L. Enfin and . Capacités, du modèle RL ont été comparées à celles du modèle de Vinnikov, une approche paramétrique de type kernel développée afin de corriger les données satellitaires de façon opérationnelle (la seule approche alternative à notre connaissance)

M. Ainsi and . Si, heure actuelle elle n'est pas totalement opérationnelle, le modèle RL présente des qualités qui en font un candidat à la correction des effets directionnels dans les chaines de traitements satellitaires

]. C. Duffour, A. Olioso, J. Demarty, C. Van-der-tol, J. Lagouarde et al., An evaluation of SCOPE: A tool to simulate the directional anisotropy of satellite-measured surface temperatures Driving factors of the directional variability of thermal infrared signal in temperate regions The RL parametric model as a simplified approach to simulate TIR directional effects for remote sensing applications, Les études menées lors de ce travail de thèse ont donné lieu à trois publications Under revision. [3] C. Duffour, J.-P. Lagouarde, and J.-L. Roujean, pp.362-375, 2002.

M. J. Abrams and S. J. Hook, NASA's Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing, pp.117-130, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-007-6639-6_6

B. Andrieu, F. Baret, S. Jacquemoud, T. Malthus, and M. Steven, Evaluation of an improved version of SAIL model for simulating bidirectional reflectance of sugar beet canopies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.60, issue.3, pp.247-25710, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00126-5

S. P. Arya, Introduction to micrometeorology, International Geophysics Series, 2001.

C. Bacour, S. Jacquemoud, M. Leroy, O. Hautecoeur, M. Weiss et al., Reliability of the estimation of vegetation characteristics by inversion of three canopy reflectance models on airborne POLDER data, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.6, pp.555-56510, 1051.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002039

C. Bacour, S. Jacquemoud, Y. Tourbier, M. Dechambre, J. ?p et al., Design and analysis of numerical experiments to compare four canopy reflectance models, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.79, issue.1, pp.72-83, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00240-1

L. Balick and B. Hutchinson, Directional Thermal Infrared Exitance Distributions from a Leafless Deciduous Forest, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.24, issue.5, pp.693-698, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.1986.289616

L. K. Balick and B. A. Hutchison, Directional Thermal Infrared Exitance Distributions of a Deciduous Forest in Summer, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.25, issue.3, pp.410-412, 1987.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.1987.289824

L. L. Balick and B. B. Hutchinson, Directional Thermal Infrared Exitance Distributions from a Leafless Deciduous Forest, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.24, issue.5, pp.693-69810, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.1986.289616

F. Baret and C. , LAI, fAPAR and fCover CYCLOPES global products derived from VEGETATION, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.110, issue.3, pp.275-286, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2007.02.018
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-00397417

W. G. Bastiaanssen, M. Menenti, and R. , Holtslag, 1998: A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL): 1. Formulation, J. Hydrol, vol.212, issue.213, pp.198-212
DOI : 10.1016/s0022-1694(98)00254-6

P. Bessemoulin, S. Princelo, and P. Sellers, HAPEX?Sahel : a large?scale study of land? atmosphere interactions in the semi?arid tropics, 1994.

P. Béziat, E. Ceschia, and G. Dedieu, Carbon balance of a three crop succession over two cropland sites in South West France, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.149, issue.10, pp.1628-1645, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.05.004

C. M. Bhumralkar, Numerical Experiments on the Computation of Ground Surface Temperature in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.14, issue.7, pp.1246-1258, 1975.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1975)014<1246:NEOTCO>2.0.CO;2

B. Blad and N. Rosenberg, Measurement of Crop Temperature by Leaf Thermocouple, Infrared Thermometry and Remotely Sensed Thermal Imagery1, Agronomy Journal, vol.68, issue.4, pp.635-641, 1976.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1976.00021962006800040026x

H. Bolle and C. , Efeda ? European Field Experiment in a Desertification?Threatened Area, Ann. Geophys. Hydrospheres Sp. Sci, vol.11, pp.173-189, 1993.

F. ?. Bréon, F. Maignan, M. Leroy, and I. Grant, Analysis of hot spot directional signatures measured from space, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.21, issue.D16, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001094

D. Casas, S. L. Riaño, P. Ustin, J. Dennison, and . Salas, Estimation of water-related biochemical and biophysical vegetation properties using multitemporal airborne hyperspectral data and its comparison to MODIS spectral response, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.148, pp.28-41
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.011

V. Caselles and J. Sobrino, Determination of frosts in orange groves from NOAA-9 AVHRR data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.29, issue.2, pp.135-146, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(89)90022-9

V. Caselles, J. Sobrino, and C. Coll, A physical model for interpreting the land surface temperature obtained by remote sensors over incomplete canopies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.39, issue.3, pp.203-21110, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(92)90086-Y

P. Cayrol and L. Kergoat, Calibrating a Coupled SVAT???Vegetation Growth Model with Remotely Sensed Reflectance and Surface Temperature???A Case Study for the HAPEX-Sahel Grassland Sites, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.39, issue.12, pp.2452-2472, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<2452:CACSVG>2.0.CO;2

A. Chehbouni, Y. Nouvellon, Y. H. Kerr, M. S. Moran, C. Watts et al., Directional effect on radiative surface temperature measurements over a semiarid grassland site, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.76, issue.3, pp.360-37210, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00183-3
URL : https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=6458&content=PDF

B. Combal, F. Baret, and M. Weiss, Improving canopy variables estimation from remote sensing data by exploiting ancillary information. Case study on sugar beet canopies, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.2, pp.205-215, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002008

B. Combal and C. , Retrieval of canopy biophysical variables from bidirectional reflectance, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.84, issue.1, pp.1-15, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00035-4

L. Coret, X. Briottet, Y. H. Kerr, and A. Chehbouni, Simulation Study of View Angle Effects on Thermal Infrared Measurements Over Heterogeneous Surfaces, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.42, issue.3, pp.664-672, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2003.819443

D. Courault, B. Seguin, and A. Olioso, Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: From empirical to numerical modeling approaches, Irrigation and Drainage Systems, vol.58, issue.8, pp.223-24910, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10795-005-5186-0

I. Cowan, Stomatal Behaviour and Environment, Adv. Bot. Res, vol.4, pp.117-228, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2296(08)60370-5

A. J. Dolman and C. , The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.87, issue.10, pp.1367-137910, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-87-10-1367
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00138642

C. Donlon and C. , The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) Sentinel-3 mission, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.120, pp.37-57, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2011.07.024

Y. Du, Q. Liu, L. Chen, Q. Liu, and T. Yu, Modeling Directional Brightness Temperature of the Winter Wheat Canopy at the Ear Stage, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.45, issue.11, pp.3721-3739, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2007.903401

C. Duffour, A. Olioso, J. Demarty, C. Van-der-tol, J. ?p et al., 2015: An evaluation of SCOPE: A tool to simulate the directional anisotropy of satellite?measured surface temperatures

C. Duffour, J. ?. Lagouarde, A. Olioso, J. Demarty, and J. ?l, Roujean, 2016a: Driving factors of the directional variability of thermal infrared signal in temperate regions

C. Duffour, J. ?. Lagouarde, A. Olioso, J. Demarty, J. ?l et al., Driving factors of the directional variability of thermal infrared signal in temperate regions, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.177, pp.248-264, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.024
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01473132

C. Duffour, J. ?. Lagouarde, and J. ?l, Roujean, 2016c: The RL parametric model as a simplified approach to simulate TIR directional effects for remote sensing applications, Remote Sens. Environ

G. Duveiller, M. Weiss, F. Baret, and P. Defourny, Retrieving wheat Green Area Index during the growing season from optical time series measurements based on neural network radiative transfer inversion, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.115, issue.3, pp.887-896, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2010.11.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01317533

S. L. Ermida, I. F. Trigo, C. C. Dacamara, F. M. Göttsche, F. S. Olesen et al., Validation of remotely sensed surface temperature over an oak woodland landscape ??? The problem of viewing and illumination geometries, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.148, pp.16-27
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.016

G. D. Farquhar, S. Caemmerer, and J. A. Berry, A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, vol.77, issue.1, pp.78-9010, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00386231

C. B. Field and C. , Changements climatiques 2014: Incidences, adaptation et vulnérabilité ? Résumé à l'intention des décideurs. Contribution du Groupe de travail II au cinquième rapport d'évaluation du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), 2014.

C. Francois, C. Ottle, and L. Prevot, Analytical parameterization of canopy directional emissivity and directional radiance in the thermal infrared. Application on the retrieval of soil and foliage temperatures using two directional measurements, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.18, issue.12, pp.2587-2621, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/014311697217495

C. François, The potential of directional radiometric temperatures for monitoring soil and leaf temperature and soil moisture status, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.80, issue.1, pp.122-133, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00293-0

M. Fuchs, Infrared measurement of canopy temperature and detection of plant water stress, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.73, issue.4, pp.253-261, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00865986

M. Fuchs, E. T. Kanemasu, J. P. Kerr, and C. B. Tanner, Effect of Viewing Angle on Canopy Temperature Measurements with Infrared Thermometers, Agron. J, vol.59, issue.494, 1967.

J. P. Gastellu?etchegorry, V. Demarez, V. Pinel, and F. Zagolski, Modeling radiative transfer in heterogeneous 3-D vegetation canopies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.58, issue.2, pp.131-156, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(95)00253-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-00405222

A. Gillespie, S. Rokugawa, T. Matsunaga, J. S. Cothern, S. Hook et al., A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.36, issue.4, pp.1113-112610, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/36.700995

D. C. Goodrich and C. , Preface paper to the Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere (SALSA) Program special issue, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.105, issue.1-3, pp.3-20, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00178-7
URL : https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=34484&content=PDF

A. Van-de-griend and P. E. , Discrimination of soil hydraulic properties by combined thermal infrared and microwave remote sensing, IGARSS'86 Symposium, 1986.

P. Guillevic, J. ?. Gastellu?etchegorry, J. Demarty, and L. Prévot, Thermal infrared radiative transfer within three-dimensional vegetation covers, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.73, issue.8, pp.10-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002247

P. C. Guillevic, J. L. Privette, B. Coudert, M. A. Palecki, J. Demarty et al., 2012: Land Surface Temperature product validation using NOAA's surface climate observation networks?Scaling methodology for the Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite

P. C. Guillevic, A. Bork?unkelbach, F. M. Gottsche, G. Hulley, J. ?. Gastellu?etchegorry et al., Directional Viewing Effects on Satellite Land Surface Temperature Products Over Sparse Vegetation Canopies&#x2014;A Multisensor Analysis, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.10, issue.6, pp.1464-1468
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2260319

J. L. Hatfield, Canopy Temperatures: the Usefulness and Reliability of Remote Measurements1, Agronomy Journal, vol.71, issue.5, 1979.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100050043x

J. Heilman, W. Heilman, and D. Moore, Remote sensing of canopy temperature at incomplete cover, Agron. J, vol.1, pp.2-5, 1981.

A. Hénon, P. G. Mestayer, J. ?. Lagouarde, and J. Voogt, 2012: An urban neighborhood temperature and energy study from the CAPITOUL experiment with the SOLENE model

H. Huang, Q. Liu, W. Qin, Y. Du, and X. Li, Temporal patterns of thermal emission directionality of crop canopies, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.42, issue.213, pp.10-1029, 2011.
DOI : 10.1029/2010JD014613

H. Huang, Q. Liu, Q. Liu, and W. Qin, Validating theoretical simulations of thermal emission hot spot effects on maize canopies, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.23, issue.3, pp.746-761, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02879654

N. D. Huband and J. L. Monteith, Radiative surface temperature and energy balance of a wheat canopy, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.15, issue.1-2, pp.1-17, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00117455

S. B. Idso, Non-water-stressed baselines: A key to measuring and interpreting plant water stress, Agricultural Meteorology, vol.27, issue.1-2, pp.59-70, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-1571(82)90020-6

R. D. Jackson, R. J. Reginato, P. J. Pinter, and S. B. Idso, Plant canopy information extraction from composite scene reflectance of row crops, Applied Optics, vol.18, issue.22, pp.3775-3782, 1979.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.18.003775

R. D. Jackson, S. B. Idso, R. R. , and P. J. Pinter, Canopy temperature as a crop water stress indicator, Water Resources Research, vol.58, issue.4, pp.1133-113810, 1981.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1966.00021962005800060009x

S. Jacquemoud and F. Baret, PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.34, issue.2, pp.75-91, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(90)90100-Z

S. Jacquemoud, C. Bacour, H. Poilvé, J. ?p, and . Frangi, Comparison of Four Radiative Transfer Models to Simulate Plant Canopies Reflectance Direct and Inverse Mode, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.74, issue.3, pp.471-481, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00139-5

S. Jacquemoud, W. Verhoef, F. Baret, C. Bacour, P. J. Zarco?tejada et al., PROSPECT+SAIL models: A review of use for vegetation characterization, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.113, pp.56-66, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2008.01.026

D. Jupp, A compendium of kernel & other (semi?) empirical BRDF Models, ? Doc, pp.1-18, 2000.

D. L. Jupp, Directional radiance and emissivity measurement models for remote sensing of the surface energy balance1Presented at MODSIM 97, Hobart Tasmania, 8???11 December 1997.1, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.13, issue.3-4, pp.341-351, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1364-8152(98)00039-5

D. L. Jupp and A. H. Strahler, A hotspot model for leaf canopies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.38, issue.3, pp.193-210, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(91)90089-O

J. D. Kalma, T. R. Mcvicar, and M. F. Mccabe, Estimating Land Surface Evaporation: A Review of Methods Using Remotely Sensed Surface Temperature Data, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.100, issue.1, pp.421-46910, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10712-008-9037-z

D. S. Kimes, Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.10, issue.3, pp.165-174, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(80)90020-6

D. S. Kimes, Remote sensing of row crop structure and component temperatures using directional radiometric temperatures and inversion techniques, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.13, issue.1, pp.33-55, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(83)90026-3

D. S. Kimes and J. A. Kirchner, Directional radiometric measurements of row-crop temperatures, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.15, issue.2, pp.299-311, 1983.
DOI : 10.1080/01431168308948548

D. S. Kimes, S. B. Idso, P. J. Pinter, R. J. Reginato, and R. D. Jackson, View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.10, issue.4, pp.273-284, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(80)90087-5

B. Kurz, Modélisation de l'anisotropie directionnelle de la température de surface: application au cas de milieux forestiers et urbains, 2009.

A. Kuusk, A fast, invertible canopy reflectance model, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.51, issue.3, pp.342-350, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(94)00059-V

A. Kuusk, J. Kuusk, and M. Lang, Modeling directional forest reflectance with the hybrid type forest reflectance model FRT, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.149, pp.196-204
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2014.03.035

J. P. Lagouarde, Y. H. Kerr, and Y. Brunet, An experimental study of angular effects on surface temperature for various plant canopies and bare soils, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.77, issue.3-4, pp.167-190, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02260-5

J. ?. Lagouarde and M. Irvine, Directional anisotropy in thermal infrared measurements over Toulouse city centre during the CAPITOUL measurement campaigns: first results, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.22, issue.8, pp.173-18510, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00703-008-0325-4

J. ?. Lagouarde, H. Ballans, P. Moreau, D. Guyon, and D. Coraboeuf, Experimental Study of Brightness Surface Temperature Angular Variations of Maritime Pine, 2000.

J. ?. Lagouarde, B. Hénon, P. Kurz, M. Moreau, J. Irvine et al., Modelling daytime thermal infrared directional anisotropy over Toulouse city centre, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.114, issue.1, pp.87-105, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145097

J. ?. Lagouarde, M. Hénon, J. Irvine, G. Voogt, P. Pigeon et al., Experimental characterization and modelling of the nighttime directional anisotropy of thermal infrared measurements over an urban area: Case study of Toulouse (France), Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.117, pp.19-33
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2011.06.022
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01145160

J. Lagouarde and C. ?p, The MISTIGRI thermal infrared project: scientific objectives and mission specifications, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.83, issue.47, pp.3437-3466
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2010.04.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00998636

J. ?. Lagouarde, S. Dayau, P. Moreau, and D. Guyon, Directional Anisotropy of Brightness Surface Temperature Over Vineyards: Case Study Over the Medoc Region (SW France), IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.11, issue.2, pp.574-578
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2013.2282492

J. ?. Lagouarde, M. Irvine, and S. Dupont, Atmospheric turbulence induced errors on measurements of surface temperature from space, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.168, pp.40-53, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2015.06.018

V. C. Laurent, W. Verhoef, J. G. Clevers, and M. E. Schaepman, Inversion of a coupled canopy???atmosphere model using multi-angular top-of-atmosphere radiance data: A forest case study, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.115, issue.10, pp.2603-2612, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.016

C. M. Lee, M. L. Cable, S. J. Hook, R. O. Green, S. L. Ustin et al., An introduction to the NASA Hyperspectral InfraRed Imager (HyspIRI) mission and preparatory activities, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.167, pp.6-19
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2015.06.012

A. Lesaignoux, Estimation de l'humidité de surface des sols nus à partir de l'imagerie hyperspectrale à haute résolution spatiale sur le domaine optique 0, pp.4-14, 2010.

A. Lesaignoux, S. Fabre, and X. Briottet, Influence of soil moisture content on spectral reflectance of bare soils in the 0.4???14 ??m domain, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.5978, issue.7, pp.2268-2285, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.11.009

X. Li, A. H. Strahler, and M. A. Friedl, A conceptual model for effective directional emissivity from nonisothermal surfaces, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.37, pp.2508-251710, 1999.

X. Li and C. , Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.20, issue.4, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JD011590

X. Li and C. , Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research (HiWATER): Scientific Objectives and Experimental Design, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.94, issue.8, pp.1145-116010, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00154.1

Z. ?. Li, R. Zhang, X. Sun, H. Su, X. Tang et al., Experimental system for the study of the directional thermal emission of natural surfaces, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.48, issue.1, pp.195-20410, 1080.
DOI : 10.1080/0143116031000116453

Z. ?. Li, B. ?. Tang, H. Wu, H. Ren, G. Yan et al., Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.131, pp.14-37, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.008
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.008

Q. H. Liu, H. G. Huang, W. H. Qin, K. H. Fu, and X. W. Li, An Extended 3-D Radiosity&#x2013;Graphics Combined Model for Studying Thermal-Emission Directionality of Crop Canopy, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.45, issue.9, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2007.902272

D. Luquet, A. Bégué, A. Vidal, P. Clouvel, J. Dauzat et al., Using multidirectional thermography to characterize water status of cotton, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.84, issue.3, pp.411-42110, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00131-1

D. Luquet, A. Begue, A. Vidal, J. Dauzat, and P. Clouvel, 3D Simulation of Directional Temperature Variability Within a Row?Cotton Crop : Toward an Improvement of Experimental Crop Water Status Monitoring Using Thermal Infrared, Precision Agriculture, vol.4, issue.3, pp.297-309, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024956607653

D. Luquet, J. Vidal, . Dauzat, . Bégué, P. Olioso et al., Using directional TIR measurements and 3D simulations to assess the limitations and opportunities of water stress indices, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.90, issue.1, pp.53-62, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.09.008

V. Masson and C. , The Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL) experiment, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.102, issue.10, pp.135-15710, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00703-008-0289-4

M. Mcguire, L. Balick, J. A. Smith, and B. A. Hutchison, Modeling directional thermal radiance from a forest canopy, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.27, issue.2, pp.169-18610, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(89)90016-3

C. J. Merchant and C. , The surface temperatures of Earth: steps towards integrated understanding of variability and change. Geosci. Instrumentation, Methods Data Syst, pp.305-32110, 2013.

J. P. Millard, R. J. Reginato, S. B. Idso, R. D. Jackson, R. C. Goettelman et al., Experimental relations between airborne and ground measured wheat canopy temperatures, pp.221-224, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(79)90007-5

J. L. Monteith and G. Szeicz, Radiative temperature in the heat balance of natural surfaces, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.76, issue.378, pp.496-507, 1962.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49708837811

S. Moulin, L. Kergoat, P. Cayrol, G. Dedieu, and L. Prévot, Calibration of a coupled canopy functioning and SVAT model in the ReSeDA experiment. Towards the assimilation of SPOT/HRV observations into the model, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.6, pp.681-686, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002035
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00885984

J. M. Norman, Modelling the complete crop canopy. Modification of the Aerial Environment of Crops, Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. Monogr. ASAE, issue.2, pp.249-277, 1979.

J. M. Norman and F. Becker, Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.77, issue.3-4, pp.153-166, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02259-Z

J. M. Norman, W. P. Kustas, and K. S. Humes, Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.77, issue.3-4, pp.263-293, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02265-Y

J. Ogée, Y. Brunet, and D. Loustau, MuSICA, a CO2, water and energy multilayer, multileaf pine forest model: evaluation from hourly to yearly time scales and sensitivity analysis, Global Change Biology, vol.20, issue.8, pp.697-717, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00353-7

A. Olioso, Simulation des échanges d'énergie et de masse d'un couvert végétal, dans le but de relier la transpiration et la photosynthèse aux mesures de réflectance et de température de surface, Thèse de doctorat, 1992.

J. Otterman, T. Brakke, and J. Susskind, A model for inferring canopy and underlying soil temperatures from multi-directional measurements, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.35, issue.1-2, pp.81-97, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02033996

J. Otterman, J. Susskind, T. Brakke, D. Kimes, R. Pielke et al., Inferring the thermal-infrared hemispheric emission from a sparsely-vegetated surface by directional measurements, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.95, issue.1-2, pp.163-180, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00715715

J. Otterman, T. W. Brakke, M. Fuchs, V. Lakshmi, and M. Cadeddu, Longwave emission from a plant/soil surface as a function of the view direction: Dependence on the canopy architecture, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.20, issue.11, pp.2195-2201, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/014311699212191

U. Paw, K. , S. Ustin, and C. Zhang, Anisotropy of thermal infrared exitance in sunflower canopies, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.48, issue.1-2, p.95616, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(89)90006-3

A. C. Pinheiro, J. L. Privette, R. Mahoney, and C. J. Tucker, Directional effects in a daily AVHRR land surface temperature dataset over Africa, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.42, issue.9, pp.1941-1954, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2004.831886

A. C. Pinheiro, J. L. Privette, R. Mahoney, and C. J. Tucker, Directional effects in a daily AVHRR land surface temperature dataset over Africa, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.42, issue.9, pp.1941-1954, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2004.831886

A. C. Pinheiro, J. L. Privette, and P. Guillevic, Modeling the observed angular anisotropy of land surface temperature in a Savanna, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.44, issue.4, pp.1036-104710, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2005.863827

L. Prevot and C. , Assimilation of multi?sensor and multi?temporal remote sensing data to monitor vegetation and soil: the Alpilles?ReSeDA project. IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174), pp.2399-2401, 1998.

L. Prévot, Modélisation des échanges radiatifs au sein des couverts végétaux : application à la télédétection, validation sur un couvert de maïs / Modelling of radiation exchanges inside plant canopies : applications to remote sensing, validation for maize canopy, 1985.

J. C. Price, Estimating surface temperatures from satellite thermal infrared data???A simple formulation for the atmospheric effect, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.13, issue.4, pp.353-36110, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(83)90036-6

M. O. Rasmussen, A. C. Pinheiro, S. R. Proud, and I. Sandholt, Modeling Angular Dependences in Land Surface Temperatures From the SEVIRI Instrument Onboard the Geostationary Meteosat Second Generation Satellites, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.48, issue.8, pp.3123-3133, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2044509

H. Ren, G. Yan, R. Liu, Z. ?. Li, Q. Qin et al., Commentary on the Hot Issues of Chinese Drama in 2015, Ethnic Arts Studies, vol.29, issue.1, pp.7537-7570
DOI : 10.21004/issn.1003-840x.2016.01.050

J. J. Roujean, M. ?l, P. P. Leroy, . ?y, and . Deschamps, A bidirectional reflectance model of the Earth's surface for the correction of remote sensing data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.24, issue.3, pp.10-1029, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD01411

J. ?. Roujean, A Parametric Hot Spot Model for Optical Remote Sensing Applications, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.71, issue.2, pp.197-20610, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00080-2

D. P. Roy and C. , Landsat-8: Science and product vision for terrestrial global change research, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.145, pp.154-172
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.001

J. Schmetz, P. Pili, S. Tjemkes, D. Just, J. Kerkmann et al., An Introduction to Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), 083<0977:AITMSG>2.3.CO, pp.977-992, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0977:AITMSG>2.3.CO;2
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.199.2645

J. Smith and J. R. Ballard, Thermal infrared hot spot and dependence on canopy geometry, Opt. Eng, vol.40, 1435.

J. Smith, K. J. Ranson, D. Nguyen, L. Balick, L. E. Link et al., Thermal vegetation canopy model studies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.11, issue.81, pp.311-32610, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(81)90028-6

J. A. Smith, J. A. Pedelty, J. R. Ballard, J. , and T. J. Schmugge, Three?dimensional modeling of agricultural canopies for thermal IR exitance studies. Earth Surface Remote Sensing, pp.50-57, 1997.

W. C. Snyder and Z. Wan, BRDF models to predict spectral reflectance and emissivity in the thermal infrared, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.36, issue.1, pp.214-22510, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/36.655331

J. Sobrino and V. Caselles, Thermal infrared radiance model for interpreting the directional radiometric temperature of a vegetative surface, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.33, issue.3, pp.193-199, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(90)90030-P

J. Sobrino, J. Jimenez?munoz, and W. Verhoef, Canopy directional emissivity: Comparison between models, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.99, issue.3, pp.304-314, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2005.09.005

M. Stathopoulou and C. Cartalis, Downscaling AVHRR land surface temperatures for improved surface urban heat island intensity estimation, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.113, issue.12, pp.2592-2605, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.017

L. Su, X. Li, M. Friedl, A. Strahler, and X. Gu, A kernel?driven model of effective directional emissivity fornon?isothermal surfaces, Prog. Nat. Sci, vol.12, pp.603-607, 2002.

R. A. Sutherland and J. F. Bartholic, Significance of Vegetation in Interpreting Thermal Radiation from a Terrestrial Surface, 016<0759:SOVIIT>2.0.CO, pp.759-763, 1977.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1977)016<0759:SOVIIT>2.0.CO;2

C. B. Tanner, Plant Temperatures1, Agronomy Journal, vol.55, issue.2, 1963.
DOI : 10.2134/agronj1963.00021962005500020043x

J. Timmermans, W. Verhoef, C. Van-der-tol, and Z. Su, Retrieval of Canopy component temperatures through Bayesian inversion of directional thermal measurements, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, vol.6, issue.2, pp.3007-304010, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/hessd-6-3007-2009

C. Van-der-tol, W. Verhoef, J. Timmermans, A. Verhoef, and Z. Su, An integrated model of soil-canopy spectral radiances, photosynthesis, fluorescence, temperature and energy balance, Biogeosciences, vol.6, issue.12, pp.3109-312910, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-6-3109-2009

W. Verhoef, Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: The SAIL model, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.16, issue.2, pp.125-141, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(84)90057-9

W. Verhoef, Theory of radiative transfer models applied in optical remote sensing of vegetation canopies, 1998.

W. Verhoef and H. Bach, Simulation of hyperspectral and directional radiance images using coupled biophysical and atmospheric radiative transfer models, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.87, issue.1, pp.23-41, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00143-3

W. Verhoef and H. Bach, Remote sensing data assimilation using coupled radiative transfer models, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, vol.28, issue.1-3, pp.3-13, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00003-2

W. Verhoef and H. Bach, Coupled soil???leaf-canopy and atmosphere radiative transfer modeling to simulate hyperspectral multi-angular surface reflectance and TOA radiance data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.109, issue.2, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2006.12.013

W. Verhoef, L. Jia, Q. Xiao, and Z. Su, Unified Optical-Thermal Four-Stream Radiative Transfer Theory for Homogeneous Vegetation Canopies, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.45, issue.6, pp.1808-1822, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2007.895844

E. Vermote, C. O. Justice, and F. ?. Breon, Towards a Generalized Approach for Correction of the BRDF Effect in MODIS Directional Reflectances, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.47, issue.3, pp.898-90810, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2008.2005977

R. C. Vining and B. L. Blad, Estimation of sensible heat flux from remotely sensed canopy temperatures, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.38, issue.D17, pp.18951-1895410, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD01626

K. Y. Vinnikov, Y. Yu, M. D. Goldberg, D. Tarpley, P. Romanov et al., Angular anisotropy of satellite observations of land surface temperature, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.50, issue.3, pp.10-1029, 2012.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2162338

J. Wallace and A. Verhoef, Modelling interactions in mixed?plant communities: light, water and carbon dioxide. Leaf Development and Canopy Growth, pp.204-250, 2000.

C. L. Walthall, J. M. Norman, J. M. Welles, G. Campbell, and B. L. Blad, Simple equation to approximate the bidirectional reflectance from vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces, Applied Optics, vol.24, issue.3, p.383, 1985.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.24.000383

Z. Wan and J. Dozier, A generalized split?window algorithm for retrieving land?surface temperature from space, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.34, pp.892-90510, 1996.

W. Wanner, X. Li, and A. H. Strahler, On the derivation of kernels for kernel-driven models of bidirectional reflectance, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.95, issue.1, pp.10-1029, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD02371

M. Weiss and F. Baret, Evaluation of Canopy Biophysical Variable Retrieval Performances from the Accumulation of Large Swath Satellite Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.70, issue.3, pp.293-306, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00045-0

M. Weiss, F. Baret, M. Leroy, O. Hautecoeur, C. Bacour et al., Validation of neural net techniques to estimate canopy biophysical variables from remote sensing data, Agronomie, vol.22, issue.6, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/agro:2002036

Q. Weng, Thermal infrared remote sensing for urban climate and environmental studies: Methods, applications, and trends, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.64, issue.4, pp.335-344, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007

A. K. Whitcraft, E. F. Vermote, I. Becker?reshef, and C. O. Justice, 2014: Cloud cover throughout the agricultural growing season: Impacts on passive optical earth observations, Remote Sens. Environ
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.009

T. Yu, X. Gu, M. Legrand, F. Baret, J. ?. Hanocq et al., Modeling directional brightness temperature over a maize canopy in row structure, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.42834196, pp.2290-230410, 2004.