M. Balesdent, K. Louvard, X. Pinochet, and R. T. , A Large-Scale Survey of Races of Leptosphaeria ??maculans Occurring on Oilseed Rape in France, European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.53-65, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/ocl.2003.0208

X. Pinochet, M. Ermel, and H. Brun, Résistance du colza au phoma : où en est l'efficacité de Rlm7 ?, 2015.

M. Beck, J. Zhou, C. Faulkner, D. Maclean, and R. S. , Flagellin Receptor Reveal Activation Status-Dependent Endosomal Sorting, The Plant Cell, vol.24, issue.10, pp.4205-4219, 2012.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.112.100263

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3516521/pdf

P. Bednarek, Chemical warfare or modulators of defence responses ??? the function of secondary metabolites in plant immunity, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.407-414, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.03.002

P. Bednarek, M. Pi?lewska-bednarek, A. Svato?, B. Schneider, J. Doubský et al., A Glucosinolate Metabolism Pathway in Living Plant Cells Mediates Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Defense, Science, vol.54, issue.3, pp.101-106, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03424.x

M. Bernoux, T. Ve, S. Williams, C. Warren, D. Hatters et al., Structural and Functional Analysis of a Plant Resistance Protein TIR Century, 1997.

S. Cesari, M. Bernoux, P. Moncuquet, T. Kroj, and P. N. Dodds, A novel conserved mechanism for plant NLR protein pairs: the " integrated decoy, hypothesis. Front. Plant Sci, vol.5, 2014.

S. Césari, H. Kanzaki, T. Fujiwara, M. Bernoux, V. Chalvon et al., The NB???LRR proteins RGA4 and RGA5 interact functionally and physically to confer disease resistance, The EMBO Journal, vol.33, issue.17, pp.1941-1959, 2014.
DOI : 10.15252/embj.201487923

B. Chalhoub, F. Denoeud, S. Liu, I. A. Parkin, H. Tang et al., Early allopolyploid evolution in the post-Neolithic Brassica napus oilseed genome, Science, vol.19, issue.11, pp.950-953, 2014.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.107.054346

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01208705

B. Cheng, X. Yu, Z. Ma, S. Dong, D. Dou et al., Phytophthora sojae effector Avh331 suppresses the plant defence response by disturbing the MAPK signalling pathway, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.77, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pmpp.2011.10.002

F. Perez, A. Gautreau, H. Van-tilbeurgh, and P. Minard, Specific GFP-binding artificial proteins (?Rep): a new tool for in vitro to live cell applications, Biosci. Rep, vol.35, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01223908

D. Chinchilla and T. Boller, Innate Immunity: Pattern Recognition in Plants, Effectors in Plant?Microbe Interactions, Francisrtin, and, pp.1-32, 2011.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.110.161547

C. N. , A. A. Denoux, C. Jander, G. , and A. F. , Glucosinolate Metabolites Required for an Arabidopsis Innate Immune Response, Science, 2008.

S. J. Clough and A. F. Bent, Floral dip: a simplified method forAgrobacterium-mediated transformation ofArabidopsis thaliana, The Plant Journal, vol.56, issue.6, pp.735-743, 1998.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.3.1.49

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x/pdf

J. Collemare and L. , Fungal Secondary Metabolites: Ancient Toxins and Novel Effectors in Plant-Microbe Interactions, Effectors in Plant?Microbe Interactions, pp.377-400, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.183.13.4040-4051.2001

D. E. Cook, M. C. , and T. B. , Understanding Plant Immunity as a Surveillance System to Detect Invasion, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.53, issue.1, pp.541-563, 2015.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120114

G. M. Cook, R. J. Frampton, R. A. Mckenzie, J. Przybilski, R. et al., Ribonucleases in bacterial toxin???antitoxin systems, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, vol.1829, issue.6-7, pp.523-531, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.02.007

J. Du, C. Wu, and X. Lin, Nine things to know about elicitins, New Phytol, vol.212, pp.888-895, 2016.

B. J. Deyoung and R. W. Innes, Plant NBS-LRR proteins in pathogen sensing and host defense, Nature Immunology, vol.25, issue.12, pp.1243-1249, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/jcc.20084

C. Notredame, T-Coffee: a web server for the multiple sequence alignment of protein and RNA sequences using structural information and homology extension, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.39, pp.13-17, 2011.

S. P. Dinesh-kumar, W. Tham, and B. J. Baker, Structure-function analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, pp.14789-14794, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/22.22.4673

M. S. Dixon, C. Golstein, T. C. Biezen, E. A. Van, and J. J. , Genetic complexity of pathogen perception by plants: The example of Rcr3, a tomato gene required specifically by Cf-2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, pp.8807-8814, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80083-5

I. Feussner, Metabolic priming by a secreted fungal effector, Nature, vol.478, pp.395-398, 2011.

P. N. Dodds and R. J. , Plant immunity: towards an integrated view of plant???pathogen interactions, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.28, issue.8, pp.539-548, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrg2812

J. G. Ellis, Direct protein interaction underlies gene-for-gene specificity and coevolution of the flax resistance genes and flax rust avirulence genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol.103, pp.8888-8893, 2006.

X. Dong, SA, JA, ethylene, and disease resistance in plants, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.1, issue.4, pp.316-323, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/1369-5266(88)80053-0

D. Dou, K. S. Wang, X. Jiang, R. H. , B. N. Arredondo et al., RXLR-Mediated Entry of Phytophthora sojae Effector Avr1b into Soybean Cells Does Not Require Pathogen-Encoded Machinery, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.20, issue.7, pp.1930-1947, 2008.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.107.056093

A. R. Thakur and P. B. , Conserved C-Terminal Motifs Required for Avirulence and Suppression of Cell Death by Phytophthora sojae effector Avr1b, Plant Cell Online, vol.20, pp.1118-1133, 2008.

S. Hacquard, J. Amselem, and C. B. , Obligate biotrophy features unraveled by the genomic analysis of rust fungi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.9166-9171, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01000169

E. J. Dodds, P. N. , and L. G. , Flax Rust Resistance Gene Specificity is Based on Direct Resistance-Avirulence Protein Interactions, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, vol.45, pp.289-306, 2007.

O. Emanuelsson, H. Nielsen, S. Brunak, V. Heijne, and G. , Predicting Subcellular Localization of Proteins Based on their N-terminal Amino Acid Sequence, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.300, issue.4, pp.1005-1016, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3903

J. Vervoort, P. J. De-wit, and T. B. , The Cladosporium fulvum Virulence Protein Avr2 Inhibits Host Proteases Required for Basal Defense, Plant Cell, vol.20, pp.1948-1963, 2008.

T. Eulgem, Regulation of the Arabidopsis defense transcriptome, Trends in Plant Science, vol.10, issue.2, pp.71-78, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.12.006

E. Evangelisti, B. Govetto, N. Minet-kebdani, M. Kuhn, A. Attard et al., infection by interfering with auxin physiology, New Phytologist, vol.4, issue.2, pp.476-489, 2013.
DOI : 10.3390/v4112578

S. Eves-van-den-akker and P. R. Birch, Opening the Effector Protein Toolbox for Plant???Parasitic Cyst Nematode Interactions, Molecular Plant, vol.9, issue.11, pp.1451-1453, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.008

M. Fagard, A. Launay, G. Clément, J. Courtial, A. Dellagi et al., Nitrogen metabolism meets phytopathology, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.136, issue.1, pp.5643-5656, 2014.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.104.046367

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01563731

W. Fan and D. X. , In Vivo Interaction between NPR1 and Transcription Factor TGA2 Leads to Salicylic Acid-Mediated Gene Activation in Arabidopsis, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.14, issue.6, pp.1377-1389, 2002.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.001628

B. D. Fitt, H. Brun, M. J. Barbetti, and R. S. , World-Wide Importance of Phoma Stem Canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Eur, 2006.

B. Franco-orozco, A. Berepiki, O. Ruiz, L. Gamble, G. L. Wang et al., A new proteinaceous pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) identified in Ascomycete fungi induces cell death in Solanaceae, New Phytologist, vol.125, issue.4, pp.1657-1672, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.037

J. E. Galagan and E. U. Selker, RIP: the evolutionary cost of genome defense, Trends in Genetics, vol.20, issue.9, pp.417-423, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tig.2004.07.007

J. E. Galán and C. A. , Type III Secretion Machines: Bacterial Devices for Protein Delivery into Host Cells, Science, vol.284, pp.1322-1328, 1999.

Q. Gascuel, L. Buendia, Y. Pecrix, N. Blanchet, S. Muños et al., RXLR and CRN Effectors from the Sunflower Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara halstedii Induce Hypersensitive-Like Responses in Resistant Sunflower Lines, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.91, issue.709, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pmpp.2015.05.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01602473

F. Gawehns, B. J. Cornelissen, and T. F. , The potential of effector-target genes in breeding for plant innate immunity, Microbial Biotechnology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.223-229, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2008.02.004

B. Petre, S. Duplessis, and A. Séguin, Infection assays in Arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens, Mol. Plant Pathol, vol.19, pp.191-200, 2018.

J. Gervais, Identification et analyse fonctionnelle des effecteurs tardifs impliqués dans la colonisation sytémique du colza par Leptosphaeria maculans, Thèse de doctorat en Sciences du Végétal, 2017.

M. Balesdent, Different waves of effector genes with contrasted genomic location are expressed by Leptosphaeria maculans during cotyledon and stem colonization of oilseed rape, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608614

K. Ghanbarnia, I. Fudal, L. N. , L. M. Balesdent, M. Profotova et al., using an intraspecific comparative genomics approach, Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.110, issue.Suppl. 2, pp.699-709, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s00122-004-1919-y

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01536462

A. Giamoustaris and R. Mithen, Glucosinolates and disease resistance in oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera), Plant Pathology, vol.46, issue.2, pp.271-275, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-222.x

A. Giannakopoulou, J. F. Steele, S. M. Bozkurt, T. O. Zhou, J. Robatzek et al., Tomato I2 Immune Receptor Can Be Engineered to Confer Partial Resistance to the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans in Addition to the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum, Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact, vol.28, pp.1316-1329, 2015.
DOI : 10.1101/022079

K. Hrubikova, J. Shaw, and M. Holeva, Involvement of cathepsin B in the plant disease resistance hypersensitive response, Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol, vol.52, pp.1-13, 2007.

R. Terauchi, T. N. Valent, and B. , Two distinct secretion systems facilitate tissue invasion by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, Nat. Commun, vol.4, 2013.

L. Gómez-gómez and T. Boller, Flagellin perception: a paradigm for innate immunity, Trends in Plant Science, vol.7, issue.6, pp.251-256, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02261-6

T. A. Lee, . Der, J. Grimwood, and A. Aerts, Finished Genome of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola Reveals Dispensome Structure, Chromosome Plasticity, and Stealth Pathogenesis, PLOS Genet, vol.7, 2011.

L. Gout, I. Fudal, M. Kuhn, F. Blaise, M. Eckert et al., Lost in the middle of nowhere: the AvrLm1 avirulence gene of the Dothideomycete Leptosphaeria maculans, Molecular Microbiology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.67-80, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.10.5661

D. Gürlebeck, B. Szurek, and U. Bonas, Dimerization of the bacterial effector protein, 2005.

K. Guyon, C. Balagué, D. Roby, and R. S. , Secretome analysis reveals effector candidates associated with broad host range necrotrophy in the fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, BMC Genomics, vol.15, issue.1, p.336, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/30.7.1575

D. L. Hawksworth, The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 1.5 million species estimate revisited, incorporating the 2nd Asia-Pacific Mycological Congress on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, and held at the University of Hong Kong on 9-13, pp.1422-1432, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S0953756201004725

A. Heese, D. R. Hann, S. Gimenez-ibanez, A. M. Jones, K. He et al., The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is a central regulator of innate immunity in plants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.12217-12222, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.029005569.x

D. Ramírez, M. Bucher, O. Connell, and R. J. , Root Endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae Confers Plant Fitness Benefits that Are Phosphate Status Dependent, Cell, vol.165, pp.464-474, 2016.

B. F. Holt, Y. Belkhadir, and D. J. , Antagonistic Control of Disease Resistance Protein Stability in the Plant Immune System, Science, vol.309, issue.5736, pp.929-932, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1109977

R. A. Van-der-hoorn and J. J. , The plant proteolytic machinery and its role in defence, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.7, issue.4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2004.04.003

R. A. Van-der-hoorn and S. Kamoun, From Guard to Decoy: A New Model for Perception of Plant Pathogen Effectors, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.20, issue.8, 2008.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.108.060194

P. M. Houterman, B. J. Cornelissen, and M. Rep, Suppression of Plant Resistance Gene-Based Immunity by a Fungal Effector, PLoS Pathogens, vol.1, issue.5, 2008.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000061.s001

P. M. Houterman, L. Ma, G. Van-ooijen, D. Vroomen, M. J. Cornelissen et al., activates the tomato resistance protein I-2 intracellularly, The Plant Journal, vol.11, issue.6, pp.970-978, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-73166-2

Y. Huang, N. Evans, B. D. Fitt, Z. Li, T. Rouxel et al., Fitness cost associated with loss of the AvrLm4 avirulence function in Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker of oilseed rape), Sustainable Strategies for Managing Brassica Napus, 2006.

Y. Huang, M. Balesdent, Z. Li, N. Evans, T. Rouxel et al., Fitness cost of virulence differs between the AvrLm1 and AvrLm4 loci in Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker of oilseed rape), European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.51, issue.2, p.279, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02447-2

F. Jacob, S. Vernaldi, and T. Maekawa, Evolution and Conservation of Plant NLR Functions, Frontiers in Immunology, vol.4, 2013.
DOI : 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00297

B. Jarosch, K. Kogel, and U. Schaffrath, The Ambivalence of the Barley Mlo Locus: Mutations Conferring Resistance Against Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), 1999.

M. Jia, L. Chen, H. Xin, C. Zheng, K. Rahman et al., A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.43, 2016.
DOI : 10.1134/s000368380704014x

Y. Jia, M. S. , B. G. , H. H. Valent, and B. , Direct interaction of resistance gene and avirulence gene products confers rice blast resistance, The EMBO Journal, vol.10, issue.15, pp.4004-4014, 2000.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.12.11.2019

R. H. Jiang, S. Tripathy, F. Govers, and T. B. , RXLR effector reservoir in two Phytophthora species is dominated by a single rapidly evolving superfamily with more than 700 members, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, pp.4874-4879, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.12.1244

R. Johnson and J. G. , Breeding for Disease Resistance, 2013.

J. D. Jones and D. J. , The plant immune system, Nature, vol.308, issue.7117, pp.323-329, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1111404

R. De-jonge and T. B. , Fungal LysM effectors: extinguishers of host immunity? Trends Microbiol, pp.151-157, 2009.

R. De-jonge, H. P. Van-esse, A. Kombrink, T. Shinya, Y. Desaki et al., Conserved Fungal LysM Effector Ecp6 Prevents Chitin-Triggered Immunity in Plants, Science, vol.20, issue.4, pp.953-955, 2010.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.107.056325

M. H. Joosten, R. Vogelsang, C. T. , V. M. , and W. P. , The biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum circumvents Cf-4-mediated resistance by producing unstable AVR4 elicitors, Plant Cell Online, vol.9, pp.367-379, 1997.

K. Saikkonen, S. H. Faeth, M. Helander, and S. T. , FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES: A Continuum of Interactions with Host Plants, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.29, issue.1, pp.319-343, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.319

A. Kachroo and R. G. , Systemic signaling during plant defense, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.16, issue.4, pp.527-533, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.019

M. Kalde, N. T. Findlay, K. Peck, and S. C. , The syntaxin SYP132 contributes to plant resistance against bacteria and secretion of pathogenesis-related protein 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0739-6260(85)90031-0

I. Fudal and T. Rouxel, External lipid PI3P mediates entry of eukaryotic pathogen effectors into plant and animal host cells, Cell, vol.142, pp.284-295, 2010.

S. Kamoun, A Catalogue of the Effector Secretome of Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.44, issue.1, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143436

S. E. Gold and O. Müller, Insights from the genome of the biotrophic fungal plant pathogen Ustilago maydis, Nature, vol.444, pp.97-101, 2006.

T. Kanneganti, E. Huitema, C. Cakir, and S. Kamoun, Nep1-Like Protein PiNPP1.1 and INF1 Elicitin, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.19, issue.8, pp.854-863, 2006.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-19-0854

D. Terauchi and R. , Arms race co-evolution of Magnaporthe oryzae AVR-Pik and rice Pik genes driven by their physical interactions, Plant J, vol.72, pp.894-907, 2012.

F. Kaschani, M. Shabab, T. Bozkurt, T. Shindo, S. Schornack et al., An Effector-Targeted Protease Contributes to Defense against Phytophthora infestans and Is under Diversifying Selection in Natural Hosts, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.154, issue.4, pp.1794-1804, 2010.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.110.158030

T. Kasuga and M. Gijzen, Epigenetics and the evolution of virulence, Trends in Microbiology, vol.21, issue.11, pp.575-582, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2013.09.003

N. T. Keen, Gene-For-Gene Complementarity in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Annual Review of Genetics, vol.24, issue.1, 1990.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002311

E. Kemen and J. J. , Obligate biotroph parasitism: can we link genomes to lifestyles? Trends Plant Sci, pp.448-457, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.04.005

E. Kemen, A. Kemen, A. Ehlers, R. Voegele, and K. Mendgen, A novel structural effector from rust fungi is capable of fibril formation, The Plant Journal, vol.108, issue.5, pp.767-780, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1106002108

G. J. Kettles, C. Bayon, C. Sparks, G. Canning, K. Kanyuka et al., Characterisation of an antimicrobial and phytotoxic ribonuclease secreted by the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici, 2017.
DOI : 10.1101/130393

B. Valent, Translocation of Magnaporthe oryzae Effectors into Rice Cells and Their Subsequent Cell-to-Cell Movement, Plant Cell Online, vol.22, pp.1388-1403, 2010.

M. Khatib, C. Lafitte, M. Esquerré-tugayé, A. Bottin, and M. Rickauer, The CBEL elicitor of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae activates defence in Arabidopsis thaliana via three different signalling pathways, New Phytologist, vol.10, issue.2, pp.501-510, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.3.1029

P. Schulze-lefert, Calmodulin interacts with MLO protein to regulate defence against mildew in barley, Nature, vol.416, pp.447-451, 2002.

Y. J. Kim, N. Lin, and M. G. , Two Distinct Pseudomonas Effector Proteins Interact with the Pto Kinase and Activate Plant Immunity, Cell, vol.109, issue.5, pp.589-598, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00743-2

C. Kinealy, This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, pp.1845-52, 1994.

S. R. King, H. Mclellan, P. C. Boevink, A. M. Bukharova, T. Sukarta et al., RXLR Effector PexRD2 Interacts with Host MAPKKK?? to Suppress Plant Immune Signaling, The Plant Cell, vol.26, issue.3, pp.1345-1359, 2014.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.113.120055

S. Kloppholz, H. Kuhn, and R. N. , A Secreted Fungal Effector of Glomus intraradices Promotes Symbiotic Biotrophy, Current Biology, vol.21, issue.14, pp.1204-1209, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.044

C. Knepper, S. E. Day, and B. , Arabidopsis NDR1 Is an Integrin-Like Protein with a Role in Fluid Loss and Plasma Membrane-Cell Wall Adhesion, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.156, issue.1, pp.286-300, 2011.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.110.169656

T. Kroj, E. Chanclud, C. Michel-romiti, X. Grand, and J. Morel, Integration of decoy domains derived from protein targets of pathogen effectors into plant immune receptors is widespread, New Phytologist, vol.95, issue.Database issue, pp.618-626, 2016.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1663

J. Kudla, O. Batisti?, and K. Hashimoto, Calcium Signals: The Lead Currency of Plant Information Processing, The Plant Cell, vol.22, issue.3, pp.541-563, 2010.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.109.072686

G. Kunze, C. Zipfel, S. Robatzek, K. Niehaus, T. Boller et al., The N Terminus of Bacterial Elongation Factor Tu Elicits Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis Plants, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.16, issue.12, pp.3496-3507, 2004.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.104.026765

H. R. Kutcher, M. H. Balesdent, R. S. Rouxel, T. , C. A. Delourme et al., Frequency of avirulence genes in Leptosphaeria maculans in western Canada, Can. J, 2010.

C. Lacomme, S. Cruz, and S. , Bax-induced cell death in tobacco is similar to the hypersensitive response, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.34, issue.2, pp.7956-7961, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005868402827

K. Laluk and M. T. , Necrotroph Attacks on Plants: Wanton Destruction or Covert Extortion?, The Arabidopsis Book, vol.8, 2010.
DOI : 10.1199/tab.0136

URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3244965/pdf

K. Lambert and S. Bekal, Introduction to Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, The Plant Health Instructor, 2002.
DOI : 10.1094/PHI-I-2002-1218-01

G. J. Lawrence, P. N. Dodds, and E. J. , TECHNICAL ADVANCE: Transformation of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini: selection via silencing of an avirulence gene, The Plant Journal, vol.90, issue.2, pp.364-369, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04052.x

L. S. , R. J. Heitman, and J. , Parallels in Intercellular Communication in Oomycete and Fungal Pathogens of Plants and Humans, PLOS Pathog, vol.8, 2012.

A. M. Chèvre, Detection, introgression and localization of genes conferring specific resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans from Brassica rapa into B. napus, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.115, pp.897-906, 2007.

Q. Li, M. Zhang, D. Shen, T. Liu, Y. Chen et al., A Phytophthora sojae effector PsCRN63 forms homo-/hetero-dimers to suppress plant immunity via an inverted association manner, Scientific Reports, vol.100, issue.1, p.26951, 2016.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1431173100

J. C. Liao, L. Mi, S. Pontrelli, and L. S. , Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.106, issue.5, pp.288-304, 2016.
DOI : 10.3109/10409238.2012.697865

W. Lin, C. Lu, J. Wu, M. Cheng, Y. Lin et al., Transgenic tomato plants expressing the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene display enhanced resistance to a spectrum of fungal and bacterial diseases, Transgenic Research, vol.12, issue.6, pp.567-581, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_39

Y. Liu, D. Ren, S. Pike, S. Pallardy, W. Gassmann et al., Chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species are involved in hypersensitive response-like cell death mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, The Plant Journal, vol.23, issue.6, pp.941-954, 2007.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.104.4.1245

. Sntox1, Parastagonospora nodorum necrotrophic effector, is a dual-function protein that facilitates infection while protecting from wheat-produced chitinases, New Phytol, vol.211, pp.1052-1064

L. Presti, L. Kahmann, and R. , How filamentous plant pathogen effectors are translocated to host cells, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.38, pp.19-24, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.005

L. Presti, L. Zechmann, B. Kumlehn, J. Liang, L. Lanver et al., An assay for entry of secreted fungal effectors into plant cells, New Phytologist, vol.325, issue.2, pp.956-964, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ab.2003.10.015

Y. Loh, J. Zhou, and M. G. , The Myristylation Motif of Pto Is Not Required for Disease Resistance, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.11, issue.6, pp.572-576, 1998.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.6.572

L. C. Loon, M. Van-rep, and P. C. , Significance of Inducible Defense-related Proteins in Infected Plants, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.135-162, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143425

J. L. Lozano-torres, R. H. Wilbers, S. Warmerdam, A. Finkers-tomczak, A. Diaz-granados et al., Apoplastic Venom Allergen-like Proteins of Cyst Nematodes Modulate the Activation of Basal Plant Innate Immunity by Cell Surface Receptors, PLoS Pathogens, vol.41, issue.12, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004569.s014

R. Lu, I. Malcuit, P. Moffett, R. M. Peart, J. Wu et al., High throughput virus-induced gene silencing implicates heat shock protein 90 in plant disease resistance, The EMBO Journal, vol.22, issue.21, pp.5690-5699, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdg546

S. Lu, F. J. Sherwood, R. Friesen, T. L. Edwards, and M. C. , A dimeric PR-1-type pathogenesis-related protein interacts with ToxA and potentially mediates ToxA-induced necrosis in sensitive wheat, Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.13, issue.7, pp.650-663, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00820.x

R. Luderer, F. L. Takken, P. J. De-wit, and J. M. , Cladosporium fulvum overcomes Cf-2-mediated resistance by producing truncated AVR2 elicitor proteins, Molecular Microbiology, vol.3, issue.3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00082-0

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03060.x/pdf

R. Kahmann, Functional characterization of a protein complex formed by four Ustilago maydis effectors essential for virulence. Poster presented during the 29 th Fungal Genetic Conference (14-19 mars 2017, 2017.

E. Luna, V. Pastor, J. Robert, V. Flors, B. Mauch-mani et al., Callose Deposition: A Multifaceted Plant Defense Response, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.24, issue.2, pp.183-193, 2010.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-07-10-0149

L. Ma, H. P. Gawehns, F. Cao, L. Sillo, F. Richter et al., -mediated immunity in tomato, New Phytologist, vol.9, issue.2, pp.507-518, 2015.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2164-9-456

D. Mackey, Y. Belkhadir, A. J. Ecker, J. R. , and D. J. , Arabidopsis RIN4 Is a Target of the Type III Virulence Effector AvrRpt2 and Modulates RPS2-Mediated Resistance, Cell, vol.112, issue.3, pp.379-389, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00040-0

T. Maekawa, W. Cheng, S. L. Töller, A. Lukasik, E. Saijo et al., Coiled-Coil Domain-Dependent Homodimerization of Intracellular Barley Immune Receptors Defines a Minimal Functional Module for Triggering Cell Death, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.9, issue.3, pp.187-199, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2011.02.008

M. R. Mäkelä, N. Donofrio, D. Vries, and R. P. , Plant biomass degradation by fungi, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.72, pp.2-9, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.010

F. G. Malinovsky, F. J. , and W. W. , The role of the cell wall in plant immunity, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.7, issue.85., 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2010.03.007

R. Terauchi and M. Banfield, Structural basis of pathogen recognition by an integrated HMA domain in a plant NLR immune receptor, 2015.

B. P. Thomma and R. J. , Analysis of two in planta expressed LysM effector homologs from the fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola reveals novel functional properties and varying contributions to virulence on wheat, Plant Physiol, vol.156, pp.756-769, 2011.

F. Martin, A. Kohler, C. Murat, C. Veneault-fourrey, and H. D. , Unearthing the roots of ectomycorrhizal symbioses, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.82, issue.12, pp.760-773, 2016.
DOI : 10.1139/b04-071

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01579569

H. Mclellan, G. E. , Y. B. Birch, P. R. , and L. G. , Functional redundancy in the Arabidopsis Cathepsin B gene family contributes to basal defence, the hypersensitive response and senescence, New Phytologist, vol.136, issue.2, pp.408-418, 2009.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.104.046367

S. Melech-bonfil and G. Sessa, Tomato MAPKKK?? is a positive regulator of cell-death signaling networks associated with plant immunity, The Plant Journal, vol.16, issue.3, pp.379-391, 2010.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-6-616

T. A. Mentlak, A. Kombrink, T. Shinya, L. S. Ryder, I. Otomo et al., Effector-Mediated Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Magnaporthe oryzae Is Necessary for Rice Blast Disease, The Plant Cell, vol.24, issue.1, pp.322-335, 2012.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.111.092957

J. Collemare, L. Hunziker, and C. H. Deng, Specific hypersensitive response-associated recognition of new apoplastic effectors from Cladosporium fulvum in wild tomato, 2017.

H. Kaku and N. Shibuya, CERK1, a LysM receptor kinase, is essential for chitin elicitor signaling in Arabidopsis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2007.

J. Monaghan and C. Zipfel, Plant pattern recognition receptor complexes at the plasma membrane, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.349-357, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.05.006

A. N. Mueller, S. Ziemann, S. Treitschke, D. Aßmann, and G. Doehlemann, Compatibility in the Ustilago maydis???Maize Interaction Requires Inhibition of Host Cysteine Proteases by the Fungal Effector Pit2, PLoS Pathogens, vol.60, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003177.s007

M. S. Mukhtar, A. Carvunis, M. Dreze, P. Epple, J. Steinbrenner et al., Independently Evolved Virulence Effectors Converge onto Hubs in a Plant Immune System Network, Science, vol.53, issue.5, pp.596-601, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03369.x

K. Naito, F. Taguchi, T. Suzuki, Y. Inagaki, K. Toyoda et al., Amino Acid Sequence of Bacterial Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern flg22 Is Required for Virulence, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.21, issue.9, 2008.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-21-9-1165

V. Nekrasov, C. Wang, W. J. Lanz, C. Weigel, D. Kamoun et al., Rapid generation of a transgene-free powdery mildew resistant tomato by genome deletion, Scientific Reports, vol.11, issue.1, 2017.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0149035

S. Kamoun, J. Ellis, and P. Dodds, The genome sequence and effector complement of the flax rust pathogen Melampsora lini, Front. Plant Sci, vol.5, 2014.

E. A. Buiate, L. Epstein, and N. Alkan, Lifestyle transitions in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi deciphered by genome and transcriptome analyses, Nat. Genet, vol.44, pp.1060-1065, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01191183

C. Oh and M. G. , Effector-triggered immunity mediated by the Pto kinase, Trends in Plant Science, vol.16, issue.3, pp.132-140, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.11.001

A. C. Dhillon, B. Glaser, and F. , Diverse Lifestyles and Strategies of Plant Pathogenesis Encoded in the Genomes of Eighteen Dothideomycetes Fungi, PLOS Pathog, vol.8, 2012.

B. Ökmen and G. Doehlemann, Inside plant: biotrophic strategies to modulate host immunity and metabolism, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.20, pp.19-25, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.03.011

M. Shenton and G. D. , A multifaceted genomics approach allows the isolation of the rice Pia-blast resistance gene consisting of two adjacent NBS-LRR protein genes, Plant J. Cell Mol. Biol, vol.66, pp.467-479, 2011.

R. Oliva, J. Win, S. Raffaele, L. Boutemy, T. O. Bozkurt et al., Recent developments in effector biology of filamentous plant pathogens, Cellular Microbiology, vol.21, issue.6, pp.705-715, 2010.
DOI : 10.17660/ActaHortic.1989.247.17

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01606907

O. Garcia, E. Valent, and B. , Towards understanding the mechanism of cytoplasmic effector translocation during biotrophic development of Magnaporthe oryzae, Presentation during the 29 th Fungal Genetic Conference, 2017.

M. Olombrada, R. Lázaro-gorines, J. C. López-rodríguez, Á. Martínez-del-pozo, M. Oñaderra et al., Fungal Ribotoxins: A Review of Potential Biotechnological Applications, Toxins, vol.12, issue.12, p.71, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/nsmb.3112

D. Ortiz, K. D. Guillen, S. Cesari, V. Chalvon, J. Gracy et al., Effector AVR-Pia by the Decoy Domain of the Rice NLR Immune Receptor RGA5, The Plant Cell, vol.29, issue.1, 2016.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.16.00435

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608403

R. Ortiz, M. Nurminiemi, S. Madsen, R. O. Bjørnstad, and Å. , Genetic gains in Nordic spring barley breeding over sixty years, Euphytica, vol.126, issue.2, pp.283-289, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1016302626527

A. Page and C. Parsot, Chaperones of the type III secretion pathway: jacks of all trades, Molecular Microbiology, vol.43, issue.1, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02752.x

C. Park and Y. Seo, Heat Shock Proteins: A Review of the Molecular Chaperones for Plant Immunity, The Plant Pathology Journal, vol.31, issue.4, pp.323-333, 2015.
DOI : 10.5423/PPJ.RW.08.2015.0150

R. Wang and M. Bellizzi, The Magnaporthe oryzae Effector AvrPiz-t Targets the RING E3 Ubiquitin Ligase APIP6 to Suppress Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern?Triggered Immunity in Rice, Plant Cell Online, vol.24, pp.4748-4762, 2012.

P. J. , H. E. Frost, L. N. Falk, A. Gunn, N. D. Daniels et al., Characterization of eds1, a mutation in Arabidopsis suppressing resistance to Peronospora parasitica specified by several different RPP genes, Plant Cell Online, vol.8, pp.2033-2046, 1996.

F. Parlange, G. Daverdin, I. Fudal, M. Kuhn, M. Balesdent et al., -mediated recognition through a single amino acid change, Molecular Microbiology, vol.96, issue.4, pp.851-863, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06547.x

D. Stirnweis, G. Buchmann, and T. Wicker, Genetic and molecular characterization of a locus involved in avirulence of Blumeria graminis f, 2015.

L. V. Bindschedler, X. Lu, T. Maekawa, and R. Weßling, Structure and evolution of barley powdery mildew effector candidates, BMC Genomics, vol.13, p.694, 2012.

G. V. Ackerveken and P. C. , Functional Analysis of Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis RXLR Effectors, PLOS ONE, vol.9, 2014.

L. V. Bindschedler, Interactions between the Powdery Mildew Effector BEC1054 and Barley Proteins Identify Candidate Host Targets, J. Proteome Res, vol.15, pp.826-839, 2016.

M. Lacy, A. M. , and P. J. , Arabidopsis MAP Kinase 4 Negatively Regulates Systemic Acquired Resistance, Cell, vol.103, pp.1111-1120, 2000.

T. N. Petersen, S. Brunak, G. Von-heijne, and H. Nielsen, SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions, Nature Methods, vol.6, issue.10, pp.785-786, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90109-9

Y. Petit-houdenot and I. Fudal, Complex Interactions between Fungal Avirulence Genes and Their Corresponding Plant Resistance Genes and Consequences for Disease Resistance Management, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.9, 2017.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0098067

B. Petre and S. Kamoun, How Do Filamentous Pathogens Deliver Effector Proteins into Plant Cells?, PLoS Biology, vol.26, issue.2, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001801.t001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268569

S. Kamoun, Heterologous Expression Screens in Nicotiana benthamiana Identify a, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01329212

J. M. Plett and M. F. , Reconsidering mutualistic plant???fungal interactions through the lens of effector biology, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.26, pp.45-50, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269456

F. Martin, A Secreted Effector Protein of Laccaria bicolor Is Required for Symbiosis Development, Curr. Biol, vol.21, pp.1197-1203, 2011.

J. L. Falvey, A. Brun, and C. Veneault-fourrey, Effector MiSSP7 of the mutualistic fungus Laccaria bicolor stabilizes the Populus JAZ6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.8299-8304, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268578

C. Plissonneau, Quand un gène d'avirulence en cache un autre : analyse de l'interaction entre AvrLm3 et AvrLm4-7 chez Leptosphaeria maculans, Thèse de doctorat en Sciences du Végétal, 2015.

O. Del-pozo, K. F. Pedley, and M. G. , MAPKKK?? is a positive regulator of cell death associated with both plant immunity and disease, The EMBO Journal, vol.15, issue.15, pp.3072-3082, 2004.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.13.8.1877

L. L. Presti, D. Lanver, G. Schweizer, S. Tanaka, L. Liang et al., Fungal Effectors and Plant Susceptibility, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.66, issue.1, pp.513-545, 2015.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114623

K. Pretsch, A. Kemen, E. Kemen, M. Geiger, K. Mendgen et al., The rust transferred proteins-a new family of effector proteins exhibiting protease inhibitor function, Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.1804, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.011

Y. Qiao, J. Shi, Y. Zhai, Y. Hou, and M. W. , Phytophthora effector targets a novel component of small RNA pathway in plants to promote infection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.5850-5855, 2015.

D. Qutob, B. Kemmerling, F. Brunner, I. Küfner, S. Engelhardt et al., Phytotoxicity and Innate Immune Responses Induced by Nep1-Like Proteins, Phytotoxicity and Innate Immune Responses Induced by Nep1-Like Proteins, pp.3721-3744, 2006.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.106.044180

URL : http://www.plantcell.org/content/plantcell/18/12/3721.full.pdf

D. Qutob, C. B. Gijzen, and M. , Transgenerational gene silencing causes gain of virulence in a plant pathogen, Nature Communications, vol.8, 2013.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-8-0515

S. Raffaele, F. R. Cano, L. M. , S. D. Maclean, D. Thines et al., Genome Evolution Following Host Jumps in the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Lineage, Science, vol.4, issue.2, pp.1540-1543, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000015

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01605041

P. N. Dodds, Internalization of Flax Rust Avirulence Proteins into Flax and Tobacco Cells Can Occur in the Absence of the Pathogen, Plant Cell Online, vol.22, pp.2017-2032, 2010.

G. J. Rairdan, C. S. Sacco, M. A. , B. T. Boettrich, T. Moffett et al., The Coiled-Coil and Nucleotide Binding Domains of the Potato Rx Disease Resistance Protein Function in Pathogen Recognition and Signaling, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.20, issue.3, pp.739-751, 2008.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.107.056036

M. Rep, M. Meijer, H. P. Van-der-does, H. C. , and C. B. , -Mediated Resistance Without Altering the Matching Avirulence Gene, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.18, issue.1, 2005.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-18-0015

T. Rey and S. Schornack, Interactions of beneficial and detrimental root-colonizing filamentous microbes with plant hosts, Genome Biology, vol.7, issue.6, p.121, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002137

P. Ricci and S. Bui, Repenser la protection des cultures : innovations et transitions, 2011.

C. Ritter and D. J. , Interference between Two Specific Pathogen Recognition Events Mediated by Distinct Plant Disease Resistance Genes, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.8, issue.2, pp.251-257, 1996.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.8.2.251

S. Robatzek, Vesicle trafficking in plant immune responses, Cellular Microbiology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.037

P. A. Rodriguez and B. J. , Toward Understanding the Role of Aphid Effectors in Plant Infestation, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.26, issue.1, pp.25-30, 2012.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-05-12-0119-FI

T. Rouxel and M. H. Balesdent, , enters the genomic era, Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.25, issue.3, pp.225-241, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/07060660309507054

T. Rouxel, A. Penaud, X. Pinochet, H. Brun, L. Gout et al., A 10-year Survey of Populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in France Indicates a Rapid Adaptation Towards the Rlm1 Resistance Gene of Oilseed Rape, European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.109, issue.8, pp.871-881, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1026189225466

V. Anthouard, P. Bally, and S. Bourras, Effector diversification within compartments of the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by Repeat-Induced Point mutations, Nat. Commun, vol.2, p.202, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00841751

R. A. Ashfield, T. Innes, and R. W. , Pseudomonas syringae Effector AvrPphB Suppresses AvrB-Induced Activation of RPM1 but Not AvrRpm1-Induced Activation, Mol, 2015.

A. Sánchez-vallet, M. C. Mcdonald, S. P. Mcdonald, and B. A. , Is Zymoseptoria tritici a hemibiotroph?, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.79, pp.29-32, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.001

P. F. Sarris, V. Cevik, G. Dagdas, J. D. Jones, and K. K. , Comparative analysis of plant immune receptor architectures uncovers host proteins likely targeted by pathogens, BMC Biology, vol.25, issue.13, 2016.
DOI : 10.1002/jcc.20084

C. L. Schoch, C. P. , G. J. Boehm, E. W. , B. T. De-gruyter et al., A class-wide phylogenetic assessment of Dothideomycetes, Studies in Mycology, vol.64, pp.1-15, 2009.
DOI : 10.3114/sim.2009.64.01

B. Schulz and C. Boyle, The endophytic continuum, Mycological Research, vol.109, issue.6, pp.661-686, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/S095375620500273X

B. Schwessinger and R. P. , Plant Innate Immunity: Perception of Conserved Microbial Signatures, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.63, issue.1, pp.451-482, 2012.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105518

B. Scott and C. Schardl, Fungal symbionts of grasses: evolutionary insights and agricultural potential, Trends in Microbiology, vol.1, issue.5, pp.196-200, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0966-842X(93)90091-5

C. Segonzac and C. Zipfel, Activation of plant pattern-recognition receptors by bacteria, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.14, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2010.12.005

S. Kamoun, Single Amino Acid Mutations in the Potato Immune Receptor R3a Expand Response to Phytophthora Effectors, Mol. Plant. Microbe Interact, vol.27, pp.624-637, 2014.

M. Selosse, La symbiose: structures et fonctions, rôle écologique et évolutif (Vuibert), 2000.

S. Seong and P. Matzinger, Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.29, issue.6, pp.469-478, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nsb1295-1083

S. Kamoun and R. A. Van-der-hoorn, Fungal Effector Protein AVR2 Targets Diversifying Defense-Related Cys Proteases of Tomato, Plant Cell, vol.20, pp.1169-1183, 2008.

P. Schulze-lefert, Nuclear Activity of MLA Immune Receptors Links Isolate-Specific and Basal Disease-Resistance Responses, Science, vol.315, pp.1098-1103, 2007.

K. M. Plummer, A Large Family of AvrLm6-like Genes in the Apple and Pear Scab Pathogens, Venturia inaequalis and Venturia pirina, Front. Plant Sci, vol.6, 2015.

T. Shimizu, T. Nakano, D. Takamizawa, Y. Desaki, N. Ishii-minami et al., Two LysM receptor molecules, CEBiP and OsCERK1, cooperatively regulate chitin elicitor signaling in rice, The Plant Journal, vol.144, issue.2, pp.204-214, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04324.x

K. Shirasu, The HSP90-SGT1 Chaperone Complex for NLR Immune Sensors, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.60, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092906

P. Silar, si??cle : crise et renouveau, Biologie Aujourd'hui, vol.207, issue.4, pp.269-275, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1206958

P. Silar and F. Malagnac, Les champignons redécouverts (Belin), 2013.

P. Silar, J. Dairou, A. Cocaign, F. Busi, F. Rodrigues-lima et al., Fungi as a promising tool for bioremediation of soils contaminated with aromatic amines, a major class of pollutants, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.71, issue.6, pp.477-477, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00239-010-9371-x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00600928

T. Two, NB:LRR genes are required to specify resistance to Peronospora parasitica isolate Cala2 in Arabidopsis, Plant J, vol.38, pp.898-909

S. Kamoun, Apoplastic effectors secreted by two unrelated eukaryotic plant pathogens target the tomato defense protease Rcr3, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.1654-1659, 2009.

P. D. Spanu, RNA-protein interactions in plant disease: hackers at the dinner table, New Phytologist, vol.27, issue.4, pp.991-995, 2015.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-06-14-0190-R

P. Spanu, L. Li, M. Przydacz, S. Zhang, H. Pennington et al., The mode of action and origin of RNase-like effectors in powdery mildew fungi. Poster presented during the 29 th Fungal Genetic Conference (14-19 mars 2017, 2017.

S. J. Sprague, M. S. , H. H. Howlett, and B. J. , Major Gene Resistance to Blackleg in Brassica napus Overcome Within Three Years of Commercial Production in Southeastern Australia, pp.190-198, 2006.

A. Stachowiak, J. Olechnowicz, M. Jedryczka, T. Rouxel, M. Balesdent et al., Frequency of Avirulence Alleles in Field Populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in Europe, European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.67-75, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-7358-0

A. D. Steinbrenner, S. Goritschnig, and S. B. , Recognition and Activation Domains Contribute to Allele-Specific Responses of an Arabidopsis NLR Receptor to an Oomycete Effector Protein, PLOS Pathogens, vol.25, issue.2, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004665.s008

H. U. Stotz, Y. Sawada, Y. Shimada, H. M. Sasaki, E. Krischke et al., Role of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and side chain modification of glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates in defense of Arabidopsis against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, The Plant Journal, vol.7, issue.1, 2011.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-7-85

H. U. Stotz, M. G. De-wit, P. J. , and F. B. , Effector-triggered defence against apoplastic fungal pathogens, Trends in Plant Science, vol.19, issue.8, pp.491-500, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.009

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2014.04.009

M. H. Stuiver and C. J. , Engineering disease resistance in plants, Nature, vol.95, issue.6839, pp.865-868, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.15.9014

D. J. Sueldo, M. Shimels, S. L. Caldararu, O. Petrescu, A. Joosten et al., Random mutagenesis of the nucleotide-binding domain of NRC1 (NB-LRR Required for Hypersensitive Response-Associated Cell Death-1), a downstream signalling nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) protein, identifies gain-of-function mutations in t, New Phytologist, vol.90, issue.Suppl 1, pp.210-223, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80501-2

L. Suty, La lutte biologique: Vers de nouveaux équilibres écologiques (Editions Quae, 2010.

N. Suzuki, G. Miller, J. Morales, V. Shulaev, M. A. Torres et al., Respiratory burst oxidases: the engines of ROS signaling, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.14, issue.6, pp.691-699, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.07.014

M. R. Swiderski, D. Birker, and J. J. , The TIR Domain of TIR-NB-LRR Resistance Proteins Is a Signaling Domain Involved in Cell Death Induction, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.22, issue.2, pp.157-165, 2009.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-22-2-0157

M. Tör, L. M. Holton, and N. , Receptor-mediated signalling in plants: molecular patterns and programmes, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.428, issue.6984, pp.3645-3654, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02485

M. A. Torres, J. D. Jones, and D. J. , Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Response to Pathogens, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.141, issue.2, pp.373-378, 2006.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.106.079467

M. A. Bennett, C. Stevens, A. Vivian, and T. J. , Cultivar-specific avirulence and virulence functions assigned to avrPphF in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the cause of bean halo-blight disease, EMBO J, vol.19, pp.3204-3214, 2000.

K. Tsuda and F. Katagiri, Comparing signaling mechanisms engaged in pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.13, issue.4, pp.459-465, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.04.006

A. P. Van-de-wouw, R. G. Lowe, E. C. Dubois, D. J. Howlett, and B. J. , cultivars, Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.6, issue.5, pp.523-530, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001180

L. C. Van-loon, V. Kammen, and A. , Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the soluble leaf proteins from Nicotiana tabacum var. ???Samsun??? and ???Samsun NN???, Virology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.199-211, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90395-8

G. Van-ooijen, E. Lukasik, H. A. Van-den-burg, J. H. Vossen, B. J. Cornelissen et al., The small heat shock protein 20 RSI2 interacts with and is required for stability and function of tomato resistance protein I-2, The Plant Journal, vol.40, issue.4, pp.563-572, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026033

D. A. , A. P. Dodds, and P. N. , Structures of the flax-rust effector AvrM reveal insights into the molecular basis of plant-cell entry and effector-triggered immunity, Proc. Natl, 2013.

C. Veneault-fourrey and M. F. , Mutualistic interactions on a knife-edge between saprotrophy and pathogenesis, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.444-450, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.022

R. D. Vierstra, The ubiquitin???26S proteasome system at the nexus of plant biology, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.262, issue.6, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm2688

V. G. Vleeshouwers and O. R. , Effectors as Tools in Disease Resistance Breeding Against Biotrophic, Hemibiotrophic, and Necrotrophic Plant Pathogens, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.27, issue.3, pp.196-206, 2014.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI-10-13-0313-IA

J. Vogel and S. Somerville, Isolation and characterization of powdery mildew-resistant Arabidopsis mutants, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 97, pp.1897-1902, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90218-6

M. J. Walsh, J. E. Dodd, and H. G. , Ribosome-inactivating proteins, Virulence, vol.14, issue.8, pp.774-784, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/pro.5560020315

Q. Wang, C. Han, A. O. Ferreira, X. Yu, W. Ye et al., Transcriptional Programming and Functional Interactions within the Phytophthora sojae RXLR Effector Repertoire, 2011.

S. Wang, P. C. Boevink, L. Welsh, R. Zhang, S. C. Whisson et al., haustoria by distinct secretion pathways, New Phytologist, vol.54, issue.1, 2017.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-phyto-011516-040249

I. Davidson and C. J. Secombes, The RxLR Motif of the Host Targeting Effector AVR3a of Phytophthora infestans Is Cleaved Before Secretion, 2017.

J. S. West, K. P. Barbetti, M. J. , and F. B. , Epidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, 2001.

J. S. West, B. D. Fitt, L. P. Biddulph, J. E. Huang, Y. Balesdent et al., Effects of timing of Leptosphaeria maculans ascospore release and fungicide regime on phoma leaf spot 316, 2002.

A. Wezel, S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod et al., Agroecology as a science, a movement and a practice. A review, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol.23, issue.4, pp.503-515, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.09.009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886499

S. J. Williams, S. K. Wan, L. Bernoux, M. , S. P. Segonzac et al., Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor, Science, vol.31, issue.13, pp.299-303, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkg556

R. P. Wise, M. J. Moscou, A. J. Bogdanove, and W. S. , Transcript Profiling in Host???Pathogen Interactions, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.329-369, 2007.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.011107.143944

S. Wretblad and C. Dixelius, B-genome derived resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans in near isogenic Brassica napus lines is independent of glucosinolate profile, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.24, issue.4, pp.461-468, 2000.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.110.2.483

C. Wu, A. Abd-el-haliem, T. O. Bozkurt, K. Belhaj, R. Terauchi et al., NLR network mediates immunity to diverse plant pathogens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2017.
DOI : 10.1038/msb4100057

I. Yeam, H. P. Nguyen, and M. G. , effector AvrPto is required for FLS2/BAK1-independent virulence activity and recognition by tobacco, The Plant Journal, vol.428, issue.1, pp.16-24, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.174.5.1604-1611.1992

Z. Yin, J. Chen, L. Zeng, M. Goh, H. Leung et al., Characterizing Rice Lesion Mimic Mutants and Identifying a Mutant with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Rice Blast and Bacterial Blight, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.13, issue.8, pp.869-876, 2000.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.8.869

S. Zhang and K. D. , MAPK cascades in plant defense signaling, Trends in Plant Science, vol.6, issue.11, pp.520-527, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02103-3

M. Zhang, Q. Li, T. Liu, L. Liu, D. Shen et al., Regulate Plant Cell Death via Interactions with Plant Catalases, Plant Physiology, vol.167, issue.1, pp.164-175, 2015.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.114.252437