M. Afin-de-procéder, la T s Crocus et la T s ERA-i sont préalablement filtrées selon la présence des données MODIS. L'amplitude MODIS, l'amplitude Crocus et l'amplitude ERA-i s'appuient donc sur les mêmes instants horaires. La figure 5.8 compare l'amplitude Crocus médiane et l'amplitude ERA-i médiane à l'amplitude MODIS médiane sur l'ensemble de la période, ), pendant l'hiver (juin, juillet et août), 2000.

. Cette-forte-sousrodrigo, ERA-i est en grande partie la conséquence d'une mauvaise reproduction de la variabilité de la T s en hiver avec la T s ERA-i qui présente un biais chaud dû à une surestimation du flux de chaleur sensible lors de conditions atmosphériques stables (Figure 3.10) Crocus étant forcé en entrée par la vitesse du vent à 10 m d'ERA-Interim, la sous-estimation de l'amplitude Crocus en hiver peut s'expliquer par la sous-estimation, 2013.

C. Remarquées-À-dôme and L. Différences, amplitude diurne entre Crocus et ERA-Interim se retrouvent sur l'ensemble du domaine, alors que Crocus est forcé en entrée par les données ERA-Interim. A titre d'exemple, en été, l'amplitude maximale simulée par

J. Abermann, C. Kinnard, and S. Et-macdonell, Albedo variations and the impact of clouds on glaciers in the Chilean semi-arid Andes, Journal of Glaciology, vol.60, issue.219, pp.60183-191, 2014.
DOI : 10.3189/2014JoG13J094

U. Adolphs and G. Et-wendler, A pilot study on the interactions between katabatic winds and polynyas at the Ad??lie Coast, eastern Antarctica, Antarctic Science, vol.7, issue.03, pp.307-314, 1995.
DOI : 10.1017/S0954102095000423

M. Albert, C. Shuman, Z. Courville, R. Bauer, M. Fahnestock et al., Extreme firn metamorphism: impact of decades of vapor transport on near-surface firn at a low-accumulation glazed site on the East Antarctic plateau, Annals of Glaciology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.73-78, 2004.
DOI : 10.3189/172756404781814041

R. Alley, E. Saltzman, K. Cuffey, and J. Et-fitzpatrick, Summertime formation of Depth Hoar in central Greenland, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.90, issue.D2, p.17, 1990.
DOI : 10.1029/GL017i013p02393

J. R. Anderson, A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data, p.964, 1976.

P. Anderson and W. Et-neff, Boundary layer physics over snow and ice, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.8, issue.13, pp.3563-3582, 2006.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-8-3563-2008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00302840

E. Aristidi, K. Agabi, M. Azouit, E. Fossat, J. Vernin et al., An analysis of temperatures and wind speeds above Dome C, Antarctica, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.430, issue.2, pp.739-746, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20041876
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00416906

R. Armstrong and E. Et-brun, Snow and Climate, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/meteo-00322484

R. J. Arthern, D. P. Winebrenner, and D. G. Vaughan, Antarctic snow accumulation mapped using polarization of 4.3-cm wavelength microwave emission, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.21, issue.79, p.111, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD005667

T. August, D. Klaes, P. Schlüssel, T. Hultberg, M. Crapeau et al., IASI on Metop-A: Operational Level 2 retrievals after five years in orbit, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol.113, issue.11, pp.1131340-1371, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.02.028

G. Balsamo, C. Albergel, A. Beljaars, S. Boussetta, E. Brun et al., Era-interim/land : A global land-surface reanalysis based on era-interim meteorological forcing, era report series, ecmwf, 2012.
DOI : 10.5194/hess-19-389-2015
URL : http://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-389-2015

G. Balsamo, A. Beljaars, K. Scipal, P. Viterbo, B. Van-den-hurk et al., A Revised Hydrology for the ECMWF Model: Verification from Field Site to Terrestrial Water Storage and Impact in the Integrated Forecast System, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.10, issue.3, pp.623-643, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/2008JHM1068.1

G. Balsamo, F. Pappenberger, E. Dutra, P. Viterbo, and B. Van-den-hurk, A revised land hydrology in the ECMWF model: a step towards daily water flux prediction in a fully-closed water cycle, Hydrological Processes, pp.251046-1054, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/hyp.7808

J. Bamber and J. L. Et-gomez-dans, The accuracy of digital elevation models of the Antarctic continent, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.237, issue.3-4, pp.516-523, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.008

D. Barker, Southern High-Latitude Ensemble Data Assimilation in the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System, Monthly Weather Review, vol.133, issue.12, pp.3431-3449, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/MWR3042.1

R. G. Barry, The parameterization of surface albedo for sea ice and its snow cover, Progress in Physical Geography, pp.63-79, 1996.
DOI : 10.1177/030913339602000104

P. Bartelt and M. Et-lehning, A physical SNOWPACK model for the Swiss avalanche warning, Cold Regions Science and Technology, vol.35, issue.3, pp.123-145, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-232X(02)00074-5

E. Bazile, P. Marquet, Y. Bouteloup, and F. Et-bouyssel, The turbulent kinetic energy (tke) scheme in the nwp models at météo-france, pp.7-10, 2011.

F. Becker, The impact of spectral emissivity on the measurement of land surface temperature from a satellite, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.90, issue.10, pp.1509-1522, 1987.
DOI : 10.2467/mripapers.32.267

A. Beljaars, A. R. Brown, and N. Wood, A new parametrization of turbulent orographic form drag, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.40, issue.599, pp.1327-1347, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.73

J. Benveniste, M. Roca, G. Levrini, P. Vincent, S. Baker et al., The radar altimetry mission : Ra-2, mwr, doris and lrr, ESA bulletin, vol.106, pp.25101-25108, 2001.

R. Bintanja, On the glaciological, meteorological, and climatological significance of Antarctic blue ice areas, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.39, issue.E, pp.337-359, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999RG900007

R. Bintanja and M. Van-den-broeke, The Surface Energy Balance of Antarctic Snow and Blue Ice, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.902-926, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0902:TSEBOA>2.0.CO;2

T. V. Blanc, Variation of Bulk-Derived Surface Flux, Stability, and Roughness Results Due to the Use of Different Transfer Coefficient Schemes, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.15, issue.6, pp.650-669, 1985.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0650:VOBDSF>2.0.CO;2

M. Blumthaler and W. Et-ambach, SOLAR UVB-ALBEDO OF VARIOUS SURFACES, Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol.33, issue.052, pp.85-88, 1988.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02790.x

E. Blyth, A. Dolman, and N. Wood, Effective resistance to sensible- and latent-heat flux in heterogeneous terrain, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.117, issue.511, pp.423-442, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49711951104

C. F. Bohren, Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences, American Journal of Physics, vol.55, issue.6, pp.55524-533, 1987.
DOI : 10.1119/1.15109

C. F. Bohren and B. R. Et-barkstrom, Theory of the optical properties of snow, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.9, issue.30, pp.4527-4535, 1974.
DOI : 10.1029/JC079i030p04527

S. Bony, R. Colman, V. M. Kattsov, R. P. Allan, C. S. Bretherton et al., How Well Do We Understand and Evaluate Climate Change Feedback Processes?, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.15, pp.3445-3482, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3819.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00716782

A. Bouchard, F. Rabier, V. Guidard, and F. Et-karbou, Enhancements of Satellite Data Assimilation over Antarctica, Monthly Weather Review, vol.138, issue.6, pp.2149-2173, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2009MWR3071.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/meteo-00564271

R. E. Brandt and S. G. Et-warren, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.28, issue.131, pp.99-110, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2712:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2

R. E. Brandt and S. G. Et-warren, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.6, issue.144, p.43, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-232X(94)00021-O

D. H. Bromwich, J. P. Nicolas, K. M. Hines, J. E. Kay, E. L. Key et al., Tropospheric clouds in Antarctica, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.34, issue.1, p.10, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2011RG000363
URL : https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/335896/2/Bromwich_etal_RevGeophys_2012.pdf

D. H. Bromwich, J. P. Nicolas, A. J. Monaghan, M. A. Lazzara, L. M. Keller et al., Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, Nature Geoscience, vol.6, issue.2, pp.139-145, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2011JD017139

L. Brucker, E. P. Dinnat, G. Picard, and N. Et-champollion, Effect of snow surface metamorphism on aquarius l-band radiometer observations at dome c, antarctica. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, issue.11, pp.527408-7417, 2014.

L. Brucker, G. Picard, L. Arnaud, J. Barnola, M. Schneebeli et al., Modeling time series of microwave brightness temperature at Dome C, Antarctica, using vertically resolved snow temperature and microstructure measurements, Journal of Glaciology, vol.57, issue.201, pp.57171-182, 2011.
DOI : 10.3189/002214311795306736
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00646667

E. Brun, P. David, M. Sudul, and G. Et-brunot, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.13, issue.128, pp.3813-3835, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/RG020i001p00067

E. Brun, E. Martin, V. Simon, C. Gendre, and C. Et-coléou, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.4, issue.121, pp.35333-342, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/JC079i030p04527

E. Brun, E. Martin, and V. Et-spiridonov, Coupling a multi-layered snow model with a GCM, Annals of Glaciology, vol.25, pp.66-72, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0260305500013811

. Snow, atmosphere coupled simulation at dome c, antarctica, J. Glaciol, vol.52, issue.204, pp.721-736

E. Brun, V. Vionnet, A. Boone, B. Decharme, Y. Peings et al., Simulation of Northern Eurasian Local Snow Depth, Mass, and Density Using a Detailed Snowpack Model and Meteorological Reanalyses, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.203-219, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/JHM-D-12-012.1

Y. Brunet, M. Nunez, and J. Et-lagouarde, A simple method for estimating regional evapotranspiration from infrared surface temperature data. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing, pp.311-327, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0924-2716(91)90062-z

W. Cai, G. Shi, T. Cowan, D. Bi, and J. Et-ribbe, The response of the Southern Annular Mode, the East Australian Current, and the southern mid-latitude ocean circulation to global warming, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.13, issue.23, p.32, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL024701

I. B. Campbell and G. Et-claridge, Antarctica : Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment : Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment, 1987.

V. Capelle, A. Chédin, E. Péquignot, P. Schlüssel, S. M. Newman et al., Infrared Continental Surface Emissivity Spectra and Skin Temperature Retrieved from IASI Observations over the Tropics, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.51, issue.6, pp.51-1164, 2012.
DOI : 10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0145.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01113578

C. Carmagnola, F. Domine, M. Dumont, P. Wright, B. Strellis et al., Snow spectral albedo at Summit, Greenland: measurements and numerical simulations based on physical and chemical properties of the snowpack, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1139-1160, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-7-1139-2013

J. J. Carroll and B. W. Et-fitch, Effects of solar elevation and cloudiness on snow albedo at the South Pole, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.37, issue.C6, pp.865271-5276, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/JC086iC06p05271

F. Cayla, L'interf??rom??tre IASI - Un nouveau sondeur satellitaire haute r??solution., La M??t??orologie, vol.8, issue.32, 2001.
DOI : 10.4267/2042/36150

A. Cazenave and W. Et-llovel, Contemporary sea level rise. Annual review of marine science, pp.145-173, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00635194

N. Champollion, G. Picard, L. Arnaud, E. Lefebvre, and M. Et-fily, Hoar crystal development and disappearance at Dome C, Antarctica: observation by near-infrared photography and passive microwave satellite, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.4, pp.1247-1262, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-7-1247-2013
URL : http://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1247-2013

A. Chedin, N. Scott, C. Wahiche, and P. Et-moulinier, The Improved Initialization Inversion Method: A High Resolution Physical Method for Temperature Retrievals from Satellites of the TIROS-N Series, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.24, issue.2, pp.128-143, 1985.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1985)024<0128:TIIIMA>2.0.CO;2

J. Choudhury, Remote sensing of soil moisture content over bare field at 1.4 ghz frequency, J. Geophys. Res, vol.86, pp.5277-5282, 1981.

S. Colbeck, An overview of seasonal snow metamorphism, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.7, issue.55, pp.45-61, 1982.
DOI : 10.1029/RG020i001p00045

S. Colbeck, Theory of metamorphism of dry snow, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.7, issue.C9, pp.885475-5482, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/JC088iC09p05475

S. Colbeck, Snow-Crystal Growth with Varying Surface Temperatures and Radiation Penetration, Journal of Glaciology, vol.35, issue.119, pp.23-29, 1989.
DOI : 10.3189/002214389793701536

S. Colbeck, The vapor diffusion coefficient for snow, Water Resources Research, vol.29, issue.2, pp.109-115, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0017-9310(89)90158-0

S. Colbeck, E. Akitaya, R. Armstrong, H. Gubler, J. Lafeuille et al., The international classification for seasonal snow on the ground, Int. Comm. on Snow and Ice of the Int. Assoc. of Sci. Hydrol, vol.23, 1990.

S. C. Colbeck, Theory of metamorphism of wet snow, 1973.

J. Comiso, Surface temperatures in the polar regions from Nimbus 7 temperature humidity infrared radiometer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.43, issue.C6, pp.5181-5200, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/93JC03450

J. Comiso, Variability and Trends in Antarctic Surface Temperatures from In Situ and Satellite Infrared Measurements, Journal of Climate, vol.13, issue.10, pp.131674-1696, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1674:VATIAS>2.0.CO;2

S. M. Conger and D. M. Et-mcclung, Comparison of density cutters for snow profile observations, Journal of Glaciology, vol.55, issue.189, pp.163-169, 2009.
DOI : 10.3189/002214309788609038

W. Connolley, THE ANTARCTIC TEMPERATURE INVERSION, International Journal of Climatology, vol.16, issue.12, pp.1333-1342, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199612)16:12<1333::AID-JOC96>3.0.CO;2-6

Z. Courville, M. Albert, M. Fahnestock, L. Cathles, and C. Et-shuman, Impacts of an accumulation hiatus on the physical properties of firn at a low-accumulation polar site, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.14, issue.70, p.112, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JF000429

P. C. Dalrymple, A Physical Climatology of the Antarctic Plateau, Studies in Antarctic Meteorology, vol.3, issue.30, pp.195-231, 1966.
DOI : 10.1029/AR009p0195

H. Dang, C. Genthon, and E. Et-martin, Numerical modeling of snow cover over polar ice sheets, Annals of Glaciology, vol.35, pp.170-176, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-232X(85)90004-7

J. W. Deardorff, Dependence of air-sea transfer coefficients on bulk stability, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.4, issue.8, pp.2549-2557, 1968.
DOI : 10.1029/JB073i008p02549

D. Dee, S. Uppala, A. Simmons, P. Berrisford, P. Poli et al., The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.91, issue.656, pp.137-553, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.828

A. Denoth, W. Seidenbusch, M. Blumthaler, P. Kirchlechner, and W. Et-ambach, Study of water drainage from columns of snow, 1979.

M. Déqué, C. Dreveton, A. Braun, and D. Et-cariolle, The arpege/ifs atmosphere model : a contribution to the french community climate modelling, Climate Dynamics, vol.10, pp.4-5249, 1994.

P. Deschamps and T. Et-phulpin, Atmospheric correction of infrared measurements of sea surface temperature using channels at 3.7, 11 and 12 ?m, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.79, issue.2, pp.131-143, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00121320

T. Deshler, F. Rabier, A. Bouchard, E. Brun, A. Doerenbecher et al., The concordiasi project in antarctica, p.69, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00562459

F. Domine, M. Albert, T. Huthwelker, H. Jacobi, A. Kokhanovsky et al., Snow physics as relevant to snow photochemistry Atmospheric chemistry and physics, pp.171-208, 2008.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-8-171-2008
URL : http://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-171-2008

F. Domine, J. Bock, S. Morin, and G. Et-giraud, Linking the effective thermal conductivity of snow to its shear strength and density, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.43, issue.C10, p.116, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2011JF002000

J. Dozier and S. Et-warren, Effect of viewing angle on the infrared brightness temperature of snow, Water Resources Research, vol.37, issue.5, pp.1424-1434, 1982.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2712:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2

E. Dutra, G. Balsamo, P. Viterbo, P. M. Miranda, A. Beljaars et al., An Improved Snow Scheme for the ECMWF Land Surface Model: Description and Offline Validation, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.899-916, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2010JHM1249.1

E. G. Dutton and D. J. Et-endres, Date of snowmelt at barrow, alaska, usa, Arctic and Alpine Research, pp.115-119, 1991.

R. Essery and P. Et-etchevers, Parameter sensitivity in simulations of snow- melt, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, vol.109, issue.D20, pp.10-1029, 1984.

M. A. Fahnestock, W. Abdalati, and C. A. Et-shuman, Long melt seasons on ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula: an analysis using satellite-based microwave emission measurements, Annals of Glaciology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.127-133, 2002.
DOI : 10.3189/172756402781817798

M. G. Flanner and C. S. Et-zender, Snowpack radiative heating: Influence on Tibetan Plateau climate, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.16, issue.1, p.32, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL022076
URL : http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6p4388cq

M. G. Flanner and C. S. Et-zender, Linking snowpack microphysics and albedo evolution, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.43, issue.12, p.111, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006834
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.159.7680

M. G. Flanner, C. S. Zender, J. T. Randerson, and P. J. Et-rasch, Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.297, issue.D25, p.112, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD008003
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.418.6848

J. Fortuin and J. Et-oerlemans, Parameterization of the Annual Surface Temperature and Mass Balance of Antarctica, Annals of Glaciology, vol.37, issue.7, p.14, 1990.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1977.0103

J. France, H. Reay, M. King, D. Voisin, H. Jacobi et al., Hydroxyl radical and nox production rates, black carbon concentrations and light-absorbing impurities in snow from field measurements of light penetration and nadir reflectivity of onshore and offshore coastal alaskan snow, Journal of Geophysical Research, issue.D14, p.117, 1984.

H. Fréville, E. Brun, G. Picard, N. Tatarinova, L. Arnaud et al., Using modis land surface temperatures and the crocus snow model to understand the warm bias of era-interim reanalyses at the surface in antarctica. The Cryosphere, pp.1361-1373, 2014.

M. Frezzotti, S. Gandolfi, and S. Et-urbini, Snow megadunes in Antarctica: Sedimentary structure and genesis, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.14, issue.70, pp.107-108, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD000673

M. Frezzotti, M. Pourchet, O. Flora, S. Gandolfi, M. Gay et al., New estimations of precipitation and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from snow accumulation measurements, Climate Dynamics, vol.32, issue.183, pp.7-8803, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-004-0462-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00101593

M. Frezzotti, M. Pourchet, O. Flora, S. Gandolfi, M. Gay et al., Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation in East Antarctica from traverse data, Journal of Glaciology, vol.51, issue.172, pp.51113-124, 2005.
DOI : 10.3189/172756505781829502
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00374309

H. A. Fricker and T. Et-scambos, Connected subglacial lake activity on lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, 2003???2008, Journal of Glaciology, vol.55, issue.190, pp.303-315, 2003.
DOI : 10.3189/002214309788608813

K. Fujita, A. Sakai, T. Nuimura, S. Yamaguchi, and R. R. Sharma, surveys and multi-temporal ASTER imagery, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, issue.4, p.45205, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045205

H. Gallée and I. V. Et-gorodetskaya, Validation of a limited area model over Dome C, Antarctic Plateau, during winter, Climate Dynamics, vol.35, issue.D14, pp.61-72, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-008-0499-y

H. Gallée, G. Guyomarc-'h, and E. Et-brun, Impact of snow drift on the antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance : possible sensitivity to snow-surface properties, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.99, issue.1, pp.1-19, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1018776422809

J. Gallet, La neige du plateau antarctique. surface spécifique et applications, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00536162

J. Gallet, F. Domine, L. Arnaud, G. Picard, and J. Et-savarino, Vertical profile of the specific surface area and density of the snow at Dome C and on a transect to Dumont D'Urville, Antarctica ??? albedo calculations and comparison to remote sensing products, The Cryosphere, vol.5, issue.3, pp.631-649, 2011.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-5-631-2011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00561262

C. Genthon, G. Krinner, and H. Castebrunet, Antarctic precipitation and climate-change predictions: horizontal resolution and margin vs plateau issues, Annals of Glaciology, vol.50, issue.50, pp.55-60, 2009.
DOI : 10.3189/172756409787769681
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00420639

C. Genthon, D. Six, V. Favier, M. Lazzara, and L. Et-keller, Atmospheric Temperature Measurement Biases on the Antarctic Plateau, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol.28, issue.12, pp.281598-1605, 2011.
DOI : 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00095.1

C. Genthon, D. Six, H. Gallée, P. Grigioni, and A. Pellegrini, Two years of atmospheric boundary layer observations on a 45-m tower at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.78, issue.8, pp.1183218-3232, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JC00070

C. Genthon, M. S. Town, D. Six, V. Favier, S. Argentini et al., Meteorological atmospheric boundary layer measurements and ECMWF analyses during summer at Dome C, Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.19, issue.829, pp.115-125, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JD012741
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00561263

A. Gillespie, S. Rokugawa, T. Matsunaga, J. S. Cothern, S. Hook et al., A temperature and emissivity separation algorithm for advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (aster) images. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.36, issue.4, pp.1113-1126, 1998.

M. Giovinetto, D. Bromwich, and G. Et-wendler, Atmospheric net transport of water vapor and latent heat across 70??S, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.459, issue.5, pp.917-930, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/91JD02485

M. B. Giovinetto and W. Et-schwerdtfeger, Analysis of a 200 year snow accumulation series from the South Pole, Archiv f??r Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Serie A, vol.3, issue.1, pp.227-250, 1965.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02246754

I. D. Goodwin, Snow accumulation and surface topography in the katabatic zone of Eastern Wilkes Land, Antarctica, Antarctic Science, vol.2, issue.03, pp.235-242, 1990.
DOI : 10.1017/S0954102090000323

I. V. Gorodetskaya, N. Van-lipzig, M. Broeke, A. Mangold, W. Boot et al., Meteorological regimes and accumulation patterns at Utsteinen, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica: Analysis of two contrasting years, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.32, issue.4-5, pp.1700-1715, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10712-011-9123-5

A. J. Gow, Snow studies in antarctica, 1965.

T. C. Grenfell, S. G. Warren, and P. C. Et-mullen, Reflection of solar radiation by the Antarctic snow surface at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.161, issue.1, pp.9918669-18684, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/94JD01484

G. Zwaaftink, C. Cagnati, A. Crepaz, A. Fierz, C. Macelloni et al., Event-driven deposition of snow on the Antarctic Plateau: analyzing field measurements with SNOWPACK, The Cryosphere, vol.7, issue.1, pp.333-347, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-7-333-2013

H. Gubler, Model for dry snow metamorphism by interparticle vapor flux, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.7, issue.D5, pp.908081-8092, 1985.
DOI : 10.1029/JD090iD05p08081

S. Guedj, F. Karbou, and F. Et-rabier, Land surface temperature estimation to improve the assimilation of SEVIRI radiances over land, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.46, issue.2, p.116, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2011JD015776

G. Guyomarc-'h and L. Et-mérindol, Validation of an application for forecasting blowing snow, Annals of Glaciology, vol.38, pp.138-143, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-232X(81)90003-3

J. D. Haigh, The Impact of Solar Variability on Climate, Science, vol.272, issue.5264, pp.981-984, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.272.5264.981

D. K. Hall, J. E. Box, K. A. Casey, S. J. Hook, C. A. Shuman et al., Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.112, issue.10, pp.1123739-3749, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.007

D. K. Hall, J. C. Comiso, N. E. Digirolamo, C. A. Schuman, J. R. Key et al., A Satellite-Derived Climate-Quality Data Record of the Clear-Sky Surface Temperature of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Journal of Climate, vol.25, issue.14, pp.4785-4798, 2012.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00365.1

D. K. Hall, J. C. Comiso, N. E. Digirolamo, C. A. Shuman, J. E. Box et al., Variability in the surface temperature and melt extent of the Greenland ice sheet from MODIS, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.51, issue.175, pp.2114-2120, 2013.
DOI : 10.3724/SPJ.1085.2011.00017

P. Hobbs, The metamorphism of dry snow at a uniform temperature. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission of Snow and Ice, General Assembly of Bern, pp.25-32, 1968.

A. Holtslag and H. Et-de-bruin, Applied Modeling of the Nighttime Surface Energy Balance over Land, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.27, issue.6, pp.689-704, 1988.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1988)027<0689:AMOTNS>2.0.CO;2

A. Holtslag, G. Svensson, P. Baas, S. Basu, B. Beare et al., Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layers and Diurnal Cycles: Challenges for Weather and Climate Models, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.94, issue.11, pp.1691-1706, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00187.1
URL : https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/20938/1/Stable%20Atmosppheric.pdf

S. J. Hook, A. R. Gabell, A. A. Green, and P. S. Et-kealy, A comparison of techniques for extracting emissivity information from thermal infrared data for geologic studies, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.42, issue.2, pp.123-135, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(92)90096-3

S. R. Hudson, S. G. Warren, R. E. Brandt, T. C. Grenfell, and D. Et-six, Spectral bidirectional reflectance of Antarctic snow: Measurements and parameterization, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.37, issue.12, p.111, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD007290
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00375506

U. Högström, Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer : A re-evaluation, pp.55-78, 1988.

M. J. Iacono, J. S. Delamere, E. J. Mlawer, M. W. Shephard, S. A. Clough et al., Radiative forcing by long-lived greenhouse gases: Calculations with the AER radiative transfer models, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.19, issue.D13, p.113, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2008JD009944

S. S. Jacobs, H. H. Hellmer, and A. Jenkins, Antarctic Ice Sheet melting in the southeast Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.11, issue.B2, pp.957-960, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96GL00723

J. C. Jiménez-muñoz and J. A. Et-sobrino, A generalized single-channel method for retrieving land surface temperature from remote sensing data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.14, issue.3, p.108, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD003480

P. Jones and C. Et-harpham, Estimation of the absolute surface air temperature of the Earth, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.93, issue.8, pp.3213-3217, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00241.1

R. Jordan, A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover : Technical documentation for sntherm, Special Rep.U.S. Army Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab, pp.91-107, 1991.

I. Joughin and R. B. Et-alley, Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world, Nature Geoscience, vol.13, issue.8, pp.506-513, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo1194

A. Judson and N. Et-doesken, Density of Freshly Fallen Snow in the Central Rocky Mountains, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.81, issue.7, pp.1577-1587, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1577:DOFFSI>2.3.CO;2

F. Karbou, É. Gérard, and F. Et-rabier, Microwave land emissivity and skin temperature for AMSU-A and -B assimilation over land, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.81, issue.620, pp.1322333-2355, 2006.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.05.216

F. Karbou and C. Et-prigent, Calculation of Microwave Land Surface Emissivity From Satellite Observations: Validity of the Specular Approximation Over Snow-Free Surfaces?, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol.2, issue.3, pp.311-314, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/LGRS.2005.847932

A. D. Kennedy, Water as a Limiting Factor in the Antarctic Terrestrial Environment: A Biogeographical Synthesis, Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.25, issue.4, pp.308-315, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/1551914

Y. H. Kerr, J. P. Lagouarde, and J. Et-imbernon, Accurate land surface temperature retrieval from AVHRR data with use of an improved split window algorithm, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.41, issue.2-3, pp.197-209, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(92)90078-X

Y. H. Kerr, J. P. Lagouarde, F. Nerry, and C. Et-ottlé, Land surface temperature retrieval techniques and applications. Thermal remote sensing in land surface processes, pp.33-109, 2004.

J. C. King and J. Et-turner, Antarctic meteorology and climatology, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511524967

G. Koh and R. Et-jordan, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.13, issue.139, pp.41474-482, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/JC089iC03p03573

J. Kondo, Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabatic conditions, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.91-112, 1975.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00232256

K. Munneke, P. Picard, G. Den-broeke, M. Lenaerts, J. Et-meijgaard et al., Insignificant change in antarctic snowmelt volume since 1979, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.39, issue.1, 2012.

K. Munneke, P. Reijmer, C. H. Van-den-broeke, M. R. König-langlo, G. Stammes et al., Analysis of clear-sky antarctic snow albedo using observations and radiative transfer modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, issue.D17, p.113, 1984.

K. Munneke, P. Van-den-broeke, M. Reijmer, C. Helsen, M. Boot et al., The role of radiation penetration in the energy budget of the snowpack at summit, greenland. The Cryosphere, pp.155-165, 2009.

M. Kumai, Identification of Nuclei and Concentrations of Chemical Species in Snow Crystals Sampled at the South Pole, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.33, issue.5, pp.833-841, 1976.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0833:IONACO>2.0.CO;2

D. Kuroiwa, Liquid permeability of snow, General Assembly, pp.380-391, 1968.

E. R. Lachapelle, Field guide to snow crystals, 1969.

P. Lacroix, B. Legresy, F. Remy, F. Blarel, G. Picard et al., Rapid change of snow surface properties at Vostok, East Antarctica, revealed by altimetry and radiometry, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.113, issue.12, pp.2633-2641, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00497983

J. Lagouarde, Y. Kerr, and Y. Brunet, An experimental study of angular effects on surface temperature for various plant canopies and bare soils, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.77, issue.3-4, pp.167-190, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02260-5

F. Lambert, B. Delmonte, J. Petit, M. Bigler, P. R. Kaufmann et al., Dust-climate couplings over the past 800,000???years from the EPICA Dome C ice core, Nature, vol.217, issue.7187, pp.452616-619, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06763
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00378523

C. Lécuyer, P. Gillet, and F. Et-robert, The hydrogen isotope composition of seawater and the global water cycle, Chemical Geology, vol.145, issue.3-4, pp.249-261, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00146-0

J. Lenaerts, M. Den-broeke, W. Berg, E. V. Meijgaard, and P. Et-kuipers-munneke, A new, high-resolution surface mass balance map of antarctica) based on regional atmospheric climate modeling, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.39, issue.4, 1979.

C. Leroux and M. Et-fily, Modeling the effect of sastrugi on snow reflectance, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.37, issue.116, pp.25779-25788, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/98JE00558

L. Li and J. W. Et-pomeroy, Estimates of Threshold Wind Speeds for Snow Transport Using Meteorological Data, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.36, issue.3, pp.205-213, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<0205:EOTWSF>2.0.CO;2

Z. Li, B. Tang, H. Wu, H. Ren, G. Yan et al., Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.131, pp.14-37, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.008
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.008

K. G. Libbrecht, The physics of snow crystals, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.68, issue.4, p.855, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/68/4/R03

Q. Libois, Evolution des propriétés physiques de neige de surface sur le plateau antarctique, 2014.

G. E. Liston, R. B. Haehnel, M. Sturm, C. A. Hiemstra, S. Berezovskaya et al., Instruments and Methods<BR> Simulating complex snow distributions in windy environments using SnowTran-3D, Journal of Glaciology, vol.53, issue.181, pp.53241-256, 2007.
DOI : 10.3189/172756507782202865

N. Loeb, In-flight calibration of NOAA AVHRR visible and near-IR bands over Greenland and Antarctica, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.18, issue.3, pp.477-490, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/014311697218908

J. Louis, A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.93, issue.2, pp.187-202, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00117978

M. B. Lythe, D. G. Vaughan, A. Lambrecht, H. Miller, U. Nixdorf et al., BEDMAP: A new ice thickness and subglacial topographic model of Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.12, issue.1, p.335, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JB900449

G. Macelloni, M. Brogioni, P. Pampaloni, and A. Et-cagnati, Multifrequency microwave emission fromthe dome-c area on the east antarctic plateau : temporal and spatial variability. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, issue.7, pp.452029-2039, 2007.

G. J. Marshall, A. Orr, and J. Et-turner, A Predominant Reversal in the Relationship between the SAM and East Antarctic Temperatures during the Twenty-First Century, Journal of Climate, vol.26, issue.14, pp.5196-5204, 2013.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00671.1

E. Martin and Y. Et-lejeune, Turbulent fluxes above the snow surface, Annals of Glaciology, vol.25, pp.179-183, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00715712

P. Mascart, J. Noilhan, and H. Et-giordani, A modified parameterization of flux-profile relationships in the surface layer using different roughness length values for heat and momentum, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, vol.117, issue.4, pp.331-344, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00708998

V. Masson, P. L. Moigne, E. Martin, S. Faroux, A. Alias et al., The SURFEXv7.2 land and ocean surface platform for coupled or offline simulation of earth surface variables and fluxes, Geoscientific Model Development, vol.6, issue.4, pp.929-960, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/gmd-6-929-2013-supplement
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00968042

B. Mayer and A. Et-kylling, Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations - description and examples of use, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.5, issue.7, pp.1855-1877, 2005.
DOI : 10.5194/acp-5-1855-2005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00303886

M. Mcmillan, A. Shepherd, A. Sundal, K. Briggs, A. Muir et al., Increased ice losses from Antarctica detected by CryoSat-2, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.51, issue.175, pp.413899-3905, 2014.
DOI : 10.3189/172756505781829007

T. Mölg and G. Et-kaser, A new approach to resolving climate-cryosphere relations: Downscaling climate dynamics to glacier-scale mass and energy balance without statistical scale linking, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.13, issue.D22, p.116, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2011JD015669

J. Morcrette, H. Barker, J. Cole, M. Iacono, and R. Et-pincus, Impact of a New Radiation Package, McRad, in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System, Monthly Weather Review, vol.136, issue.12, pp.1364773-4798, 2008.
DOI : 10.1175/2008MWR2363.1

A. Mushkin, L. K. Balick, and A. R. Et-gillespie, Extending surface temperature and emissivity retrieval to the mid-infrared (3?5 µm) using the multispectral thermal imager (mti) Remote Sensing of Environment, pp.141-151, 2005.

I. Muszynski and G. Et-birchfield, The dependence of antarctic accumulation rates on surface temperature and elevation, Tellus A, vol.37, issue.2, 1985.

T. E. Nordeng, G. Brunet, and J. Et-caughey, Improvement of weather forecasts in polar regions, Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization, vol.56, issue.4, pp.250-256, 2007.

A. Ohmura, H. Gilgen, H. Hegner, G. Müller, M. Wild et al., Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP): New Precision Radiometry for Climate Research, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.79, issue.10, pp.792115-2136, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2115:BSRNBW>2.0.CO;2

C. Ottlé and D. Vidal-madjar, Estimation of land surface temperature with NOAA9 data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.40, issue.1, pp.27-41, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(92)90124-3

E. Pahaut, La métamorphose des cristaux de neige, 1976.

S. P. Palm, M. Fromm, and J. Et-spinhirne, Observations of antarctic polar stratospheric clouds by the geoscience laser altimeter system (glas) Geophysical research letters, p.32, 2005.

T. R. Parish, The katabatic winds of Cape Denison and Port Martin, Polar Record, vol.14, issue.129, pp.525-532, 1981.
DOI : 10.1029/JC075i021p04161

T. R. Parish, Surface Airflow Over East Antarctica, Monthly Weather Review, vol.110, issue.2, pp.84-90, 1982.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0084:SAOEA>2.0.CO;2

T. R. Parish and D. H. Et-bromwich, Continental-Scale Simulation of the Antarctic Katabatic Wind Regime, Journal of Climate, vol.4, issue.2, pp.135-146, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0135:CSSOTA>2.0.CO;2

T. R. Parish and R. Et-walker, A re-examination of the winds of adélie land, antarctica. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 2006.

F. Parrenin, J. Barnola, J. Beer, T. Blunier, E. Castellano et al., The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core, Climate of the Past, vol.3, issue.3, pp.485-497, 2007.
DOI : 10.5194/cp-3-485-2007-supplement
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00182732

M. J. Pavolonis and J. R. Et-key, Antarctic Cloud Radiative Forcing at the Surface Estimated from the AVHRR Polar Pathfinder and ISCCP D1 Datasets, 1985???93, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.42827-840, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<0827:ACRFAT>2.0.CO;2

E. Péquignot, A. Chédin, and N. Scott, Infrared Continental Surface Emissivity Spectra Retrieved from AIRS Hyperspectral Sensor, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, vol.47, issue.6, pp.1619-1633, 2008.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JAMC1773.1

J. Petit, J. Jouzel, M. Pourchet, and L. Et-merlivat, A detailed study of snow accumulation and stable isotope content in Dome C (Antarctica), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.20, issue.83, pp.4301-4308, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/JC087iC06p04301

P. Pettré and C. Et-périard, Aspects du climat de dumont-d'urviller et de l'antarctique. Rubrique : Climatologie, 1996.

H. Phillpot and J. Et-zillman, The surface temperature inversion over the Antarctic Continent, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.2, issue.5, pp.4161-4169, 1970.
DOI : 10.1029/JC075i021p04161

G. Picard, L. Brucker, M. Fily, H. Gallée, and G. Et-krinner, Modeling time series of microwave brightness temperature in Antarctica, Journal of Glaciology, vol.55, issue.191, p.55, 0191.
DOI : 10.3189/002214309788816678
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00421243

G. Picard and M. Et-fily, Surface melting observations in Antarctica by microwave radiometers: Correcting 26-year time series from changes in acquisition hours, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.104, issue.3, pp.325-336, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00375742

G. Picard, A. Royer, L. Arnaud, and M. Et-fily, Influence of meter-scale wind-formed features on the variability of the microwave brightness temperature around Dome C in Antarctica, The Cryosphere, vol.8, issue.3, pp.1105-1119, 2014.
DOI : 10.5194/tc-8-1105-2014

R. Pirazzini, Surface albedo measurements over Antarctic sites in summer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, issue.C10, p.109, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD004617

J. C. Price, Estimating surface temperatures from satellite thermal infrared data???A simple formulation for the atmospheric effect, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.13, issue.4, pp.353-361, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(83)90036-6

J. C. Price, Land surface temperature measurements from the split window channels of the NOAA 7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.4, issue.D5, pp.897231-7237, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/JD089iD05p07231

H. Pritchard, S. Ligtenberg, H. Fricker, D. Vaughan, M. Van-den-broeke et al., Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves, Nature, vol.5, issue.7395, pp.484502-505, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10968

H. D. Pritchard and D. G. Vaughan, Widespread acceleration of tidewater glaciers on the antarctic peninsula, Journal of Geophysical Research : Earth Surface, issue.F3, p.112, 2003.

F. Rabier, A. Bouchard, E. Brun, A. Doerenbecher, S. Guedj et al., The Concordiasi Project in Antarctica, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.91, issue.1, pp.69-86, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2009BAMS2764.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00562459

F. Rabier, H. Jarvinen, E. Klinkerand, J. Mahfouf, and A. Simmons, The ECMWF operational implementation of four-dimensional variational assimilation. I: Experimental results with simplified physics, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.121, issue.564, pp.1143-1170, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712656415

W. J. Randel and F. Et-wu, Cooling of the Arctic and Antarctic Polar Stratospheres due to Ozone Depletion, Journal of Climate, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1467-1479, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1467:COTAAA>2.0.CO;2

C. F. Raymond and K. Et-tusima, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.230, issue.86, pp.83-105, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3697(61)90050-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199168

C. Reijmer and J. Et-oerlemans, Temporal and spatial variability of the surface energy balance in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.127, issue.D12, pp.9-10, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000110

F. Rémy, P. Shaeffer, and B. Et-legrésy, Ice flow physical processes derived from the ERS-1 high-resolution map of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, Geophysical Journal International, vol.139, issue.3, pp.645-656, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00964.x

F. Riche and M. Et-schneebeli, Thermal conductivity of snow measured by three independent methods and anisotropy considerations. The Cryosphere, pp.217-227, 2013.

E. Rignot, J. Box, E. Burgess, and E. Hanna, Mass balance of the greenland ice sheet from, Geophysical Research Letters, issue.20, p.35, 1958.

J. S. Rodrigo, J. Buchlin, J. Van-beeck, J. T. Lenaerts, and M. R. Van-den-broeke, Evaluation of the antarctic surface wind climate from ERA reanalyses and RACMO2/ANT simulations based on automatic weather stations, Climate Dynamics, vol.102, issue.1-2, pp.353-376, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-012-1396-y

J. S. Rodrigo, J. Buchlin, J. Van-beeck, J. T. Lenaerts, and M. R. Van-den-broeke, Evaluation of the antarctic surface wind climate from ERA reanalyses and RACMO2/ANT simulations based on automatic weather stations, Climate Dynamics, vol.102, issue.1-2, pp.353-376, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-012-1396-y

J. W. Salisbury and D. M. Et-d-'aria, Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 3???5 ??m atmospheric window, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.47, issue.3, pp.345-361, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(94)90102-3

T. Scambos, M. Frezzotti, T. Haran, J. Bohlander, J. Lenaerts et al., Extent of low-accumulation'wind glaze'areas on the east antarctic plateau : implications for continental ice mass balance, Journal of glaciology, issue.210, pp.58633-647, 2012.

T. A. Scambos, J. Bohlander, C. U. Shuman, and P. Et-skvarca, Glacier acceleration and thinning after ice shelf collapse in the larsen b embayment, antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, issue.18, p.31, 2004.

T. W. Schlatter, The Local Surface Energy Balance and Subsurface Temperature Regime in Antarctica, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.11, issue.7, pp.1048-1062, 1972.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1972)011<1048:TLSEBA>2.0.CO;2

D. P. Schneider, E. J. Steig, and J. C. Et-comiso, Recent Climate Variability in Antarctica from Satellite-Derived Temperature Data, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.7, pp.1569-1583, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1569:RCVIAF>2.0.CO;2

D. Schröder, D. L. Feltham, D. Flocco, and M. Et-tsamados, September Arctic sea-ice minimum predicted by spring melt-pond fraction, Nature Climate Change, vol.115, issue.5, pp.353-357, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.05.001

C. Sergent, P. Chevrand, J. Lafeuille, and D. Et-marbouty, CARACTERISATION OPTIQUE DE DIFFERENTS TYPES DE NEIGE. EXTINCTION DE LA LUMIERE DANS LA NEIGE, Le Journal de Physique Colloques, vol.48, issue.C1, pp.48-49, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphyscol:1987150
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00226296

A. Shepherd, D. Wingham, T. Payne, and P. Et-skvarca, Larsen Ice Shelf Has Progressively Thinned, Science, vol.302, issue.5646, pp.302856-859, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1089768

D. Six, M. Fily, S. Alvain, P. Henry, and J. Et-benoist, Surface characterisation of the Dome Concordia area (Antarctica) as a potential satellite calibration site, using Spot 4/Vegetation instrument, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.89, issue.1, pp.83-94, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.006

A. Slater, A. J. Pitman, and C. Et-desborough, The validation of a snow parameterization designed for use in general circulation models, International Journal of Climatology, vol.111, issue.6, pp.595-617, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199805)18:6<595::AID-JOC275>3.0.CO;2-O

R. Sommerfeld and E. Et-lachapelle, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.2, issue.55, pp.3-17, 1970.
DOI : 10.1080/14786436408229184

J. D. Spinhirne, S. P. Palm, W. D. Hart, D. L. Hlavka, and E. J. Et-welton, Cloud and aerosol measurements from GLAS: Overview and initial results, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.34, issue.D16, p.32, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL023782

T. Stanton, W. Shaw, M. Truffer, H. Corr, L. Peters et al., Channelized Ice Melting in the Ocean Boundary Layer Beneath Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica, Science, vol.113, issue.7, pp.3411236-1239, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2002GL015406

E. J. Steig, D. P. Schneider, S. D. Rutherford, M. E. Mann, J. C. Comiso et al., Warming of the antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 international geophysical year, Nature, issue.7228, pp.457459-462, 2009.

T. Stocker, D. Qin, G. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen et al., Climate change 2013 : The physical science basis, 2014.

M. Sturm, J. Holmgren, M. König, and K. Morris, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.14, issue.143, pp.26-41, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/TR036i005p00827

S. Sugiyama, H. Enomoto, S. Fujita, K. Fukui, F. Nakazawa et al., Snow density along the route traversed by the japanese?swedish antarctic expedition, Journal of Glaciology, issue.209, pp.58529-539, 2007.
DOI : 10.3189/2012jog11j201

S. Sukoriansky, B. Galperin, and V. Et-perov, A quasi-normal scale elimination model of turbulence and its application to stably stratified flows, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, vol.13, issue.1, pp.9-22, 2006.
DOI : 10.5194/npg-13-9-2006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00302693

S. Takahashi and T. Et-kameda, Instruments and Methods<BR> Snow density for measuring surface mass balance using the stake method, Journal of Glaciology, vol.53, issue.183, pp.677-680, 2007.
DOI : 10.3189/002214307784409360

M. Tedesco, W. Abdalati, and H. Et-zwally, Persistent surface snowmelt over Antarctica (1987???2006) from 19.35 GHz brightness temperatures, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.40, issue.3, p.34, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2007GL031199

S. M. Thomas, A. K. Heidinger, and M. J. Et-pavolonis, Comparison of NOAA's Operational AVHRR-Derived Cloud Amount to Other Satellite-Derived Cloud Climatologies, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.24, pp.174805-4822, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-3242.1

D. W. Thompson and S. Et-solomon, Interpretation of Recent Southern Hemisphere Climate Change, Science, vol.296, issue.5569, pp.895-899, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1069270

C. J. Tomlinson, L. Chapman, J. E. Thornes, and C. Et-baker, Remote sensing land surface temperature for meteorology and climatology: a review, Meteorological Applications, vol.47, issue.27, pp.296-306, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/met.287

H. Tonooka, An atmospheric correction algorithm for thermal infrared multispectral data over land-a water-vapor scaling method. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.39, issue.3, pp.682-692, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/36.911125

M. Town, E. Waddington, V. Walden, and S. Et-warren, Subsurface temperatures, heating rates, and vapor pressures in the nearsurface snow of east antarctica, J. Glaciol, issue.186, pp.54487-498, 2008.

M. Town and V. Et-walden, Surface energy budget over the South Pole and turbulent heat fluxes as a function of an empirical bulk Richardson number, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, issue.1, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JD011888

P. Tremblin, V. Minier, N. Schneider, G. A. Durand, M. Ashley et al., Site testing for submillimetre astronomy at Dome C, Antarctica, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.535, p.112, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201117345
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01006479

J. Turner, S. R. Colwell, G. J. Marshall, T. A. Lachlan-cope, A. M. Carleton et al., Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years, International Journal of Climatology, vol.107, issue.3, pp.279-294, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1130
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.591.9578

W. Van-de-berg, M. Van-den-broeke, and E. Van-meijgaard, Spatial structures in the heat budget of the antarctic atmospheric boundary layer. The Cryosphere, pp.1-12, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298509

M. Van-den-broeke, J. Bamber, J. Ettema, E. Rignot, E. Schrama et al., Partitioning Recent Greenland Mass Loss, Science, vol.35, issue.5407, pp.326984-986, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5407.1522

M. Van-den-broeke, C. Reijmer, D. Van-as, R. Van-de-wal, and J. Et-oerlemans, Seasonal cycles of Antarctic surface energy balance from automatic weather stations, Annals of Glaciology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.131-139, 2005.
DOI : 10.3189/172756405781813168

M. Van-den-broeke, C. Reijmer, and R. Van-de-wal, Surface radiation balance in Antarctica as measured with automatic weather stations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.9, issue.D4, p.109, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD004394

M. Van-den-broeke, D. Van-as, C. Reijmer, and R. Van-de-wal, Assessing and Improving the Quality of Unattended Radiation Observations in Antarctica, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1417-1431, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<1417:AAITQO>2.0.CO;2

M. Van-den-broeke, D. Van-as, C. Reijmer, and R. Van-de-wal, Sensible heat exchange at the Antarctic snow surface: a study with automatic weather stations, International Journal of Climatology, vol.37, issue.8, pp.251081-1101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1152

M. Van-den-broeke and N. Et-van-lipzig, Factors Controlling the Near-Surface Wind Field in Antarctica*, Monthly Weather Review, vol.131, issue.4, pp.733-743, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0733:FCTNSW>2.0.CO;2

M. R. Van-den-broeke, Spatial and temporal variation of sublimation on Antarctica: Results of a high-resolution general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.3, issue.D25, pp.10229765-29777, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD01862

M. R. Van-den-broeke, The semi-annual oscillation and Antarctic climate. Part 1: influence on near surface temperatures (1957???79), Antarctic Science, vol.10, issue.02, pp.175-183, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/S0954102098000248

M. R. Van-den-broeke, On the Interpretation of Antarctic Temperature Trends, Journal of Climate, vol.13, issue.21, pp.3885-3889, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<3885:OTIOAT>2.0.CO;2

M. R. Van-den-broeke and N. P. Et-van-lipzig, Changes in Antarctic temperature, wind and precipitation in response to the Antarctic Oscillation, Annals of Glaciology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.119-126, 2004.
DOI : 10.3189/172756404781814654

N. Van-lipzig, J. King, T. Lachlan-cope, and M. Van-den-broeke, Precipitation, sublimation, and snow drift in the Antarctic Peninsula region from a regional atmospheric model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.9, issue.3, p.109, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD004701

H. Van-loon, The Half-Yearly Oscillations in Middle and High Southern Latitudes and the Coreless Winter, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.24, issue.5, pp.472-486, 1967.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024<0472:THYOIM>2.0.CO;2

D. Vaughan, J. Comiso, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Kaser et al., Observations : Cryosphere climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. contribution of working group i to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ed tf stocker et al, pp.1-2, 2013.

D. G. Vaughan, G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, C. Parkinson, R. Mulvaney et al., Recent rapid regional climate warming on the antarctic peninsula, Climatic change, issue.3, pp.60243-274, 2003.

D. P. Vazquez, F. O. Reyes, and L. A. Et-arboledas, A comparative study of algorithms for estimating land surface temperature from avhrr data. Remote sensing of environment, pp.215-222, 1997.

D. Verfaillie, M. Fily, L. Meur, E. Magand, O. Jourdain et al., Snow accumulation variability derived from radar and firn core data along a 600 km transect in adelie land, pp.1345-1358, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844094

D. L. Verseghy, Class-A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS. I. Soil model, International Journal of Climatology, vol.43, issue.C6, pp.111-133, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3370110202

A. Vincensini, Contribution de iasi à l'estimation des paramètres des surfaces continentales pour la prévision numérique du temps, 2013.

A. Vincensini, A. Bouchard, F. Rabier, V. Guidard, N. Fourrié et al., Iasi retrievals over concordia within the framework of the concordiasi program in antarctica. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, issue.8, pp.502923-2933, 2012.

V. Vionnet, E. Brun, S. Morin, A. Boone, S. Faroux et al., The detailed snowpack scheme crocus and its implementation in surfex v7. 2. Geoscientific Model Development, pp.773-791, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00844645

G. Wakahama, The metamorphism of wet snow, pp.370-379, 1968.

R. Walraven, Calculating the position of the sun, Solar Energy, vol.20, issue.5, pp.393-397, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-092X(78)90155-X

Z. Wan, New refinements and validation of the collection-6 MODIS land-surface temperature/emissivity product, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.140, pp.36-45, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.027

Z. Wan and J. Et-dozier, A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens, vol.34, issue.4, pp.892-905, 1996.

X. Wang and C. S. Et-zender, Arctic and Antarctic diurnal and seasonal variations of snow albedo from multiyear Baseline Surface Radiation Network measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.108, issue.D5, p.116, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2010JF001864

Y. Wang, M. Wang, and J. Et-zhao, A Comparison of MODIS LST Retrievals with <i>in Situ</i> Observations from AWS over the Lambert Glacier Basin, East Antarctica, International Journal of Geosciences, vol.04, issue.03, pp.611-617, 2013.
DOI : 10.4236/ijg.2013.43056

S. Warren, Optical properties of snow, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.53, issue.1, pp.67-89, 1982.
DOI : 10.1029/RG020i001p00067

S. Warren, R. Dadic, P. Mullen, M. Schneebeli, and R. Et-brandt, Albedo of bare ice near the trans-antarctic mountains to represent sea-glaciers on the tropical ocean of snowball earth, p.6, 2012.

S. G. Warren and W. J. Et-wiscombe, A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow. II: Snow Containing Atmospheric Aerosols, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.37, issue.12, pp.372734-2745, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2734:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2

G. Weller, Heat-energy transfer through a four-layer system: Air, snow, sea ice, sea water, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.48, issue.4, pp.1209-1220, 1968.
DOI : 10.1029/JB073i004p01209

G. Wendler, D. Gilmore, and J. Et-curtis, On the formation of coastal polynyas in the area of commonwealth bay, eastern antarctica Atmospheric research, pp.55-75, 1997.

J. Winther, Spectral hi-directional reflectance of snow and glacier measured in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, Annals of Glaciology, vol.20, issue.1, pp.1-5, 1994.
DOI : 10.3189/172756494794587212

W. J. Wiscombe and S. G. Et-warren, A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow. I: Pure Snow, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.37, issue.12, pp.2712-2733, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<2712:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2

E. Wolff, C. Barbante, S. Becagli, M. Bigler, C. Boutron et al., Changes in environment over the last 800,000 years from chemical analysis of the EPICA Dome C ice core, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.29, issue.1-2, pp.285-295, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.06.013
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00562240

P. P. Wong, I. Losada, J. Gattuso, J. Hinkel, A. Khattabi et al., Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Climate change, pp.361-409, 2014.

T. Yamanouchi, K. Suzuki, and S. Et-kawaguchi, Detection of Clouds in Antarctica from Infrared Multispectral Data of AVHRR, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, vol.65, issue.6, pp.949-962, 1987.
DOI : 10.2151/jmsj1965.65.6_949

Y. Yen, Review of thermal properties of snow, ice and sea ice, TABLE DES FIGURES, 1981.

]. Foster, Variation temporelle de la température depuis 17 000 ans [source : Conference reignites climate change debate

. Colbeck, Description schématique des différents types de métamorphoses conduisant à la formation des principaux types de neige saisonnière, identifiés selon l'ancienne classification internationale de la neige, p.13, 1990.

C. Mesure-de-la-densité-À-dôme and .. Durant-ma-campagne, (gauche) mesure de la densité d'échantillons de neige prélevés en surface ; (droite) mesure d'un profil de densité, p.29, 2014.

M. T. Comparisons and I. , (e) Pole of inaccessibility (AWS13), (f) Princess Elisabeth station (AWS16), (g) Dome C in 2009 and (h) Dome C in 2012. « Pole of I.» means Pole of Inaccessibility and « Pr Elisabeth » means Princess Elisabeth. The number N of simultaneous MODIS T s and in situ T s used in the evaluation primarily depends upon satellite overpasses and cloudiness, AWS stations, N also depends upon the filter used to, p.48

E. Comparisons, T. , and I. , South Pole, (e) Plateau Station B and (g) Pole of Inaccessibility. Same comparisons but only when MODIS T s are available at the same time : (b) Dome C,(d) South Pole, (f) Plateau Station B and (h) Pole of Inaccessibility. The green line represents the 1 :1 line, p.52

T. Série-temporelle-de-la and B. , T s MODIS (ligne bleue), T s L2 IASI (point rouge), T s retsituée IASI (point vert) et (bas) du rayonnement thermique infrarouge LW down BSRN à Dôme C pour les mois de (a) novembre 2009, (b) décembre 2009 et (c) janvier 2010. La figure (d) est un zoom sur la période, p.75, 2009.

T. Série-temporelle-de-la and B. , T s MODIS (ligne bleue), T s L2 IASI (point rouge), T s retsituée IASI (point vert) et (bas) du rayonnement thermique infrarouge LW down BSRN à Pôle Sud pour les mois de (a) novembre La figure (d) est un zoom sur la période 22 au 29 décembre, p.76, 2009.

. Moyennes-du-biais, R. Du, and T. , calculées à partir de la T s MODIS sur la période du 3 juillet au 31 août 2013 : (a)(d) T s ARPEGE, (b)(e) T s IFS et (c)(f) T s, p.79

.. Moyenne-glissante-de-la-t-s-mesurée-m, 10 janvier (transect n°1) et (b) le 13 janvier 2015 (transect n°2) La moyenne glissante de la T s est calculée sur différent intervalles : 200 m, 400 m, 1000 m et, p.91, 2000.

T. , M. Et-de-la-moyenne-quotidienne-de-la, T. Modis-pluriannuelle-mesurée-À-dôme, C. Et-moyennée-sur-la-période, and .. , La T s MODIS pluri-annuelle est calculée en moyennant sur la période 2000-2013 la T s MODIS de chaque heure de chacun des jours d'une année. La moyenne journalière pluriannuelle de la T s MODIS est calculée en moyennant sur la période 2000-2013 la T s MODIS de chaque jour d'une année, p.96, 2000.

T. Série-temporelles-de-la and . Bsrn, du SW down BSRN (jaune) et du LW down BSRN rouge à Dôme C entre le 11 décembre, p.97, 2009.

C. Dôme, L'été regroupe les mois de novembre, décembre, janvier et février, p.102

C. Dôme, Série temporelle de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité faible (? = 149 kg m ?3 ) (rouge) et de la T s in situ sur une surface de densité forte (? > 500 kg m ?3 ) (noir), p.107

C. Dôme, Série temporelle de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité faible (? = 149 kg m ?3 ) (rouge) et de la T s in situ sur une surface de densité forte (? > 500 kg m ?3 ) (noir)

C. .. Dôme, Série temporelle de la T s Crocus simulée à partir de différentes valeurs de forçage ERA-Interim du SW down entre le 1 er et le 4 novembre, p.109, 2009.

C. Dôme, 149 kg m ?3 ) (pointillé rouge), de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité forte (? > 500 kg m ?3 ) (pointillé noir) et de la T s Crocus à densité fixée entre 50, situ mesurée sur une surface de densité faible, p.115

C. Dôme, 700 kg m ?3 calculé à partir (a) de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité ? > 500 kg m ?3 et (b) à partir de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité ? = 149 kg m ?3, p.116

C. Dôme, 149 kg m ?3 ) (pointillé rouge), de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité forte (? > 500 kg m ?3 ) (pointillé noir) et de la T s Crocus à densité fixée entre 50, situ mesurée sur une surface de densité faible, p.117

C. Dôme, 700 kg m ?3 calculé à partir (a) de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité ? > 500 kg m ?3 et (b) à partir de la T s in situ mesurée sur une surface de densité ? = 149 kg m ?3, p.118

C. Dôme, Rayonnement thermique descendant BSRN et (b) vitesse du vent BSRN entre le 17 novembre, p.124, 2009.

C. Dôme, Biais de l'amplitude médiane Crocus en fonction de la densité pour différents forçages (a) de la vitesse du vent, (b) du flux radiatif SW down et (c) de la vitesse du vent et du flux radiatif SW down à, p.128

M. Comparaison-de-l-'amplitude and D. , (g) Pole of inacessibility et (i) Princess Elisabeth en Même comparaisons en été (NDJF) : (b) Pôle Sud, (d) Kohnen, (f) Plateau Station B, (h) Pole of inacessibility et (j) Princess Elisabeth . Ces comparaisons s'effectuent sur l'ensemble des valeurs quotidiennes d'amplitude diurne en, p.139, 2009.

M. Amplitude-moyenne-mensuelle, ligne bleue) et de l'amplitude médiane mensuelle MODIS (pointillé bleu) en 2009 à (a) Pôle Sud, c) Plateau Station B, (d) Pole of Inacessibility et (e) Princess Elisabeth. . . . . . . . . . . . 141

M. Amplitude and E. , hiver (JJA) et en été (NDJF) calculée sur la période 2000-2012. (d)(e)(f) Idem pour les amplitudes Crocus. (g)(h)(i) Idem pour les amplitudes, p.148

L. Sensibilité-de, La sensibilité est déterminé à partir de l'amplitude Crocus médiane estivale (NDJF) sur la période, p.152, 2000.

?. Kg-m, 550 kg m ?3 et (g) 700 kg m ?3, p.153

P. Inacessibility and .. Elisabeth, NDJF) en fonction de la densité sur la période novembre-février entre 2000 et 2012 selon différentes stations : Dôme C, Pôle Sud, Biais de l'amplitude Crocus médiane estivale, p.154