&. Véronneau and . Mainvillefeatherstone, Stead & Holtznagel, 1994) 3 (Véronneau, 1997) 4 (Duquenne, 1998) 5 (Denker & Torge, Basic & Hecimovic, 2005) 13 (Kiamehr, 2006a) 14 (Marti, pp.12-22, 1992.

. En, altitude T C ? calculées avec un rayon R 2 = ?, sur l'intégralité du MNT, donnent des erreurs de calcul de l'ordre de la précision de l'intégrale de Stokes. Pour ce qui concerne le choix de la valeur de R 2 , la propagation des erreurs

. Dans-le-chapitre-suivant, nous cherchons à évaluer la précision de l

. La-phase-d, intégration 5.1 Introduction Ce chapitre résume l'article (DOI 10.1515/jag-2014-0026)

R. La-détermination-d-'un-modèle-du-géoïde-par-la-méthode, application de l'intégrale de Stokes sur les anomalies gravimétriques résiduelles. En utilisant cette intégrale, on obtient une erreur qui dépend du choix du rayon d'intégration

K. Higgins, Il a utilisé une méthode d'approximation discrète de Stokes (Ring Integration Method ) et comparé les résultats avec les hauteurs du géoïde obtenues par GPS nivelé. Le degré maximal de développement en harmonique sphérique, n max , des modèles géopotentiels dans le calcul du géoïde influe sur le choix de ce rayon. Kearsley (1988) en utilisant le modèle OSU81 a trouvé une corrélation entre 180/n max et le rayon d'intégration, Valty, 1986.

. Pavlis, 2012), permet d'évaluer la procédure de calcul sur de données synthétiques. L'emploi de données synthétiques fournit une référence de contrôle de l'exactitude du processus de calcul sans faire intervenir les erreurs sur les References [1] T. Krarup. A Contribution to the Mathematical Foundation of Physical Geodesy, Le développement de la résolution des modèles géopotentiels Mathematical Foundation of Geodesy, pp.29-90, 2006.

H. Yildiz, R. Forsberg, J. Ågren, C. C. Tscherning, and L. E. Sjöberg, Comparison of Remove-Compute-Restore and Least Squares Modification of Stokes' Formula Techniques to Quasi-geoid Determination over the Auvergne Testarea, Journal of Geodetic Science, vol.2, pp.53-64, 2011.

I. Panet, Y. Kuroishi, and M. Holschneider, Wavelet modelling of the gravity field by domain decomposition methods: an example over Japan, Geophysical Journal International, vol.184, issue.1, pp.203-219, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04840.x

H. Duquenne, A New Solution for the Quasigeoid in FranceQGF98, Proceedings of the 2 nd Continental Workshop on the Geoid in Europe, pp.251-255, 1998.

A. Kilicoglu, C. A. Diren, H. Yildiz, M. Bolme, B. Aaktug et al., Regional gravimetric quasi-geoid model and transformation surface to national height system for Turkey (THG-09), Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, vol.18, issue.4, pp.557-578, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-010-9023-z

N. Srinivas, V. M. Tiwari, J. S. Tarial, S. Prajapti, A. E. Meshram et al., Gravimetric geoid of a part of south India and its comparison with global geopotential models and GPS-levelling data, Journal of Earth System Science, vol.172, issue.5, pp.1025-1032, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s12040-012-0205-7

P. Valty and H. Duquenne, Quasi-Geoid of New Caledonia: Computation, Results and Analysis, Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.427-435, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-10634-7_57

R. Forsberg, Modelling the fine-structure of the geoid: Methods, data requirements and some results, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.46, issue.4-5, pp.403-418, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00690568

A. H. Kearsley, Data requirements for determining precise relative geoid heights from gravimetry, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.8, issue.3, pp.9193-9201, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/JB091iB09p09193

A. H. Kearsley, The Determination of Precise Geoid Height Differences Using Ring Integration, Bollettino Di Geodesia E Scienze Affini, issue.2, pp.151-174, 1986.

A. H. Kearsley, Tests on the recovery of precise geoid height differences from gravimetry, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.113, issue.1, pp.6559-6570, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/JB093iB06p06559

M. B. Higgins, R. Forsberg, and A. H. Kearsley, The Effects of Varying Cap Sizes on Geoid Computations: Experiences with FFT and Ring Integration, Geodesyon the Move of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.201-206, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5_28

A. Ellmann, The Geoid for the Baltic Countries Determined by the Least Squares Modification of Stokes Formula, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 2004.

P. Valty, H. Duquenne, and I. Panet, Auvergne Dataset: Testing Several Geoid Computation Methods, Geodesy for Planet Earth of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.465-472, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_56

N. K. Pavlis, S. A. Holmes, S. C. Kenyon, and J. J. Factor, The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.230, issue.47, p.117, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physd.2006.09.040

W. E. Featherstone, Tests of Two Forms of Stokes???s Integral Using a Synthetic Gravity Field Based on Spherical Harmonics, Geodesy-The Challenge of the 3 rd Millennium, pp.163-171, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-05296-9_17

O. Esan, Spectral Analysis of Gravity Field Data and Errorsin View of Sub-Decimeter Geoid Determination in Canada, 2000.

W. E. Featherstone, J. F. Kirby, C. Hirt, M. S. Filmer, S. J. Claessens et al., The AUSGeoid09 model of the Australian Height Datum, Journal of Geodesy, vol.102, issue.B3, pp.133-150, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-010-0422-2

J. Krynski and A. Lyszkowicz, Centimetre Quasigeoid Modellingin Poland using Heterogeneous Data, Gravity Fieldof the Earth IAG Proceedings of the 1 st InternationalSymposium of the International Gravity Field Service(IGFS), pp.37-42, 2006.

G. Stokes, On the Variation of Gravity at the Surface of the Earth, Trans. Cambridge Philosophical Society VIII, 1849.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511702259.010

L. E. Sjöberg, A general model for modifying Stokes? formula and its least-squares solution, Journal of Geodesy, vol.77, issue.7-8, pp.459-464, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-003-0346-1

M. Eshagh, A strategy towards an EGM08-based Fennoscandian geoid model, Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol.87, pp.53-59, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.08.008

R. Forsberg and &. Tscherning, Geodetic Gravity Field Modelling Programs, 2003.

J. Flury, Short-wavelength Spectral Properties of the Gravity Field from a Range of Regional Data Sets, Journal of Geodesy, vol.106, issue.5, pp.10-11624, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-005-0011-y

W. H. Smith, R. Scharroo, J. L. Wessel, P. , and F. Wobbe, Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released, EOSTrans. AGU, vol.94, pp.409-410, 2013.

R. H. Rapp, The Earth's Gravity Field to Degree and Order180 Using Seasat Altimeter Data, Terrestrial Ggravity Data and other Data, Dep. of Geod. Sci. and Surv, 1981.

Y. M. Torrence, R. G. Wang, E. C. Williamson, R. H. Pavlis, T. R. Rapp et al., The Development of the Joint NASA GSFC and NIMA Geopotential ModelEGM96, 1998.

H. Duquenne, A Data Set to Test Geoid Computation Methods, Proc. 1 st international symposium of the International Gravity Field Service' Gravity, pp.61-65, 2006.

H. Moritz, Advanced Physical Geodesy, Sammlung Wichmann: NeueFolge, Buchreihe. Wichmann, 1980.

R. A. Abbak, B. Erol, and A. Ustun, Comparison of the KTH and remove???compute???restore techniques to geoid modelling in a mountainous area, Computers & Geosciences, vol.48, pp.31-40, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cageo.2012.05.019

H. Abd-elmotaal and N. Kühtreiber, Geoid determination using adapted reference field, seismic Moho depths and variable density contrast, Journal of Geodesy, vol.77, issue.1-2, pp.77-85, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-002-0300-7

A. Abdalla, Determination of a Gravimetric Geoid Model of Sudan Using the KTH Method, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 2009.

A. Abdalla and D. Fairhead, A new gravimetric geoid model for Sudan using the KTH method, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.60, issue.4, pp.213-221, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.02.012

A. Abdalla and R. Tenzer, The evaluation of the New Zealand's geoid model using the KTH method, Geodesy and Cartography, pp.5-14, 2011.

M. Amos and W. Featherstone, Preparations for a new gravimetric geoid model of New Zealand, and some preliminary results, pp.9-20, 2003.

M. Amos and W. Featherstone, A Comparison of gridding Techniques for Terrestrial Gravity Observations in New Zealand, Gravity, Geoid and Space Missions 2004 proceedings CD, 2004.

M. Ayhan, Geoid determination in turkey (tg-91), Bulletin géodésique, pp.10-2210, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00807293

S. Bajracharya, Terrain Effects on Geoid Determination, 2003.

S. Bajracharya, C. Kotsakis, and M. Sideris, Aliasing effects in terrain correction computation using constant and lateral density variation, Bulletin of the International Geoid Service, vol.12, pp.38-47, 2002.

T. Ba?-si? and O. Bjelotomi?, Hrg2009 : New High Resolution Geoid Model for Croatia, in Gravity, Geoid and Height Systems, of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.187-19110, 2014.

T. Basic and Z. Hecimovic, Latest geoid determinations for the Republic of Croatia, Newton's bulletin, pp.82-91, 2005.

G. Born, J. Dunne, and D. Lame, Seasat Mission Overview, Science, vol.204, issue.4400, pp.204-1405, 1979.
DOI : 10.1126/science.204.4400.1405

J. M. Brozena, A preliminary analysis of the NRL airborne gravimetry system, GEOPHYSICS, vol.49, issue.7, pp.49-1060, 1984.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1441721

S. L. Bruinsma, C. Förste, O. Abrikosov, J. Marty, M. Rio et al., The new ESA satellite-only gravity field model via the direct approach, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.31, issue.4, pp.40-3607, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL019920

S. L. Bruinsma, C. Förste, O. Abrikosov, J. Lemoine, J. Marty et al., ESA's satellite-only gravity field model via the direct approach based on all GOCE data, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.31, issue.80, pp.41-7508, 1002.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL019920

H. Bruns, Die figur der erde, berlin : Publ, Ein Beitrag zur europchen Gradmessung, 1878.

A. Cazenave, La terre et l'environnement observés depuis l'espace : Leçons inaugurales du collège de france prononce 21 mars 2013, 2013.
DOI : 10.4000/books.cdf.3286
URL : http://books.openedition.org/cdf/3286

A. Cazenave, E. Berthier, L. Cozannet, G. Masson-delmotte, V. Meyssignac et al., Le niveau de la mer : variations pass??es, pr??sentes et futures, La M??t??orologie, vol.8, issue.88, pp.69-82, 2015.
DOI : 10.4267/2042/56363

P. Cheinet, Conception et réalisation d'un gravimètre à atomes froids, 2006.

V. Corchete, The high-resolution gravimetric geoid of Italy: ITG2009, Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol.58, issue.3, pp.580-584, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.05.010

V. Corchete, The first high-resolution gravimetric geoid for ukraine : Ugg2013, http ://www.isgeoid.polimi.it/Geoid, Europe, 2013.

V. Corchete, The first high-precision gravimetric geoid of Hungary : HGG2013, http: //www.isgeoid.polimi, 2013.

V. Corchete, M. Chourak, and D. Khattach, The high-resolution gravimetric geoid of Iberia: IGG2005, Geophysical Journal International, vol.162, issue.3, pp.676-684, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02690.x

G. Dawod, Towards the redefinition of the Egyptian geoid: Performance analysis of recent global geoid and digital terrain models, Journal of Spatial Science, vol.1, issue.1, pp.31-42, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/96JB00104

B. De-saint-jean, Étude et développement d'un système de gravimétrie mobile, 2008.

H. Denker and W. Torge, The European Gravimetric Quasigeoid EGG97 - An IAG Supported Continental Enterprise -, Geodesy on the Move, pp.249-25410, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5_36

H. Denker, J. Barriot, R. Barzaghi, D. Fairhead, R. Forsberg et al., The Development of the European Gravimetric Geoid Model EGG07, Observing our Changing Earth of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.177-18510, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-85426-5_21

D. Santos, F. Pereira, F. , L. Gouët, J. Mehlstäubler et al., Gravimètre à atomes froids cold atom gravimeter, 2008.

H. Duquenne, A New Solution for the Quasigeoid in France QGF98, Proceedings of the 2nd Continental Workshop on the Geoid in Europe, pp.251-255, 1998.

H. Duquenne, A Data Set to Test Geoid Computation Methods, Harita Dergisi, Proc. 1st international symposium of the International Gravity Field Service 'Gravity, pp.61-65, 2006.

H. Duquenne, A. Olesen, R. Forsberg, and A. Gidskehaug, Improvement of the gravity field and geoid around Corsica by aerial gravimetry, pp.167-172, 2002.

M. Edwards, Data announcement 88-mgg-02 : Digital relief of the surface of the earth, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 1988.

E. Abbass, T. Jallouli, C. Albouy, Y. Diament, and M. , A comparison of surface fitting algorithms for geophysical data, Terra Nova, vol.14, issue.5, pp.467-475, 1990.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442837

A. Ellmann, The Geoid for the Baltic Countries Determined by the Least Squares Modification of Stokes Formula, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 2004.

A. Ellmann, Two deterministic and three stochastic modifications of Stokes???s formula: a case study for the Baltic countries, Journal of Geodesy, vol.79, issue.1-3, pp.11-23, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-005-0438-1

B. Erol, M. Sideris, and R. Celik, Comparison of global geopotential models from the champ and grace missions for regional geoid modelling in Turkey, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, vol.16, issue.307, pp.419-441, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-009-0032-8

O. Esan, Spectral Analysis of Gravity Field Data and Errors in View of Sub-Decimetre Geoid Determination in Canada, 2000.

G. Evans, Practical numerical integration, 1993.

W. Featherstone and J. Kirby, The reduction of aliasing in gravity anomalies and geoid heights using digital terrain data, Geophysical Journal International, vol.141, issue.1, pp.204-212, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2000.00082.x

W. Featherstone and M. Kuhn, Height systems and vertical datums: A review in the Australian context, Journal of Spatial Science, vol.9, issue.4, pp.21-41, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00880.x

W. Featherstone, M. Dentith, and J. Kirby, STRATEGIES FOR THE ACCURATE DETERMINATION OF ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHTS FROM GPS, Survey Review, vol.40, issue.267, pp.278-296, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/00050326.1994.10558404

W. Featherstone, J. Kirby, C. Hirt, M. Filmer, S. Claessens et al., The AUSGeoid09 model of the Australian Height Datum, Journal of Geodesy, vol.102, issue.B3, pp.133-150, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-010-0422-2

W. E. Featherstone, J. D. Evans, and J. G. Olliver, A Meissl-modified Van????ek and Kleusberg kernel to reduce the truncation error in gravimetric geoid computations, Journal of Geodesy, vol.72, issue.3, pp.154-16010, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900050157

W. E. Featherstone, J. F. Kirby, A. H. Kearsley, J. R. Gilliland, G. M. Johnston et al., The AUSGeoid98 geoid model of Australia: data treatment, computations and comparisons with GPS-levelling data, Journal of Geodesy, vol.75, issue.5-6, pp.5-6, 1007.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900100177

R. Forsberg, A Study of Terrain Reductions, Density Anomalies and Geophysical Inversion Methods in Gravity Field Modeling, 1984.

R. Forsberg, Gravity measurements in Jameson Land and neighbouring parts of East Greenland, 1986.

R. Forsberg, Modelling the fine-structure of the geoid: Methods, data requirements and some results, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.46, issue.4-5, pp.403-418, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00690568

R. Forsberg, Terrain effects in geoid computations, International School for the Determination and use of the Geoid, pp.101-134, 1994.

R. Forsberg and C. Tscherning, An overview manual for the GRAVSOFT : Geodetic Gravity Field Modelling Programs, 2003.

M. Gómez, D. Cogliano, D. Perdomo, R. Hormaechea, and J. L. , A new combined quasigeoid model in Tierra del Fuego, Geologica acta, pp.219-226, 2014.

M. E. Gómez, D. R. Bagu, D. Cogliano, D. Perdomo, and R. A. , Evaluation of terrain corrections through FFT and classical integration in two selected areas of the Andes and their impact on geoidal heights, Boletim de Ci??ncias Geod??sicas, vol.19, issue.3, pp.407-41910, 1590.
DOI : 10.1590/S1982-21702013000300004

J. M. Goodkind, The superconducting gravimeter, Review of scientific instruments, pp.4131-4152, 1999.

J. Goos, W. E. Featherstone, J. F. Kirby, and S. A. Holmes, EXPERIMENTS WITH TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO GRIDDING TERRESTRIAL GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND THEIR EFFECT ON REGIONAL GEOID COMPUTATION, Survey Review, vol.17, issue.4, pp.92-112, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/95EO00198

T. Grombein, K. Seitz, and B. Heck, Optimized formulas for the gravitational field of a tesseroid, Journal of Geodesy, vol.82, issue.10, pp.645-660, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-013-0636-1

S. Hammer, TERRAIN CORRECTIONS FOR GRAVIMETER STATIONS, GEOPHYSICS, vol.4, issue.3, pp.184-194, 1939.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440495

J. Hayford and W. Bowie, The Effect of Topography and Isostatic Compensation upon the Intensity of Gravity, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, vol.44, issue.6, pp.464-465, 1912.
DOI : 10.2307/199909

B. Heck, On Helmert's methods of condensation, Journal of Geodesy, vol.7734, pp.155-170, 2003.

M. Higgins, R. Forsberg, and A. Kearsley, The Effects of Varying Cap Sizes on Geoid Computations: Experiences with FFT and Ring Integration, Geodesy on the Move of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.201-20610, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-72245-5_28

E. W. Hobson, The theory of spherical and ellipsoidal harmonics, CUP Archive, 1931.

J. Huang and C. Kotsakis, External quality evaluation reports of EGM08, Newton Bulletin, issue.4, pp.1810-8555, 2008.

J. Huang and M. Véronneau, Canadian gravimetric geoid model 2010, Journal of Geodesy, vol.18, issue.47, pp.771-790, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-013-0645-0

J. Huang, P. Vaní?ek, S. Pagiatakis, and W. Brink, Effect of topographical density on geoid in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Journal of Geodesy, vol.74, issue.11-12, pp.805-81510, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900000145

C. Hwang, C. Wang, and Y. Hsiao, Terrain correction computation using Gaussian quadrature, Computers & Geosciences, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1259-1268, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cageo.2003.08.003

T. Jacob, R. Bayer, J. Chery, and N. Le-moigne, Time-lapse microgravity surveys reveal water storage heterogeneity of a karst aquifer, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.37, issue.1, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JB006616
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496400

J. Janak and P. Vanröek, Mean Free-Air Gravity Anomalies in the Mountains, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, vol.49, issue.1, pp.31-42, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-005-1624-6

C. Jekeli, Modifying Stokes' function to reduce the error of geoid undulation computations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.18, issue.2???3, pp.86-6985, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/JB086iB08p06985

Z. Jiang, C. Poitevin, and C. Tscherning, Nouvelles solutions pour le geoide gravimetrique belgique-luxembourg, Tech. Rep, vol.22, 1996.

J. Kamguia, C. Tabod, R. Nouayou, J. Tadjou, E. Manguelle-dicoum et al., The Local Geoid Model of Cameroon :CGM05, Nordic Journal of Surveying and Real Estate Research, vol.4, issue.2, pp.7-23, 2007.

J. Kamguia, C. T. Tabod, J. M. Tadjou, E. Manguelle-dicoum, R. Nouayou et al., Accurate gravity anomaly interpolation : a case-study in cameroon, central africa, Earth Sciences Research Journal, vol.11, issue.2, pp.108-116, 2011.

W. Kaula, The investigation of the gravitational fields of the moon and planets with artificial satellites, Adv. Space Sci. Technol, vol.5, pp.210-230, 1963.

T. Kavzoglu and M. Saka, Modelling local GPS/levelling geoid undulations using artificial neural networks, Journal of Geodesy, vol.78, issue.9, pp.520-527, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-004-0420-3

A. Kearsley, Data requirements for determining precise relative geoid heights from gravimetry, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.8, issue.3, pp.9193-920110, 1986.
DOI : 10.1029/JB091iB09p09193

A. Kearsley, The Determination of Precise Geoid Height Differences Using Ring Integration, Bollettino Di Geodesia E Scienze Affini, issue.2, pp.151-174, 1986.

A. Kearsley, Tests on the recovery of precise geoid height differences from gravimetry, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.113, issue.1, pp.6559-657010, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/JB093iB06p06559

R. Kiamehr, A strategy for determining the regional geoid by combining limited ground data with satellite-based global geopotential and topographical models: a case study of Iran, Journal of Geodesy, vol.62, issue.8, pp.602-612, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-005-0009-5

R. Kiamehr, The impact of lateral density variation model in the determination of precise gravimetric geoid in mountainous areas: a case study of Iran, Geophysical Journal International, vol.167, issue.2, pp.521-527, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03143.x

R. Kiamehr, The new quasi-geoid model IRQG09 for Iran, Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.65-73, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2010.11.007

R. Kiamehr and L. Sjoberg, Comparison of the qualities of recent global and local gravimetric geoid models in Iran, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, vol.62, issue.B5, pp.289-304, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-005-0011-7

A. Kiliço?lu, A. Direnç, H. Yildiz, M. Bölme, B. Aktu? et al., Regional gravimetric quasi-geoid model and transformation surface to national height system for Turkey (THG-09), Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, vol.18, issue.4, pp.557-578, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-010-9023-z

G. Kloch and J. Kry?ski, Towards optimisation of the determination of terrain corrections with the use of the prism method, Environmental Engineering, Seventh International Conference, pp.1345-1353, 2008.

C. Kotsakis and K. Katsambalos, Quality Analysis of Global Geopotential Models at 1542 GPS/levelling Benchmarks Over the Hellenic Mainland, Survey Review, vol.60, issue.03462, pp.327-344, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-006-0039-3

C. Kreye, H. Niedermeier, R. Heyen, T. Stelkens-kobsch, and G. Boedecker, Galileo and the earths gravity field : using GNSS for airborne gravimetryan overview. inside gnss, 2006.

D. Krige, A statistical approach to some basic mine valuation problems on the witwatersrand, Journal of Chemical, Metallurgical, and Mining Society of South Africa, vol.52, issue.6, pp.119-13910, 1951.

M. Kuhn, Geoid determination with density hypotheses from isostatic models and geological information, Journal of Geodesy, vol.77, issue.1-2, pp.50-65, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-002-0297-y

Y. Kuroishi, Improved geoid model determination for Japan from GRACE and a regional gravity field model, Earth, planets and space, pp.807-81310, 2009.

J. Lambin, R. Morrow, L. Fu, J. K. Willis, H. Bonekamp et al., The OSTM/Jason-2 Mission, Marine Geodesy, vol.15, issue.sup1, pp.33-37, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/01490419.2010.488978
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00798763

C. D. Leitao and J. T. Mcgoogan, Skylab Radar Altimeter: Short-Wavelength Perturbations Detected in Ocean Surface Profiles, Science, vol.186, issue.4170, pp.186-1208, 1974.
DOI : 10.1126/science.186.4170.1208

A. ?yszkowicz, Wyznaczenie przebiegu quasi-geoidy dla obszaru Polski metod?? kolokacji najmniejszych kwadrat??w, Technical Sciences, vol.13, issue.-1, pp.147-164, 2010.
DOI : 10.2478/v10022-010-0014-7

G. Martelet, G. Pajot, and N. Debeglia, Nouvelle carte gravimique de la france ;rcgf09- rau et carte gravimique de la france, p.57908, 2009.

U. Marti, Comparison of High Precision Geoid Models in Switzerland, Dynamic Planet of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.377-382, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-49350-1_55

T. Mayer-gürr, E. Kurtenbach, A. Eicker, and J. Kusche, Itg-grace2010 gravity field model, 2010.

P. Meissl, Preparations for the Numerical Evaluation of Second Order Molodensky Type Formulas, 1971.

Y. Ménard, L. Fu, P. Escudier, F. Parisot, J. Perbos et al., The jason-1 mission, Marine Geodesy, vol.26, pp.3-4, 2003.

C. Merry, Studies Toward an Astrogravimetric Geoid for Canada, 1975.

C. L. Merry, DEM-induced errors in developing a quasi-geoid model for Africa, Journal of Geodesy, vol.77, issue.9, pp.537-542, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-003-0353-2

H. Moritz, Advanced Physical Geodesy, Sammlung Wichmann : Neue Folge, 1980.

D. Nagy, The prism method for terrain corrections using digital computers, pure and applied geophysics, pp.31-39, 1966.

H. Nahavandchi and A. Soltanpour, Improved determination of heights using a conversion surface by combining gravimetric quasi-geoid/geoid and GPS-levelling height differences, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, vol.30, issue.7, pp.165-180, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11200-006-0010-3

L. L. Nettleton, L. Lacoste, and J. C. Harrison, TESTS OF AN AIRBORNE GRAVITY METER, GEOPHYSICS, vol.25, issue.1, pp.181-202, 1960.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1438685

T. M. Niebauer, G. S. Sasagawa, J. E. Faller, R. Hilt, and F. Klopping, A new generation of absolute gravimeters, Metrologia, pp.32-159, 1995.

O. Omang and R. Forsberg, How to handle topography in practical geoid determination: three examples, Journal of Geodesy, vol.74, issue.6, pp.458-466, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900000107

M. C. Pacino and . Tocho, Validation of the egm08 over argentina, Bulletin of the International Geoid Service, issue.4, pp.90-98, 2009.

S. Pagiatakis, D. Fraser, K. Mcewen, A. Goodacre, and M. Véronneau, Topographic mass density and gravimetric geoid modelling, pp.3-4, 1999.

R. Pail, S. Bruinsma, F. Migliaccio, C. Förste, H. Goiginger et al., First GOCE gravity field models derived by three different approaches, Journal of Geodesy, vol.77, issue.6, pp.819-843, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-011-0467-x
URL : http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:244075:3/component/escidoc:321284/JOG_GFM_Review2_final_for-GFZ.pdf

I. Panet, V. Mikhailov, M. Diament, F. Pollitz, G. King et al., Coseismic and post-seismic signatures of the Sumatra 2004 December and 2005 March earthquakes in GRACE satellite gravity, Geophysical Journal International, vol.171, issue.1, pp.177-190, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03525.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01355195

I. Panet, Y. Kuroishi, and M. Holschneider, Wavelet modelling of the gravity field by domain decomposition methods: an example over Japan, Geophysical Journal International, vol.184, issue.1, pp.203-21910, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04840.x

N. K. Pavlis, S. A. Holmes, S. C. Kenyon, and J. K. Factor, The Development and Evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model, Journal of Geophysical Research : Solid Earth, issue.B4, pp.117-130, 2008.

A. Peters, K. Y. Chung, and S. Chu, High-precision gravity measurements using atom interferometry, Metrologia, pp.25-61, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0026-1394/38/1/4

G. Ramillien, A. Lombard, A. Cazenave, E. Ivins, M. Llubes et al., Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE, Global and Planetary Change, vol.53, issue.3, pp.198-208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00280251

G. Rodríguez-caderot, M. Lacy, A. Gil, and B. Blazquez, Comparing recent geopotential models in Andalusia, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, pp.619-631, 2006.

P. Rudzki, Mémoires et observations Sur la détermination de la figure de la terre d'après les mesures de la gravité, Bulletin Astronomique, Serie I, vol.22, pp.49-76, 1905.

M. Scheinert, J. Müller, R. Dietrich, D. Damaske, and V. Damm, Regional geoid determination in Antarctica utilizing airborne gravity and topography data, Journal of Geodesy, vol.31, issue.8, pp.403-41410, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-007-0189-2

S. Ltd, CG-5 autograv gravity meter brochure , part number 867711, revision 2, Scintrex Limited

K. Seitz and B. Heck, Tesseroids for the calculation of topographic reductions, Abstracts Vistas for Geodesy in the New Millenium, 2001.

L. Sjöberg, Least squares combination of satellite harmonics and integral formulas in physical geodesy, Gerlands Beitraege zur Geophysik, pp.371-377, 1980.

L. Sjöberg, A general model for modifying Stokes? formula and its least-squares solution, Journal of Geodesy, vol.77, issue.7-8, pp.459-464, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-003-0346-1

L. Sjöberg, A. Gidudu, and R. Ssengendo, Abstract, Journal of Geodetic Science, vol.5, issue.1, pp.35-46, 2015.
DOI : 10.1515/jogs-2015-0007

L. E. Sjöberg, The effect on the geoid of lateral topographic density variations, Journal of Geodesy, vol.78, issue.12, pp.34-39, 2004.

L. E. Sjöberg and A. Hunegnaw, Some modifications of Stokes' formula that account for truncation and potential coefficient errors, Journal of Geodesy, vol.74, issue.2, pp.232-23810, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900050281

D. A. Smith and D. G. Milbert, The GEOID96 high-resolution geoid height model for the United States, Journal of Geodesy, vol.73, issue.5, pp.219-23610, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900050239

W. Smith and P. Wessel, Gridding with continuous curvature splines in tension, GEOPHYSICS, vol.55, issue.3, pp.293-305, 1990.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1442837

N. Srinivas, V. Tiwari, J. Tarial, S. Prajapti, A. Meshram et al., Gravimetric geoid of a part of south India and its comparison with global geopotential models and GPS-levelling data, Journal of Earth System Science, vol.172, issue.5, pp.1025-1032, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s12040-012-0205-7

H. Stanley, The Geos 3 Project, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.84, issue.B8, pp.3779-3783, 1978.
DOI : 10.1029/JB084iB08p03779

J. Stead and S. Holtznagel, AHD Heights from GPS using AUSGEOID93, Australian surveyor, pp.21-27, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/00050326.1994.10558404

B. Tapley, J. Ries, S. Bettadpur, D. Chambers, M. Cheng et al., GGM02 ??? An improved Earth gravity field model from GRACE, Journal of Geodesy, vol.79, issue.8, pp.79-467, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-005-0480-z

C. C. Tscherning, Geoid modeling using collocation in Scandinavia and Greenland, Marine Geodesy, pp.1-1610, 1985.
DOI : 10.1080/15210608509379512

C. C. Tscherning and R. Forsberg, Geoid determination in the Nordic countries from gravity and height data, Proceeding of the General Meeting of the IAG, pp.472-483, 1982.

I. Tziavos, G. Vergos, and V. Grigoriadis, Investigation of topographic reductions and aliasing effects on gravity and the geoid over Greece based on various digital terrain models, Surveys in Geophysics, vol.79, issue.47, pp.23-6710, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10712-009-9085-z

P. Valty and H. Duquenne, Quasi-Geoid of New Caledonia : Computation, Results and Analysis, in Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation, of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.427-43510, 2010.

P. Valty, H. Duquenne, and I. Panet, Auvergne Dataset: Testing Several Geoid Computation Methods, Geodesy for Planet Earth of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.465-47210, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_56

P. Vani?cekvani?cek and W. E. Featherstone, Performance of three types of Stokes's kernel in the combined solution for the geoid, Journal of Geodesy, vol.72, issue.12, pp.684-69710, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001900050209

P. Vani?cekvani?cek, P. Novak, and Z. Martinec, Geoid, topography, and the bouguer plate or shell, Journal of Geodesy, vol.75, issue.4, pp.210-21510, 2001.

P. Vani?-ccek and L. Sjöberg, Reformulation of Stokes's Theory for Higher Than Second- Degree Reference Field and Modification of Integration Kernels, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, issue.B4, pp.6529-653910, 1991.

P. Vanröek and Z. Martinec, The stokes-helmert scheme for the evaluation of a precise geoid, Manuscr Geod, vol.19, pp.119-128, 1994.

J. Verdun and E. Klingelé, Airborne gravimetry using a strapped-down LaCoste and Romberg air/sea gravity meter system: a feasibility study, Geophysical Prospecting, vol.1, issue.1, pp.91-101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01748.x

J. Verdun, R. Bayer, E. E. Klingelé, M. Cocard, A. Geiger et al., Airborne gravity measurements over mountainous areas by using a LaCoste & Romberg air???sea gravity meter, GEOPHYSICS, vol.67, issue.3, pp.67-807, 2002.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1484525

M. Véronneau, The GSD95 Geoid Model for Canada, of International Association of Geodesy Symposia, pp.573-58010, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-03482-8_76

M. Véronneau, The Canadian gravimetric geoid model of, Report, Division des levés géodésiques, Secteur des sciences de la Terre, Ressources naturelles Canada, 2000.

M. Véronneau and J. Huang, The Canadian gravimetric geoid model, Report, Division des levés géodésiques, Secteur des sciences de la Terre, Ressources naturelles Canada, 2005.

M. Véronneau and A. Mainville, Computation of a Canadian geoid model using the FFT technique to evaluate Stokes and Vening-Meinesz formulas in a planar approximation, Presented at the AGU-CGU-MSA Joint Spring Meeting, pp.12-16, 1992.

Y. Wang, J. Saleh, X. Li, and D. Roman, The US Gravimetric Geoid of 2009 (USGG2009): model development and evaluation, Journal of Geodesy, vol.18, issue.1, pp.165-180, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00190-011-0506-7

D. F. Watson and G. Philip, A Refinement of Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation, Geo-processing, pp.315-327, 1985.

M. Weigelt, T. Dam, A. Jäggi, L. Prange, M. J. Tourian et al., Time-variable gravity signal in Greenland revealed by high-low satellite-to-satellite tracking, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.102, issue.B3, pp.3848-3859, 2013.
DOI : 10.1029/96JB03860

M. Werner, Shuttle radar topography mission (SRTM) mission overview, Frequenz, pp.75-79, 2001.
DOI : 10.1515/freq.2001.55.3-4.75

L. Wong and R. Gore, Accuracy of Geoid Heights from Modified Stokes Kernels, Geophysical Journal International, vol.18, issue.1, pp.81-91, 1969.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1969.tb00264.x

H. Yildiz, R. Forsberg, J. Agren, C. C. Tscherning, and L. Sjöberg, Comparison of remove-compute-restore and least squares modification of Stokes' formula techniques to quasi-geoid determination over the Auvergne test area, Journal of Geodetic Science, vol.2, issue.1, pp.53-64, 2011.
DOI : 10.2478/v10156-011-0024-9

A. Zieger, D. Hancock, G. Hayne, and C. Purdy, NASA radar altimeter for the TOPEX/POSEIDON Project, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.810-826, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/5.90160