinion in genetics & development 27, pp.1-6005, 2014.

S. Rutherford, Y. Hirate, and B. J. Swalla, The Hsp90 capacitor, developmental remodeling, and evolution: the robustness of gene networks and the curious evolvability of metamorphosis. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology 42, pp.355-37210, 2007.

N. Rohner, Cryptic Variation in Morphological Evolution: HSP90 as a Capacitor for Loss of Eyes in Cavefish, Science, vol.431, issue.7010, pp.1372-137510, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02864

, 21

S. L. Rutherford and S. Lindquist, Hsp90 as a capacitor for morphological evolution, Nature, vol.13, issue.6709, pp.336-34224550, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90065-7

C. Queitsch, T. A. Sangster, and S. Lindquist, Hsp90 as a capacitor of phenotypic variation, Nature, vol.207, issue.6889, pp.618-62410, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2189

M. Elgart, Impact of gut microbiota on the fly???s germ line, Nature Communications, vol.1826, p.11280, 2016.
DOI : 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.012

C. K. Mirth and A. W. Shingleton, Integrating Body and Organ Size in Drosophila: Recent Advances and Outstanding Problems, Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol.3, issue.49, p.49, 2012.
DOI : 10.3389/fendo.2012.00049

C. H. Waddington, Canalization of Development and Genetic Assimilation of Acquired Characters, Nature, vol.57, issue.4676, pp.1654-1655, 1959.
DOI : 10.1038/1831654a0

P. Santabarbara-­?ruiz, ROS-Induced JNK and p38 Signaling Is Required for Unpaired Cytokine Activation during Drosophila Regeneration, PLOS Genetics, vol.140, issue.10, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005595.s008

R. M. Jones, Nox-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species, The EMBO Journal, vol.13, issue.23, pp.3017-3028, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02511.x

R. M. Jones, Lactobacilli Modulate Epithelial Cytoprotection through the Nrf2 Pathway, Cell Reports, vol.12, issue.8, pp.1217-1225042, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.042

C. A. Schneider, W. S. Rasband, and K. W. Eliceiri, NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nature Methods, vol.42, issue.7, pp.671-675, 2012.
DOI : 10.2144/000112257