. (. Santarém, E. Dlugokencky, . Noaa, . Boulder, U. D. Colorado et al., Comparative measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes from two nearby towers in a central Amazonian rainforest: the Manaus LBA site, J. Geophys . Res, vol.107, p.809010, 1029.

I. T. Baker, L. Prihodko, A. S. Denning, M. Goulden, S. Miller et al., Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: Reconciling models and observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol.19, issue.20, pp.10-1029, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GB002273

P. Berrisford, D. Dee, K. Fielding, M. Fuentes, P. Kallberg et al., The ERA-Interim archive, Tech. rep., European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, 2009.

D. Bonal, A. Bosc, S. Ponton, J. Goret, B. Burban et al., Impact of severe dry season on net ecosystem exchange in the Neotropical rainforest of French Guiana, Global Change Biology, vol.21, issue.20, pp.1917-1933, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01610.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032067

M. P. Butler, K. J. Davis, A. S. Denning, and S. R. Kawa, : North American carbon sources and sinks, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, vol.102, issue.5, pp.550-572, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03764

F. Chevallier and C. W. Dell, flux inversion schemes as seen from GOSAT, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.19, issue.6872, pp.1252-1256, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GB002395

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50228/pdf

F. Chevallier, N. Viovy, M. Reichstein, C. , and P. , On the assignment of prior errors in Bayesian inversions of CO 2 surface fluxes, Geophys. Res. Lett, pp.10-1029, 2006.

F. Chevallier, F. Bréon, R. , and P. J. , Contribution of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory to the estimation of www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.8423, issue.15, pp.8423-8438, 2015.

L. Molina, CO 2 fluxes in Amazonia from a global inversion CO 2 sources and sinks: Theoretical study in a variational data assimilation framework, J. Geophys. Res, vol.112, pp.10-1029, 2007.

F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, T. J. Conway, T. Aalto, B. E. Anderson et al., CO 2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, J. Geophys. Res, vol.115, p.2130710, 1029.

F. Chevallier, T. Wang, P. Ciais, F. Maignan, M. Bocquet et al., What eddy-covariance measurements tell us about prior land flux errors in CO 2 -flux inversion schemes, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.26, p.102110, 1029.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00705026

P. Ciais, P. Rayner, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet, M. Logan et al., Atmospheric inversions for estimating CO2 fluxes: methods and perspectives, Climatic Change, vol.111, issue.D24, pp.69-92, 2010.
DOI : 10.1137/1.9780898717921

L. V. Gatti, J. B. Miller, M. T. D-'amelio, A. Martinewski, L. S. Basso et al., above eastern Amazonia suggest a net carbon flux to the atmosphere and balanced biosphere between 2000 and 2009, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, vol.93, issue.5, pp.581-594, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/JD093iD02p01377

L. V. Gatti, M. Gloor, J. B. Miller, C. E. Doughty, Y. Malhi et al., Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements, Nature, vol.114, issue.7486, pp.76-8010, 1038.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016

M. Gloor, L. Gatti, R. Brienen, T. R. Feldpausch, O. L. Phillips et al., The carbon balance of South America: a review of the status, decadal trends and main determinants, Biogeosciences, vol.9, issue.12, pp.5407-543010, 2012.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-9-5407-2012-supplement

J. Grace, Y. Malhi, J. Lloyd, J. Mcintyre, A. C. Miranda et al., The use of eddy covariance to infer the net carbon dioxide uptake of Brazilian rain forest, Global Change Biology, vol.151, issue.10, pp.209-217, 1996.
DOI : 10.1256/smsqj.50803

F. Hourdin, I. Musat, S. Bony, P. Braconnot, F. Codron et al., The LMDZ4 general circulation model: climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection, Climate Dynamics, vol.19, issue.16, pp.787-813, 2006.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00004.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00113202

A. R. Huete, K. Didan, Y. E. Shimabukuro, P. Ratana, S. R. Saleska et al., Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.94, issue.D20, pp.640510-1029, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s004680050157

M. Jung, M. Reichstein, H. A. Margolis, A. Cescatti, A. D. Richardson et al., Global patterns of land?atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance , satellite, and meteorological observations, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, pp.0-0710, 1029.

V. W. Kirchhoff, C. B. Aires, A. , and P. C. Roy, An experiment to determine atmospheric CO concentrations of tropical South Atlantic air samples, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.5, issue.591, pp.1891-1902, 2003.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.02.142

G. Krinner, N. Viovy, N. De-noblet-ducoudré, J. Ogée, J. Polcher et al., A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.113, issue.D19, pp.101510-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2665:TROVCI>2.0.CO;2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00374606

R. M. Law, L. P. Steele, P. B. Krummel, and W. Zahorowski, at Cape Grim: a model intercomparison, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, vol.49, issue.16, pp.810-820, 2010.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2003.00030.x

URL : https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v62i5.16638

S. L. Lewis, P. M. Brando, O. L. Phillips, G. M. Van-der-heijden, and D. Nepstad, The 2010 Amazon Drought, Science, vol.255, issue.1465, p.554, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.002

J. Lloyd, O. Kolle, H. Fritsch, S. R. De-freitas, S. Dias et al., An airborne regional carbon balance for Central Amazonia, Biogeosciences, vol.45194, pp.759-76810, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/bgd-4-99-2007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297719

F. Maignan, F. Bréon, F. Chevallier, N. Viovy, P. Ciais et al., Evaluation of a Global Vegetation Model using time series of satellite vegetation indices, Geosci. Model Dev, pp.1103-111410, 1103.

Y. Malhi, J. T. Roberts, R. A. Betts, T. J. Killeen, W. Li et al., Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon, Science, vol.316, issue.5827, pp.319-169, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1136163

Y. Malhi, L. E. Aragão, D. Galbraith, C. Huntingford, R. Fisher et al., Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climatechange

J. A. Marengo, J. Ronchail, J. Baez, A. , and L. , State of the climate in, The Climate of Tropical South America East of the Andes, pp.148-150, 2009.

D. S. Moreira, S. R. Freitas, J. P. Bonatti, L. M. Mercado, N. M. Rosário et al., Coupling between the JULES land-surface scheme and the CCATT-BRAMS atmospheric chemistry model, ): applications to numerical weather forecasting and the CO 2 budget in South America, pp.1243-125910, 1243.

D. C. Morton, J. Nagol, C. C. Carabajal, J. Rosette, M. Palace et al., Amazon forests maintain consistent canopy structure and greenness during the dry season, Nature, vol.113, issue.7487, pp.506-748710, 1038.
DOI : 10.1029/2007JD009662

R. I. Negrón-juárez, J. Q. Chambers, G. Guimaraes, H. Zeng, C. F. Raupp et al., Widespread Amazon forest tree mortality from a single cross-basin squall line event, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.98, issue.D20, p.1670110, 1029.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2005.07.013

J. Olivier and J. Berdowski, Global emissions sources and sinks, in: The Climate System, A. A, pp.33-78, 2001.

J. P. Ometto, A. D. Nobre, H. R. Rocha, P. Artaxo, and L. A. Martinelli, Amazonia and the modern carbon cycle: lessons learned, Oecologia, vol.118, issue.1???2, pp.483-500, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012631260-7/50010-8

N. C. Parazoo, K. Bowman, C. Frankenberg, J. Lee, J. B. Fisher et al., and chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.4, issue.4, pp.2829-2833, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/amt-4-717-2011

P. Peylin, D. Baker, J. Sarmiento, P. Ciais, and P. Bousquet, Influence of transport uncertainty on annual mean and seasonal inversions of atmospheric CO 2 data, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, pp.438510-1029, 2002.

P. Peylin, R. M. Law, K. R. Gurney, F. Chevallier, A. R. Jacobson et al., Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO 2 inversions, Biogeosciences, vol.105194, pp.6699-672010, 2013.

O. L. Phillips, L. E. Aragão, S. L. Lewis, J. B. Fisher, J. Lloyd et al., Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest, Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest, pp.1344-1347, 2009.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.2007.0021

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01032111

S. Piao, S. Sitch, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, P. Peylin et al., trends, Global Change Biology, vol.329, issue.7, pp.2117-2132, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1192666

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00320555

B. Poulter, U. Heyder, and W. Cramer, Modeling the Sensitivity of the Seasonal Cycle of GPP to Dynamic LAI and Soil Depths in Tropical Rainforests, Ecosystems, vol.5, issue.4, pp.517-53310, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-004-0041-z

J. T. Randerson, G. R. Van-der-werf, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, and P. S. Kasibhatla, Global Fire Emissions Database, Version 2.1. Data set from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, p.9, 2007.

S. R. Saleska, S. D. Miller, D. M. Matross, M. L. Goulden, S. C. Wofsy et al., Carbon in Amazon Forests: Unexpected Seasonal Fluxes and Disturbance-Induced Losses, Science, vol.302, issue.5650, pp.1554-1557, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1091165

S. R. Saleska, K. Didan, A. R. Huete, and H. R. Da-rocha, Amazon forests green-up during, Science, pp.318-612, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1146663

URL : http://www.eebweb.arizona.edu/faculty/saleska/docs/Saleska07_Drought.Greenup_Science.pdf

A. Samanta, S. Ganguly, H. Hashimoto, S. Devadiga, E. Vermote et al., Amazon forests did not green-up during the 2005 drought, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.29, issue.17, pp.540110-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL014309

A. Samanta, S. Ganguly, E. Vermote, R. R. Nemani, and R. B. Myneni, Interpretation of variations in MODIS-measured greenness levels of Amazon forests during, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.7, issue.72, pp.10-1088, 2000.

A. Tarantola, Inverse Problem Theory and Methods for Model Parameter Estimation, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2005.
DOI : 10.1137/1.9780898717921

. Www, atmos-chem-phys.net/15, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.8423, issue.15, pp.8423-8438, 2015.

L. Molina, CO 2 fluxes in Amazonia from a global inversion Verbeeck Seasonal patterns of CO 2 fluxes in Amazon forests: fusion of eddy covariance data and the ORCHIDEE model, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, pp.10-1029, 2011.

L. Xu, A. Samanta, M. H. Costa, S. Ganguly, R. R. Nemani et al., Widespread decline in greenness of Amazonian vegetation due to the 2010 drought, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.110, issue.1, pp.10-1029, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.016

C. B. Alden, J. B. Miller, L. V. Gatti, M. M. Gloor, K. Guan et al., Regional atmospheric CO 2 inversion reveals seasonal and geographic differences in Amazon net biome exchange, Global Change Biology

J. S. Amthor, Terrestrial higher-plant response to increasing atmospheric [CO2] in relation to the global carbon cycle, Global Change Biology, vol.90, issue.20, pp.243-274, 1995.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.930108.x

M. O. Andreae, P. Artaxo, V. Beck, M. Bela, S. Freitas et al., Carbon monoxide and related trace gases and aerosols over the amazon basin during the wet and dry seasons, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.12126041, issue.13, pp.6041-6065, 2012.

R. J. Andres, T. A. Boden, F. Bréon, P. Ciais, S. Davis et al., A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, Biogeosciences, vol.9, issue.5, pp.1845-1871, 1845.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-9-1845-2012

R. J. Andres, G. Marland, I. Fung, and E. Matthews, A 1?? ?? 1?? distribution of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture, 1950-1990, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.247, issue.3, pp.419-429, 1950.
DOI : 10.1126/science.247.4949.1431

L. E. Aragão, Y. Malhi, D. B. Metcalfe, J. E. Silva-espejo, E. Jiménez et al., Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils, Biogeosciences, vol.6, issue.12, pp.2759-2778, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-6-2759-2009

N. Batjes, Documentation to isric-wise global data set of derived soil properties on a 1/2 deg by 1/2 deg grid (version 1.0) Working paper and preprint 96, 1996.

M. M. Bela, K. M. Longo, S. R. Freitas, D. S. Moreira, V. Beck et al., Ozone production and transport over the amazon basin during the dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry transition seasons, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.15757, issue.2, pp.757-782, 2015.

D. A. Belikov, S. Maksyutov, A. Ganshin, R. Zhuravlev, N. M. Deutscher et al., Study of the footprints of short-term variation in XCO 2 observed by TCCON sites using NIES and FLEXPART atmospheric transport models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.1717143, issue.1, pp.143-157, 2017.

P. Berrisford, D. Dee, K. Fielding, M. Fuentes, P. Kallberg et al., The era-interim archive, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, 2009.

M. J. Best, M. Pryor, D. B. Clark, G. G. Rooney, R. L. Essery et al., The joint uk land environment simulator (jules), model description ? part 1: Energy and water fluxes, Geoscientific Model Development, pp.677-699, 2011.

T. A. Boden, G. Marland, and R. J. Andres, Global, regional, and national fossil-fuel co 2 emissions, 2013.

B. Bolin and C. D. Keeling, Large-scale atmospheric mixing as deduced from the seasonal and meridional variations of carbon dioxide, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.12, issue.9, pp.3899-3920, 1963.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01300.x

G. B. Bonan, Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests, Science, vol.309, issue.5734, pp.1444-1449, 1444.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1111772

A. Boon, G. Broquet, D. J. Clifford, F. Chevallier, D. M. Butterfield et al., Analysis of the potential of near-ground measurements of CO 2 and CH 4 in London, UK, for the monitoring of city-scale emissions using an atmospheric transport model, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.16166735, issue.11, pp.6735-6756, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587576

P. Bousquet, P. Peylin, P. Ciais, C. L. Quéré, P. Friedlingstein et al., Regional Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Land and Oceans Since 1980, Science, vol.290, issue.5495, pp.1342-1346, 1342.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5495.1342

F. Bouttier and P. Courtier, Data assimilation concepts and methods, 2002.

F. M. Bréon, G. Broquet, V. Puygrenier, F. Chevallier, I. Xueref-remy et al., An attempt at estimating Paris area CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from atmospheric concentration measurements, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.15, issue.4, pp.1707-1724, 1707.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-15-1707-2015-supplement

G. Broquet, F. Chevallier, P. Rayner, C. Aulagnier, I. Pison et al., A european summertime co2 biogenic flux inversion at mesoscale from continuous in situ mixing ratio measurements, J. Geophys. Res, vol.116, issue.D23, 2011.

M. Buchwitz, I. Khlystova, H. Bovensmann, and J. P. Burrows, Three years of global carbon monoxide from SCIAMACHY: comparison with MOPITT and first results related to the detection of enhanced CO over cities, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.7, issue.9, pp.2399-2411, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-7-2399-2007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00302407

G. Josep, P. Canadell, K. Ciais, C. L. Gurney, S. Quéré et al., An international effort to quantify regional carbon fluxes, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.92, issue.10, pp.81-82, 2011.

M. Cao and F. I. Woodward, Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change, Nature, vol.85, issue.6682, pp.249-252, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/96GB02692

C. Ceos, Strategy for Carbon Observations from Space. The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Response to the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Carbon Strategy, 2014.

F. Chevallier, On the statistical optimality of co<sub>2</sub> atmospheric inversions assimilating co<sub>2</sub> column retrievals Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, pp.11133-11145, 2015.

F. Chevallier, M. Fisher, P. Peylin, S. Serrar, P. Bousquet et al., Inferring co2 sources and sinks from satellite observations: Method and application to tovs data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.110, issue.D24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005jd006390

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00175976

F. Chevallier, P. Ciais, T. J. Conway, T. Aalto, B. E. Anderson et al., CO 2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, J. Geophys. Res, issue.D21, pp.115-21307, 2010.

F. Chevallier and C. W. Dell, flux inversion schemes as seen from GOSAT, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.19, issue.6872, pp.1252-1256, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GB002395

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50228/pdf

F. Chevallier, S. Maksyutov, P. Bousquet, R. François-marie-bréon, Y. Saito et al., On the accuracy of the co2 surface fluxes to be estimated from the gosat observations, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.36, issue.19, 2009.

. Sachse, Net fluxes of co2 in amazonia derived from aircraft observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.107, issue.D22, pp.4-5, 2002.

P. Ciais, A. V. Borges, G. Abril, M. Meybeck, G. Folberth et al., The impact of lateral carbon fluxes on the European carbon balance, Biogeosciences, vol.5, issue.5, pp.1259-1271, 1259.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-5-1259-2008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00330227

P. Ciais, P. Rayner, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet, M. Logan et al., Atmospheric inversions for estimating CO2 fluxes: methods and perspectives, Climatic Change, vol.111, issue.D24, pp.69-92, 2010.
DOI : 10.1137/1.9780898717921

D. B. Clark, L. M. Mercado, S. Sitch, C. D. Jones, N. Gedney et al., The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description ??? Part 2: Carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.4, issue.3, pp.701-722, 2011.
DOI : 10.5194/gmd-4-701-2011-supplement

C. Crevoisier, A. Chédin, H. Matsueda, T. Machida, R. Armante et al., First year of upper tropospheric integrated content of co 2 from iasi hyperspectral infrared observations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.94797, issue.14, pp.4797-4810, 2009.

D. Crisp, R. Atlas, F. Breon, L. Brown, J. Burrows et al., The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) mission, S0273117704003539. Trace Constituents in the Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, pp.700-709, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.062

D. W. Deutscher, F. Griffith, P. Hase, V. Heikkinen, K. Sherlock et al., Inferring regional sources and sinks of atmospheric co 2 from gosat xco 2 data, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.143703, issue.7, pp.3703-3727, 2014.

G. Desroziers, L. Berre, B. Chapnik, and P. Poli, Diagnosis of observation, background and analysis-error statistics in observation space, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.75, issue.613, pp.3385-3396, 2005.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.05.108

I. G. Enting, Inverse Problems in Atmospheric Constituent Transport, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511535741

E. Pbl, Emission Database for GlobalAtmospheric Research (EDGAR), Release Version 4.2 FastTrack, 2010.

S. Fan, M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento et al., A Large Terrestrial Carbon Sink in North America Implied by Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Data and Models, Science, vol.282, issue.5388, pp.442-446, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5388.442

L. Feng, P. I. Palmer, H. Bösch, R. J. Parker, A. J. Webb et al., Consistent regional fluxes of ch 4 and co 2 inferred from gosat proxy xch 4 : xco 2 retrievals, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.1717, issue.7, pp.2010-20144781, 2017.

E. J. Fiktau, Esboço de uma divisão ecolôgica da região amazônica, Proc. Symp. Biol. Trop. Amaz. Florencia y Leticia, 1969.

G. Fisch, J. Tota, T. L. Machado, F. M. Silva-dias, F. R. Da et al., The convective boundary layer over pasture and forest in Amazonia, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, pp.47-59, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-004-0043-x

S. R. Freitas, K. M. Longo, M. A. Silva-dias, R. Chatfield, P. Silva-dias et al., The Coupled Aerosol and Tracer Transport model to the Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (CATT-BRAMS) ??? Part 1: Model description and evaluation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.9, issue.8, pp.2843-2861, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-9-2843-2009-supplement

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00302883

A. Mark, D. Friedl, B. Sulla-menashe, A. Tan, N. Schneider et al., {MODIS} collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets. Remote Sensing of Environment, pp.168-182, 2010.

D. René, M. Garreaud, R. Vuille, J. Compagnucci, and . Marengo, Presentday south american climate, S0031018208005002. Long-term multi-proxy climate reconstructions and dynamics in South America (LOTRED-SA): State of the art and perspectives, pp.281-284, 2009.

T. Gasser and P. Ciais, A theoretical framework for the net land-to-atmosphere co 2 flux and its implications in the definition of "emissions from land-use change, Earth System Dynamics, vol.4171, issue.1, pp.171-186, 2013.

L. V. Gatti, J. B. Miller, M. T. D-'amelio, A. Martinewski, L. S. Basso et al., above eastern Amazonia suggest a net carbon flux to the atmosphere and balanced biosphere between 2000 and 2009, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, vol.93, issue.5, pp.581-594, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/JD093iD02p01377

L. V. Gatti, M. Gloor, J. B. Miller, C. E. Doughty, Y. Malhi et al., Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements, Nature, vol.114, issue.7486, pp.50676-80, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016

C. Geels, M. Gloor, P. Ciais, P. Bousquet, P. Peylin et al., Comparing atmospheric transport models for future regional inversions over Europe &ndash; Part 1: mapping the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> signals, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.7, issue.13, pp.3461-3479, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-7-3461-2007

B. Dean, K. L. Gesch, S. K. Verdin, and . Greenlee, New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.80, issue.6, pp.69-70, 1999.

R. Gevaerd and S. R. Freitas, Estimativa operacional da umidade do solo para inicializacão de modelos de previssão numérica da atmosfera. Parte i: Descricão da metodologia e validação, Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia, vol.21, issue.3, pp.1-15, 2006.

L. Giglio, J. T. Randerson, and G. R. Van-der-werf, Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4), Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol.329, issue.21, pp.317-328, 20042.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1192666

M. Gloor, L. Gatti, R. Brienen, T. R. Feldpausch, O. L. Phillips et al., The carbon balance of South America: a review of the status, decadal trends and main determinants, Biogeosciences, vol.9, issue.12, pp.5407-5430, 2012.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-9-5407-2012-supplement

M. Gloor, S. Fan, S. Pacala, and J. Sarmiento, Optimal sampling of the atmosphere for purpose of inverse modeling: A model study, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.247, issue.D11, pp.407-428, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.247.4949.1431

K. Robert-gurney, R. M. Law, A. Scott, P. J. Denning, D. Rayner et al., inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information, Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, vol.117, issue.2, pp.555-579, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/07055900.1995.9649539

V. Herrmann, S. Freitas, . Atmospheric, B. Co, . Over et al., Atmospheric CO2 budget over the Amazon basin: the role of convective systems, Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia, vol.39, issue.6, pp.529-540, 2011.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0931:CABHMF>2.0.CO;2

J. Holton, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, American Journal of Physics, vol.41, issue.5, 2004.
DOI : 10.1119/1.1987371

P. B. Hooghiemstra, M. C. Krol, J. F. Meirink, P. Bergamaschi, G. R. Van-der-werf et al., Optimizing global CO emission estimates using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system and surface network observations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.11, issue.10, pp.4705-4723, 2011.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-11-4705-2011

A. R. Huete, K. Didan, Y. E. Shimabukuro, P. Ratana, S. R. Saleska et al., Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season, ):L06405?, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s004680050157

J. W. Kaiser, A. Heil, M. O. Andreae, A. Benedetti, N. Chubarova et al., Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power, Biogeosciences, vol.9527, issue.1, pp.527-554, 2012.

T. Kaminski, P. J. Rayner, M. Heimann, and I. G. Enting, On aggregation errors in atmospheric transport inversions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.271, issue.D5, pp.4703-4715, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.271.5253.1257

U. Karstens, M. Gloor, M. Heimann, and C. Rödenbeck, Insights from simulations with highresolution transport and process models on sampling of the atmosphere for constraining midlatitude land carbon sinks, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.111, issue.D12, 2006.

C. D. Keeling, The concentration and isotopic abundances of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Tellus, vol.12, issue.2, pp.200-203, 1960.

G. Krinner, N. Viovy, N. De-noblet-ducoudré, J. Ogée-polcher, P. Friedlingstein et al., A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.113, issue.D19, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2665:TROVCI>2.0.CO;2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00374606

M. Krol, S. Houweling, B. Bregman, M. Van-den-broek, A. Segers et al., The two-way nested global chemistry-transport zoom model tm5: algorithm and applications, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.5417, issue.25, pp.417-432, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295608

S. S. Kulawik, D. B. Jones, R. Nassar, F. W. Irion, J. R. Worden et al., Characterization of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) CO<sub>2</sub> for carbon cycle science, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.10, issue.12, pp.5601-5623, 2010.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-10-5601-2010

A. Kuze, H. Suto, M. Nakajima, and T. Hamazaki, Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring, Applied Optics, vol.48, issue.35, pp.6716-6733, 2009.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.48.006716

P. Landschützer, N. Gruber, F. A. Haumann, C. Rödenbeck, D. C. Bakker et al., The reinvigoration of the Southern Ocean carbon sink, Science, vol.349, issue.6253, pp.1221-1224, 2015.
DOI : 10.1038/nature12945

T. Lauvaux, M. Uliasz, C. Sarrat, F. Chevallier, P. Bousquet et al., Mesoscale inversion: first results from the ceres campaign with synthetic data, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.883459, issue.13, pp.3459-3471, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00328218

G. Patra, L. Pieterse, M. Rivier, S. Satoh, S. Serrar et al., TransCom model simulations of hourly atmospheric CO 2 : Experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.22, issue.3, 2008.

J. Lee, C. Frankenberg, C. Van-der-tol, J. A. Berry, L. Guanter et al., Forest productivity and water stress in Amazonia: observations from GOSAT chlorophyll fluorescence, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.329, issue.5993, 1761.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1184984

. Andreae, An airborne regional carbon balance for Central Amazonia, Biogeosciences, vol.4, issue.5, pp.759-768, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297719

K. M. Longo, S. R. Freitas, M. Pirre, V. Marécal, L. F. Rodrigues et al., The Chemistry CATT-BRAMS model (CCATT-BRAMS 4.5): a regional atmospheric model system for integrated air quality and weather forecasting and research, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, issue.5, pp.1389-1405, 1389.
DOI : 10.5194/gmd-6-1389-2013

F. Maignan, F. Bréon, F. Chevallier, N. Viovy, P. Ciais et al., Evaluation of a Global Vegetation Model using time series of satellite vegetation indices, Geoscientific Model Development, pp.1103-1114, 1103.
DOI : 10.5194/gmd-4-1103-2011-supplement

Y. Malhi, T. R. Baker, O. L. Phillips, S. Almeida, E. Alvarez et al., The above-ground coarse wood productivity of 104 Neotropical forest plots, Global Change Biology, vol.65, issue.10, pp.563-591, 2004.
DOI : 10.1590/1809-43922000301100

J. A. Marengo, J. Tomasella, L. M. Alves, R. Wagner, D. A. Soares et al., The drought of 2010 in the context of historical droughts in the Amazon region, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.34, issue.12
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-009-0551-6

P. J. Dietze, T. Hanson, A. K. Hickler, Y. Jain, W. Luo et al., Using ecosystem experiments to improve vegetation models, Nature Climate Change, vol.5, issue.6, pp.528-534, 2015.

L. Menut, B. Bessagnet, D. Khvorostyanov, M. Beekmann, N. Blond et al., CHIMERE 2013: a model for regional atmospheric composition modelling, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, issue.4, pp.981-1028, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/gmd-6-981-2013

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00961818

L. Molina, G. Broquet, P. Imbach, F. Chevallier, B. Poulter et al., On the ability of a global atmospheric inversion to constrain variations of co 2 fluxes over amazonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys, vol.158423, issue.14, pp.8423-8438, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01557375

D. S. Moreira, S. R. Freitas, J. P. Bonatti, L. M. Mercado, N. M. Rosário et al., Coupling between the JULES land-surface scheme and the CCATT-BRAMS atmospheric chemistry model (JULES-CCATT-BRAMS1.0): applications to numerical weather forecasting and the CO<sub>2</sub> budget in South America, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, issue.4, pp.1243-1259, 1243.
DOI : 10.5194/gmd-6-1243-2013-supplement

D. E. Conway and . Worthy, Inverse modeling of co 2 sources and sinks using satellite observations of co 2 from tes and surface flask measurements Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, pp.6029-6047, 2011.

G. J. Jos, J. A. Olivier, F. J. Van-aardenne, V. Dentener, L. N. Pagliari et al., Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions:regional trends 1970?2000 and spatial distributionof key sources in, Environmental Sciences, vol.2, issue.2-3, pp.81-99, 2000.

N. C. Parazoo, A. S. Denning, S. R. Kawa, K. D. Corbin, R. S. Lokupitiya et al., Mechanisms for synoptic variations of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> in North America, South America and Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.8, issue.23, pp.7239-7254, 2008.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-8-7239-2008

C. Nicholas, K. Parazoo, C. Bowman, J. Frankenberg, J. B. Lee et al., Interpreting seasonal changes in the carbon balance of southern Amazonia using measurements of XCO 2 and chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.40, issue.11, pp.2829-2833, 2013.

W. Peters, J. B. Miller, J. Whitaker, A. S. Denning, A. Hirsch et al., An ensemble data assimilation system to estimate co2 surface fluxes from atmospheric trace gas observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.110, issue.D24, 2005.

W. Peters, A. R. Jacobson, C. Sweeney, A. E. Andrews, T. J. Conway et al., An atmospheric perspective on North American carbon dioxide exchange: CarbonTracker, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.4, issue.5832, pp.18925-18930, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-4-523-2004

URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/104/48/18925.full.pdf

P. Peylin, R. M. Law, K. R. Gurney, F. Chevallier, A. R. Jacobson et al., Global atmospheric carbon budget: results from an ensemble of atmospheric CO 2 inversions, Biogeosciences, vol.106699, issue.10, pp.6699-6720, 2013.

P. Peylin, D. Baker, J. Sarmiento, P. Ciais, and P. Bousquet, data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.97, issue.suppl. 1, p.4385, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900146

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587455

R. Vânia and . Pivello, The Use of Fire in the Cerrado and Amazonian Rainforests of Brazil: Past and Present. The Journal of the Association for Fire Ecology, pp.24-39, 2011.

J. Pongratz, C. H. Reick, T. Raddatz, and M. Claussen, Effects of anthropogenic land cover change on the carbon cycle of the last millennium, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.19, issue.1-2, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GB002339

T. Jimenez, A. T. Killeen, G. Lezama, G. Lloyd, F. J. López-gonzález et al., Basin-wide variations in amazon forest structure and function are mediated by both soils and climate, Biogeosciences, vol.9, issue.6, pp.2203-2246, 2012.

R. V. Barroso-mário-ramos-neto and . Pivello, Lightning Fires in a Brazilian Savanna National Park: Rethinking Management Strategies, Environmental Management, vol.26, issue.6, pp.675-684, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002670010124

J. T-randerson, G. Van-der-werf, G. J. Giglio, P. Collatz, and . Kasibhatla, Global {F}ire {E}missions {D}atabase, {V}ersion 3 ({GFED}v3.1), 2013. URL http

N. Restrepo-coupe, H. R. Da-rocha, L. R. Hutyra, A. C. Da-araujo, L. S. Borma et al., What drives the seasonality of photosynthesis across the Amazon basin? A cross-site analysis of eddy flux tower measurements from the Brasil flux network, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.182, issue.183, pp.182-183128, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.031

B. T. Machida, H. Matsueda, and Y. Sawa, Satellite-inferred european carbon sink larger than expected Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, pp.13739-13753, 2014.

R. W. Reynolds, N. A. Rayner, T. M. Smith, D. C. Stokes, and W. Wang, An Improved In Situ and Satellite SST Analysis for Climate, AIISAS>2.0. CO, pp.1609-16251520, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2

C. Rödenbeck, S. Houweling, M. Gloor, and M. Heimann, CO<sub>2</sub> flux history 1982???2001 inferred from atmospheric data using a global inversion of atmospheric transport, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.3, issue.6, pp.1919-1964, 1919.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-3-1919-2003

C. Rödenbeck, C. Gerbig, K. Trusilova, and M. Heimann, A two-step scheme for high-resolution regional atmospheric trace gas inversions based on independent models, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.95331, issue.14, pp.5331-5342, 2009.

C. Rödenbeck, D. C. Bakker, N. Gruber, Y. Iida, A. R. Jacobson et al., Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability ? first results of the surface ocean <i>p</i>co<sub>2</sub> mapping intercomparison (socom), Biogeosciences, vol.12127251, issue.23, pp.7251-7278, 2015.

C. D. Rodgers, Inverse Methods For Atmospheric Sounding: Theory And Practice, World Scientific, 2000.
DOI : 10.1142/3171

N. E. Rosário, K. M. Longo, S. R. Freitas, M. A. Yamasoe, and R. M. Fonseca, Modeling the South American regional smoke plume: aerosol optical depth variability and surface shortwave flux perturbation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.13, issue.6, pp.2923-2938, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-13-2923-2013

L. Rossato, R. C. Alvalá, and J. Tomasella, Distribuição geográfica da capacidade de armazenamento de água e das propiedades física do solo no Brasil, Congresso Brasileiro de Meteorologia / VIII Congreso da FLISMET, 1998.

S. Rutledge, D. I. Campbell, D. Baldocchi, and L. A. Schipper, Photodegradation leads to increased carbon dioxide losses from terrestrial organic matter, Global Change Biology, vol.18, issue.11, pp.3065-3074, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/treephys/27.7.929

C. Rödenbeck, S. Houweling, M. Gloor, and M. Heimann, Time-dependent atmospheric CO 2 inversions based on interannually varying tracer transport, Tellus B, vol.55, issue.2, 2003.

S. Saatchi, S. Asefi-najafabady, Y. Malhi, E. O. Luiz, L. O. Aragão et al., Persistent effects of a severe drought on Amazonian forest canopy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.369, issue.1934, pp.565-570, 2012.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2010.0238

R. Scott, S. D. Saleska, D. M. Miller, M. L. Matross, S. C. Goulden et al., Carbon in Amazon Forests: Unexpected Seasonal Fluxes and Disturbance-Induced Losses, Science, vol.302, issue.5650, pp.1554-1557, 2003.

R. Scott, K. Saleska, A. R. Didan, H. R. Huete, and . Da-rocha, Amazon Forests Green-Up During, Drought. Science, issue.5850, pp.318612-612, 2005.

A. Samanta, S. Ganguly, H. Hashimoto, S. Devadiga, E. Vermote et al., Amazon forests did not green-up during the 2005 drought, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.29, issue.17, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL014309

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2009GL042154/pdf

S. Sitch, P. Friedlingstein, N. Gruber, S. D. Jones, G. Murray-tortarolo et al., Recent trends and drivers of regional sources and sinks of carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, vol.12, issue.3, pp.653-679, 2015.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-12-653-2015-supplement

X. Song, C. Huang, S. S. Saatchi, M. C. Hansen, and J. R. Townshend, Annual carbon emissions from deforestation in the amazon basin between, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.5, pp.1-21, 2000.

J. Staufer, G. Broquet, F. Bréon, V. Puygrenier, F. Chevallier et al., A first year-long estimate of the paris region fossil fuel co2 emissions based on atmospheric inversion, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol.2016, pp.1-34, 2016.

B. Britton, K. R. Stephens, P. P. Gurney, C. Tans, W. Sweeney et al., Weak northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric co2, Science, issue.5832, pp.3161732-1735, 2007.

H. Takagi, S. Houweling, R. J. Andres, D. Belikov, A. Bril et al., retrievals on surface flux estimation, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.6, issue.7, pp.2598-2605, 2014.
DOI : 10.5194/amt-6-1533-2013

T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherlandm, and A. Kozyr, Global ocean surface water partial pressure of co2 database: Measurements performed during, 1957.

T. Takahashi, S. C. Sutherland, R. Wanninkhof, C. Sweeney, R. A. Feely et al., Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO 2 , and net sea-air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.56, pp.8-10554, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00763263

A. Tarantola, Inverse problem theory and methods for model parameter estimation, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2005.
DOI : 10.1137/1.9780898717921

H. Tuomisto, K. Ruokolainen, R. Kalliola, A. Linna, W. Danjoy et al., Dissecting Amazonian Biodiversity, Science, vol.269, issue.5220, pp.63-66, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5220.63

I. T. Van-der-laan-luijkx, I. R. Van-der-velde, M. C. Krol, L. V. Gatti, L. G. Domingues et al., Response of the Amazon carbon balance to the 2010 drought derived with CarbonTracker South America, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.38, issue.7, pp.1092-1108, 2015.
DOI : 10.1029/2011GL046824

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01175896

G. R. Van-der-werf, D. C. Morton, R. S. Defries, J. G. Olivier, P. S. Kasibhatla et al., CO2 emissions from forest loss, Nature Geoscience, vol.18, issue.11, pp.737-738, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo671

R. Wang, S. Tao, P. Ciais, H. Z. Shen, Y. Huang et al., High-resolution mapping of combustion processes and implications for 154

C. Wiedinmyer, S. K. Akagi, R. J. Yokelson, L. K. Emmons, J. A. Al-saadi et al., The fire inventory from ncar (finn): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning, Geoscientific Model Development, pp.625-641, 2011.

C. Steven, R. C. Wofsy, W. A. Harriss, and . Kaplan, Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the amazon basin, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.93, issue.D2, pp.1377-1387, 1988.

L. Wu, G. Broquet, P. Ciais, V. Bellassen, F. Vogel et al., What would dense atmospheric observation networks bring to the quantification of city co2 emissions? Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, pp.7743-7771, 2016.

L. Xu, S. Sassan, Y. Saatchi, . Yang, B. Ranga et al., Satellite observation of tropical forest seasonality: spatial patterns of carbon exchange in Amazonia, Environmental Research Letters, vol.10, issue.8, p.84005, 2015.
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/10/8/084005

Z. Yang, R. E. Dickinson, A. Henderson-sellers, and A. J. Pitman, Preliminary study of spin-up processes in land surface models with the first stage data of Project for Intercomparison of Land Surface Parameterization Schemes Phase 1(a), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.112, issue.9, pp.16553-16578, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0474:TEOSMO>2.0.CO;2

Y. Yin, P. Ciais, F. Chevallier, G. R. Van-der-werf, T. Fanin et al., Variability of fire carbon emissions in equatorial Asia and its nonlinear sensitivity to El Ni??o, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.15, issue.23, pp.472-482, 2016070971.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-15-13433-2015

L. Zobler, Global soil types, 1-degree grid (zobler). data set. available on-line [http://www.daac.ornl.gov] from oak ridge national laboratory distributed active archive center, 1999.