J. Adams and P. Hansche, Population studies in microorganisms. 1. evolution of diploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Genetics, vol.76, p.327338, 1974.

A. F. Agrawal and M. C. Whitlock, Environmental duress and epistasis: how does stress affect the strength of selection on new mutations?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.25, issue.8, pp.450-458, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2010.05.003

N. H. Barton, The role of hybridization in evolution, Molecular Ecology, vol.27, issue.3, pp.551-568, 2001.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ge.28.120194.001435

N. H. Barton and M. Turelli, Natural and sexual selection on many loci, Journal of evolutionary biology, vol.127, pp.229-255, 1991.

N. Bateson, Heredity and variation in modern lights, 1909.
DOI : 10.1017/cbo9780511693946.006

G. Bell, The masterpiece of nature: The evolution of genetics of sexuality, 1982.

K. Bessho, Y. Iwasa, and T. Day, The evolutionary advantage of haploid versus diploid microbes in nutrient-poor environments, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.383, pp.116-129, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.029

D. Bhattacharya, The demography of fronds of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.91, issue.3, pp.217-231, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(85)90177-7

S. Billiard, M. López-villavicencio, M. Hood, and T. Giraud, Sex, outcrossing and mating types: unsolved questions in fungi and beyond, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.5, issue.11, p.10201038, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000267
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00690911

J. J. Bolton and M. A. Joska, Populations studies on a south-african carrageenophyte -Iridaea capensis (gigartinaceae, rhodophyta), Hydrobiologia, vol.261, pp.191-195, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00049019

S. R. Bordenstein and M. D. Drapeau, Genotype-by-environment interaction and the Dobzhansky-Muller model of postzygotic isolation, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.74, issue.3, pp.490-501, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1940817

R. S. Burton, Hybrid breakdown in developmental time in the copepod Tigriopus californicus, Evolution, vol.44, p.18141822, 1990.

C. Smith and T. , The evolution of genome size, 1985.

A. Charlesworth and B. Charlesworth, Inbreeding Depression and its Evolutionary Consequences, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.18, issue.1, pp.237-268, 1987.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001321

B. Charlesworth and D. Charlesworth, The genetic basis of inbreeding depression, Genetical Research, vol.74, issue.3, pp.329-340, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016672399004152

L. M. Chevin, On measuring selection in experimental evolution, Biology Letters, vol.54, issue.1, p.210213, 2011.
DOI : 10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0013:AATCOC]2.0.CO;2
URL : http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/7/2/210.full.pdf

L. M. Chevin, G. Decorzent, and T. Lenormand, NICHE DIMENSIONALITY AND THE GENETICS OF ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION, Evolution, vol.57, issue.103, pp.1244-1256, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00581.x

M. N. Clayton, Propagules of marine macroalgae: Structure and development, British Phycological Journal, vol.19, issue.3, pp.219-232, 1992.
DOI : 10.1515/botm.1985.28.7.283
URL : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00071619200650231?needAccess=true

J. M. Cock, O. Godfroy, N. Macaisne, A. F. Peters, and S. M. Coelho, Evolution and regulation of complex life cycles: a brown algal perspective, Current Opinion in Plant Biology, vol.17, pp.1-6, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.09.004

S. M. Coelho, A. F. Peters, B. Charrier, D. Roze, C. Destombe et al., Complex life cycles of multicellular eukaryotes: New approaches based on the use of model organisms, Gene, vol.406, issue.1-2, pp.152-170, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gene.2007.07.025

J. Coyne and A. Orr, The evolutionary genetics of speciation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.353, issue.1366, pp.287-305, 1998.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1998.0210

J. F. Crow and M. Kimura, Evolution in Sexual and Asexual Populations: A Reply, The American Naturalist, vol.103, issue.929, p.89, 1965.
DOI : 10.1086/282585

P. Delobel and C. Tesniere, A Simple FCM Method to Avoid Misinterpretation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Cycle Assessment between G0 and Sub-G1, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.1, p.84645, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0084645.s001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01189936

C. Destombe, J. Godin, C. Lefebvre, O. Dehorter, and P. Vernet, Differences in Dispersal Abilities of Haploid and Diploid Spores of Gracilaria verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), Botanica Marina, vol.16, issue.2, 1992.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.72.3.794

C. Destombe, J. Godin, M. Nocher, S. Richerd, and M. Valero, Differences in response between haploid and diploid isomorphic phases of Gracilaria verrucosa (rhodophyta, gigartinales ) exposed to artificial environmental conditions, Hydrobiologia, vol.261, pp.131-137, 1993.

C. Destombe, M. Valero, P. Vernet, and D. Couvet, What controls haploid-diploid ratio in the red alga, Gracilaria verrucosa?, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.2, issue.5, pp.317-338, 1989.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1989.2050317.x
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1989.2050317.x/pdf

J. Dettman, C. Sirjusingh, L. Kohn, and J. Anderson, Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast, Nature, vol.163, issue.7144, p.585588, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01499.x

T. Dobzhansky, Studies on hybrid sterility. ii. localization of sterility factors in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids, Genetics, vol.21, pp.113-135, 1936.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00374056

L. J. Dyck and R. E. De-wreede, Seasonal and spatial patterns of population density in the marine macroalga Mazzaella splendens (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), Phycological Research, vol.258, issue.1, pp.21-31, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3561127.x

S. Edmans, Heterosis and outbreeding depression in interpopulation crosses spanning a wide range of divergence, Evolution, vol.53, p.17571768, 1999.

C. Engel, P. Aberg, O. E. Gaggiotti, and C. Destombe, Population dynamics and stage structure in a haploid-diploid red seaweed, Gracilaria gracilis, Journal of Ecology, vol.76, issue.261, pp.436-450, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1940726

A. H. Enyenihi and W. S. Saunders, Large-scale functional genomic analysis of sporulation and meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Genetics, vol.163, p.4754, 2003.

E. P. Ewing, Selection at haploid and diploid phases -cyclical variation, Genetics, vol.87, pp.195-207, 1977.

M. Frada, I. Probert, M. Allen, W. Wilson, C. De et al., The "Cheshire Cat" escape strategy of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to viral infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.325, issue.1, pp.1944-1949, 2008.
DOI : 10.3354/meps325059

C. Fra¨?ssefra¨?sse, P. Gunnarsson, D. Roze, N. Bierne, and J. Welch, The genetics of speciation: Insights from fisher's geometric model, Evolution, 2016.

A. C. Gerstein, Mutational effects depend on ploidy level: all else is not equal, Biology Letters, vol.278, issue.1719, 2013.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2010.2146
URL : http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiolett/9/1/20120614.full.pdf

A. C. Gerstein, H. J. Chun, A. Grant, and S. P. Otto, Genomic Convergence toward Diploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PLoS Genetics, vol.55, issue.9, pp.1396-1401, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020145.sg007
URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020145

A. C. Gerstein, A. Kuzmin, and S. P. Otto, Loss-of-heterozygosity facilitates passage through Haldane???s sieve for Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergoing adaptation, Nature Communications, vol.97, p.3819, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkr1029

S. Gourbiere and J. Mallet, ARE SPECIES REAL? THE SHAPE OF THE SPECIES BOUNDARY WITH EXPONENTIAL FAILURE, REINFORCEMENT, AND THE ???MISSING SNOWBALL???, Evolution, vol.140, issue.1, pp.1-24, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01695.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00459373

D. Haig and A. Wilczek, Sexual conflict and the alternation of haploid and diploid generations, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.3, issue.4, pp.335-343, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.103.021303

J. B. Haldane, Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals, Journal of Genetics, vol.v, issue.2, p.101109, 1922.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107838

D. W. Hall, The evolution of haploid, diploid and polymorphic haploid-diploid life cycles: The role of meiotic mutation, Genetics, vol.156, pp.893-898, 2000.

D. L. Halligan and P. D. Keightley, Spontaneous Mutation Accumulation Studies in Evolutionary Genetics, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.40, issue.1, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173437

J. A. Hill and S. P. Otto, The Role of Pleiotropy in the Maintenance of Sex in Yeast, Genetics, vol.175, issue.3, pp.1419-1427, 2007.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.106.059444

W. Hofmeister, Vergleichende untersuchungen der keimung, entfaltung und fruchtbildung höherer kryptogamen: (Moose, Farrn, Equisetaceen, Rhizocarpeen und Lycopodiaceen ) und der samenbildung der coniferen, 1851.

J. Hough, S. Immler, S. C. Barrett, and S. P. Otto, EVOLUTIONARILY STABLE SEX RATIOS AND MUTATION LOAD, Evolution, vol.63, issue.7, pp.1915-1925, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00558.x
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.12066/pdf

J. S. Hughes and S. P. Otto, Ecology and the Evolution of Biphasic Life Cycles, The American Naturalist, vol.154, issue.3, pp.306-320, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/303241

S. Immler, G. Arnqvist, and S. P. Otto, PLOIDALLY ANTAGONISTIC SELECTION MAINTAINS STABLE GENETIC POLYMORPHISM, Evolution, vol.64, issue.1, pp.55-65, 2012.
DOI : 10.1095/biolreprod64.6.1730
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01399.x/pdf

S. Immler and S. P. Otto, Driven Apart: The Evolution of Ploidy Differences between the Sexes under Antagonistic Selection, The American Naturalist, vol.183, issue.1, pp.96-107, 2014.
DOI : 10.1086/674025

C. D. Jenkins, Selection and the evolution of genetic life-cycles, Genetics, vol.133, pp.401-410, 1993.

C. D. Jenkins and M. Kirkpatrick, Deleterious mutation and ecological selection in the evolution of life cycles, Lect Math Life Sci, vol.25, pp.53-68, 1994.

A. D. Johansen-morris and R. G. Latta, Fitness consequences of hybridization between ecotypes of Avena barbata: hybrid breakdown, hybrid vigor, and transgressive segregation, Evolution, vol.60, p.15851595, 2006.

S. B. Joseph and M. Kirkpatrick, Haploid selection in animals, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.19, issue.11, pp.592-597, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2004.08.004

M. Kirkpatrick, T. Johnson, and N. Barton, General models of multilocus evolution, Genetics, vol.161, pp.1727-1750, 2002.

T. Klinger, The persistence of haplodiploidy in algae, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.8, issue.7, p.256258, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(93)90202-Z

A. Kondrashov, S. Sunyaev, and F. Kondrashov, Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities in protein evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.275, issue.28, p.1487814883, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M001794200
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/99/23/14878.full.pdf

A. S. Kondrashov and J. F. Crow, Haploidy or diploidy: which is better?, Nature, vol.351, issue.6324, pp.314-315, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/351314a0

R. Korona, UNDER DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, Evolution, vol.110, issue.6, pp.1966-1971, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.1.253

J. H. Koschwanez, K. R. Foster, and A. W. Murray, Correction: Sucrose Utilization in Budding Yeast as a Model for the Origin of Undifferentiated Multicellularity, PLoS Biology, vol.9, issue.8, p.1001122, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/annotation/0b9bab0d-1d20-46ad-b318-d2229cde0f6f

W. M. Lewis, Diploidy, evolution and sex, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.78, issue.3, pp.425-438, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90341-2

L. Loewe and B. Charlesworth, Inferring the distribution of mutational effects on fitness in Drosophila, Biology Letters, vol.14, issue.21, pp.426-430, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/hmg/ddi350

M. Lynch, THE GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION AND OUTBREEDING DEPRESSION, Evolution, vol.3, issue.3, pp.622-629, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/zoo.1430030302

M. Lynch and B. Walsh, Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits, 1998.

B. K. Mable, Ploidy evolution in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a test of the nutrient limitation hypothesis, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.89, issue.261, pp.157-170, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90200-6

B. K. Mable and S. P. Otto, The evolution of life cycles with haploid and diploid phases, BioEssays, vol.92, issue.261, pp.453-462, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.17.7719

F. Manna, R. Gallet, G. Martin, and T. Lenormand, The high-throughput yeast deletion fitness data and the theories of dominance, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.285, issue.3, p.892903, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.285.5429.901

F. Manna, G. Martin, and T. Lenormand, Fitness Landscapes: An Alternative Theory for the Dominance of Mutation, Genetics, vol.189, issue.3, pp.923-303, 2011.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.111.132944

G. Martin and T. Lenormand, THE FITNESS EFFECT OF MUTATIONS ACROSS ENVIRONMENTS: A SURVEY IN LIGHT OF FITNESS LANDSCAPE MODELS, Evolution, vol.157, issue.12, pp.2413-2427, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.104.030031
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00353457

D. R. Matute, I. A. Butler, D. A. Turissini, and J. Coyne, A Test of the Snowball Theory for the Rate of Evolution of Hybrid Incompatibilities, Science, vol.423, issue.6941, p.15181521, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01679

R. E. Michod and M. F. Wojciechowski, DNA repair and the evolution of transformation IV. DNA damage increases transformation, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.147-175, 1994.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7020147.x

L. Moyle and T. Nakazato, Hybrid Incompatibility "Snowballs" Between Solanum Species, Science, vol.23, issue.5, p.15211523, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msj112

H. Muller, REVERSIBILITY IN EVOLUTION CONSIDERED FROM THE STANDPOINT OF GENETICS, Biological Reviews, vol.16, issue.3, pp.261-280, 1939.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01848788

K. J. Niklas and U. Kutschera, The evolution of the land plant life cycle, New Phytologist, vol.38, issue.1, pp.27-41, 2010.
DOI : 10.5962/bhl.title.4649

S. L. Nuismer and S. P. Otto, Host-parasite interactions and the evolution of ploidy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.111, issue.2, pp.11036-11039, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00316-9

M. Ogur and R. Stjohn, A differential and diagnostic plating method for population studies of respiration deficiency in yeast, Journal of bacteriology, vol.72, pp.500-504, 1956.

H. A. Orr, The population genetics of speciation: the evolution of hybrid incompatibilities, Genetics, vol.139, p.18051813, 1995.

H. A. Orr and S. P. Otto, Does diploidy increase the rate of adaptation, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1475-1480, 1994.

R. D. Otaiza, S. R. Abades, and A. J. Brante, Seasonal changes in abundance and shifts in dominance of life history stages of the carrageenophyte Sarcothalia crispata (rhodophyta, gigartinales) in south central chile, Journal of Applied Phycology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.161-171, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011135308283

S. P. Otto, The role of deleterious and beneficial mutaitons in the evolution of ploidy levels, Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences, vol.25, pp.69-98, 1994.

S. P. Otto and D. Bourguet, Balanced Polymorphisms and the Evolution of Dominance, The American Naturalist, vol.153, issue.6, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/303204

S. P. Otto and A. C. Gerstein, The evolution of haploidy and diploidy, Current Biology, vol.18, issue.24, pp.1121-1124, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.039

S. P. Otto and D. B. Goldstein, Recombination and the evolution of diploidy, Genetics, vol.131, pp.745-751, 1992.

S. P. Otto and J. C. Marks, Mating systems and the evolutionary transition between haploidy and diploidy, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.57, issue.3, pp.197-218, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb00309.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-pdf/57/3/197/14072499/j.1095-8312.1996.tb00309.x.pdf

S. P. Otto, M. R. Servedio, and S. L. Nuismer, Frequency-Dependent Selection and the Evolution of Assortative Mating, Genetics, vol.179, issue.4, pp.2091-2112, 2008.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.107.084418

I. Pacheco-ruíz, A. Cabello-pasini, J. Zertuche-gonzález, S. Murray, J. Espinoza-avalos et al., Carpospore and tetraspore release and survival in Chondracanthus squarrulosus (Rhodophyta: Gigartinaceae) from the Gulf of California, Botanica Marina, vol.2, issue.2, pp.127-134, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00047815

C. Paquin and J. Adams, Frequency of fixation of adaptive mutations is higher in evolving diploid than haploid yeast populations, Nature, vol.83, issue.5908, pp.495-500, 1983.
DOI : 10.1017/S0016672300010284

V. Perrot, S. Richerd, and M. Valero, Transition from haploidy to diploidy, Nature, vol.351, issue.6324, pp.315-317, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/351315a0

N. Phadnis and J. D. Fry, Widespread Correlations Between Dominance and Homozygous Effects of Mutations: Implications for Theories of Dominance, Genetics, vol.171, issue.1, pp.385-392, 2005.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.104.039016

A. Poon and S. Otto, COMPENSATING FOR OUR LOAD OF MUTATIONS: FREEZING THE MELTDOWN OF SMALL POPULATIONS, Evolution, vol.135, issue.1, pp.1467-1479, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.89.9.3904

D. C. Presgraves, Speciation Genetics: Search for the Missing Snowball, Current Biology, vol.20, issue.24, pp.1073-1074, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.056
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.056

G. R. Price, Selection and Covariance, Nature, vol.227, issue.5257, p.520, 1970.
DOI : 10.1038/227520a0

Y. L. Qiu, A. B. Taylor, and M. H. , Evolution of the life cycle in land plants, Journal of Systematics and Evolution, vol.20, issue.3, p.171194, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2007.11.003

M. Rescan, T. Lenormand, and D. Roze, Interactions between Genetic and Ecological Effects on the Evolution of Life Cycles, The American Naturalist, vol.187, issue.1, pp.19-34, 2016.
DOI : 10.1086/684167

S. Richerd, D. Couvet, and M. Valero, Evolution of the alternation of haploid and diploid phases in life cycles. II. Maintenance of the haplo-diplontic cycle, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.6, issue.2, pp.263-280, 1993.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1993.6020263.x

S. M. Rogers and L. Bernatchez, The genetic basis of intrinsic and extrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation jointly promoting speciation in the lake whitefish species complex (Coregonus clupeaformis), Journal of evolutionary biology, vol.19, 2006.

S. D. Rokitta, L. J. De-nooijer, S. Trimborn, C. De-vargas, B. Rost et al., TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSES REVEAL DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS BETWEEN THE LIFE-CYCLE STAGES OF EMILIANIA HUXLEYI (HAPTOPHYTA) AND REFLECT SPECIALIZATION TO DIFFERENT ECOLOGICAL NICHES1, Journal of Phycology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.829-838, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-8181(93)90061-R
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01258249

D. Roze, Diploidy, Population Structure, and the Evolution of Recombination, The American Naturalist, vol.174, issue.S1, pp.79-94, 2009.
DOI : 10.1086/599083

D. Roze and R. E. Michod, Deleterious Mutations and Selection for Sex in Finite Diploid Populations, Genetics, vol.184, issue.4, pp.1095-396, 2010.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.109.108258

D. Roze and S. P. Otto, DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION BETWEEN THE SEXES AND SELECTION FOR SEX, Evolution, vol.63, issue.2, pp.558-574, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00558.x
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01459.x/pdf

L. B. Russell and W. L. Russell, Spontaneous mutations recovered as mosaics in the mouse specific-locus test, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.34, issue.1, p.1307213077, 1996.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ge.28.120194.000331

R. Santos and P. Duarte, Fecundity, spore recruitment and size in Gelidium sesquipedale (gelidiales, rhodophyta), Hydrobiologia, vol.327, pp.223-228, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00047811

D. J. Schoen, DELETERIOUS MUTATION IN RELATED SPECIES OF THE PLANT GENUS AMSINCKIA WITH CONTRASTING MATING SYSTEMS, Evolution, vol.40, issue.11, pp.2370-2377, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00579.x

G. Sella, An exact steady state solution of Fisher???s geometric model and other models, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.75, issue.1, pp.30-34, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tpb.2008.10.001

G. Sella and E. Hirsh, The application of statistical physics to evolutionary biology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the, p.95419546, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9716

F. Sherman and B. Ephrussi, Relationship between respiratory deficiency and suppressiveness in yeast as determined with segregational mutants, Genetics, vol.47, p.695, 1962.

O. K. Silander, O. Tenaillon, and L. Chao, Understanding the Evolutionary Fate of Finite Populations: The Dynamics of Mutational Effects, PLoS Biology, vol.152, issue.4, pp.922-931, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050094.sd001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00708255

M. J. Simmons and J. F. Crow, Mutations Affecting Fitness in Drosophila Populations, Annual Review of Genetics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.49-78, 1977.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.000405

M. Slatkin and R. Lande, Segregation variance after hybridization of isolated populations, Genetical Research, vol.2, issue.01, p.5156, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-5809(84)90017-0

E. Strasburger, The periodic reduction of the number of chromosomes in the life history of living organisms, Annals of Botany, vol.8, pp.281-316, 1894.

K. Szafraniec, D. M. Wloch, P. Sliwa, R. H. Borts, and R. Korona, Small fitness effects and weak genetic interactions between deleterious mutations in heterozygous loci of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Genetical Research, vol.82, issue.1, pp.19-31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S001667230300630X

O. Tenaillon, The Utility of Fisher's Geometric Model in Evolutionary Genetics, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.45, issue.1, pp.179-201, 2014.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091846

C. S. Thornber, Functional properties of the isomorphic biphasic algal life cycle, Integrative and Comparative Biology, vol.46, issue.5, pp.605-614, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/icb/icl018

C. S. Thornber and S. D. Gaines, POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS IN SPECIES WITH BIPHASIC LIFE CYCLES, Ecology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.1661-1674, 2004.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0316

M. Turelli, N. Barton, and J. Coyne, Theory and speciation, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.7, pp.330-343, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02177-2

M. Valero, S. Richerd, V. Perrot, and C. Destombe, Evolution of alternation of haploid and diploid phases in life cycles, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.7, issue.1, pp.25-29, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90195-H

V. Dassow, P. , H. Ogata, I. Probert, P. Wincker et al., Transcriptome analysis of functional differentiation between haploid and diploid cells of Emiliania huxleyi, a globally significant photosynthetic calcifying cell, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01258261

B. Wallace, HARD AND SOFT SELECTION REVISITED, Evolution, vol.50, issue.3, pp.465-473, 1975.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.50.3.514

R. Weiss, J. Kukora, and J. Adams, The relationship between enzyme activity, cell geometry, and fitness in Saccharomyces cerevisiae., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.72, issue.3, p.794798, 1975.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.72.3.794

M. C. Whitlock, Selection, load and inbreeding depression in a large metapopullation, Genetics, vol.160, pp.1191-1202, 2002.

M. F. Willson, On the Evolution of Complex Life Cycles in Plants: A Review and an Ecological Perspective, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, vol.68, issue.2, pp.275-300, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/2398799

W. Research-inc, Mathematica. Version 8, 2010.

S. Wright, Evolution and the genetics of populations, volume 1: genetic and biometric foundations, 1968.

C. Zeyl, Experimental studies of ploidy evolution in yeast, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.233, issue.2, pp.187-192, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09481.x

C. Zeyl, C. Curtin, K. Karnap, and E. Beauchamp, ANTAGONISM BETWEEN SEXUAL AND NATURAL SELECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE, Evolution, vol.59, issue.10, pp.2109-2115, 2005.
DOI : 10.1554/05-140.1

C. Zeyl and J. Devisser, Estimates of the rate and distribution of fitness effects of spontaneous mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiaee, Genetics, vol.157, pp.53-61, 2001.

C. Zeyl, M. Mizesko, J. De, and . Visser, MUTATIONAL MELTDOWN IN LABORATORY YEAST POPULATIONS, Evolution, vol.157, issue.5, pp.909-917, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00693.x

C. Zeyl, T. Vanderford, and M. Carter, An Evolutionary Advantage of Haploidy in Large Yeast Populations, Science, vol.299, issue.5606, pp.555-558, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1078417

E. Zörgö, K. Chwialkowska, A. B. Gjuvsland, E. Garré, P. Sunnerhagen et al., Ancient Evolutionary Trade-Offs between Yeast Ploidy States, PLoS Genetics, vol.10, issue.3, p.1003388, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003388.s010