H. Adachi and K. Shimizu, Genotyping of Candida albicans by Fragment Analysis of Microsatellites Combined with 25S rDNA and RPS-based Strategies, Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi, vol.50, issue.3, pp.167-174, 2009.
DOI : 10.3314/jjmm.50.167

K. Adoubryn and J. Ouhon, ??tude biochimique et??s??rotypique de??40??souches de?? Cryptococcus??neoformans isol??es de??patients VIH+ ????Abidjan (C??te-d'Ivoire), Journal de Mycologie M??dicale, vol.16, issue.2, pp.95-99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mycmed.2006.02.002

A. Aller and E. Martin-mazuelos, Correlation of Fluconazole MICs with Clinical Outcome in Cryptococcal Infection, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.44, issue.6, pp.1544-1548, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.44.6.1544-1548.2000

G. Almeida and R. Andrade, The Capsular Polysaccharides of Cryptococcus neoformans Activate Normal CD4+ T Cells in a Dominant Th2 Pattern, The Journal of Immunology, vol.167, issue.10, pp.5845-5851, 2001.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5845

F. Almeida, J. Wolf, and A. Casadevall, Virulence-Associated Enzymes of Cryptococcus neoformans, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.14, issue.12, pp.1173-1185, 2015.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.00103-15
URL : http://ec.asm.org/content/14/12/1173.full.pdf

M. Aminnejad and M. Diaz, Identification of Novel Hybrids Between Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii VNI and Cryptococcus gattii VGII, Mycopathologia, vol.56, issue.1, pp.5-6, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.003

L. Andrade-silva and K. Ferreira-paim, Susceptibility profile of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Uberaba, Med Mycol, issue.6, pp.51-635, 2013.

E. Aoussi and E. Ehui, Cryptoccocal meningitis and HIV in the era of HAART in C??te d???Ivoire, M??decine et Maladies Infectieuses, vol.42, issue.8, pp.349-354, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.medmal.2012.05.012

S. Bamba, F. Barrot, E. Sawadogo, A. Millogo, and R. Guiguemdé, ??tude r??trospective des cas de cryptococcose neurom??ning??e au centre hospitalier universitaire de Bobo Dioulasso depuis l???accessibilit?? aux antir??troviraux au Burkina Faso, Journal de Mycologie M??dicale, vol.22, issue.1, pp.30-34, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mycmed.2011.12.074

F. Barchiesi and M. Cogliati, Comparative analysis of pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans serotypes A, D and AD in murine cryptococcosis, Journal of Infection, vol.51, issue.1, pp.10-16, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.07.013

J. Barnett, A history of research on yeasts 14:1 medical yeasts part 2, Cryptococcus neoformans, Yeast, vol.68, issue.11, pp.875-904, 2010.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-127-32812

J. Barnett, R. Payne, and D. Yarrow, Yeasts: Characteristics and identification, 1983.

F. Baroni, A. Paula, and C. , Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from church towers in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S??o Paulo, vol.5, issue.2, pp.71-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/154.6.1042
URL : https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000200003

M. Beale and W. Sabiiti, Genotypic Diversity Is Associated with Clinical Outcome and Phenotype in Cryptococcal Meningitis across Southern Africa, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.9, issue.6, p.3847, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003847.s004

W. Bernham, Cryptococci--Their Identification by Morphology and by Serology, South Africa Abstr. 45th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, pp.255-274, 1935.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/57.3.255

A. Brouwer, A. Rajanuwong, W. Chierakul, G. Griffin, R. Larsen et al., Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial, The Lancet, vol.363, issue.9423, pp.1764-1771, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16301-0

A. Buschke, Ueber eine durch Coccidien hervorgerufene Krankheit des Menschen, Dtsch Med Wochenschr, vol.21, p.14, 1895.

O. Busse, Ueber parasitaere Zelleinschluesse und ihre Zuechtung, Zentralbl Bakteriol, vol.16, pp.175-180, 1895.

E. Byrnes, First Reported Case of Cryptococcus gattii in the Southeastern USA: Implications for Travel-Associated Acquisition of an Emerging Pathogen, PLoS ONE, vol.4, issue.6, pp.1-12, 2009.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0005851.s005

E. Byrnes and W. Li, Emergence and Pathogenicity of Highly Virulent Cryptococcus gattii Genotypes in the Northwest United States, PLoS Pathogens, vol.11, issue.4, p.1000850, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000850.s010

R. Cannon and E. Lamping, Candida albicans drug resistance another way to cope with stress, Microbiology, vol.153, issue.10, pp.3211-3217, 2007.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.2007/010405-0
URL : http://mic.microbiologyresearch.org/deliver/fulltext/micro/153/10/3211.pdf?itemId=/content/journal/micro/10.1099/mic.0.2007/010405-0&mimeType=pdf&isFastTrackArticle=

I. Carbone, J. Anderson, and L. Kohn, PATTERNS OF DESCENT IN CLONAL LINEAGES AND THEIR MULTILOCUS FINGERPRINTS ARE RESOLVED WITH COMBINED GENE GENEALOGIES, Evolution, vol.5, issue.1, pp.11-21, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(97)01076-7

V. Carvalho and M. Terceti, Serotype and mating type characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans by Multiplex PCR, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S??o Paulo, vol.36, issue.4, pp.207-210, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/02681219880000621

A. Casadevall, Cryptococci at the brain gate: break and enter or use a Trojan horse? Clin Invest, pp.1389-1392, 2010.

A. Casadevall, E. Spitzer, D. Webb, and M. Rinaldi, Susceptibilities of serial Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from patients with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis to amphotericin B and fluconazole., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.37, issue.6, pp.1383-1386, 1993.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.37.6.1383

M. Chan and S. Tay, Enzymatic characterisation of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii and other environmental Cryptococcus spp., Mycoses, vol.271, issue.1, pp.26-31, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/175.2.414

Y. Chang and K. Kwon-chung, Complementation of a capsule-deficient mutation of Cryptococcus neoformans restores its virulence., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.14, issue.7, pp.4912-4921, 1994.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.14.7.4912

C. Charlier and K. Nielsen, Evidence of a Role for Monocytes in Dissemination and Brain Invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.1, pp.120-127, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01065-08

T. Chau and N. Mai, A prospective descriptive study of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV uninfected patients in Vietnam - high prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var grubii in the absence of underlying disease, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.363, issue.9423, 0199.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16301-0

M. Chayakulkeeree and T. Sorrell, Role and mechanism of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in survival and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Mol Microbiol, vol.69, pp.809-826, 2008.

S. Chen and B. Currie, Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii infection in northern Australia: existence of an environmental source other than known host eucalypts, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.91, issue.5, pp.547-50, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90021-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204377

S. Chen and M. Slavin, Clinical Manifestations of Cryptococcus gattii Infection: Determinants of Neurological Sequelae and Death, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.55, issue.6, pp.789-798, 2012.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cis529

Y. Chen and A. Litvintseva, in Botswana, Molecular Ecology, vol.9, issue.14, pp.3559-3571, 2015.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01021.x

J. Cheong and J. Mccormack, Fluconazole resistance in cryptococcal disease: emerging or intrinsic?, Medical Mycology, vol.51, issue.3, pp.261-269, 2013.
DOI : 10.3109/13693786.2012.715763
URL : https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article-pdf/51/3/261/6207571/51-3-261.pdf

H. Chong, R. Dagg, R. Malik, S. Chen, and D. Carter, In Vitro Susceptibility of the Yeast Pathogen Cryptococcus to Fluconazole and Other Azoles Varies with Molecular Genotype, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.48, issue.11, pp.4115-4120, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01271-10

A. Chowdhary and H. Randhawa, In vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles and genotypes of 308 clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii serotype B from north-western India, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.60, issue.7, pp.961-967, 2011.
DOI : 10.1099/jmm.0.029025-0

C. Coelho and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcal therapies and drug targets: the old, the new and the promising, Cellular Microbiology, vol.56, issue.6, pp.792-799, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00212-12

M. Cogliati, Global Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii: An Atlas of the Molecular Types, 2013.

M. Cogliati, A. Zani, and R. Volker, Multilocus sequence typing analysis reveals that Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans is a recombinant population, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.87, pp.22-29, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.01.003
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4754669/pdf

M. Colom and F. Hagen, in the Mediterranean environment, Medical Mycology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.67-73, 2012.
DOI : 10.3109/13693786.2011.574239

R. Cordero and S. Frases, Evidence for branching in cryptococcal capsular polysaccharides and consequences on its biological activity, Molecular Microbiology, vol.54, issue.4, pp.1101-1117, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/jf051918i

G. Cox and T. Harrison, Superoxide Dismutase Influences the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by Affecting Growth within Macrophages, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.1, pp.173-180, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.1.173-180.2003

G. Cox and J. Mukherjee, Urease as a Virulence Factor in Experimental Cryptococcosis, Infection and Immunity, vol.68, issue.2, pp.443-448, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.68.2.443-448.2000

B. Currie, L. Freundlich, and A. Casadevall, Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from environmental (pigeon excreta) and clinical sources in New York City, J Clin Microbiol, vol.32, pp.1188-1192, 1994.

P. Danesi and C. Furnari, Molecular identity and prevalence of Cryptococcus spp. nasal carriage in asymptomatic feral cats in Italy, Medical Mycology, vol.52, issue.7, pp.667-673, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/mmy/myu030
URL : https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article-pdf/52/7/667/9349128/myu030.pdf

E. Dannaoui and A. M. , Results Obtained with Various Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Methods Do Not Predict Early Clinical Outcome in Patients with Cryptococcosis, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.7, pp.2464-2470, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01520-05

W. David and W. W. , Hope Therapy for fungal diseases: opportunities and priorities, Trends Microbiol, vol.18, issue.5, pp.195-204, 2010.

J. Day, T. Chau, and M. Wolbers, Combination Antifungal Therapy for Cryptococcal Meningitis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.368, issue.14, pp.1291-1302, 2013.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1110404

D. Pauw, B. Walsh, and T. , Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group, Clin Infect Dis, issue.12, pp.461813-1821, 2008.

A. Desalermos, T. Kourkoumpetis, and E. Mylonakis, Update on the epidemiology and management of cryptococcal meningitis, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, vol.50, issue.1, pp.783-789, 2012.
DOI : 10.1086/649861

M. Desnos-ollivier and S. Patel, Mixed Infections and In Vivo Evolution in the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, mBio, vol.1, issue.1, pp.91-101, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/mBio.00091-10

M. Desnos-ollivier and S. Patel, Cryptococcosis serotypes impact outcome and provide evidence of Cryptococcus neoformans speciation, mBio, vol.6, pp.311-326, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01178954

J. Djordjevic, Role of Phospholipases in Fungal Fitness, Pathogenicity, and Drug Development ??? Lessons from Cryptococcus Neoformans, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.1, p.125, 2010.
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2010.00125

H. Dou, Y. Xu, H. Wang, and T. Li, Molecular epidemiology of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in China between 2007 and 2013 using multilocus sequence typing and the DiversiLab system, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.4, issue.4, pp.753-62, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0005862

F. Dromer and O. Lortholary, Cryptococcose. Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale. Traité de maladies infectieuses, pp.613-670, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/s1166-8598(04)38340-7

F. Dromer, E. Gueho, O. Ronin, and B. Dupont, Serotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans by using a monoclonal antibody specific for capsular polysaccharide, J Clin Microbiol, issue.2, pp.31-359, 1993.

F. Dromer, S. Mathoulin-pelissier, O. Launay, and O. Lortholary, Determinants of Disease Presentation and Outcome during Cryptococcosis: The CryptoA/D Study, PLoS Medicine, vol.21, issue.2, p.21, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040021.sd002

F. Dromer, J. Salamero, A. Contrepois, C. Carbon, and P. Yeni, Production, characterization, and antibody specificity of a mouse monoclonal antibody reactive with Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide, Infect Immun, vol.55, pp.742-748, 1987.

D. Souza, C. Kronstad, and J. , Genome variation in Cryptococcus gattii, an emerging pathogen of immunocompetent hosts, mBio, vol.2, issue.1, pp.342-352, 2011.

R. Dufait, R. Velho, D. Vroey, and C. , Rapid Identification of the Two Varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans by D-Proline Assimilation/Eine Schnellmethode zur Identifizierung der beiden Variet??ten von Cryptococcus neoformans mit Hilfe der D-Prolin-Assimilation, Mycoses, vol.55, issue.10, pp.483-487, 1987.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1987.tb03833.x

S. Eholie and K. Adou-brynh, Méningites lymphocytaires non virales de l'adulte à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) karyotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans strains from temperate and tropical regions, abstr. F-8, Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the, pp.50-54, 1996.

S. Franzot, I. Salkin, and A. Casadevall, Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii: separate varietal status for Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A isolates, J Clin Microbiol, vol.37, issue.3, pp.838-840, 1999.

J. Fraser and R. Subaran, Recapitulation of the Sexual Cycle of the Primary Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: Implications for an Outbreak on Vancouver Island, Canada, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.2, issue.5, pp.1036-1045, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.2.5.1036-1045.2003

S. Frases and A. Salazar, Cryptococcus neoformans Can Utilize the Bacterial Melanin Precursor Homogentisic Acid for Fungal Melanogenesis, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.2, pp.615-621, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01947-06
URL : http://aem.asm.org/content/73/2/615.full.pdf

B. Fries and A. Casadevall, from Patients with AIDS Differ in Virulence for Mice, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.178, issue.6, pp.1761-1766, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/314521

B. Fries and D. Goldman, Phenotypic switching in Cryptococcus neoformans results in changes in cellular morphology and glucuronoxylomannan structure, Infect Immun, vol.67, issue.11, pp.6076-6083, 1999.

E. Galanis and L. Macdougall, , British Columbia, Canada, 1999???2007, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.16, issue.2, pp.251-257, 1999.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1602.090900
URL : https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1602.090900

R. Ganendren and E. Carter, Phospholipase B activity enhances adhesion of Cryptococcus neoformans to a human lung epithelial cell line, Microbes and Infection, vol.8, issue.4, pp.1006-1015, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.018

D. Garcia-hermoso, F. Dromer, and G. Janbon, Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule Structure Evolution In Vitro and during Murine Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.72, issue.6, pp.3359-65, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.72.6.3359-3365.2004
URL : http://iai.asm.org/content/72/6/3359.full.pdf

J. Garcia-rivera and S. Tucker, Laccase Expression in Murine Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.5, pp.3124-3127, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.5.3124-3127.2005
URL : http://iai.asm.org/content/73/5/3124.full.pdf

. Garcia-rodas, R. Casadevall, J. Rodriguez-tudela, M. Cuenca-estrella, and O. Zaragosa, Cryptococcus neoformans Capsular Enlargement and Cellular Gigantism during Galleria mellonella Infection, PLoS ONE, vol.75, issue.9, p.24485, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0024485.g008

A. Gazzoni, S. Bittencourt, S. Ferreira, and S. Carlos, Histopathology, serology and cultures in the diagnosis of cryptococcosis, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S??o Paulo, vol.76, issue.5, pp.255-259, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.052662

N. Georgopapadakou and T. Walsh, Antifungal agents: chemotherapeutic targets and immunologic strategies, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.40, issue.2, pp.279-291, 1996.

M. Ghannoum and R. Lb, Antifungal agents: mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and correlation of these mechanisms with bacterial resistance, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.12, issue.4, pp.501-517, 1999.

J. Gillece and J. Schupp, Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii from the Pacific Northwest Reveals Unexpected Diversity, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.10, p.28550, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0028550.s001

S. Giles and T. Dagenais, Elucidating the Pathogenesis of Spores from the Human Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.8, pp.77-3491, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00334-09

D. Goldman and X. Song, Cryptococcus neoformans induces macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta in human microglia: role of specific antibody and soluble capsular polysaccharide, Infect Immun, issue.3, pp.69-1808, 2001.

A. Gomez-lopez and O. Zaragoza, Pharmacotherapy of yeast infections, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, vol.60, issue.16, pp.2801-2816, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dkm212

N. Govender and J. Patel, Trends in antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates obtained through population based surveillance in South Africa, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, issue.6, pp.552606-552617, 2002.

D. Granados and E. Castaneda, Isolation and Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans Varieties Recovered from Natural Sources in Bogot??, Colombia, and Study of Ecological Conditions in the Area, Microbial Ecology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.282-90, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-60966-4

F. Hagen and M. Illnait-zaragozi, In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibilities and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of a Worldwide Collection of 350 Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Cryptococcus gattii Isolates, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.12, pp.5139-5145, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00746-10

F. Hagen and K. Khayhan, Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.78, pp.16-48, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009

W. Huang and G. Liao, Lipid flippase subunit Cdc50 mediates drug resistance and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans, MBio, vol.7, issue.3, pp.478-494, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/mbio.00478-16
URL : http://mbio.asm.org/content/7/3/e00478-16.full.pdf

P. Hunter and M. Gaston, Numerical index of the discriminatory ability of typing systems: an application of Simpson's index of diversity, J Clin Microbiol, vol.26, pp.2465-2466, 1988.

A. Idnurm and Y. Bahn, Deciphering the Model Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus Neoformans, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.152, issue.1, pp.753-764, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.03921.x

R. Igreja, S. Mdos, B. Wanke, M. Galhardo, S. Kidd et al., isolates from AIDS patients of the Brazilian city, Rio de Janeiro, Medical Mycology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.229-238, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/13693780310001644743

M. Illnait-zaragozi and F. Hagen, Reactivation of a Cryptococcus gattii infection in a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) held in the National Zoo, Mycoses, issue.6, pp.54-889, 2011.

K. Khayhan and F. Hagen, Geographically Structured Populations of Cryptococcus neoformans Variety grubii in Asia Correlate with HIV Status and Show a Clonal Population Structure, PLoS ONE, vol.367, issue.9, p.72222, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0072222.s003

S. Kidd and F. Hagen, A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.24, issue.5, pp.17258-17263, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/07060660309506983

K. Klein, L. Hall, S. Deml, J. Rysavy, S. Wohlfiel et al., Identification of Cryptococcus gattii by Use of L-Canavanine Glycine Bromothymol Blue Medium and DNA Sequencing, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.47, issue.11, pp.3669-3672, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.01072-09

B. Kong and J. Harwell, Opportunistic infections and HIV clinical disease stage among patients presenting for care in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, vol.38, issue.1, pp.62-68, 2007.

N. Kreger-van-rij, The yeasts, a taxonomic study, pp.45-104, 1984.

J. Kronstad and R. Attarian, Expanding fungal pathogenesis: Cryptococcus breaks out of the opportunistic box, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.4, issue.3, pp.193-203, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040410

K. Kwon-chung, A New Genus, Filobasidiella, the Perfect State of Cryptococcus neoformans, Mycologia, vol.67, issue.6, pp.1197-1200, 1975.
DOI : 10.2307/3758842

K. Kwon-chung, A New Species of Filobasidiella, the Sexual State of Cryptococcus neoformans B and C Serotypes, Mycologia, vol.68, issue.4, pp.943-946, 1976.
DOI : 10.2307/3758813

K. Kwon-chung, J. Bennett, and J. Rhodes, Taxonomic studies on Filobasidiella species and their anamorphs, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.50, issue.1, pp.25-38, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00399484

K. Kwon-chung, W. Hill, and J. Bennett, New special stain for histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis, J Clin Microbiol, vol.13, pp.383-387, 1981.

K. Langfelder and M. Streibel, Biosynthesis of fungal melanins and their importance for human pathogenic fungi, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.38, issue.2, pp.143-158, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00526-1

A. Leal and J. Faganello, Epidemiological Profile of Cryptococcal Meningitis Patients in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Mycopathologia, vol.45, issue.2, pp.71-75, 2008.
DOI : 10.1590/S0004-282X1987000400007

C. Lee and Y. Chang, Correlation of anti-fungal susceptibility with clinical outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis, BMC Infectious Diseases, vol.363, issue.1, pp.361-370, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16301-0

A. Lemke, A. Kiderlen, and O. Kayser, Amphotericin B, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.36, issue.Suppl 1, pp.151-162, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/154.1.76

R. Lessells, P. Mutevedzi, T. Heller, and M. Newell, Poor long-term outcomes for cryptococcal meningitis in rural South Africa, South African Medical Journal, vol.101, issue.4, pp.251-252, 2011.
DOI : 10.7196/SAMJ.4378

S. Lev and D. Desmarini, Phospholipase C of Cryptococcus neoformans Regulates Homeostasis and Virulence by Providing Inositol Trisphosphate as a Substrate for Arg1 Kinase, Infection and Immunity, vol.81, issue.4, pp.1245-1255, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01421-12

T. Lin, K. Yeh, J. Lin, N. Wang, M. Peng et al., Cryptococcal disease in patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus: clinical presentation and monitoring of serum cryptococcal antigen titers, J Microbiol Immunol Infect, issue.3, pp.42220-226, 2009.

X. Lin and J. Heitman, Species Complex, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.69-105, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142102

X. Lin, C. Hull, and J. Heitman, Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans, Nature, vol.175, issue.7036, pp.1017-1038, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.2.5.1036-1045.2003

X. Lin and A. Litvintseva, Alpha AD alpha hybrids of Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence of same-sex mating in nature and hybrid fitness, PLoS Genet, vol.3, issue.10, pp.1975-1990, 2007.

M. Lindsley and N. Mekha, Evaluation of a Newly Developed Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Diagnosis of Cryptococcosis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.53, issue.4, pp.321-326, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/cid/cir379

A. Litvintseva and T. Mitchell, Most Environmental Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (Serotype A) Are Not Lethal for Mice, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.8, pp.77-3188, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00296-09

A. Litvintseva and L. Kestenbaum, Comparative Analysis of Environmental and Clinical Populations of Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.43, issue.2, pp.556-564, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.43.2.556-564.2005

A. Litvintseva, R. Thakur, R. Vilgalys, and T. Mitchell, Multilocus Sequence Typing Reveals Three Genetic Subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (Serotype A), Including a Unique Population in Botswana, Genetics, vol.172, issue.4, pp.2223-2238, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.105.046672

S. Lockhart and N. Iqbal, Epidemiologic cutoff values for triazole drugs in Cryptococcus gattii: correlation of molecular type and in vitro susceptibility, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.73, issue.2, pp.144-148, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.018

B. Loftus and E. Fung, The Genome of the Basidiomycetous Yeast and Human Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, Science, vol.307, issue.5713, pp.1321-1324, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1103773

O. Lortholary and G. Poizat, Long-term outcome of AIDS-associated cryptococcosis in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.20, issue.17, pp.2183-2191, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.aids.0000252060.80704.68

N. Luma and E. Temfack, Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Douala Cameroon: a cross sectional study, North Am J Med Sci, vol.5, issue.8, pp.486-491, 2013.

P. Lupo and Y. Chang, The Presence of Capsule in Cryptococcus neoformans Influences the Gene Expression Profile in Dendritic Cells during Interaction with the Fungus, Infection and Immunity, vol.76, issue.4, pp.1581-1589, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.01184-07

R. Manfredi, C. Fulgaro, S. Sabbatani, G. Legnani, and G. Fasulo, Meningitis in a Patient with AIDS, AIDS Patient Care and STDs, vol.20, issue.4, pp.227-259, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/apc.2006.20.227

Y. Mahmoud, First environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and var. gatti from the Gharbia Governorate, Mycopathologia, vol.148, issue.2, pp.83-89, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007166818993

R. Marra and J. Huang, A Genetic Linkage Map of Cryptococcus neoformans variety neoformans Serotype D (Filobasidiella neoformans), Genetics, vol.167, issue.2, pp.619-650, 2004.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.103.023408

J. Maslin, J. Morand, G. Menard, and P. Camparo, Les Cryptococcoses, Med Trop, vol.62, pp.480-484, 2002.

C. Matos, S. Andrade, S. Oliveira, and T. Barros, Microbiological characteristics of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus spp. in Bahia, Brazil: molecular types and antifungal susceptibilities, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, vol.4, issue.7, pp.1647-1652, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s12281-010-0013-y

C. Mcclelland and Y. Chang, Uniqueness of the mating system in Cryptococcus neoformans, Trends in Microbiology, vol.12, issue.5, pp.208-212, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2004.03.003

L. Mctaggart, S. Richardson, C. Seah, L. Hoang, A. Fothergill et al., Rapid Identification of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii, C. neoformans var. neoformans, and C. gattii by Use of Rapid Biochemical Tests, Differential Media, and DNA Sequencing, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.49, issue.7, pp.2522-2527, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00502-11

R. Mdodo and A. Stephen, Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans cerebrospinal fluid isolates from AIDS patients in Kenya, Mycoses, vol.49, issue.5, pp.438-442, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03707.x

G. Merkel and B. Scofield, The in vitro interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with human lung epithelial cells, FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.203-213, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01089.x

W. Meyer and A. Castañeda, Isolates, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.9, issue.2, pp.189-195, 2003.
DOI : 10.3201/eid0902.020246
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00390599

W. Meyer and K. Marszewska, Molecular typing of global isolates ofCryptococcus neoformans var.neoformans by polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA ??? a pilot study to standardize techniques on which to base a detailed epidemiological survey, Electrophoresis, vol.42, issue.8, pp.1790-1799, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02788051

W. Meyer, T. Mitchell, E. Freedman, and R. Vilgalys, Hybridization probes for conventional DNA fingerprinting used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction to distinguish strains of Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.31, pp.2274-2280, 1993.

T. Mihara and K. Izumikawa, in non-HIV associated cryptococcosis in Nagasaki, Japan, Medical Mycology, vol.51, issue.3, pp.252-260, 2013.
DOI : 10.3109/13693786.2012.708883
URL : https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article-pdf/51/3/252/6207183/51-3-252.pdf

K. Min, K. , and K. , The biochemical basis for the distinction between the two cryptococcus neoformans varieties with CGB medium, Zentralblatt f??r Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology, vol.261, issue.4, pp.471-480, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0176-6724(86)80079-7

H. Montenegro and C. Paula, Environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and C. neoformans var. neoformans in the city of S??o Paulo, Brazil, Medical Mycology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.385-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/714030961

N. Morera and F. Hagen, Ferrets as Sentinels of the Presence of Pathogenic Cryptococcus Species in the Mediterranean Environment, Mycopathologia, vol.45, issue.2, pp.145-151, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6621-7.00002-6

J. Morschhauser, Regulation of multidrug resistance in pathogenic fungi, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.47, issue.2, pp.94-106, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.002

F. Mseddi, A. Sellami, M. Jarboui, H. Sellami, F. Makni et al., First Environmental Isolations of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Tunisia and Review of Published Studies on Environmental Isolations in Africa, Mycopathologia, vol.35, issue.5, pp.355-60, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/02681219780001561

U. Mueller and L. Wolfenbarger, AFLP genotyping and fingerprinting, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.14, issue.10, pp.389-394, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01659-6
URL : http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/ib/faculty/mueller/pubs/aflp_genotyping.pdf

E. Nascimento and L. Vitali, Refractory and/or Relapsing Cryptococcosis Associated with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Clinical Features, Genotype, and Virulence Factors of Cryptococcus spp. Isolates, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.94, issue.5, pp.975-981, 2016.
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0595

A. Nedjma, B. Marc, and L. Jérôme, Principes de biologie moléculaire en biologie clinique, p.705, 2005.

J. Neill, CAPSULAR REACTIONS AND SOLUBLE ANTIGENS OF TORULA HISTOLYTICA AND OF SPOROTRICHUM SCHENCKII, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol.89, issue.1, pp.93-106, 1949.
DOI : 10.1084/jem.89.1.93

J. Neill, I. Abrahams, and C. Kapros, A comparison of the immunogenicity of weakly encapsulated and of strongly encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (Torula histolytica), J Bacteriol, vol.59, pp.263-75, 1950.

K. Ngouana and J. Dongtsa, Cryptoccocal meningitis in Yaound?? (Cameroon) HIV infected patients: Diagnosis, frequency and Cryptococcus neoformans isolates susceptibility study to fluconazole, Journal de Mycologie M??dicale, vol.25, issue.1, pp.11-16, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.016

P. Ngamskulrungroj, Y. Chang, B. Hansen, C. Bugge, E. Fischer et al., Characterization of the Chromosome 4 Genes That Affect Fluconazole-Induced Disomy Formation in Cryptococcus neoformans, PLoS ONE, vol.116, issue.Pt 4, p.33022, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0033022.s007

K. Nielsen and G. Cox, Cryptococcus neoformans {alpha} strains preferentially disseminate to the central nervous system during coinfection, Infect Immun, issue.8, pp.73-4922, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/iai.73.8.4922-4933.2005
URL : http://iai.asm.org/content/73/8/4922.full.pdf

K. Niimi and K. Maki, Overexpression of Candida albicans CDR1, CDR2, or MDR1 Does Not Produce Significant Changes in Echinocandin Susceptibility, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1148-1155, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.50.4.1148-1155.2006

J. Nosanchuk and A. Rosas, Melanisation of Cryptococcus neoformans in human brain tissue, The Lancet, vol.355, issue.9220, pp.355-2049, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02356-4

T. Nyazika, F. Hagen, F. Meis, . Valerie, and J. Robertson, Cryptococcus tetragattii as a major cause of cryptococcal meningitis among HIV-infected individuals in Harare, Zimbabwe, Journal of Infection, vol.72, issue.6, pp.745-52, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.018

K. Odehouri and J. Moreau, La méningite à cryptocoque à propos de 3 cas, Rev Med CôteIvoire, pp.61-82, 1991.

M. Olszewski and M. Noverr, Urease Expression by Cryptococcus neoformans Promotes Microvascular Sequestration, Thereby Enhancing Central Nervous System Invasion, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.164, issue.5, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63734-0
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615675/pdf

O. Meara, T. Holmer, S. Alspaugh, and J. , Cryptococcus neoformans is associated with cell wall remodelling and evasion of the host immune responses, mBio, vol.4, issue.1, pp.522-534, 2013.

K. Ortblad, R. Lozano, and C. Murray, The burden of HIV, AIDS, vol.27, issue.13, pp.27-20032017, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328362ba67

D. Paliwal and H. Randhawa, Evaluation of a simplified Guizotia abyssinica seed medium for differentiation of Cryptococcus neoformans, J Clin Microbiol, vol.7, pp.346-348, 1978.

D. Paliwal and H. Randhawa, A rapid pigmentation test for identification ofCryptococcus neoformans, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.223, issue.2, pp.243-246, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00643226

B. Park and K. Wannemuehler, Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS, vol.23, issue.4, pp.525-530, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac

S. Park, S. Choi, and K. Lee, in Korea, Mycobiology, vol.43, issue.3, pp.360-365, 2015.
DOI : 10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.3.360
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01530651

S. Park and M. Kim, Isolates in Seoul, Korea, Mycobiology, vol.42, issue.1, pp.73-78, 2014.
DOI : 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.1.73

L. Passoni, B. Wanke, M. Nishikawa, and M. Lazera, Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from human dwellings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an analysis of the domestic environment of AIDS patients with and without cryptococcosis, Medical Mycology, vol.36, issue.5, pp.305-311, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-280X.1998.00164.x

J. Perfect and T. Bicanic, Cryptococcosis diagnosis and treatment: What do we know now, Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol.78, issue.78, pp.463-46849, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.003
URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.10.003

J. Perfect, : the yeast that likes it hot, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.6, issue.4, pp.463-468, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00051.x
URL : https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article-pdf/6/4/463/17938763/6-4-463.pdf

J. Perfect, W. Dismukes, and F. Dromer, Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.50, issue.3, pp.291-322, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/649858

M. Pfaller, M. Castanheira, D. Diekema, S. Messer, and R. Jones, Wild-type MIC distributions and epidemiologic cutoff values for fluconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole when testing Cryptococcus neoformans as determined by the CLSI broth microdilution method, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.71, issue.3, pp.71252-259, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.07.007

M. Pfaller and S. Messer, Global Trends in the Antifungal Susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans (1990 to 2004), Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.43, issue.5, pp.2163-2167, 1990.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.43.5.2163-2167.2005

M. Pfaller and J. Zhang, Molecular epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Ugandan AIDS patients, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.32, issue.3, pp.191-199, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0732-8893(98)00095-9

A. Polak and H. Scholer, Mode of Action of 5-Fluorocytosine and Mechanisms of Resistance, Chemotherapy, vol.21, issue.3-4, pp.113-130, 1975.
DOI : 10.1159/000221854

B. Posteraro and M. Sanguinetti, Identification and characterization of a Cryptococcus neoformans ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter-encoding gene, CnAFR1, involved in the resistance to fluconazole, Molecular Microbiology, vol.146, issue.2, pp.357-371, 2003.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-146-4-999

B. Posteraro and A. Vella, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for Discrimination between Molecular Types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.50, issue.7, pp.2472-2476, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00737-12

S. Rathore, T. Raman, and J. Ramakrishnan, Magnesium Ion Acts as a Signal for Capsule Induction in Cryptococcus neoformans, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol.71, issue.e1004037, p.325, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6155

M. Refai, M. Taha, S. Selim, F. Elshabourii, and H. Yousseff, and other yeasts from pigeon droppings in Egypt, Medical Mycology, vol.21, issue.2, pp.163-168, 1983.
DOI : 10.1080/00362178385380241

T. Reynolds, Strategies for acquiring the phospholipid metabolite inositol in pathogenic bacteria, fungi and protozoa: making it and taking it, Microbiology, vol.155, issue.5, pp.1386-1396, 2009.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.025718-0

G. Richard, A. Kerrest, and B. Dujon, Comparative Genomics and Molecular Dynamics of DNA Repeats in Eukaryotes, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.72, issue.4, pp.686-727, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.00011-08

M. Rodrigues, Funding and Innovation in Diseases of Neglected Populations: The Paradox of Cryptococcal Meningitis, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.43, issue.3, p.4429, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004429.g001

A. Rosas and A. Casadevall, Melanization decreases the susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans to enzymatic degradation, Mycopathologia, vol.151, issue.2, pp.53-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1010977107089

A. Ruiz, R. Fromtling, and G. Bulmer, Distribution of Cryptococcus neoformans in a natural site, Infect Immun, vol.31, pp.560-563, 1981.

F. Sanfelice, Contributo alla morfologia e biologia dei blastomyceti che si sviluppano nei succhi di alcuni frutti, Ann Igien, vol.4, pp.463-95, 1894.

M. Sanguinetti and B. Posteraro, Role of AFR1, an ABC Transporter-Encoding Gene, in the In Vivo Response to Fluconazole and Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.2, pp.1352-1359, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.74.2.1352-1359.2006

D. Sanglard, Resistance of human fungal pathogens to antifungal drugs, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.5, issue.4, pp.379-385, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00344-2

D. Sanglard, A. Coste, and S. Ferrari, Antifungal drug resistance mechanisms in fungal pathogens from the perspective of transcriptional gene regulation, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.9, issue.7, pp.1029-1050, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00578.x

R. Santangelo and M. Nouri-sorkhabi, Biochemical and Functional Characterisation of Secreted Phospholipase Activities from Cryptococcus Neoformans in their Naturally Occurring State, Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.48, issue.8, pp.48-731, 1999.
DOI : 10.1099/00222615-48-8-731

R. Seaton, N. Verma, S. Naraqi, J. Wembri, and D. Warrell, The effect of corticosteroids on visual loss in Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.91, issue.1, pp.50-52, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(97)90393-X

C. Shaw and L. Kapica, Production of diagnostic pigment by phenoloxidase activity of Cryptococcus neoformans, Appl Microbiol, vol.24, pp.824-830, 1972.

M. Shi and S. Li, Real-time imaging of trapping and urease-dependent transmigration of Cryptococcus neoformans in mouse brain, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.120, issue.5, pp.1683-1693, 2010.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI41963DS1

R. Shirley and J. Baddley, Cryptococcal lung disease, Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, vol.15, issue.3, pp.254-260, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/MCP.0b013e328329268d

L. Singer, W. Meyer, C. Firacative, G. Thompson, E. Samitz et al., Antifungal Drug Susceptibility and Phylogenetic Diversity among Cryptococcus Isolates from Dogs and Cats in North America, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.52, issue.6, pp.52-2061, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.03392-13
URL : http://jcm.asm.org/content/52/6/2061.full.pdf

E. Sionov and H. Lee, Cryptococcus neoformans Overcomes Stress of Azole Drugs by Formation of Disomy in Specific Multiple Chromosomes, PLoS Pathogens, vol.23, issue.4, p.1000848, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000848.s008

E. Sionov, Y. Chang, H. Garraffo, M. Dolan, M. Ghannoum et al., Identification of a Cryptococcus neoformans Cytochrome P450 Lanosterol 14??-Demethylase (Erg11) Residue Critical for Differential Susceptibility between Fluconazole/Voriconazole and Itraconazole/Posaconazole, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.3, pp.1162-1169, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.05502-11

E. Sionov, Y. Chang, H. Garraffo, and K. Kwon-chung, Heteroresistance to Fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans Is Intrinsic and Associated with Virulence, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.53, issue.7, pp.2804-2815, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00295-09

E. Sionov, Y. Chang, and K. Kwon-chung, Azole Heteroresistance in Cryptococcus neoformans: Emergence of Resistant Clones with Chromosomal Disomy in the Mouse Brain during Fluconazole Treatment, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.57, issue.10, pp.5127-5130, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00694-13

T. Sorrell, S. Chen, and P. Ruma, Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting, J Clin Microbiol, vol.34, pp.1253-1260, 1996.

A. Souto and L. Bonfietti, Population Genetic Analysis Reveals a High Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Cryptococcus gattii VGII Population and Shifts the Global Origin from the Amazon Rainforest to the Semi-arid Desert in the Northeast of Brazil, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.44, issue.6, pp.10-0004885, 2016.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004885.s001

E. Spitzer, S. Spitzer, L. Freundlich, and A. Casadevall, Persistence of initial infection in recurrent Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis, The Lancet, vol.341, issue.8845, pp.595-596, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90354-J

F. Staib, M. Seibold, E. Antweiler, B. Fröhlich, S. Weber et al., The brown colour effect (BCE) of Cryptococcus neoformans in the diagnosis, control and epidemiology of C. neoformans infections in AIDS patients, Zentralblatt f??r Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. Series A: Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Parasitology, vol.266, issue.1-2, pp.167-77, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/S0176-6724(87)80030-5

D. Sullivan, K. Haynes, G. Moran, D. Shanley, and D. Coleman, Persistence, replacement, and microevolution of Cryptococcus neoformans strains in recurrent meningitis in AIDS patients, J Clin Microbiol, vol.34, pp.1739-1744, 1996.

N. Suwantarat, T. Watkins, R. Lee, K. Carroll, and S. Zhang, False-Positive Reaction of L-Canavanine Glycine Bromothymol Blue Medium with Candida famata, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.52, issue.4, pp.1308-1309, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00149-14

R. Tanaka, H. Taguchi, K. Takeo, M. Miyaji, and K. Nishimura, by flow cytometry, Medical Mycology, vol.34, issue.5, pp.299-301, 1996.
DOI : 10.1080/02681219680000521

S. Tay, T. Haryanty, T. Rohani, M. Hamimah, and H. , In vitro susceptibilities of Malaysian clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and Cryptococcus gattii to five antifungal drugs, Mycoses, vol.22, issue.4, pp.324-330, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/22.2.322

J. Thompson and C. Douglas, A glucan synthase FKS1 homolog in Cryptococcus neoformans is single copy and encodes an essential function, J Bacteriol, vol.181, pp.444-453, 1999.

S. Thornewell, R. Peery, and P. Skatrud, Cloning and characterization of CneMDR1: a Cryptococcus neoformans gene encoding a protein related to multidrug resistance proteins, Gene, vol.201, issue.1-2, pp.21-29, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00421-6

L. Trilles and M. Lazéra, Regional pattern of the molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Brazil, Mem??rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol.36, issue.5, pp.455-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0732-8893(99)00137-6

L. Trilles, W. Meyer, B. Wanke, J. Guarro, and M. Lazéra, species complex, Medical Mycology, vol.50, issue.3, pp.328-332, 2012.
DOI : 10.3109/13693786.2011.602126

M. Tibayrenc, TOWARDS A UNIFIED EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF MICROORGANISMS, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.50, issue.1, pp.401-429, 1996.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.401

M. Vallim and C. Nichols, A Rac Homolog Functions Downstream of Ras1 To Control Hyphal Differentiation and High-Temperature Growth in the Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans, Eukaryotic Cell, vol.4, issue.6, pp.1066-1078, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/EC.4.6.1066-1078.2005

M. Van-wyk, N. Govender, T. Mitchell, P. Litvintseva, and . Germs-sa, Multilocus Sequence Typing of Serially Collected Isolates of Cryptococcus from HIV-Infected Patients in South Africa, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.52, issue.6, pp.1921-1931, 2014.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.03177-13

A. Vecchiarelli and D. Pietrella, The polysaccharide capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans interferes with human dendritic cell maturation and activation, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, vol.74, issue.3, pp.370-378, 2003.
DOI : 10.1189/jlb.1002476

R. Velagapudi and P. Hsueh, Spores as Infectious Propagules of Cryptococcus neoformans, Infection and Immunity, vol.77, issue.10, pp.4345-4355, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.00542-09
URL : http://iai.asm.org/content/77/10/4345.full.pdf

A. Vermes, H. Guchelaar, and J. Dankert, Flucytosine: a review of its pharmacology, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and drug interactions, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.46, issue.2, pp.171-179, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/46.2.171

M. Viviani and M. Cogliati, isolates from a 30-month ECMM survey of cryptococcosis in Europe, FEMS Yeast Research, vol.6, issue.4, pp.614-619, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00081.x

P. Vuillemin, [Les blastomycètes pathogènes], Rev Gen Sci Pures Appl, vol.12, pp.732-751, 1901.

C. Wang, H. Wu, and P. Hsueh, Nosocomial Transmission of Cryptococcosis, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.352, issue.12, pp.3521271-1272, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200503243521225

A. Warrilow and C. Martel, Azole Binding Properties of Candida albicans Sterol 14-?? Demethylase (CaCYP51), Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.54, issue.10, pp.4235-4245, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.00587-10

T. White, Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.11, issue.2, pp.382-402, 1998.

B. Wickes, M. Mayorga, U. Edman, and J. Edman, Dimorphism and haploid fruiting in Cryptococcus neoformans: association with the alpha-mating type., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 93, pp.7327-7331, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7327

D. Wilson, J. Benett, and J. Bailey, Serologic Grouping of Cryptococcus neoformans, Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol.127, issue.3, pp.820-823, 1968.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-127-32812

J. Xu, C. Onyewu, H. Yoell, R. Ali, R. Vilgalys et al., Dynamic and Heterogeneous Mutations to Fluconazole Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.45, issue.2, pp.420-427, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.45.2.420-427.2001
URL : http://aac.asm.org/content/45/2/420.full.pdf

T. Yamazumi and M. Pfaller, Characterization of Heteroresistance to Fluconazole among Clinical Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.267-272, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.1.267-272.2003

Y. Yamamoto and H. Kohno, Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of clinically and environmentally isolated Cryptococcus neoformans in Nagasaki, J Clin Microbiol, vol.33, pp.3328-3332, 1995.

M. Yang and J. Uhrig, Fluconazole Susceptibility in Cryptococcus gattii Is Dependent on the ABC Transporter Pdr11, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.60, issue.3, pp.1202-1207, 2016.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.01777-15