V. Biomasse-du and .. , 83 2.3. Devenir de l'endosulfan en vases de végétation Extraction des résidus d'endosulfan dans le vétiver, p.86

.. Dynamique-de-l-'eau-et-Élution-des-bromures, 132 3.3.1. Influence de la nature du sol sur la dynamique de l'eau et l'élution des bromures, p.135

.. Devenir-de-l-'endosulfan-en-conditions-extérieures, 136 3.4.1. Concentrations des résidus d'endosulfan dans les percolats, p.140

N. Awasthi, R. Ahuja, and A. Kumar, Factors influencing the degradation of soil-applied endosulfan isomers, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.32, issue.11-12, pp.1697-1705, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00087-0

O. Babalola, S. O. Oshunsanya, and K. Are, Effects of vetiver grass (Vetiveria nigritana) strips, vetiver grass mulch and an organomineral fertilizer on soil, water and nutrient losses and maize (Zea mays, L) yields, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.96, issue.1-2, pp.6-18, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.still.2007.02.008

A. J. Baker, S. P. Mcgrath, C. M. Sidoli, and R. D. Reeves, The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils usins crops of metal-accumulating plants, 1994.

A. J. Baker, Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants, pp.85-107, 1999.
DOI : 10.1201/9781439822654.ch5

. Banque-mondiale, Le vetiver: la protection contre l'érosion. Le réseau Vétiver, 2000.

G. S. Ba?uelos, G. Cardon, B. Mackey, J. Benasher, L. P. Wu et al., Boron and Selenium Removal in Boron-Laden Soils by Four Sprinkler Irrigated Plant Species, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.22, issue.4, pp.786-797, 1993.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200040021x

S. A. Barber, Soil nutrient bioavalability : a mechanistic approach. 2 nd Edn, p.414, 1995.

E. Barriuso, P. Benoit, M. P. Charnay, Y. Coquet, X. Louchart et al., Pollutions diffuses : mobilité et persistance des polluants organiques dans les sols : Chap. 18, Sols et Environnement. Cours, exercices et études de cas, pp.408-428, 2005.

N. T. Basta and M. A. Tabatabai, EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS ON ADSORPTION OF METALS BY SOILS: II. EFFECT OF pH, Soil Science, vol.153, issue.3, pp.195-204, 1992.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-199203000-00004

C. Baum, K. Hrynkiewicz, P. Leinweber, and R. Meissner, Heavy-metal mobilization and uptake by mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal willows (Salix ??dasyclados), Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.59, issue.4, pp.516-522, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/jpln.200521925

A. A. Belimov, V. I. Safronova, T. A. Sergeyeva, T. N. Egorova, V. A. Matveyeva et al., Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from polluted soils and containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.47, issue.7, pp.642-652, 2001.
DOI : 10.1139/w01-062

Y. L. Bi, X. L. Li, and P. Christie, Influence of early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza on uptake of zinc and phosphorus by red clover from a low-phosphorus soil amended with zinc and phosphorus, Chemosphere, vol.50, issue.6, pp.831-837, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00227-8

M. J. Blaylock, D. E. Salt, S. Dushenkov, O. Zakharova, C. Gussman et al., Enhanced Accumulation of Pb in Indian Mustard by Soil-Applied Chelating Agents, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.31, issue.3, pp.860-865, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/es960552a

N. S. Bolan, R. Naidu, J. K. Syers, and R. W. Tillman, Surface Charge and Solute Interactions in Soils, Adv. Agron, vol.67, pp.88-141, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60514-3

M. Boonsaner, T. Kaewumput, and A. Boonsaner, Vetiver grass: a natural barrier to protect against organophosphate pesticides from cabbage fields, Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.), vol.39, pp.350-350, 2005.

G. J. Bouyoucos, A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUCTION METHOD AND THE CENTRIFUGE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MOISTURE EQUIVALENT OF SOILS, Soil Science, vol.40, issue.2, pp.165-172, 1935.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-193508000-00004

H. B. Bradl, Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.277, issue.1, pp.1-18, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.005

A. Braud, K. Jezequel, E. Vieille, A. Tritter, and T. Lebeau, Changes in Extractability of Cr and Pb in a Polycontaminated Soil After Bioaugmentation With Microbial Producers of Biosurfactants, Organic Acids and Siderophores, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus, vol.35, issue.3-4, pp.261-279, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11267-005-9022-1

R. R. Brooks, Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals, CAN International, p.379, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/9783527615919.ch4

R. R. Brooks, R. D. Reeves, and T. Jaffré, Detection of nickeliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium specimens of indicator plants, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol.7, pp.49-57, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-6742(77)90074-7

G. W. Bruemmer, J. Gerth, and U. Herms, Heavy metal species, mobility and availability in soils, Zeitschrift fu? r Pflanzenerna? hrung und Bodenkunde, pp.382-398, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/jpln.19861490404

R. Calvet, Adsorption of organic chemicals in soils, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.83, pp.145-177, 1989.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.8983145

R. Calvet, M. Terce, and J. C. Arvieu, Mise au point bibliographique Adsorption des pesticides par les sols et leurs constituants, Ann. Agron, vol.31, pp.333-385, 1980.

B. Cerqueira, E. F. Covelo, L. Andrade, and F. A. Vega, The influence of soil properties on the individual and competitive sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd, Geoderma, vol.162, issue.1-2, pp.20-26, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.08.013

Y. Chang and M. Y. Corapcioglu, Plant-Enhanced Subsurface Bioremediation of Nonvolatile Hydrocarbons, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.124, issue.2, pp.162-169, 1998.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:2(162)

S. Chantachon, M. Kruatrachue, P. Pokethitiyook, S. Tantanasarit, S. Upatham et al., Phytoextraction and Accumulation of Lead from Contaminated Soil by Vetiver Grass: Laboratory and Simulated Field Study, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol.154, issue.1-4, pp.1-20, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:WATE.0000022926.05464.74

P. Chassin and R. Et-calvet, Rétention des molécules herbicides dans les sols. Réflexions sur le rôle des matières organiques, INRA Publ., Comportements et effets secondaires des pesticides dans les sols, volume 31 des Colloques de l'INRA, pp.125-133, 1985.

Y. Chen, Z. Shen, and X. Li, The use of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals, Applied Geochemistry, vol.19, issue.10, pp.1553-1565, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.02.003

Y. X. Chen, Y. P. Wang, Q. Lin, and Y. M. Luo, Effect of copper-tolerant rhizosphere bacteria on mobility of copper in soil and copper accumulation by Elsholtzia splendens, Environment International, vol.31, issue.6, pp.861-866, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.044

H. M. Chen, C. R. Zheng, C. Tu, and Z. G. Shen, Chemical methods and phytoremediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals, Chemosphere, vol.41, issue.1-2, pp.229-234, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00415-4

K. K. Chiu, Z. H. Ye, and M. H. Wong, Enhanced uptake of As, Zn, and Cu by Vetiveria zizanioides and Zea mays using chelating agents, Chemosphere, vol.60, issue.10, pp.1364-1375, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.035

K. K. Chiu, Z. H. Ye, and M. H. Wong, Growth of and on Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings amended with manure compost and sewage sludge: A greenhouse study, Bioresource Technology, vol.97, issue.1, pp.158-170, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.038

H. Ciglash, J. Busche, W. Amelung, S. Totrakool, and M. Kaupenjohann, Insecticide Dissipation after Repeated Field Application to a Northern Thailand Ultisol, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.54, issue.22, pp.8551-8559, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jf061521u

E. Compaoré, Eléments traces métalliques : teneurs dans les sols, déchets et végétaux dans la zone urbaine et périurbaine de Bobo-Dioulasso. Rapport général de l'Institut de Développement Rural (IDR), janvier, pp.30-33, 2008.

S. C. Corgié, E. J. Joner, and C. Leyval, Rhizospheric degradation of phenanthrene is a function of proximity to roots, Plant and Soil, vol.257, issue.1, pp.143-150, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1026278424871

G. Costa and J. L. Morel, ???atpase activity on cadmium uptake by four cultivars of lettuce, Journal of Plant Nutrition, vol.3, issue.4, pp.627-637, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01545.x

E. F. Covelo, F. A. Vega, and M. L. Andrade, Simultaneous sorption and desorption of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in acid soils, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.147, issue.3, pp.852-861, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.123

A. Craven and S. Hoy, Pesticide persistence and bound residues in soil???regulatory significance, Environmental Pollution, vol.133, issue.1, pp.5-9, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.04.010

S. D. Cunningham, W. R. Berti, and J. W. Huang, Remediation of contaminated soils and sludges by green plants, 1995.

L. A. Cutter, J. E. Watts, K. R. Sowers, and H. D. May, Identification of a microorganism that links its growth to the reductive dechloration of 2, p.6, 2001.

J. A. Davis and J. O. Leckie, Surface ionization and complexation at the oxide/water interface, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.63, issue.3, pp.91-107, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9797(78)80009-5

J. Dec and J. M. Bollag, Use of plant material for the decontamination of water polluted with phenols, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.43, issue.9, pp.1132-1139, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.260440915

J. E. Delphin and J. Y. Chapot, Leaching of atrazine, metolachlor and diuron in the field in relation to their injection depth into a silt loam soil, Chemosphere, vol.64, issue.11, pp.1862-1869, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.049

L. Diels, N. Van-der-lelie, and L. Bastiaens, New developments in treatment of heavy metal contaminated soils, Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.75-82, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1015188708612

S. Dousset, M. Thévenot, D. Schrack, V. Gouy, and N. Carluer, Effect of grass cover on water and pesticide transport through undisturbed soil columns, comparison with field study (Morcille watershed, Beaujolais), Environmental Pollution, vol.158, issue.7, pp.2446-2453, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.028
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00584905

P. Duchaufour, Pédologie : sol, végétation, environnement. Coll, Enseignement des Sciences de la Terre, 1995.

P. Duchaufour and B. Souchier, Pedologie 1. Pedogenese et classification, Soil Science, vol.126, issue.1, 1977.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-197807000-00011

R. Duponnois, M. Kisa, K. Assigbetse, Y. Prin, J. Thioulouse et al., Fluorescent pseudomonads occuring in Macrotermes subhyalinus mound structures decrease Cd toxicity and improve its accumulation in sorghum plants, Science of The Total Environment, vol.370, issue.2-3, pp.391-400, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.07.008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00139213

J. C. Echeverria, M. T. Morera, C. Mazkiarán, and J. J. Garrido, Competitive sorption of heavy metal by soils. Isotherms and fractional factorial experiments, Environmental Pollution, vol.101, issue.2, pp.275-284, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00038-4

I. O. El-beit, J. V. Wheelock, and D. E. Cotton, Pesticide???microbial interaction in the soil, International Journal of Environmental Studies, vol.9, issue.3-4, pp.171-180, 1981.
DOI : 10.1080/00207238108709866

L. J. Evans, Chemistry of metal retention by soils ? several processus are explained, 1989.

F. Who, Endosulfan In: 1967 Evaluations of some pesticide residues in food, and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations, 1968.

J. S. Fletcher and R. S. Hedge, Release of phenols by perennial plant roots and their potential importance in bioremediation, Chemosphere, vol.31, issue.4, pp.143-150, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00161-Z

T. M. Florence, Electrochemical approaches to trace element speciation in waters. A review, The Analyst, vol.111, issue.5, pp.489-505, 1986.
DOI : 10.1039/an9861100489

M. Flury, Experimental Evidence of Transport of Pesticides through Field Soils???A Review, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.25, issue.1, pp.25-45, 1996.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500010005x

J. Fontes and S. Guinko, Carte de la végétation et de l'occupation du sol du Burkina Faso, 1995.

L. S. Forsberg, J. Gustafsson, D. B. Kleja, and S. Ledin, Leaching of Metals from Oxidising Sulphide Mine Tailings with and without Sewage Sludge Application, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.52, issue.1-4, pp.331-341, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11270-008-9720-1

B. Frey, C. Keller, and K. Zierold, Distribution of Zn in functionally different leaf epidermal cells of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.9, issue.7, pp.675-687, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/es980825x

H. Geissbuhler, The substitued ureas, 1973.

A. G. Gentile, A. W. Vaughan, and D. G. Pfeiffer, Cucumber Pollen Germination and Tube Elongation Inhibited or Reduced by Pesticides and Adjuvants, Environmental Entomology, vol.7, issue.5, pp.689-691, 1978.
DOI : 10.1093/ee/7.5.689

R. G. Gerritse, J. Beltran, and F. Hernandez, Adsorption of atrazine, simazine, and glyphosate in soils of the Gnangara Mound, Western Australia, Australian Journal of Soil Research, vol.34, issue.4, pp.599-607, 1996.
DOI : 10.1071/SR9960599

H. Ghadiri and C. W. Rose, Degradation of endosulfan in a clay soil from cotton farms of western Queensland, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.62, issue.2, pp.155-169, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jema.2001.0428

H. Gildemeister, K. Stumpf, and U. Scheinkoenig, Anaerobic metabolism of endosulfan in a sandy loam and a silt loam soil, 1988.

C. H. Giles, M. Ewan, T. H. Nakhwa, S. N. Smith, and D. , 786. Studies in adsorption. Part XI. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms, and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids, Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed), vol.3, pp.3973-3993, 1960.
DOI : 10.1039/jr9600003973

B. R. Glick, C. L. Patten, G. Holgin, and D. M. Penrose, Biochemical and genetic mechanisms used by plant growth promoting bacteria, 1999.
DOI : 10.1142/p130

H. Goebel, S. Gorbach, W. Knauf, R. H. Rimpau, and H. Huttenbach, Properties, effects, residues, and analytics of the insecticide endosulfan, Residue Rev, vol.83, pp.1-165, 1982.

C. Gong and R. J. Donahoe, An experimental study of heavy metal attenuation and mobility in sandy loam soils, Applied Geochemistry, vol.12, issue.3, pp.243-254, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0883-2927(96)00049-2

M. Gonzalez, K. S. Miglioranza, J. E. Aizpun-de-moreno, and V. J. Moreno, Crops Grown on Untreated Soils from an Agricultural Environment, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.51, issue.17, pp.5024-5029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jf034349s

C. A. Goring, D. A. Laskwoski, J. H. Hamaker, and R. W. Meikle, Principles of pesticide degradation in soil Environmental dynamics of pesticides, pp.135-172, 1975.

S. Guinko, Contribution à l'étude la végétation et de la flore du Burkina Faso (ex Haute-Volta) thèse de Doctorat d'Etat ès Sciences Naturelles, 1984.

Y. Guo, E. George, and H. Marschner, Contribution of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to the uptake of cadmium and nickel in bean and maize plants, Plant and Soil, vol.19, issue.2, pp.195-205, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00010449

P. K. Gupta and R. C. Gupta, Phytotoxic effects of endosulfan on green gram Vigna radiate (Linns) Wilezek, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys, vol.17, p.20, 1980.

S. S. Harper, Sorption-desorption and herbicide behaviour in soil, Weed Science Environ. Pollut, vol.6, pp.207-225, 1994.

S. Hengpraprom, C. M. Lee, and J. T. Coates, SORPTION OF HUMIC ACIDS AND ??-ENDOSULFAN BY CLAY MINERALS, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.25, issue.1, pp.11-17, 2006.
DOI : 10.1897/05-119R.1

M. Höfte, S. Buysens, N. Koedam, and P. Cornelis, Zinc affects siderophore-mediated high affinity iron uptake systems in the rhizosphere Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7NSK2, BioMetals, vol.6, pp.85-91, 1993.

G. Hua, L. Y. Bai, D. P. Wei, and S. B. Chen, Plant effects of Cd and Zn combined pollution and adjustment of organic manure, Sci. Agric. Sin, vol.35, pp.291-296, 2002.

S. Hussain, M. Arshad, M. Saleem, and A. Khalid, Biodegradation of ??- and ??-endosulfan by soil bacteria, Biodegradation, vol.66, issue.6, pp.731-740, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10532-007-9102-1

J. Hussein, . Yu, H. Ghadiri, and C. Rose, Prediction of surface flow hydrology and sediment retention upslope of a vetiver buffer strip, Journal of Hydrology, vol.338, issue.3-4, pp.261-272, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.02.038

B. S. Ismail, A. O. Enoma, U. B. Cheah, K. Y. Lum, and Z. Malik, ADSORPTION, DESORPTION, AND MOBILITY OF TWO INSECTICIDES IN MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL SOILS, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, vol.76, issue.4, pp.355-364, 2002.
DOI : 10.1081/PFC-120004476

A. R. Jacobson, S. Dousset, N. Guichard, P. Baveye, and F. Andreux, Diuron mobility through vineyard soils contaminated with copper, Environmental Pollution, vol.138, issue.2, pp.250-259, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.04.004

M. Jalali and S. Moharrami, Competitive adsorption of trace elements in calcareous soils of western Iran, Geoderma, vol.140, issue.1-2, pp.156-163, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.03.016

M. Jamagne, Bases et techniques d'une cartographie des sols. Ann. agron, pp.1-142, 1967.

P. Jamet, Le comportement des produits agropharmaceutiques dans le sol, Phytiatrie- Phytopharmacie, vol.28, pp.87-122, 1979.

D. B. Janssen, I. J. Dinkla, G. J. Poelarends, and P. Terpstra, Bacterial degradation of xenobiotic compounds: evolution and distribution of novel enzyme activities, Environmental Microbiology, vol.40, issue.12, pp.1868-1882, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00966.x

E. Jeanroy, Analyse totale par spectrométrie d'adsorption atomique des roches, sols minéraux, ciments, après fusion alkaline au métaborate de strontium, Analysis, vol.2, pp.703-712, 1974.

S. W. Kullman and F. Matsumura, Metabolic pathways utilized by Phanerochaete chrysporium for degradation of the cyclodiene pesticide Endosulfan, Appl. Microbiol. Biot, vol.62, pp.593-600, 1996.

M. Kumar, C. V. Lakshmi, and S. Khanna, Biodegradation and bioremediation of endosulfan contaminated soil, Bioresource Technology, vol.99, issue.8, pp.3116-3122, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.057

M. Kumar and L. Philip, Adsorption and desorption characteristics of hydrophobic pesticide endosulfan in four Indian soils, Chemosphere, vol.62, issue.7, pp.1064-1077, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.009

M. Kumar and L. Philip, Endosulfan Mineralization by Bacterial Isolates and Possible Degradation Pathway Identification, Bioremediation Journal, vol.79, issue.4, pp.179-190, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.72.5.3524-3530.2006

P. B. Kumar, H. Motto, and I. Raskin, Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove Heavy metals from Aqueous Streams, Env. Sci. Technol, vol.29, pp.1239-1245, 1995.

G. S. Kwon, H. Y. Sohn, K. S. Shin, E. Kim, and B. Seo, Biodegradation of the organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan, and the toxic metabolite, endosulfan sulfate, by Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.47, issue.6, pp.845-850, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-004-1879-9

V. Laabs and W. Amelung, Sorption and Aging of Corn and Soybean Pesticides in Tropical Soils of Brazil, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.53, issue.18, pp.7184-7192, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/jf050969c

V. Laabs, W. Amelung, G. Fent, W. Zech, and R. Kubiak, C-Labeled Soybean and Corn Pesticides in Tropical Soils of Brazil under Laboratory Conditions, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.50, issue.16, pp.4619-4627, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jf0115443

V. Laabs, W. Amelung, A. Pinto, A. Altstaedt, and W. Zech, Leaching and degradation of corn and soybean pesticides in an Oxisol of the Brazilian Cerrados, Chemosphere, vol.41, issue.9, pp.1441-1449, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00546-9

H. Y. Lai and Z. S. Chen, Effects of EDTA on solubility of cadmium, zinc, and lead and their uptake by rainbow pink and vetiver grass, Chemosphere, vol.55, issue.3, pp.421-430, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.009

D. Landry, S. Dousset, and F. Andreux, Leaching of oryzalin and diuron through undisturbed vineyard soil columns under outdoor conditions, Chemosphere, vol.62, issue.10, pp.1736-1747, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.024
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00935339

S. J. Larson, P. D. Capel, and M. S. Majewski, Pesticides in surface waters. Distribution, trends, and governing factors, p.pp, 1997.

S. B. Lartiges and P. P. Garrigues, Degradation Kinetics of Organophosphorus and Organonitrogen Pesticides in Different Waters under Various Environmental Conditions, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.29, issue.5, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/es00005a016

C. Leaungvutiviroj, S. Piriyaprin, P. Limtong, and K. Sasaki, Relationships between soil microorganisms and nutrient contents of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash and Vetiveria nemoralis (A.) Camus in some problem soils from Thailand, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.92-102, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.06.007

M. Ledin, C. Krantz-rulker, and B. Allard, Microorganisms as metal sorbents: comparison with other soil constituents in multi-compartment systems, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.12, pp.1639-1648, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00073-5

A. Leite, L. Do, A. B. Paraguassu, and R. K. Rowe, on some tropical soils, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.40, issue.3, pp.629-642, 2003.
DOI : 10.1139/t03-011

W. Li, Y. Dai, B. Xue, Y. Li, X. Peng et al., Biodegradation and detoxification of endosulfan in aqueous medium and soil by Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain CS5, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.167, issue.1-3, pp.209-216, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.111

H. Li, Y. M. Luo, J. Song, L. H. Wu, and P. Christie, Degradation of benzo[a]pyrene in an experimentally contaminated paddy soil by vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol.33, issue.1-2, pp.183-188, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10653-005-9029-6

D. W. Lickfeldt and B. E. Branham, Sorption of nonionic organic compounds by Kentchuky bluegrass leaves and thatch, J. Environ. Qual, vol.26, pp.1493-1502, 1995.

M. Linde, I. Öborn, and J. P. Gustafsson, Effects of Changed Soil Conditions on the Mobility of Trace Metals in Moderately Contaminated Urban Soils, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.94, issue.3???4, pp.69-83, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11270-007-9357-5

X. Liu, Y. Shen, L. Lou, C. Ding, and Q. Cai, Copper tolerance of the biomass crops Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach), Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) and the upland reed (Phragmites australis) in soil culture, Biotechnology Advances, vol.27, issue.5, pp.633-640, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.017

S. E. Lorenz, R. E. Hamon, and S. Mcgrath, Differences between soil solutions obtained from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils by water displacement and soil configuration, 1994.

S. G. Lu and Q. F. Xu, Competitive adsorption of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn by different soils of Eastern China, Environmental Geology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.685-693, 2009.
DOI : 10.1631/jzus.2007.A1808

J. M. Lynch, The rhizosphere, p.581, 1990.

L. Q. Ma and G. N. Rao, Chemical Fractionation of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Contaminated Soils, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.26, issue.1, pp.259-264, 1997.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010036x

D. Mackay, W. Shui, and K. Ma, Illustrated Handbook of physical-chemical properties and environmental fate of organic chemicals, pp.351-374, 1997.

M. R. Macnair and A. J. Baker, Metal tolerance in plants: evolutionary aspects Plants and the chemical elements, pp.68-86, 1994.

L. Madrid and E. Diaz-barrientos, Release of metals from homogeneous soil columns by wastewater from an agricultural industry, Environmental Pollution, vol.101, issue.1, pp.43-48, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(98)00032-3

M. Majone, P. Papini, M. Rolle, and E. , Modeling Lead Adsorption on Clays by Models with and without Electrostatic Terms, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.179, issue.2, pp.412-425, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/jcis.1996.0232

S. Marcacci, M. Raveton, P. Ravanel, and J. Schwitzguébel, Conjugation of atrazine in vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides Nash) grown in hydroponics, Environmental and Experimental Botany, vol.56, issue.2, pp.205-215, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.02.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00317771

H. Marschner, Mineral nutrition of higher plants. 2 nd Edn, p.889, 1995.

R. Martens, Degradation of endosulfan-8,9-14C in soil under different conditions, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.3, issue.4, pp.438-446, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01685936

C. E. Martinez and M. B. Mcbride, in Aged Coprecipitates with Amorphous Iron Hydroxides, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.32, issue.6, pp.743-748, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/es970262+

E. L. Martins, O. L. Weber, E. F. Dores, and C. A. Spadotto, Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State???Brazil, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, vol.23, issue.5, pp.877-882, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/03601230701623217

C. S. Masutti and A. R. Mermut, Sorption of fipronil and its sulfide derivative by soils and goethite, Geoderma, vol.140, issue.1-2, pp.1-7, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.020

S. Mbengue, Phytoremédiation de sols contaminés par des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) : devenir des polluants lors de la croissance du vétiver, pp.1-23, 2010.

M. B. Mcbride, Environmental Chemistry of Soils, p.406, 1994.

S. P. Mcgrath, Phytoextraction for soil remediation Plants that hyperaccumulate heavy metals: their role in phytoremediation, microbiology, archaeology, mineral exploration and phytomining, pp.261-288, 1998.

M. J. Mclaughlin, L. T. Palmer, K. G. Tiller, T. A. Beech, and M. K. Smart, Increased Soil Salinity Causes Elevated Cadmium Concentrations in Field-Grown Potato Tubers, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.23, issue.5, 1996.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050023x

R. B. Meagher, Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.3, issue.2, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00054-0

R. B. Meagher and A. C. Heaton, Strategies for the engineered phytoremediation of toxic element pollution: mercury and arsenic, Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, vol.93, issue.Suppl 5, pp.502-513, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10295-005-0255-9

M. Meier, K. N. Dejanovic, P. A. Maurice, Y. P. Chin, and G. R. Aiken, Fractionation of aquatic natural organic matter upon sorption to goethite and kaolinite, Chemical Geology, vol.157, issue.3-4, pp.275-284, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00006-6

P. Parkpian, P. Anurakpongsatorn, P. Pakkong, and W. H. Patrick, Adsorption, desorption and degradation of ??-endosulfan in tropical soils of Thailand, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, vol.33, issue.3, pp.33-211, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/03601239809373140

C. L. Pattern and B. R. Glick, Bacterial biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.207-220, 1996.
DOI : 10.1139/m96-032

Y. Peron, V. Zalacain, and G. Laclavere, Atlas de la Haute-Volta. Editions Jeune Afrique, 1975.

S. M. Peterson and G. E. Batley, The fate of endosulfan in aquatic ecosystems, Environmental Pollution, vol.82, issue.2, pp.143-152, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0269-7491(93)90111-Z

J. J. Pignatello and B. Xing, Mechanisms of Slow Sorption of Organic Chemicals to Natural Particles, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.30, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/es940683g

E. Pilon-smits, PHYTOREMEDIATION, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.56, issue.1, pp.15-39, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144214

S. Piriyaprin, V. Sunanthapongsuk, P. Limtong, C. Leaungvutviroj, and N. Pasda, Study on soil microbial biodiversity in rhizosphere of vetiver grass in degrading soil, Symposium n° 12, paper n° 1896. Soil and Water Conservation Division, Land Development Department, 2002.

M. N. Prasad, Stabilization, Remediation, and Integrated Management of Metal- Contaminated Ecosystems by Grasses (Poaceae) Trace Elements in the Environment, Biogeochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioremediation, pp.405-424, 2005.

M. N. Prasad and H. M. Freitas, Metal hyperaccumulation in plants - Biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol.6, issue.3, pp.286-297, 2003.
DOI : 10.2225/vol6-issue3-fulltext-6

A. P. Proffitt and C. W. Rose, Soil erosion processes.II. Settling velocity characteristics of eroded sediment, Australian Journal of Soil Research, vol.29, issue.5, pp.685-695, 1991.
DOI : 10.1071/SR9910685

A. S. Rao, Root flavonoids, The Botanical Review, vol.82, issue.11, pp.1-84, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02858531

R. D. Reeves, Tropical hyperaccumulators of metals and their potential for phytoextraction, Plant and Soil, vol.249, issue.1, pp.57-65, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1022572517197

R. D. Reeves and A. J. Baker, Metal-accumulating plants Phytoremediation of toxic metals: using plants to clean-up the environment, pp.193-230, 2000.

S. Reichenberger and V. Laabs, Kinetic evaluation of pesticide sorption in two contrasting tropical soils, Proceedings of the XII Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, pp.309-318, 2002.

P. J. Rice, J. A. Herman-fetcho, J. R. Teasdale, A. M. Sadeghi, L. L. Mcconnel et al., USE OF VEGETATIVE FURROWS TO MITIGATE COPPER LOADS AND SOIL LOSS IN RUNOFF FROM POLYETHYLENE (PLASTIC) MULCH VEGETABLE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.23, issue.3, pp.719-725, 2004.
DOI : 10.1897/03-14

P. J. Rice, L. L. Mcconnel, L. P. Heighton, A. M. Sadeghi, A. R. Isensee et al., Comparison of copper levels in runoff from fresh-market vegetable production using polyethylene mulch or a vegetative mulch, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.17, issue.1, pp.24-30, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620210104

C. P. Rice, C. B. Nochetto, and P. Zara, Volatilization of Trifluralin, Atrazine, Metolachlor, Chlorpyrifos, ??-Endosulfan, and ??-Endosulfan from Freshly Tilled Soil, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.50, issue.14, pp.4009-4017, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jf011571t

V. Römheld, The role of phytosiderophores in acquisition of iron and other micronutrients in graminaceous species: An ecological approach, Plant and Soil, vol.130, issue.1-2, pp.127-134, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00011867

N. Roongtanakiat and P. Chairoj, Uptake potential of some heavy metals by vetiver grass, Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.), vol.35, pp.46-50, 2001.

P. Rotkittikhun, R. Chaiyarat, M. Kruatrachue, P. Pokethitiyook, and A. J. Baker, Growth and lead accumulation by the grasses Vetiveria zizanioides and Thysanolaena maxima in lead-contaminated soil amended with pig manure and fertilizer: A glasshouse study, Chemosphere, vol.66, issue.1, pp.45-53, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.038

C. L. Rugh, H. D. Wilde, N. M. Stracks, D. M. Thompson, A. O. Summers et al., Mercuric ion reduction and resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a modified bacterial merA gene., Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.3182-3187, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.8.3182

R. C. Russel, Plant Root Systems, Soil Science, vol.125, issue.4, p.298, 1982.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-197804000-00023

D. E. Salt, M. Blaylock, N. P. Kumar, V. Dushenkov, D. Ensley et al., Phytoremediation: A Novel Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Metals from the Environment Using Plants, Bio/Technology, vol.78, issue.5, pp.468-474, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9452(91)90223-U

P. W. Savadogo, F. Lompo, K. Coulibaly, O. Traoré, A. S. Traoré et al., A Microcosm Study of Endosulfan Degradation and its Short-Term Effect on pH and Biological Parameters of Cotton Zones Soils of Burkina Faso, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.12-21, 2009.
DOI : 10.3923/jest.2009.12.21

P. Savadogo, A. Traoré, K. Coulibaly, Y. Bonzi-coulibaly, M. Sedogo et al., Variation de la teneur en résidus de pesticides dans les sols de la zone cotonnière du Burkina Faso, J. Afr. Sci. Environ, vol.1, pp.29-39, 2006.

I. Scheunert, Transport and transformation of pesticides in soil. Fate and prediction of environmental chemicals in soils, plants, and aquatic systems, M. Mansour. Boca Raton, pp.1-22, 1993.

C. Schwartz, G. Echevarria, and J. L. Morel, Phytoextraction of cadmium with Thlaspi caerulescens, Plant and Soil, vol.249, issue.1, pp.27-35, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1022584220411
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01486351

I. Schuphan, B. Sajko, and K. Z. Ballschmiter, [On chemical and photochemical breakdown of the cyclodien-insecticides, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan and other hexachlorobicyclo-(2.2.2)-hepten-derivatives, Z. Naturforsch, vol.276, pp.147-156, 1972.

R. Seth, D. Mackay, and J. Muncke, Estimating the Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient and Its Variability for Hydrophobic Chemicals, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.33, issue.14, pp.2390-2396, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/es980893j

S. M. Shaheen, Sorption and lability of cadmium and lead in different soils from Egypt and Greece, Geoderma, vol.153, issue.1-2, pp.61-68, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.07.017

L. Shen and F. Wania, Compilation, Evaluation, and Selection of Physical???Chemical Property Data for Organochlorine Pesticides, Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, vol.50, issue.3, pp.742-768, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/je049693f

X. F. Sheng and J. J. Xia, Improvement of rape (Brassica napus) plant growth and cadmium uptake by cadmium-resistant bacteria, Chemosphere, vol.64, issue.6, pp.1036-1042, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.051

T. Siddique, B. C. Okeke, M. Arshad, and F. W. Jr, Species, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol.51, issue.27, pp.8015-8019, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jf030503z

D. M. Silburn, B. W. Simpson, and P. A. Hargreaves, Management practices for control of runoff losses from cotton furrows under storm rainfall. II. Transport of pesticides in runoff, 2002.

M. L. Silveira and L. R. Alleoni, Copper adsorption in tropical oxisols, Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, vol.46, issue.4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1590/S1516-89132003000400006

S. Singh, J. S. Melo, S. Eapen, and S. F. Souza, Potential of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanoides L. Nash) for phytoremediation of phenol, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.71, issue.3, pp.671-676, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.023

R. P. Singh and S. Singh, Adsorption and Movement of Endosulfan in Soils: A Verification of the Co-solvent Theory and a Comparison of Batch Equilibrium and Soil Thin Layer Chromatography Results, Adsorption Science & Technology, vol.22, issue.3, pp.185-199, 2008.
DOI : 10.1260/026361708786036106

G. Sposito, The chemistry of soils, p.227, 1989.

A. Trouvelot, J. Kough, and V. Gianinazzi-pearson, Mesure du taux de mycorhization VA d'un système radiculaire Recherche de méthodes d'estimation ayant une signification fonctionnelle Mycorrhizae: physiology and genetics, pp.217-221, 1986.

P. N. Truong, The global impact of Vetiver Grass Technology on the environment, 2000.

P. N. Truong and D. Baker, Vetiver grass system for environmental protection. Technical Bulletin No. 1998/1. Pacific Rim Vetiver Network. Office of the royal development projects board, 1998.

P. N. Truong and D. Hengchaovanich, Application of the vetiver grass system in land stabilisation, erosion and sediment control in civil construction, Proc. Southern Region Symposium. Queensland of Main Roads, 1997.

P. N. Truong and M. Pease, Vetiver hedgerows: A hedge against environmental pollution and for landscaping. Hedgerows of the World, IALE, pp.309-318, 2001.

A. R. Usman, The relative adsorption selectivities of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni by soils developed on shale in New Valley, Egypt, Geoderma, vol.144, issue.1-2, pp.334-343, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.12.004

L. Van-der-vliet, C. Peterson, and B. Hale, Cd accumulation in roots and shoots of durum wheat: the roles of transpiration rate and apoplastic bypass, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.58, issue.11, pp.2939-2947, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/jxb/erm119

H. Veeresh, S. Tripathy, D. Chaudhuri, B. R. Hart, and M. A. Powell, Competitive adsorption behavior of selected heavy metals in three soil types of India amended with fly ash and sewage sludge, Environmental Geology, vol.44, issue.3, pp.363-370, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00254-003-0776-3

F. A. Vega, M. L. Andrade, and E. F. Covelo, Influence of soil properties on the sorption and retention of cadmium, copper and lead, separately and together, by 20 soil horizons: Comparison of linear regression and tree regression analyses, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.174, issue.1-3, pp.522-533, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.083

N. Vonwiren, H. Marschner, and V. Römheld, Uptake kinetics of iron-phytosiderophores in two maize genotypes differing in iron efficiency, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.93, issue.4, pp.611-616, 1995.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.930405.x

J. Q. Wang, S. H. Ru, and D. C. Su, Effects of nitrogenous fertilizers and chelators on absorption of cadmium by Indian mustard and oilseed rape, J. Agro. Environ. Sci, vol.23, pp.625-629, 2004.

Y. Wang, X. Tang, Y. Chen, L. Zhan, Z. Li et al., Adsorption behavior and mechanism of Cd(II) on loess soil from China, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.172, issue.1, pp.30-37, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.121

M. E. Watanabe, Phytoremediation on the Brink of Commericialization, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.31, issue.4, pp.182-186, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/es972219s

R. M. Welch and W. A. Norwell, Mechanisms of Cadmium Uptake, Translocation and Deposition in Plants, Cadmium in soils and plants, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-4473-5_6

M. Wenk, T. Baumgartner, J. Dobocsek, T. Fuchs, J. Kucsera et al., Rapid atrazine mineralisation in soil slurry and moist soil by inoculation of an atrazine-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.49, issue.5, pp.624-630, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s002530051224

C. C. Wong, S. C. Wu, C. Kuek, A. G. Khan, and M. H. Wang, The Role of Mycorrhizae Associated with Vetiver Grown in Pb-/Zn-Contaminated Soils: Greenhouse Study, Restoration Ecology, vol.125, issue.1, pp.60-67, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00125-9

S. C. Wu, K. C. Cheung, Y. M. Luo, and M. H. Wong, Effects of inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on metal uptake by Brassica juncea, Environmental Pollution, vol.140, issue.1, pp.124-135, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.023

B. Yang, W. S. Shu, Z. H. Ye, C. Y. Lan, and M. H. Wong, Growth and metal accumulation in vetiver and two Sesbania species on lead/zinc mine tailings, Chemosphere, vol.52, issue.9, pp.1593-1600, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00499-5

J. Yoon, X. Cao, Q. Zhou, and L. Q. Ma, Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site, Science of The Total Environment, vol.368, issue.2-3, pp.456-464, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.016

X. Z. Yu and J. D. Gu, Uptake, metabolism, and toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in weeping willows, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.137, issue.3, pp.1417-1423, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.04.024

M. Zhou, Y. C. Li, P. Nkedi-kizza, and S. K. O-'hair, Endosulfan Losses through Runoff and Leaching from Calcareous Gravelly or Marl Soils, Vadose Zone Journal, vol.2, issue.2, pp.231-238, 2003.
DOI : 10.2136/vzj2003.2310

P. Zhuang, Z. H. Ye, C. Y. Lan, Z. W. Xie, and W. S. Shu, Chemically Assisted Phytoextraction of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils using Three Plant Species, Plant and Soil, vol.249, issue.1-2, pp.153-162, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11104-005-3901-0

A. Zsolnay, Dissolved humus in soil waters Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems, pp.171-224, 1996.