M. E. Brown, Potassium in Europa's Atmosphere, Icarus, vol.151, issue.2, pp.190-195, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2001.6612

M. E. Brown and K. P. Hand, SALTS AND RADIATION PRODUCTS ON THE SURFACE OF EUROPA, The Astronomical Journal, vol.145, issue.4, p.110, 2013.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-6256/145/4/110

M. E. Brown and R. E. Hill, Discovery of an extended sodium atmosphere around Europa, Nature, vol.380, issue.6571, pp.229-231, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/380229a0

W. L. Brown, L. J. Lanzerotti, and R. E. Johnson, Fast Ion Bombardment of Ices and Its Astrophysical Implications, Science, vol.218, issue.4572, pp.525-531, 1982.
DOI : 10.1126/science.218.4572.525

Y. Trafton, E. S. Sheffer, A. Barker, and . Mallama, Mutual Event Observations of Io's Sodium Corona, pp.1063-1074, 2001.

R. W. Carlson, R. E. Johnson, and M. S. Anderson, Sulfuric Acid on Europa and the Radiolytic Sulfur Cycle, Science, vol.286, issue.5437, pp.97-99, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5437.97

R. W. Carlson, M. S. Anderson, R. Mehlman, and R. E. Johnson, Distribution of hydrate on Europa: Further evidence for sulfuric acid hydrate, Icarus, vol.177, issue.2, pp.461-471, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.026

T. A. Cassidy and R. E. Johnson, Collisional spreading of Enceladus??? neutral cloud, Icarus, vol.209, issue.2, pp.696-703, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.010

T. A. Cassidy, R. E. Johnson, M. A. Mcgrath, M. C. Wong, and J. F. Cooper, The spatial morphology of Europa's near-surface O2 atmosphere, Icarus, vol.191, issue.2, pp.755-764, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.033

T. A. Cassidy, R. E. Johnson, and O. J. Tucker, Trace constituents of Europa's atmosphere, Icarus, vol.201, issue.1, pp.182-190, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.033

T. A. Cassidy, R. Mendez, P. Arras, R. E. Johnson, and M. F. Skrutskie, MASSIVE SATELLITES OF CLOSE-IN GAS GIANT EXOPLANETS, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.704, issue.2, pp.1341-1348, 1341.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/1341

L. Johnson, A. R. Kamp, and . Hendrix, Magnetospheric ion sputtering and water ice grain size at Europa, pp.64-73, 2013.

M. H. Vervack and . Burger, A cold-pole enhancement in Mercury's sodium exosphere, pp.10-1002, 2016.

C. David, J. F. Catling, and . Kasting, Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds, pp.10-1017, 2017.

J. W. Chamberlain, Planetary coronae and atmospheric evaporation, Planetary and Space Science, vol.11, issue.8, pp.901-960, 1963.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-0633(63)90122-3

D. Charbonneau, T. M. Brown, R. W. Noyes, and R. L. Gilliland, Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.568, issue.1, pp.377-384, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/338770

K. D. Colón, E. B. Ford, S. Redfield, J. J. Fortney, M. Shabram et al., Probing potassium in the atmosphere of HD 80606b with tunable filter transit spectrophotometry from the Gran Telescopio Canarias, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.72, issue.3, pp.2233-2250, 2012.
DOI : 10.1086/110303

J. F. Cooper, R. E. Johnson, B. H. Mauk, H. B. Garrett, and N. Gehrels, Energetic Ion and Electron Irradiation of the Icy Galilean Satellites, Icarus, vol.149, issue.1, pp.133-159, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2000.6498

M. ?uk, L. Dones, and D. Nesvorný, Dynamical Evidence for a Late Formation of Saturns Moons, p.9797, 2016.

V. Dobos and E. L. Turner, VISCOELASTIC MODELS OF TIDALLY HEATED EXOMOONS, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.804, issue.1, p.4141, 2015.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/41

T. Doggett, R. Greeley, P. Figueredo, and K. Tanaka, Geologic Stratigraphy and Evolution of Europa???s Surface, p.137, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.12

V. Dols, P. A. Delamere, F. Bagenal, W. S. Kurth, and W. R. Paterson, Asymmetry of Io's outer atmosphere: Constraints from five Galileo flybys, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.14, issue.3, pp.10010-10020, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.1966.1138693

V. J. Dols, F. Bagenal, T. A. Cassidy, F. J. Crary, and P. A. Delamere, Europa???s atmospheric neutral escape: Importance of symmetrical O 2 charge exchange, Icarus, vol.264, pp.387-397, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.026

P. Dvorak, How Much Power in a Bolt of Lightning, 2013.

J. L. England, Statistical physics of self-replication, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.1, issue.12
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bb.16.060187.001451
URL : http://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4818538

A. Eviatar, A. Bar-nun, and M. Podolak, Europan surface phenomena, Icarus, vol.61, issue.2, pp.185-191, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(85)90100-9

M. Fama, J. Shi, and R. A. Baragiola, Sputtering of ice by low-energy ions, Surface Science, vol.602, issue.1, pp.156-161, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.susc.2007.10.002

R. Howard, F. , and L. Nordheim, Electron emission in intense electric fields, In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.119, pp.173-181, 1928.

N. Fray and B. Schmitt, Sublimation of ices of astrophysical interest: A bibliographic review, Planetary and Space Science, vol.57, issue.14-15, pp.2053-2080, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2009.09.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00388027

P. Gao, M. S. Marley, K. Zahnle, T. D. Robinson, and N. K. Lewis, Sulfur Hazes in Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres: Impacts on Reflected Light Spectra, The Astronomical Journal, vol.153, issue.3, pp.139-101538, 2017.
DOI : 10.3847/1538-3881/aa5fab

R. Greenberg, Transport Rates of Radiolytic Substances into Europa's Ocean: Implications for the Potential Origin and Maintenance of Life, Astrobiology, vol.10, issue.3, pp.275-283, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2009.0386

D. T. Hall, D. F. Strobel, P. D. Feldman, M. A. Mcgrath, and H. A. Weaver, Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa, Nature, vol.373, issue.6516, pp.677-679, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/373677a0

D. T. Hall, P. D. Feldman, M. A. Mcgrath, and D. F. Strobel, The Far???Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.499, issue.1, pp.475-481, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/305604

D. P. Hand, C. F. Chyba, R. W. Carlson, and J. F. Cooper, Clathrate Hydrates of Oxidants in the Ice Shell of Europa, Astrobiology, vol.6, issue.3, pp.463-482, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2006.6.463

K. P. Hand and R. W. Carlson, Europa's surface color suggests an ocean rich with sodium chloride, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.147, issue.2, pp.3174-3178, 2015.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2000.6456
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063559/pdf

K. P. Hand, R. W. Carlson, and C. F. Chyba, Energy, Chemical Disequilibrium, and Geological Constraints on Europa, Astrobiology, vol.7, issue.6, pp.1006-1022, 2007.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2007.0156
URL : http://cips.berkeley.edu/events/planets-life-seminar/hand.pdf

C. J. Hansen, L. Esposito, A. I. Stewart, J. Colwell, A. Hendrix et al., Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume, Science, vol.311, issue.5766, pp.1422-1425, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1121254

P. Hartogh, DDT_pharto01_6: First ever detection of Callisto's atmosphere and constraining the trailing side atmosphere of Ganymede. Herschel Space Observatory Proposal, 2012.

R. Heller, G. Marleau, and R. E. Pudritz, The formation of the Galilean moons and Titan in the Grand Tack scenario, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.20, pp.4-10, 2015.
DOI : 10.1029/RG020i002p00280

A. R. Hendrix, T. A. Hurford, and R. Team, Roadmaps to Ocean Worlds, Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop, p.8171, 1989.

R. R. Hodges, J. , and F. S. Johnson, Lateral transport in planetary exospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.15, issue.23, p.7307, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-0633(67)90033-5

K. H. Nguyen-tuan-hong, S. Koh, . Lee, N. T. Phan-ngoc-minh, T. Tam et al., Comparison of field-electron emission from different carbon nanotube array structures, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, vol.27, issue.2, pp.749-752, 2009.
DOI : 10.1116/1.3097850

G. V. Hoppa, B. R. Tufts, R. Greenberg, and P. E. Geissler, Formation of Cycloidal Features on Europa, Science, vol.285, issue.5435, pp.1899-1902, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.285.5435.1899

D. M. Hunten, D. E. Shemansky, and T. H. Morgan, The Mercury atmosphere, pp.562-612, 1988.

W. Ip, Europa's Oxygen Exosphere and Its Magnetospheric Interaction, Icarus, vol.120, issue.2, pp.317-325, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.1996.0052

W. Ip, D. J. Williams, R. W. Mcentire, and B. H. Mauk, Ion sputtering and surface erosion at Europa, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.60, issue.6, pp.829-832, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00216863
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/98GL00472/pdf

Y. Itikawa and N. Mason, Cross Sections for Electron Collisions with Water Molecules, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol.34, issue.1, pp.1-22, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1799251

D. G. Jankowski, C. F. Chyba, and P. D. Nicholson, On the obliquity and tidal heating of Triton, Icarus, vol.80, issue.1, pp.211-219, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90169-3

R. E. Johnson, Energetic Charged-Particle Interactions with Atmospheres and Surfaces, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-48375-2

R. E. Johnson, Plasma-induced sputtering of an atmosphere, Space Science Reviews, vol.98, issue.12, pp.215-253, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-5612-8

R. E. Johnson and P. J. Huggins, Toroidal Atmospheres around Extrasolar Planets, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol.118, issue.846, pp.1136-1143, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/506183
URL : http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/506183/pdf

R. E. Johnson and W. A. Jesser, O 2 /O 3 Microatmospheres in the Surface of Ganymede, pp.79-82, 1997.

R. E. Johnson, L. J. Lanzerotti, W. L. Brown, and T. P. Armstrong, Erosion of Galilean Satellite Surfaces by Jovian Magnetosphere Particles, Science, vol.212, issue.4498, pp.1027-1030, 1981.
DOI : 10.1126/science.212.4498.1027

R. E. Johnson, L. J. Lanzerotti, and W. L. Brown, Planetary applications of ion induced erosion of condensed-gas frosts. Nuclear Instruments and Methods, pp.147-157, 1982.

R. E. Johnson, F. Leblanc, B. V. Yakshinskiy, and T. E. Madey, Energy Distributions for Desorption of Sodium and Potassium from Ice: The Na, Europa, vol.156, pp.136-142, 2002.

J. F. Sittler, T. W. Cooper, H. T. Hill, . Smith, M. Michael et al., Production, ionization and redistribution of O 2 in Saturn's ring atmosphere, pp.393-402, 2006.

R. E. Johnson, M. Famá, M. Liu, R. A. Baragiola, E. C. Sittler et al., Sputtering of ice grains and icy satellites in Saturn's inner magnetosphere, Planetary and Space Science, vol.56, issue.9, pp.1238-1243, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2008.04.003

. Smyth, Composition and Detection of Europa's Sputter-induced Atmosphere, p.507, 2009.

R. E. Johnson, R. W. Carlson, T. A. Cassidy, and M. Fama, Sputtering of Ices, Astrophysics and Space Science Library Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol.356, pp.551-2013
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4614-3076-6_17

R. E. Johnson, A. Oza, L. A. Young, A. N. Volkov, and C. Schmidt, VOLATILE LOSS AND CLASSIFICATION OF KUIPER BELT OBJECTS, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.809, issue.1, p.4343, 2015.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/43
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01223666

S. A. Johnston, D. A. Patthoff, and L. G. Montési, Combining Stresses from Diurnal Tides and a Pressurized Ocean on Enceladus, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference of Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p.2092, 2016.
DOI : 10.1002/2016je005217

C. Walker and . Polanskey, Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto, pp.777-780, 1998.

M. G. Kivelson, K. K. Khurana, C. T. Russell, M. Volwerk, R. J. Walker et al., Galileo Magnetometer Measurements: A Stronger Case for a Subsurface Ocean at Europa, Science, vol.289, issue.5483, pp.1340-1343, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.289.5483.1340

A. J. Kliore, A. Anabtawi, R. G. Herrera, S. W. Asmar, A. F. Nagy et al., Ionosphere of Callisto from Galileo radio occultation observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.277, issue.5324, pp.1407-1417, 1029.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511551772
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2002JA009365/pdf

A. L. Lane, R. M. Nelson, and D. L. Matson, Evidence for sulphur implantation in Europa's UV absorption band, Nature, vol.170, issue.5818, p.38, 1981.
DOI : 10.1038/292038a0

F. Leblanc, R. E. Johnson, and M. E. Brown, Europa's Sodium Atmosphere: An Ocean Source?, Icarus, vol.159, issue.1, pp.132-144, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2002.6934

F. Leblanc, A. E. Potter, R. M. Killen, and R. E. Johnson, Origins of Europa Na cloud and torus, Icarus, vol.178, issue.2, pp.367-385, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.027
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00077322

R. E. Chaufray and . Johnson, On the orbital variability of Ganymede's atmosphere, pp.185-198, 2017.

L. Leclercq, From exosphere to magnetosphere of planetary objects : optimization of parallelized modelisations for an application to Ganymede. Theses URL https, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01256191

E. Lellouch, T. Encrenaz, M. Belton, I. De-pater, and S. Gulkis, Io's atmosphere from microwave detection of SO2, Nature, vol.346, issue.6285, pp.639-641, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/346639a0

E. Lellouch, G. Paubert, J. I. Moses, N. M. Schneider, and D. F. Strobel, Volcanically emitted sodium chloride as a source for Io's neutral clouds and plasma torus, Nature, vol.190, issue.6918, pp.45-47, 2003.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2001.6612

E. Lellouch, M. Ali-dib, K. Jessup, A. Smette, H. Käufl et al., Detection and characterization of Io's atmosphere from high-resolution 4-µm spectroscopy, pp.99-114, 2015.

E. Lellouch, M. Gurwell, B. Butler, T. Fouchet, P. Lavvas et al., Detection of CO and HCN in Pluto???s atmosphere with ALMA, Icarus, vol.286, pp.289-307, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.013

N. R. Lewkow and V. Kharchenko, PRECIPITATION OF ENERGETIC NEUTRAL ATOMS AND INDUCED NON-THERMAL ESCAPE FLUXES FROM THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.790, issue.2, p.9898, 2014.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/790/2/98

Y. Li, Y. Sun, and J. Yeow, Nanotube field electron emission: principles, development, and applications, Nanotechnology, vol.26, issue.24, pp.1088-1090
DOI : 10.1088/0957-4484/26/24/242001

Y. Lin, C. David, and . Joy, A new examination of secondary electron yield data, Surface and Interface Analysis, vol.80, issue.11, pp.895-900, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/sca.4950110404

. Simpson, Jovian plasma torus interaction with Europa: 3D hybrid kinetic simulation. First results, pp.1681-1691, 2010.

A. Lucchetti, C. Plainaki, G. Cremonese, A. Milillo, T. Cassidy et al., Loss rates of Europa's tenuous atmosphere, pp.14-23, 2016.

O. P. Makarov, Kinetic energy distributions and line profile measurements of dissociation products of water upon electron impact, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.98, issue.E11, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)82860-3

M. L. Marconi, A kinetic model of Ganymede's atmosphere, Icarus, vol.190, issue.1, pp.155-174, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.016

E. Marcq, J. Bertaux, F. Montmessin, and D. Belyaev, Variations of sulphur dioxide at the cloud top of Venus???s dynamic atmosphere, Nature Geoscience, vol.257, issue.1, pp.25-28, 1038.
DOI : 10.1126/science.257.5070.647

C. Marois, B. Macintosh, T. Barman, B. Zuckerman, I. Song et al., Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799, Science, vol.477, issue.5320, pp.1348-1352, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5320.1836

J. Matéo-vélez, M. Belhaj, J. Roussel, F. Rodgers, and . Cipriani, Design and Numerical Assessment of a Passive Electron Emitter for Spacecraft Charging Alleviation, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol.43, issue.9, pp.2839-2848, 2015.
DOI : 10.1109/TPS.2015.2444652

B. H. Mauk, D. G. Mitchell, S. M. Krimigis, E. C. Roelof, and C. P. Paranicas, Energetic neutral atoms from a trans-Europa gas torus at Jupiter, Nature, vol.274, issue.6926, pp.920-922, 1038.
DOI : 10.1126/science.274.5286.404

W. E. Mcclintock, N. R. Izenberg, G. M. Holsclaw, D. T. Blewett, D. L. Domingue et al., Spectroscopic Observations of Mercury's Surface Reflectance During MESSENGER's First Mercury Flyby, Science, vol.84, issue.4062, p.62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/JB084iB13p07664

M. A. Mcgrath, E. Lellouch, D. F. Strobel, P. D. Feldman, and R. E. Johnson, Satellite atmospheres, pp.457-483, 2004.

M. A. Mcgrath, C. J. Hansen, and A. R. Hendrix, Observations of Europa???s Tenuous Atmosphere, p.485, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.26

M. A. Mcgrath, X. Jia, K. Retherford, P. D. Feldman, D. F. Strobel et al., Aurora on Ganymede, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.24, issue.17, pp.2043-2054, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/97GL01931

M. Mendillo, J. Baumgardner, B. Flynn, and W. J. Hughes, The extended sodium nebula of Jupiter, Nature, vol.348, issue.6299, pp.312-314, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/348312a0

A. Milillo, C. Plainaki, E. De-angelis, V. Mangano, S. Massetti et al., Analytical model of Europa???s O2 exosphere, Planetary and Space Science, vol.130, pp.3-13, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2015.10.011

A. Moullet, E. Lellouch, R. Moreno, M. A. Gurwell, and C. Moore, First disk-resolved millimeter observations of Io's surface and SOt2u atmosphere, pp.279-292, 2008.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20078699
URL : http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2008/16/aa8699-07.pdf

E. L. Murphy and R. H. Good, Thermionic Emission, Field Emission, and the Transition Region, Physical Review, vol.92, issue.6, pp.1464-1473, 1956.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-52803-3

F. Nimmo and M. Manga, Geodynamics of Europa???s Icy Shell, p.381, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.22

K. S. Noll, H. A. Weaver, and A. M. Gonnella, The albedo spectrum of Europa from 2200 ?? to 3300 ??, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.27, issue.E9, pp.19057-19060, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/301225a0

M. E. Ockert, R. M. Nelson, A. L. Lane, and D. L. Matson, Europa's ultraviolet absorption band (260 to 320 nm): Temporal and spatial evidence from IUE, Icarus, vol.70, issue.3, pp.499-505, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90091-1

A. V. Oza, F. Leblanc, R. E. Johnson, C. Schmidt, L. Leclercq et al., Dusk over dawn molecular oxygen asymmetry in europa's exosphere, 2017.

O. Ozgurel, F. Pauzat, Y. Ellinger, A. Markovits, O. Mousis et al., On the origin of alkali metals in Europa exosphere, AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting AbstractsDivision for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, pp.517-521, 2016.

B. R. Sullivan, E. P. Tufts, R. Turtle, K. K. Wagner, and . Williams, Does Europa have a subsurface ocean? Evaluation of the geological evidence, pp.24015-24056, 1999.

R. T. Pappalardo, D. A. Patthoff, J. B. Li, B. J. Ayton, and D. Dubois, Cycloidal and Wavy Lineaments on Europa from Diurnal, Obliquity, and Nonsynchronous Rotation Stresses in a Visco-Elastic Ice Shell, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference of Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p.2712, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274499

D. A. Patthoff and A. G. Davies, Tidal Stresses and Volcanism on Io, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference of Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p.1748, 2017.

S. J. Peale, P. Cassen, and R. T. Reynolds, Melting of Io by Tidal Dissipation, Science, vol.203, issue.4383, pp.892-894, 1979.
DOI : 10.1126/science.203.4383.892

M. A. Peters and E. L. Turner, ON THE DIRECT IMAGING OF TIDALLY HEATED EXOMOONS, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.769, issue.2, p.98, 2013.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/769/2/98

C. Plainaki, A. Milillo, A. Mura, S. Orsini, S. Massetti et al., The role of sputtering and radiolysis in the generation of Europa exosphere, Icarus, vol.218, issue.2, pp.956-966, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.01.023

C. Plainaki, A. Milillo, A. Mura, J. Saur, S. Orsini et al., Exospheric O2 densities at Europa during different orbital phases, Planetary and Space Science, vol.88, pp.42-52, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2013.08.011

C. C. Porco, P. Helfenstein, P. C. Thomas, A. P. Ingersoll, J. Wisdom et al., Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus, Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus, pp.1393-1401, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1123013

J. A. Rathbun, N. J. Rodriguez, and J. R. Spencer, Galileo PPR observations of Europa: Hotspot detection limits and surface thermal properties, Icarus, vol.210, issue.2, pp.763-769, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2010.07.017

J. A. Rathbun, J. R. Spencer, and C. J. Howett, Galileo PPR Observations of Europa: Correlations of Thermophysical Properties with Exogenic and Endogenic Processes, Workshop on the Habitability of Icy Worlds, volume 1774 of LPI Contributions, p.4045, 2014.

F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, 1965.
DOI : 10.1119/1.19073

A. R. Rhoden, T. A. Hurford, L. Roth, and K. Retherford, Linking Europa???s plume activity to tides, tectonics, and liquid water, Icarus, vol.253, pp.169-178, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.02.023
URL : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.06854

L. Roth, J. Saur, K. D. Retherford, D. F. Strobel, and J. R. Spencer, Simulation of Io???s auroral emission: Constraints on the atmosphere in eclipse, Icarus, vol.214, issue.2, pp.495-509, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.05.014

L. Roth, K. D. Retherford, J. Saur, D. F. Strobel, P. D. Feldman et al., Orbital apocenter is not a sufficient condition for HST/STIS detection of Europa???s water vapor aurora, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, pp.5123-5132, 2014.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1197135

L. Roth, J. Saur, K. D. Retherford, D. F. Strobel, P. D. Feldman et al., Transient Water Vapor at Europa's South Pole, Science, vol.191, issue.2, pp.171-174, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.021

A. Spencer, N. Blocker, and . Ivchenko, Europa's far ultraviolet oxygen aurora from a comprehensive set of HST observations, J. Geophys, vol.261, pp.1-13, 2015.

L. Roth, K. D. Retherford, N. Ivchenko, N. Schlatter, D. F. Strobel et al., Detection of a Hydrogen Corona in HST Ly? Images of Europa in Transit of Jupiter, pp.67-101538, 2017.

M. J. Russell, L. M. Barge, R. Bhartia, D. Bocanegra, P. J. Bracher et al., The Drive to Life on Wet and Icy Worlds, Astrobiology, vol.14, issue.4, pp.308-343, 2014.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2013.1110
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01493520

J. Saur, D. F. Strobel, and F. M. Neubauer, Interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with Europa: Constraints on the neutral atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.19, issue.E9, pp.19947-19962, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3700/19/14/014

J. Saur, P. D. Feldman, L. Roth, F. Nimmo, D. F. Strobel et al., /ADVANCED CAMERA FOR SURVEYS OBSERVATIONS OF EUROPA'S ATMOSPHERIC ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION AT EASTERN ELONGATION, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.738, issue.2, pp.10-1088, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/738/2/153

J. Saur, S. Duling, L. Roth, X. Jia, D. F. Strobel et al., The search for a subsurface ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope observations of its auroral ovals, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.147, issue.A7, pp.1715-1737, 1002.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2000.6456

N. M. Schneider and J. T. Trauger, The Structure of the Io Torus, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.450, issue.450, pp.10-1086, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/176155

S. Sengupta and M. S. Marley, DETECTING EXOMOONS AROUND SELF-LUMINOUS GIANT EXOPLANETS THROUGH POLARIZATION, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.824, issue.2, p.7676, 2016.
DOI : 10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/76
URL : http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/76/pdf

D. E. Shemansky, Y. L. Yung, X. Liu, J. Yoshii, C. J. Hansen et al., A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF THE EUROPA ATMOSPHERE AND LIMITS ON GEOPHYSICAL ACTIVITY, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.797, issue.2, p.84, 2014.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/84

V. I. Shematovich, R. E. Johnson, J. F. Cooper, and M. C. Wong, Surface-bounded atmosphere of Europa, Icarus, vol.173, issue.2, pp.480-498, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.08.013

M. Shi, R. A. Baragiola, D. E. Grosjean, R. E. Johnson, S. Jurac et al., Sputtering of water ice surfaces and the production of extended neutral atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.373, issue.10, pp.26387-26396, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/373405a0

D. K. Sing, H. R. Wakeford, A. P. Showman, N. Nikolov, J. J. Fortney et al., HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: detection of potassium in WASP-31b along with a cloud deck and Rayleigh scattering, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.426, issue.3, pp.2428-2443, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21817.x

T. Hofmann, A. Kopytova, J. R. Maire, R. Males, K. Millan-gabet et al., High contrast imaging at the LBT: the LEECH exoplanet imaging survey, Adaptive Optics Systems IV, p.91480, 2014.

W. H. Smyth and M. L. Marconi, Europa's atmosphere, gas tori, and magnetospheric implications, Icarus, vol.181, issue.2, pp.510-526, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.019

C. Sotin, O. Grasset, and A. Mocquet, Mass???radius curve for extrasolar Earth-like planets and ocean planets, Icarus, vol.191, issue.1, pp.337-351, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00154934

. Deustua, Probing for Evidence of Plumes on Europa with HST/STIS, p.121121, 2016.

W. B. Sparks, B. E. Schmidt, M. A. Mcgrath, K. P. Hand, J. R. Spencer et al., Active Cryovolcanism on Europa?, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.839, issue.2, pp.18-102041, 2017.
DOI : 10.3847/2041-8213/aa67f8
URL : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1704.04283

J. R. Spencer and W. M. Calvin, Condensed O 2 on Europa and Callisto, pp.3400-3403, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/344307
URL : http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/344307/pdf

J. R. Spencer, L. A. Lebofsky, and M. V. Sykes, Systematic biases in radiometric diameter determinations, Icarus, vol.78, issue.2, pp.337-354, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(89)90182-6

J. R. Spencer, W. M. Calvin, and M. J. Person, CCD Spectra of the Galilean Satellites: Molecular Oxygen on Ganymede, pp.19049-19056, 1995.

J. R. Spencer, L. K. Tamppari, T. Z. Martin, and L. D. Travis, Nighttime Thermal Anomalies on Europa, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference of Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 1999.

J. N. Spitale, T. A. Hurford, A. R. Rhoden, E. E. Berkson, and S. S. Platts, Curtain eruptions from Enceladus??? south-polar terrain, Nature, vol.115, issue.7550, pp.57-60, 1038.
DOI : 10.1007/s11214-004-1456-7

S. and A. Stern, The lunar atmosphere: History, status, current problems, and context. Reviews of Geophysics, pp.453-491, 1999900005.
DOI : 10.1029/1999rg900005
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999RG900005/pdf

M. E. Summers, D. F. Strobel, Y. L. Yung, J. T. Trauger, and F. Mills, The structure of Io's thermal corona and implications for atmospheric escape, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.343, pp.468-480, 1989.
DOI : 10.1086/167720

V. Tenishev, D. C. Öztürk, M. R. Combi, M. Rubin, J. H. Waite et al., Effect of the Tiger Stripes on the water vapor distribution in Enceladus' exosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.311, issue.5766, pp.2658-2667, 1002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1121290

B. Teolis, C. Plainaki, T. Cassidy, and U. Raut, Water Ice

B. D. Teolis and J. H. Waite, Dione and Rhea seasonal exospheres revealed by Cassini CAPS and INMS, Icarus, vol.272, pp.277-289, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.031
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.031

B. D. Teolis, R. A. Vidal, J. Shi, and R. A. Baragiola, Mechanisms of O 2 sputtering from water ice by keV ions, p.245422, 2005.

B. D. Teolis, G. H. Jones, P. F. Miles, R. L. Tokar, B. A. Magee et al., Cassini Finds an Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere at Saturn's Icy Moon Rhea, Science, vol.193, issue.2, p.1813, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.005

B. D. Teolis, D. Y. Wyrick, A. Bouquet, B. A. Magee, and J. H. Waite, Plume and surface feature structure and compositional effects on Europa's global exosphere: Preliminary Europa mission predictions, Icarus, vol.284, pp.18-29, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.027
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.10.027

P. C. Thomas, R. Tajeddine, M. S. Tiscareno, J. A. Burns, J. Joseph et al., Enceladus???s measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean, Icarus, vol.264, pp.37-47, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037
URL : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.07555

S. K. Trumbo, M. E. Brown, P. D. Fischer, and K. P. Hand, A New Spectral Feature on the Trailing Hemisphere of Europa at 3.78 µm, pp.250-101538, 2017.

C. C. Tsang, J. R. Spencer, E. Lellouch, M. A. Lopez-valverde, and M. J. Richter, The collapse of Io's primary atmosphere in Jupiter eclipse, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.106, issue.A11, pp.1400-1410, 2016.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JA002506

L. Turc, L. Leclercq, F. Leblanc, R. Modolo, and J. Chaufray, Modelling Ganymedes neutral environment: A 3D test-particle simulation, pp.157-169, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.005

J. D. Turner, D. Christie, P. Arras, R. E. Johnson, and C. Schmidt, Investigation of the environment around close-in transiting exoplanets using cloudy, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.810, issue.4, pp.3880-3891, 2016.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/11

S. Vance and J. Goodman, Oceanography of an Ice-Covered Moon, p.459, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/j.ctt1xp3wdw.25

S. D. Vance, K. P. Hand, and R. T. Pappalardo, Geophysical controls of chemical disequilibria in Europa, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.113, issue.7254, pp.4871-4879, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.024

A. L. Victor, T. H. Zurbuchen, and A. D. Gallimore, Top hat electrostatic analyzer for far-field electric propulsion plume diagnostics, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.102, issue.1, p.13505, 2006.
DOI : 10.2514/2.5758

A. Vorburger, P. Wurz, H. Lammer, S. Barabash, and O. Mousis, Monte-Carlo simulation of Callisto???s exosphere, Icarus, vol.262, pp.14-29, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.035

J. H. Waite, C. R. Glein, R. S. Perryman, B. D. Teolis, B. A. Magee et al., Cassini finds molecular hydrogen in the Enceladus plume: Evidence for hydrothermal processes, Science, vol.356, issue.6334, pp.155-159, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/0098-3004(92)90029-Q

. Pellin, Sputtering Products of Sodium Sulfate: Implications for Io's Surface and for Sodium-Bearing Molecules in the Io Torus, pp.386-397, 1997.

L. A. Young, Volatile transport on inhomogeneous surfaces: II. Numerical calculations (VT3D), Icarus, vol.284, pp.443-476, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.07.021
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2016.07.021

K. Zahnle, P. Schenk, H. Levison, and L. Dones, Cratering rates in the outer Solar System, Icarus, vol.163, issue.2, pp.263-289, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00048-4

K. Zahnle, M. S. Marley, C. V. Morley, and J. I. Moses, PHOTOLYTIC HAZES IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF 51 ERI B, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.824, issue.2, p.137137, 2016.
DOI : 10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/137

W. Zhu, C. Bower, O. Zhou, G. Kochanski, and S. Jin, Large current density from carbon nanotube field emitters, Applied Physics Letters, vol.85, issue.6, pp.873-875, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.19.3353

M. Y. Zolotov and F. Postberg, Can Nano-Phase Silica Originate from Chondritic Fluids? The Application to Enceladus' SiO2 Particles, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference of Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p.2496, 2014.

M. Y. Zolotov and E. L. Shock, Composition and stability of salts on the surface of Europa and their oceanic origin, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.XXXII, issue.46, pp.32815-32828, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2