. .. Le-vieillissement-mécanique,

. .. , Quelques bases de mathématique pour faire de la simulation temps réel

. , Les méthodes de résolution d'équation

.. .. Les-méthodes-de-résolution-de-systèmes,

. .. , Une méthode d'optimisation robuste : l'algorithme génétique, p.49

. .. Sur-les-systèmes-dynamiques, 51 1.2.6.1 Les systèmes multi-agents

L. .. Optimisé-en-vitesse,

. .. Les-possibilités-matérielles,

. .. , 57 1.4.1 La modélisation temps réel, un espace pluridisciplinaire d'innovation, Les problématiques liées à la gestion du projet

U. and &. .. ,

.. .. Conclusion-partielle, , p.61

Z. Dong, G. Fei, M. Pierre, D. Manfeng, M. Ali et al., Dans la physique de la pile, il y a beaucoup de grandeurs intermédiaires que l'on retrouve dans les formules physiques. Notamment les conductances thermiques, électriques ou fluidiques (par analogie) qui sont utilisées plusieurs fois, calcul statique des pressions dans les canaux, les coefficients du système composé se répètent plusieurs fois dans différentes équations. On a aussi tous les flux des parties dynamiques Productions scientifiques Journaux internationaux-2015 :-Parameter Sensitivity Analysis and Local Temperature Distribution Effect for a PEM Fuel Cell System Dong, vol.2, pp.554-564

G. Fei, B. David, and M. Abdellatif, Journaux nationaux-2014 : Synthèse sur le vieillissement des piles à combustibles à membrane échangeuse de protons Pierre MASSONNAT, p.3

M. Pierre, G. Fei, P. Damien, B. David, M. Pierre et al., Abdellatif MIRAOUI IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC)-2013 : A real-time 2D PEMFC model for fuel cell vehicle hardware-in-the-loop applications Pierre MASSONNAT, Fei GAO, David BOUQUAIN, Abdellatif MIRAOUI IEEE-IECON Conférences nationales-2014 : Modélisation et émulation 3D orienté temps réel de la diffusion de reactifs dans une pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons

. Bibliographie,

M. Abdollahzadeh, J. C. Pascoa, A. A. Ranjbar, and Q. Esmaili, Analysis of pem (polymer electrolyte membrane) fuel cell cathode two-dimensional modeling, Energy, vol.68, issue.0, pp.478-494, 2014.

M. Aboubakr, A. M. Abdullah, T. Mohammad, F. Okajima, T. Kitamura et al., Effect of load, temperature and humidity on the ph of the water drained out from h2 /air polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.190, pp.264-270, 2009.

M. Aboubakr, T. Abdullah, F. Okajima, T. Kitamura, and . Ohsaka, A simple in situ characterization technique for the onset of the chemical degradation of pem fuel cells' fluorinated membranes, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.10, pp.1732-1735, 2008.

A. R. Maher-sadiq-al-baghdadi, Performance comparison between airflow-channel and ambient airbreathing pem fuel cells using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamicsmodels, vol.34, pp.1812-1824, 2009.

A. R. Maher and . Sadiq-al-baghdadi, A cfd study of hygro-thermal stresses distribution in pem fuel cell during regular cell operation, vol.34, pp.674-682, 2009.

A. R. Maher, . Sadiq-al-baghdadi, A. K. Haroun, and . Shahad-al-janabi, Modeling optimizes pem fuel cell performance using three-dimensional multi-phase computational fluid dynamics model. Energy Conversion and Management, vol.48, pp.3102-3119, 2007.

A. Arvay, E. Yli-rantala, C. Liu, X. Peng, P. Koski et al., Characterization techniques for gas diffusion layers for proton exchange membrane fuel cells e a review, Journal of Power Sources, vol.213, pp.317-337, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.04.026

M. A. Audette, V. Hayward, O. Astley, M. Doyon, G. A. Mccallister et al., A pc-based system architecture for real-time finite element-based tool-specific surgical simulation, International Congress Series, vol.1268, issue.0, pp.378-383, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ics.2004.03.294

C. Bao, M. Ouyang, and B. Yi, Modeling and control of air stream and hydrogen flow with recirculation in a pem fuel cell system-i. control-oriented modeling, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.141, pp.96-101, 2005.

F. Barbir, H. Gorgun, and X. Wang, Relationship between pressure drop and cell resistance as a diagnostic tool for pem fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.141, pp.96-101, 2005.

J. J. Baschuk and X. Li, A general formulation for a mathematical pem fuel cell model, Journal of Power Sources, vol.142, pp.134-153, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.09.027

J. Baschuk and X. Li, A comprehensive, consistent and systematic mathematical model of pem fuel cells, Applied Energy, vol.86, pp.181-193, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.12.004

M. Janine, . Benyus, and . Biomimetisme, Quand la nature inspire des inovations durables, 2011.

C. Bonnet, L. Franck-lacaze, and S. Ronasi, Serge Besse, and Franc ois Lapicque. Pem fuel cell pt anode inhibition by carbon monoxide : Non-uniform behaviour of the cell caused by the finite hydrogen excess, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.65, pp.3050-3058, 2010.

R. L. Borup, J. R. Davey, F. H. Garzon, L. David, M. A. Wood et al., Pem fuel cell electrocatalyst durability measurements, Journal of Power Sources, vol.163, pp.76-81, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.009

Y. Bouaanani, Modélisation multiphysique de piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons, 2014.

L. Boulon, K. Agbossou, D. Hissel, P. Sicard, A. Bouscayrol et al., A macroscopic pem fuel cell model including water phenomena for vehicle simulation, Renewable Energy, vol.46, issue.0, pp.81-91, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.renene.2012.03.009

O. S. Burheim, G. Ellila, J. D. Fairweather, A. Labouriau, S. Kjelstrup et al., Ageing and thermal conductivity of porous transport layers used for pem fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.221, pp.356-365, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.08.027

S. Caux, W. Hankache, M. Fadel, and D. Hissel, Pem fuel cell model suitable for energy optimization purposes. Energy Conversion and Management, vol.51, pp.320-328, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.09.028

F. Chinesta, A. Leygue, F. Bordeu, J. V. Aguado, E. Cueto et al., Pgd-based computational vademecum for efficient design, optimization and control, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.166, issue.11, pp.578-592, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11831-013-9080-x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01515083

B. Dadda, S. Abboudi, and A. Ghezal, Transient two-dimensional model of heat and mass transfer in a pem fuel cell membrane, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.38, issue.17, pp.7092-7101, 2013.

J. Dortier, Le cerveau et la pensée, le nouvel age des sciences cognitives, 2012.

B. Horling and . Victor-lesser, A survey of multi-agent organizational paradigms. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 2004.

D. S. Falcao, V. B. Oliveira, C. M. Rangel, C. Pinho, and A. M. Pinto, Water transport through a pem fuel cell : A one-dimensional model with heat transfer effects, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.64, pp.2216-2225, 2009.

D. S. Falcao, V. B. Oliveira, C. M. Rangel, C. Pinho, and A. M. Pinto, Water transport through a pem fuel cell : A one-dimensional model with heat transfer effects, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.64, pp.2216-2225, 2009.

R. Ferrero, M. Marracci, M. Prioli, and B. Tellini, Simplified model for evaluating ripple effects on commercial pem fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.37, pp.13462-13469, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.036

F. Gao, Modélisation multiphysique de piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons, 2010.

F. Gao, B. Blunier, and A. Miraoui, Modelisation de piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons, Kermes Science, 2011.

G. Gavello, J. Zeng, C. Francia, U. A. Icardi, A. Graizzaro et al., Experimental studies on nafion 112 single pem-fcs exposed to freezing conditions, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.36, pp.8070-8081, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.01.182

R. Hambli, A. Chamekh, and H. Salah, Real-time deformation of structure using finite element and neural networks in virtual reality applications, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, vol.42, pp.985-991, 2006.

J. Hou, B. Yi, H. Yu, L. Hao, W. Song et al., Investigation of resided water effects on pem fuel cell after cold start, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.32, pp.4503-4509, 2007.

Y. Hou, Z. Yang, and G. Wan, An improved dynamic voltage model of pem fuel cell stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, pp.11154-11160, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.036

M. Hu, A. Gu, M. Wang, X. Zhu, and L. Yu, Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for pem fuel cell : Part i. model development. Energy Conversion and Management, vol.45, pp.1861-1882, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.022

M. Hu, X. Zhu, M. Wang, A. Gu, and L. Yu, Three dimensional, two phase flow mathematical model for pem fuel cell : Part ii. analysis and discussion of the internal transport mechanisms, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.45, pp.1883-1916, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enconman.2003.09.022

B. T. Huang, Y. Chatillon, C. Bonnet, F. Lapicque, S. Leclerc et al., Experimental investigation of pinhole effect on mea/cell aging in pemfc, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.8, 2012.

P. Huthwaite, Accelerated finite element elastodynamic simulations using the gpu, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.257, issue.0, pp.687-707, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcp.2013.10.017

URL : http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/28160/2/paperSubmitted.pdf

A. Iranzo, P. Boillat, and F. Rosa, Validation of a three dimensional pem fuel cell cfd model using local liquid water distributions measured with neutron imaging, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.39, issue.13, pp.7089-7099, 2014.

M. S. Ismail, D. B. Ingham, K. J. Hughes, L. Ma, and M. Pourkashanian, Thermal modelling of the cathode in air-breathing pem fuel cells, Applied Energy, vol.111, issue.0, pp.529-537, 2013.

R. Jia, S. Dong, T. Hasegawa, J. Ye, and R. H. Dauskardt, Contamination and moisture absorption effects on the mechanical properties of catalyst coated membranes in pem fuel cells, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.37, pp.6790-6797, 2012.

G. Vesselin-krassimirov-krastev, E. Falcucci, M. Jannelli, R. Minutillo, and . Cozzolino, 3d cfd modeling and experimental characterization of ht pem fuel cells at different anode gas compositions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.39, issue.36, pp.21663-21672, 2014.

J. Kuo and C. Wang, An integrated simulation model for pem fuel cell power systems with a buck dc-dc converter, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.18, pp.11846-11855, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.107

A. Kusoglu, A. M. Karlsson, M. H. Santare, S. Cleghorn, and W. B. Johnson, Mechanical behavior of fuel cell membranes under humidity cycles and effect of swelling anisotropy on the fatigue stresses, Journal of Power Sources, vol.170, pp.345-358, 2007.

K. Latha, S. Vidhya, B. Umamaheswari, N. Rajalakshmi, and K. S. Dhathathreyan, Tuning of pem fuel cell model parameters forprediction of steady state and dynamic performance under various operating conditions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.38, issue.5, pp.2370-2386, 2013.

Y. Li, D. A. Dillard, S. W. Case, M. W. Ellis, Y. Lai et al., Fatigue and creep to leak tests of proton exchange membranes using pressure-loaded blisters, Journal of Power Sources, vol.194, pp.873-879, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.06.083

C. Lin, C. Chien, J. Tan, Y. J. Chao, and J. W. Van-zee, Chemical degradation of five elastomeric seal materials in a simulated and an accelerated pem fuel cell environment, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, pp.1955-1966, 2011.

C. Lin, C. Chien, J. Tan, Y. Chao, and J. W. Van-zee, Dynamic mechanical characteristics of five elastomeric gasket materials aged in a simulated and an accelerated pem fuel cell environment, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.36, pp.6756-6767, 2011.

R. Lina, B. Lia, Y. P. Houa, and J. M. Ma, Investigation of dynamic driving cycle effect on performance degradation and micro-structure change of pem fuel cell, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.34, pp.2369-2376, 2009.

V. Liso, S. Mads-pagh-nielsen, H. H. Knudsen-kaer, and . Mortensen, Thermal modeling and temperature control of a pem fuel cell system for forklift applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.39, issue.16, pp.8410-8420, 2014.

X. Liu, Y. Tan, W. Tao, and Y. He, A hybrid model of cathode of pem fuel cell using the interdigitated gas distributor, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.31, pp.379-389, 2005.

E. Mancusi, É. Fontana, A. Augusto-ulson-de-souza, and S. M. , Guelli Ulson de Souza. Numerical study of two-phase flow patterns in the gas channel of pem fuel cells with tapered flow field design, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.39, issue.5, pp.2261-2273, 2014.

J. C. Ronald-f-mann, . Amphlett, A. Michael, H. M. Hooper, . Jensen et al., Development and application of a generalised steady-state electrochemical model for a pem fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.86, pp.173-180, 2000.

P. Massonnat, F. Gao, R. Roche, D. Paire, D. Bouquain et al., Multiphysical, multidimensional real-time pem fuel cell modeling for embedded applications. Energy Conversion and Management, vol.88, pp.554-564, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.062

P. Millet, A. Ranjbari, F. De-guglielmo, S. A. Grigoriev, and F. Aupretre, Cell failure mechanisms in pem water electrolyzers, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.37, pp.17478-17487, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.017

M. Muthukumar, P. Karthikeyan, M. Vairavel, C. Loganathan, S. Praveenkumar et al., Numerical studies on pem fuel cell with different landing to channel width of flow channel, Procedia Engineering, vol.97, issue.0, pp.12-2014, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.437

URL : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.437

S. O. Obayopo, T. Bello-ochende, and J. P. Meyer, Modelling and optimization of reactant gas transport in a pem fuel cell with a transverse pin fin insert in channel flow, Proceedings of the Symposium on Hydrogen Production and Applications at the 240th American Chemical Society National Meeting, vol.37, pp.10286-10298, 2010.

K. Panha, M. Fowler, X. Yuan, and H. Wang, Accelerated durability testing via reactants relative humidity cycling on pem fuel cells, Applied Energy, vol.93, pp.90-97, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.05.011

URL : http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/accepted/?id=32998ad6-fb43-4ef9-a14e-2623570b89d5

S. Park, N. Branko, and . Popov, Effect of hydrophobicity and pore geometry in cathode gdl on pem fuel cell performance, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, pp.3473-3479, 2009.

S. Park, Y. Shao, V. Vilayanur, J. Viswanathan, Y. Liu et al., Non-kinetic losses caused by electrochemical carbon corrosion in pem fuel cells, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.37, pp.8451-8458, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.02.097

L. Placca, R. Kouta, J. Blachot, and W. Charon, Effects of temperature uncertainty on the performance of a degrading pem fuel cell model, Journal of Power Sources, vol.194, pp.313-327, 2009.

G. Postole and A. Auroux, The poisoning level of pt/c catalysts used in pem fuel cells by the hydrogen feed gas impurities : The bonding strength, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.36, pp.6817-6825, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00602778

G. Postole, S. Bennici, and A. Auroux, Calorimetric study of the reversibility of co pollutant adsorption on high loaded pt/carbon catalysts used in pem fuel cells, Applied Catalysis B : Environmental, vol.92, pp.307-317, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00866474

M. Pérez-page and V. Pérez-herranz, Study of the electrochemical behaviour of a 300w pem fuel cell stack by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.39, issue.8, pp.4009-4015, 2014.

V. Radhakrishnan and P. Haridoss, Effect of cyclic compression on structure and properties of a gas diffusion layer used in pem fuel cells, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.35, pp.11107-11118, 2010.

A. Raj and T. Shamim, Investigation of the effect of multidimensionality in pem fuel cells. Energy Conversion and Management, vol.86, pp.443-452, 2014.

B. Ramos-alvarado, A. Hernandez-guerrero, and M. W. Ellis, Non-equilibrium two-phase model of the air-cathode of a pem fuel cell based on gdl experimental water transport characteristics, Journal of Power Sources, vol.232, issue.0, pp.376-388, 2013.

R. , M. Rao, and R. Rengaswamy, A distributed dynamic model for chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry and gas starvation studies in pem fuel cell cathode, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.61, pp.7393-7409, 2006.

F. Rong, C. Huang, Z. Liu, D. Song, and Q. Wang, Microstructure changes in the catalyst layers of pem fuel cells induced by load cycling part ii. simulation and understanding, Journal of Power Sources, vol.175, pp.712-723, 2008.

V. Rouss, W. Charon, and A. Desflots, Characterisation of mechanical non-linearities in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell using raw data, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.34, pp.2377-2386, 2009.

M. A. Rubio, A. Urquia, and S. Dormido, Diagnosis of performance degradation phenomena in pem fuel cells, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.35, pp.2586-2590, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.054

Y. Shao, J. Wang, R. Kou, M. Engelhard, J. Liu et al., The corrosion of pem fuel cell catalyst supports and its implications for developing durable catalysts, Electrochimica Acta, vol.54, pp.3109-3114, 2009.

R. A. Silva, T. Hashimoto, G. E. Thompson, and C. M. Rangel, Characterization of mea degradation for an open air cathode pem fuel cell, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.37, pp.7299-7308, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.110

URL : http://repositorio.lneg.pt/bitstream/10400.9/1751/1/CRangel_IntJournalHydrogenEnergy.pdf

Y. J. Jinzhu-tan, H. Chao, J. Wang, J. W. Gong, and . Van-zee, Chemical and mechanical stability of epdm in a pem fuel cell environment, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol.94, pp.2072-2078, 2009.

Y. J. Jinzhu-tan, J. W. Chao, W. K. Van-zee, and . Lee, Degradation of elastomeric gasket materials in pem fuel cells, Materials Science and Engineering, pp.669-675, 2007.

F. Tiss, R. Chouikh, and A. Guizani, Dynamic modeling of a pem fuel cell with temperature effects, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.38, issue.20, pp.8532-8541, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.101

J. P. Torreglosa, F. Jurado, P. García, and L. M. Fernández, Pem fuel cell modeling using system identification methods for urban transportation applications, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.13, pp.7628-7640, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.133

C. Turan, O. N. Cora, and M. Koc, Effect of manufacturing processes on contact resistance characteristics of metallic bipolar plates in pem fuel cells, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.36, pp.12370-12380, 2011.

L. Valiño, R. Mustata, and L. Dueñas, Consistent modeling of a single pem fuel cell using onsager's principle, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.39, issue.8, pp.4030-4036, 2014.

B. Wahdame, D. Candusso, X. François, F. Harel, M. Péra et al., Comparison between two pem fuel cell durability tests performed at constant current and under solicitations linked to transport mission profile, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.32, pp.4523-4536, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00503003

X. Wang, W. Yan, F. Yuan-yuan-duan, G. Weng, C. Jung et al., Numerical study on channel size effect for proton exchange membrane fuel cell with serpentine flow field. Energy Conversion and Management, vol.51, pp.959-968, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.037

Y. Wang and D. O. Northwood, Effects of o2 and h2 on the corrosion of ss316l metallic bipolar plate materials in simulated anode and cathode environments of pem fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.52, pp.6793-6798, 2007.

. Fang-bor, C. Weng, C. Hsu, and . Li, Experimental investigation of pem fuel cell aging under current cycling using segmented fuel cell, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.35, pp.3664-3675, 2010.

L. Xing, X. Liu, T. Alaje, R. Kumar, M. Mamlouk et al., A two-phase flow and non-isothermal agglomerate model for a proton exchange membrane (pem) fuel cell, Energy, vol.73, issue.0, pp.618-634, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.065

X. Yang, Q. Ye, and P. Cheng, Hydrogen pumping effect induced by fuel starvation in a single cell of a pem fuel cell stack at galvanostatic operation, international journal of hydrogen energy, vol.37, pp.14439-14453, 2012.

L. You and H. Liu, A parametric study of the cathode catalyst layer of pem fuel cells using a pseudo-homogeneous model, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.26, pp.991-999, 2001.

L. You and H. Liu, A two-phase flow and transport model for the cathode of pem fuel cells, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.45, pp.2277-2287, 2002.

D. Zhao, Q. Zheng, F. Gao, D. Bouquain, M. Dou et al., Disturbance decoupling control of an ultra-high speed centrifugal compressor for the air management of fuel cell systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014.

M. Özbek, S. Wang, M. Marx, and D. Söffker, Modeling and control of a pem fuel cell system : A practical study based on experimental defined component behavior, Journal of Process Control, vol.23, issue.3, pp.282-293, 2013.