V. Aboyans, P. Lacroix, and M. Laskar, Systolic pressure, a powerful marker of the risk of obliterating artery disease of the lower limbs. Presse Médicale Paris Fr, pp.1090-1092, 1983.

V. Aboyans, M. H. Criqui, P. Abraham, M. A. Allison, M. A. Creager et al., Measurement and Interpretation of the Ankle-Brachial Index: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation, vol.126, issue.24, pp.2890-2909, 2012.
DOI : 10.1161/CIR.0b013e318276fbcb
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921590

N. T. Aggarwal, J. L. Bienias, D. A. Bennett, R. S. Wilson, M. C. Morris et al., The Relation of Cigarette Smoking to Incident Alzheimer???s Disease in a Biracial Urban Community Population, Neuroepidemiology, vol.26, issue.3, pp.140-146, 2006.
DOI : 10.1159/000091654

A. Akomolafe, A. Beiser, J. B. Meigs, R. Au, R. C. Green et al., Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Developing Alzheimer Disease, Archives of Neurology, vol.63, issue.11, pp.1551-1555, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.63.11.1551

E. Albanese, A. D. Dangour, R. Uauy, D. Acosta, M. Guerra et al., Dietary fish and meat intake and dementia in Latin America, China, and India: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based study, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.90, issue.2, pp.392-400, 2009.
DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27580

M. S. Albert, S. T. Dekosky, D. Dickson, B. Dubois, H. H. Feldman et al., The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

O. P. Almeida, G. K. Hulse, D. Lawrence, and L. Flicker, Smoking as a risk factor for Alzheimer???s disease: contrasting evidence from a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies, Addiction, vol.36, issue.1, pp.15-28, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00016.x

A. Alonso, J. Jr, D. R. Menotti, A. Nissinen, A. Dontas et al., Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia mortality: 40??years of follow-up in the Seven Countries Study, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.280, issue.1-2, pp.79-83, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.004

D. Washington, American Medical Association, 1994.

. American-psychiatric-association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2000.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

. American-psychiatric-association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Dsm-5, 2013.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

C. A. Anastasiou, M. Yannakoulia, and N. Scarmeas, Vitamin D and cognition: an update of the current evidence, J. Alzheimers Dis, vol.42, pp.71-80, 2014.

K. Andersen, L. J. Launer, M. E. Dewey, L. Letenneur, A. Ott et al., Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies, Neurology, vol.53, issue.9, pp.1992-1992, 1999.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.53.9.1992

K. J. Anstey, D. M. Lipnicki, and L. Low, Cholesterol as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies With Meta-Analysis, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.16, issue.5, pp.343-354, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae

K. J. Anstey, H. A. Mack, and N. Cherbuin, Alcohol Consumption as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.17, issue.7, pp.542-555, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a2fd07

K. J. Anstey, N. Cherbuin, M. Budge, and Y. J. , Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Obesity Reviews, vol.71, issue.5, pp.426-437, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00825.x

T. Anttila, E. Helkala, M. Viitanen, I. Kåreholt, L. Fratiglioni et al., Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective population based study, BMJ, vol.329, issue.7465, pp.539-546, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38181.418958.BE

S. Aras, I. Tek, M. Varli, A. Yalcin, O. K. Cengiz et al., Plasma Viscosity: Is a Biomarker for the Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia?, American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, vol.28, issue.1, pp.62-68, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/1533317512467682

K. A. Arntzen, H. Schirmer, T. Wilsgaard, and M. E. , Moderate wine consumption is associated with better cognitive test results: a 7???year follow up of 5033 subjects in the Troms?? Study, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol.59
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01371.x

E. Bagyinszky, Y. C. Youn, S. S. An, and K. S. , The genetics of Alzheimer's disease, Clin. Interv. Aging, vol.9, pp.535-551, 2014.

P. Barberger-gateau, C. Raffaitin, L. Letenneur, C. Berr, C. Tzourio et al., Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: The Three-City cohort study, Neurology, vol.69, issue.20, pp.1921-1930, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000278116.37320.52
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00169703

D. E. Barnes and K. Yaffe, The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence, The Lancet Neurology, vol.10, issue.9, pp.819-828, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2

M. Böhm, H. Schumacher, D. Leong, G. Mancia, T. Unger et al., Systolic Blood Pressure Variation and Mean Heart Rate Is Associated With Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients With High Cardiovascular RiskNovelty and Significance, Hypertension, vol.65, issue.3, pp.651-661, 2015.
DOI : 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04568

H. Braak and E. Braak, Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes, Acta Neuropathologica, vol.80, issue.4, pp.239-259, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00308809

D. Bradshaw, N. Nannan, and P. Groenewald, Provincial mortality in South Africa, 2000-priority- setting for now and a benchmark for the future, S Afr Med J, vol.95, pp.496-503, 2005.

D. W. Brann, K. Dhandapani, C. Wakade, V. B. Mahesh, and M. M. Khan, Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen: Basic mechanisms and clinical implications, Steroids, vol.72, issue.5, pp.381-405, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.02.003

M. M. Breteler, J. J. Claus, D. E. Grobbee, and A. Hofman, Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam study, BMJ, vol.308, issue.6944, pp.1604-1608, 1944.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.308.6944.1604

H. Brodaty, K. Seeher, and L. Gibson, Dementia time to death: a systematic literature review on survival time and years of life lost in people with dementia, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.140, issue.07, pp.1034-1045, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.60.1.85

G. A. Broe, H. Creasey, A. F. Jorm, H. P. Bennett, B. Casey et al., Health habits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: A prospective study on the effects of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol.39, issue.5, pp.621-623, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01449.x

A. Brun, The neuropathology of vascular dementia, Cerebrovascular Disease and Dementia: Pathology, pp.69-76, 2000.

J. C. Brust, Ethanol and Cognition: Indirect Effects, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection: A Review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.7, issue.4
DOI : 10.3390/ijerph7041540

F. Caamaño-isorna, M. Corral, A. Montes-martínez, and B. Takkouche, Education and Dementia: A Meta-Analytic Study, Neuroepidemiology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.226-232, 2006.
DOI : 10.1159/000093378

A. M. Cárdenas, A. O. Ardiles, N. Barraza, X. Baéz-matus, and P. Caviedes, Role of Tau Protein in Neuronal Damage in Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome, Archives of Medical Research, vol.43, issue.8, pp.645-654, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.012

F. J. Charlson, A. J. Baxter, T. Dua, L. Degenhardt, H. A. Whiteford et al., Excess mortality from mental, neurological and substance use disorders in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, vol.7, issue.02, pp.121-161, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4

C. Chen, T. Mizuno, R. Elston, M. Kariuki, K. Hall et al., A comparative study to screen dementia and APOE genotypes in an ageing East African population, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.31, issue.5, pp.732-740, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.06.014

G. Chêne, A. Beiser, R. Au, S. R. Preis, P. A. Wolf et al., Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from mid-adult life, Alzheimer's & Dementia, vol.11, issue.3, pp.310-320, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.10.005

H. Chui, Neuropathology Lessons in Vascular Dementia, Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, vol.19, issue.1, pp.45-52, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.wad.0000155065.31561.0a

H. C. Chui, J. I. Victoroff, D. Margolin, W. Jagust, R. Shankle et al., Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers, Neurology, vol.42, issue.3, pp.473-480, 1992.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.42.3.473

J. L. Cobb, P. A. Wolf, R. Au, R. White, D. Agostino et al., The effect of education on the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Study, Neurology, vol.45, issue.9, pp.1707-1712, 1995.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.45.9.1707

D. R. Cox, Regression models and life?tables (with discussion), Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.Series B, vol.34, pp.187-220, 1972.

M. H. Criqui and V. Aboyans, Epidemiology of Peripheral Artery Disease, Circulation Research, vol.116, issue.9, pp.1509-1526, 2015.
DOI : 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.303849
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01233163

J. L. Cummings, B. Dubois, J. L. Molinuevo, and P. Scheltens, International Work Group Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease, Medical Clinics of North America, vol.97, issue.3, pp.363-368, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mcna.2013.01.001

L. Dekoning and A. S. , Vascular viewpoint, Vascular Medicine, vol.9, issue.2, pp.145-146, 2004.
DOI : 10.1191/1358863x04vm552xx

J. Deng, D. H. Zhou, J. Li, Y. J. Wang, C. Gao et al., A 2-year follow-up study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, vol.108, issue.4, pp.378-383, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.06.005

A. Désesquelles, E. Demuru, M. A. Salvatore, M. Pappagallo, L. Frova et al., Mortality From Alzheimer???s Disease, Parkinson???s Disease, and Dementias in France and Italy, Journal of Aging and Health, vol.20, issue.2, pp.283-315, 2014.
DOI : 10.1159/000052811

E. E. Devore, F. Grodstein, F. J. Van-rooij, A. Hofman, B. Rosner et al., Dietary intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids in relation to long-term dementia risk, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.90, issue.1, pp.170-176, 2009.
DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27037

D. W. Dickson, Neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, vol.17, issue.2, pp.209-228, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0749-0690(05)70066-5

R. O. Domínguez, E. R. Marschoff, S. E. González, M. G. Repetto, and S. J. , Type 2 diabetes and/or its treatment leads to less cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease patients, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol.98, issue.1, pp.68-74, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.05.013

B. Dubois, H. H. Feldman, C. Jacova, J. L. Cummings, S. T. Dekosky et al., Revising the definition of Alzheimer's disease: a new lexicon, The Lancet Neurology, vol.9, issue.11, pp.1118-1127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70223-4

C. Dufouil, C. Tzourio, C. Brayne, C. Berr, P. Amouyel et al., Influence of Apolipoprotein E Genotype on the Risk of Cognitive Deterioration in Moderate Drinkers and Smokers, Epidemiology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.280-284, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00001648-200005000-00009

E. Duron and O. Hanon, Hypertension, cognitive decline and dementia, Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, vol.101, issue.3, pp.181-189, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1875-2136(08)71801-1

C. Duyckaerts, Nosology of dementias: the neuropathologist's point of view, Neurol, vol.162, pp.921-928, 2006.

S. L. Edelstein, D. Kritz-silverstein, B. , and E. , Prospective Association of Smoking and Alcohol Use with Cognitive Function in an Elderly Cohort, Journal of Women's Health, vol.7, issue.10, pp.1271-1281, 1998.
DOI : 10.1089/jwh.1998.7.1271

P. K. Elias, M. F. Elias, R. B. D-'agostino, H. Silbershatz, and W. P. , Alcohol Consumption and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Heart Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.150, issue.6, pp.580-589, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010056

E. Tallawy, H. N. Farghly, W. M. Shehata, G. A. Rageh, T. A. Hakeem et al., Prevalence of Dementia in Al Kharga District, New Valley Governorate, Egypt, Prevalence of dementia in Al Kharga District, pp.130-137, 2012.
DOI : 10.1159/000335655

P. C. Elwood, J. E. Gallacher, C. A. Hopkinson, J. Pickering, P. Rabbitt et al., Smoking, drinking, and other life style factors and cognitive function in men in the Caerphilly cohort, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.53, issue.1, pp.9-14, 1999.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.53.1.9

L. Fan, Y. Sun, H. Lee, S. Yang, T. Chen et al., Marital Status, Lifestyle and Dementia: A Nationwide Survey in Taiwan, PLOS ONE, vol.60, issue.3, pp.139-154, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0139154.t003

A. Farrag, H. M. Farwiz, E. H. Khedr, R. M. Mahfouz, and O. S. , Prevalence of Alzheimer???s Disease and Other Dementing Disorders: Assiut-Upper Egypt Study, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol.9, issue.6, pp.323-328, 1998.
DOI : 10.1159/000017084

A. Fekadu, G. Medhin, D. Kebede, A. Alem, M. Prince et al., Excess mortality in severe mental illness: 10-year population-based cohort study in rural Ethiopia, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.206, issue.4, pp.289-96, 2015.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.149112

J. P. Fine and R. J. Gray, A Proportional Hazards Model for the Subdistribution of a Competing Risk, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.69, issue.446, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/2530374

C. Féart, C. Samieri, and P. Gateau, Mediterranean diet and cognitive function in older adults, Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol.13, issue.1, pp.14-18, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283331fe4

C. Féart, C. Samieri, B. Allès, and P. Gateau, Potential benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol.124, issue.01, pp.140-152, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.a1344

A. L. Fitzpatrick, L. H. Kuller, O. L. Lopez, C. H. Kawas, and W. Jagust, Survival following dementia onset: Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.229, issue.230, pp.229-230, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2004.11.022

W. M. Van-der-flier and P. Scheltens, Epidemiology and risk factors of dementia, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.76, issue.suppl_5, pp.2-7, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2005.082867

D. J. Foley, D. B. Brock, and L. D. , Trends in dementia mortality from two National Mortality Followback Surveys, Neurology, vol.60, issue.4, pp.709-711, 2003.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000047131.26946.21

M. F. Folstein, S. E. Folstein, and M. P. , Mini-mental state " . A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J. Psychiatr, vol.12, pp.189-198, 1975.

A. H. Ford and A. O. , Effect of homocysteine lowering treatment on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J. Alzheimers Dis, vol.29, pp.133-149, 2012.

A. Foubert-samier, L. Goff, M. Helmer, C. Pérès, K. Orgogozo et al., Change in leisure and social activities and risk of dementia in elderly cohort, The journal of nutrition, health & aging, vol.56, issue.4, pp.876-82, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s12603-014-0475-7

A. Gabelle and S. Lehmann, Les biomarqueurs du LCR et du plasma??: utilisation diagnostique et pronostique dans la maladie d???Alzheimer et les syndromes apparent??s, Pratique Neurologique - FMC, vol.4, issue.2, pp.65-72, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.praneu.2013.01.015

M. Gaimard and B. Libali, Vieillissement et conditions de vie des personnes âgées en République du Congo Vieillissement de la population dans les pays du Sud

G. Gambassi, K. L. Lapane, F. Landi, A. Sgadari, V. Mor et al., Gender differences in the relation between comorbidity and mortality of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, vol.53, issue.3, pp.508-516, 1999.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.53.3.508

M. Ganguli, J. Vander-bilt, J. A. Saxton, C. Shen, and H. H. Dodge, Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: A longitudinal community study, Neurology, vol.65, issue.8, pp.1210-1217, 2005.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000180520.35181.24

S. Gao, H. C. Hendrie, K. S. Hall, and H. S. , The Relationships Between Age, Sex, and the Incidence of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.55, issue.9, pp.809-815, 1998.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.809

M. Gatz, C. A. Reynolds, and L. Fratiglioni, Role of Genes and Environments for Explaining Alzheimer Disease, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.63, issue.2, pp.168-174, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.168

S. Gauthier and S. Ferris, Outcome measures for probable vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease, Int. J. Clin. Pract, vol.120, pp.29-39, 2001.

P. B. Gorelick, A. Scuteri, S. E. Black, C. Decarli, S. M. Greenberg et al., Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke, vol.42, issue.9, pp.2672-713, 2011.
DOI : 10.1161/STR.0b013e3182299496

E. Grober, H. Buschke, H. Crystal, S. Bang, and R. Dresner, Screening for dementia by memory testing, Neurology, vol.38, issue.6, pp.900-903, 1988.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.38.6.900

M. Guerchet, D. Houinato, M. N. Paraiso, V. Ahsen, N. Nubukpo et al., Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Elderly People Living in Rural Benin, West Africa, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol.27, issue.1, pp.34-41, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000188661
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00374773

M. Guerchet, P. M-'belesso, A. M. Mouanga, B. Bandzouzi, A. Tabo et al., Prevalence of dementia in elderly living in two cities of central Africa: The EDAC survey
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00607295

M. Guerchet, V. Aboyans, P. Nubukpo, P. Lacroix, J. Clément et al., Ankle-brachial index as a marker of cognitive impairment and dementia in general population. A systematic review, Atherosclerosis, vol.216, issue.2, pp.251-257, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.024
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00678362

M. Guerchet, A. M. Mouanga, P. M-'belesso, A. Tabo, B. Bandzouzi et al., Factors associated with dementia among elderly people living in two cities in Central Africa: The EDAC multicenter study, J. Alzheimers Dis, vol.29, pp.15-24, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00933435

M. Guerchet, B. Bandzouzi, P. Mbelesso, J. Clément, J. Dartigues et al., Prevalence of Dmentia in two countries of Central Africa: Comparison of rural and urban areas in the EPIDEMCA study, Neuroepidemiology, vol.41, p.253, 2013.

M. Guerchet, P. Mbelesso, A. M. Mouanga, A. Tabo, B. Bandzouzi et al., Association Between a Low Ankle-Brachial Index and Dementia in a General Elderly Population in Central Africa (Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa Study), Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.48, issue.7, pp.1135-1140, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/jgs.12310
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00925519

M. Guerchet, P. Mbelesso, B. Ndamba-bandzouzi, S. Pilleron, I. Desormais et al., EPIDEMCA): protocol for a multicentre populationbased study in rural and urban areas of the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo, Epidemiology of dementia in Central Africa SpringerPlus, vol.3, p.338, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01061648

O. Gureje, A. Ogunniyi, L. Kola, and T. Abiona, Incidence of and Risk Factors for Dementia in the Ibadan Study of Aging, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.3, issue.5, pp.869-874, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03374.x

O. Gureje, A. Ogunniyi, L. Kola, and T. Abiona, Incidence of and Risk Factors for Dementia in the Ibadan Study of Aging, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.3, issue.5, pp.869-874, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03374.x

M. N. Haan, L. Shemanski, W. J. Jagust, T. A. Manolio, and L. Kuller, The Role of <EMPH TYPE="ITAL">APOE</EMPH> ???4 in Modulating Effects of Other Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline in Elderly Persons, JAMA, vol.282, issue.1, pp.40-46, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.282.1.40

V. C. Hachinski, L. D. Iliff, E. Zilhka, D. Boulay, G. H. Mcallister et al., Cerebral Blood Flow in Dementia, Archives of Neurology, vol.32, issue.9, pp.632-637, 1975.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.1975.00490510088009

O. Hanon, Hypertension art??rielle et d??mences, Annales de Cardiologie et d'Ang??iologie, vol.63, issue.3, pp.204-208, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ancard.2014.05.011

L. E. Hebert, P. A. Scherr, J. J. Mccann, L. A. Beckett, and D. A. Evans, Is the Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease Greater for Women than for Men?, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.153, issue.2, pp.132-136, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/153.2.132

C. Helmer, Dementia and marital status at midlife and late life, BMJ, vol.339, issue.jul02 2, p.1690, 2009.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.b1690

H. C. Hendrie, B. O. Osuntokun, K. S. Hall, A. O. Ogunniyi, S. L. Hui et al., Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in two communities: Nigerian Africans and African Americans, Am. J. Psychiatry, vol.152, pp.1485-1492, 1995.

H. C. Hendrie, A. Ogunniyi, K. S. Hall, O. Baiyewu, F. W. Unverzagt et al., Incidence of Dementia and Alzheimer Disease in 2 Communities, JAMA, vol.285, issue.6, pp.739-747, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.285.6.739

H. C. Hendrie, J. Murrell, O. Baiyewu, K. A. Lane, C. Purnell et al., APOE ??4 and the risk for Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline in African Americans and Yoruba, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.18, issue.06, pp.977-985, 2014.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041

A. Heyman, B. Peterson, G. Fillenbaum, and C. Pieper, The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Part XIV: Demographic and clinical predictors of survival in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, vol.46, issue.3, pp.656-60, 1996.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.46.3.656

Y. S. Ho, X. Yang, S. C. Yeung, K. Chiu, C. F. Lau et al., Cigarette Smoking Accelerated Brain Aging and Induced Pre-Alzheimer-Like Neuropathology in Rats, PLoS ONE, vol.10, issue.175, p.36752, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0036752.g007

T. M. Hughes and K. M. Sink, Hypertension and Its Role in Cognitive Function: Current Evidence and Challenges for the Future, American Journal of Hypertension, vol.29, issue.2, pp.149-57, 2016.
DOI : 10.1093/ajh/hpv180

B. Ineichen, The epidemiology of dementia in Africa: a review, Social Science & Medicine, vol.50, issue.11, pp.1673-1677, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00392-5

B. Isaacs and A. T. Kennie, The Set Test as an Aid to the Detection of Dementia in Old People, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.123, issue.4, pp.467-470, 1973.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.123.4.467

C. Jagger, K. Andersen, M. M. Breteler, J. R. Copeland, C. Helmer et al., Prognosis with dementia in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group, Neurology, vol.54, pp.16-20, 2000.

A. F. Jorm and D. Jolley, The incidence of dementia: A meta-analysis, Neurology, vol.51, issue.3, pp.728-733, 1998.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.51.3.728

D. Juan, D. H. Zhou, J. Li, J. Y. Wang, C. Gao et al., A 2-year follow-up study of cigarette smoking and risk of dementia, European Journal of Neurology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.277-282, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/32.2.205

S. Kalmijn, M. P. Van-boxtel, M. Ocké, W. M. Verschuren, D. Kromhout et al., Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age, Neurology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.275-280, 2004.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000103860.75218.A5

A. Karp, I. Kåreholt, C. Qiu, T. Bellander, B. Winblad et al., Relation of Education and Occupation-based Socioeconomic Status to Incident Alzheimer's Disease, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.159, issue.2, pp.175-183, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwh018

R. Katzman, Education and the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, vol.43, issue.1, Part 1, pp.13-20, 1993.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.43.1_Part_1.13

D. W. Kay, D. P. Forster, and A. J. Newens, Long-term survival, place of death, and death certification in clinically diagnosed pre-senile dementia in northern England, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.177, issue.2, pp.156-162, 2000.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.177.2.156

S. P. Kennelly, B. A. Lawlor, and K. R. , Review: Blood pressure and dementia -- a comprehensive review, Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, vol.2, issue.4
DOI : 10.1177/1756285609103483

M. Kivipelto, T. Ngandu, T. Laatikainen, B. Winblad, H. Soininen et al., Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study, The Lancet Neurology, vol.5, issue.9, pp.735-741, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70537-3

R. P. Kloppenborg, E. Van-den-berg, L. J. Kappelle, and G. J. Biessels, Diabetes and other vascular risk factors for dementia: Which factor matters most? A systematic review, European Journal of Pharmacology, vol.585, issue.1, pp.97-108, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.049

A. F. Kramer and K. I. Erickson, Effects of physical activity on cognition, well-being, and brain: Human interventions, Alzheimer's & Dementia, vol.3, issue.2, pp.45-51, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.01.008

D. Koller, H. Kaduszkiewicz, H. Van-den-bussche, M. Eisele, B. Wiese et al., Survival in patients with incident dementia compared with a control group: a five-year follow-up, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.140, issue.09, pp.1522-1552, 2012.
DOI : 10.1097/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83

K. Laake and A. Oeksengaard, D-cycloserine for Alzheimer's disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.2, p.3153, 2002.

L. Lacoste and T. , Ecehelle de d'évaluation de la dépression en consultation gérontologique, Neurologie Psychiatrique Geriatrie, 2005.

L. J. Jde, A. M. López, A. Valhuerdi, M. Guerra, J. J. Llibre-guerra et al., Frailty, dependency and mortality predictors in a cohort of Cuban older adults, MEDICC Rev, vol.16, pp.24-30, 2003.

J. C. Lambert, C. A. Ibrahim-verbaas, D. Harold, A. C. Naj, R. Sims et al., Metaanalysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease

M. A. Lambert, H. Bickel, M. Prince, L. Fratiglioni, V. Strauss et al., Estimating the burden of early onset dementia; systematic review of disease prevalence, European Journal of Neurology, vol.40, issue.Pt 9, pp.563-569, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/ene.12325

L. J. Launer, K. Andersen, M. E. Dewey, L. Letenneur, A. Ott et al., Rates and risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Results from EURODEM pooled analyses, Neurology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.78-84, 1999.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.52.1.78

M. P. Lawton and E. M. Brody, ASSESSMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE, Nursing Research, vol.19, issue.3, pp.179-186, 1969.
DOI : 10.1097/00006199-197005000-00029

L. Goff, M. Helmer, C. Foubert-samier, A. Cowppli-bony, P. Berr et al., Activit??s ?? la retraite et risque de d??mence : r??sultats de l'??tude PAQUID, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.332, issue.4, pp.378-84, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.11.006

L. Letenneur, V. Gilleron, D. Commenges, C. Helmer, J. M. Orgogozo et al., Are sex and educational level independent predictors of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? Incidence data from the PAQUID project, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.66, issue.2, pp.177-183, 1999.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.66.2.177

L. Li, D. Cao, R. Desmond, A. Rahman, J. J. Lah et al., Cognitive performance and plasma levels of homocysteine

R. Li, J. Cui, and Y. Shen, Brain sex matters: Estrogen in cognition and Alzheimer???s disease, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol.389, issue.1-2, pp.13-21, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.018

C. C. Liu, C. C. Liu, T. Kanekiyo, H. Xu, and G. Bu, Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy, Nature Reviews Neurology, vol.67, issue.2, pp.106-118, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263

D. M. Lloyd-jones, J. C. Evans, and L. D. , Hypertension in Adults Across the Age Spectrum, JAMA, vol.294, issue.4, pp.466-472, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.294.4.466

A. Lobo, L. J. Launer, L. Fratiglioni, K. Andersen, D. Carlo et al., Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group, Neurology, vol.54, pp.4-9, 2000.

E. Lobo, C. Dufouil, G. Marcos, B. Quetglas, P. Saz et al., Is There an Association Between Low-to-Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Cognitive Decline?, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.172, issue.6, pp.708-716, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwq187

A. R. Longdon, S. M. Paddick, A. Kisoli, C. Dotchin, W. K. Gray et al., The prevalence of dementia in rural Tanzania: a cross-sectional community-based study, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.23, issue.7, pp.728-737, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.3880

J. A. Luchsinger, M. Tang, M. Siddiqui, S. Shea, and R. Mayeux, Alcohol Intake and Risk of Dementia, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.51, issue.4
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52159.x

J. A. Luchsinger, B. Patel, M. Tang, N. Schupf, and R. Mayeux, Measures of Adiposity and Dementia Risk in Elderly Persons, Archives of Neurology, vol.64, issue.3, pp.392-398, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.64.3.392

M. Masellis, K. Sherborn, P. Neto, D. A. Sadovnick, G. R. Hsiung et al., Early-onset dementias: diagnostic and etiological considerations, Alzheimer's Research & Therapy, vol.5, issue.Suppl 1, p.7, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60111-1

G. Mckhann, D. Drachman, M. Folstein, R. Katzman, D. Price et al., Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease, Neurology, vol.34, issue.7, pp.939-944, 1984.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939

K. Mehlig, I. Skoog, X. Guo, M. Schütze, D. Gustafson et al., Alcoholic Beverages and Incidence of Dementia: 34-Year Follow-up of the Prospective Population Study of Women in Goteborg, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.167, issue.6
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwm366

B. Michel, Y. Geda, H. Becker, and R. Petersen, Repérer le Mild Cognitive Impairment : Prédictif de la maladie d'Alzheimer ? Concours Méd Paris, pp.65-73, 2007.

M. Mielke, P. Vemuri, and W. Rocca, Clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: assessing sex and gender differences, Clin. Epidemiol, vol.6, pp.37-48, 2014.

M. M. Mielke, P. B. Rosenberg, J. Tschanz, L. Cook, C. Corcoran et al., Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease, Neurology, vol.69, issue.19, pp.1850-1858, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000279520.59792.fe

J. Mikol and A. V. Vallat-decouvelaere, Vascular dementia, Ann. Pathol, vol.20, pp.470-478, 2000.

L. Ministère-de and . Santé, des affaires sociales et de la famille (MSASF) Rapport d'évaluation du système national d'information sanitaire, 2008.

S. L. Mitchell, J. M. Teno, D. K. Kiely, M. L. Shaffer, R. N. Jones et al., The Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.361, issue.16, pp.1529-1538, 2009.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa0902234

M. A. Monnig, J. S. Tonigan, R. A. Yeo, R. J. Thoma, and B. S. Mccrady, White matter volume in alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis, Addiction Biology, vol.20, issue.3, pp.581-592, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00441.x

I. Moreno-gonzalez, L. D. Estrada, E. Sanchez-mejias, and C. Soto, Smoking exacerbates amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer???s disease, Nature Communications, vol.9, p.1495, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/ncomms2494

M. C. Morris, D. A. Evans, C. C. Tangney, J. L. Bienias, and R. S. Wilson, Fish Consumption and Cognitive Decline With Age in a Large Community Study, Archives of Neurology, vol.62, issue.12, pp.1849-1853, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.62.12.noc50161

K. J. Mukamal, L. H. Kuller, A. L. Fitzpatrick, W. T. Longstreth, M. A. Mittleman et al., Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults, JAMA, vol.289, issue.11, pp.1405-1413, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.289.11.1405

A. J. Murphy, P. M. Guyre, and P. A. Pioli, Estradiol Suppresses NF-??B Activation through Coordinated Regulation of let-7a and miR-125b in Primary Human Macrophages, The Journal of Immunology, vol.184, issue.9, pp.5029-5037, 2010.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.0903463

D. Mushi, A. Rongai, S. Paddick, C. Dotchin, C. Mtuya et al., Social representation and practices related to dementia in Hai District of Tanzania, BMC Public Health, vol.23, issue.1, pp.260-265, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.12.003

M. Musicco, K. Palmer, G. Salamone, F. Lupo, R. Perri et al., Predictors of progression of cognitive decline in Alzheimer???s disease: the role of vascular and sociodemographic factors, Journal of Neurology, vol.336, issue.10, pp.1288-1295, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00415-009-5116-4

E. J. Neafsey and C. M. , Moderate alcohol consumption and cognitive risk, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, vol.7, pp.465-484, 2011.
DOI : 10.2147/NDT.S23159

M. Naseer, H. Forssell, and C. Fagerström, Malnutrition, functional ability and mortality among older people aged ???60 years: a 7-year longitudinal study, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.26, issue.3
DOI : 10.1079/BJN2001388

A. B. Newman, D. S. Siscovick, T. A. Manolio, J. Polak, L. P. Fried et al., Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group, Circulation, vol.88, issue.3, pp.837-845, 1993.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.88.3.837

G. Nicolas, C. Charbonnier, D. Wallon, O. Quenez, C. Bellenguez et al., SORL1 rare variants: a major risk factor for familial early-onset Alzheimer???s disease, Molecular Psychiatry, vol.21, issue.6, p.2015
DOI : 10.1038/nature12975

T. Ninomiya, Diabetes Mellitus and Dementia, Current Diabetes Reports, vol.65, issue.Suppl 2, p.487, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s11892-014-0487-z

S. T. Ntuli, E. Maimela, M. Alberts, S. Choma, and S. Dikotope, Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension amongst adults in a rural community of Limpopo Province, South Africa, African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, vol.7, issue.1, p.847, 2015.
DOI : 10.4102/phcfm.v7i1.847

D. L. Nyenhuis and P. B. Gorelick, Vascular Dementia: A Contemporary Review of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.24, issue.suppl, pp.1437-1448, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb06015.x

B. Ochayi and T. T. , Risk factors for dementia in central Nigeria, Aging & Mental Health, vol.52, issue.6, pp.616-620, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.62.1.55

A. Ogunniyi, K. S. Hall, O. Gureje, O. Baiyewu, S. Gao et al., Risk factors for incident Alzheimer's disease in African Americans and Yoruba, Metabolic Brain Disease, vol.60, issue.2-3, pp.235-240, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11011-006-9017-2

A. Ogunniyi, K. A. Lane, O. Baiyewu, S. Gao, O. Gureje et al., Hypertension and incident dementia in community-dwelling elderly Yoruba Nigerians, Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol.12, issue.6, pp.396-402, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01491.x

A. Ogunniyi, S. Gao, F. W. Unverzagt, O. Baiyewu, O. Gureje et al., Weight loss and incident dementia in elderly Yoruba Nigerians: a 10-year follow-up study, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.24, issue.03, pp.387-394, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32831c8c71

O. Olayinka and N. N. Mbuyi, Epidemiology of Dementia among the Elderly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Alzheimer's Dis, pp.1-15, 2014.

O. Leary, F. Allman-farinelli, M. Samman, and S. , Vitamin B12 status, cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.29, issue.11, pp.1948-1961, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mad.2006.11.014

. Organisation-mondiale-de-la-santé, CIM-10/ICD-10, Classification internationale des troubles mentaux et des troubles du comportement. Critères diagnostiques pour la recherche, 1994.

S. Paddick, A. R. Longdon, A. Kisoli, C. Dotchin, W. K. Gray et al., Dementia prevalence estimates in sub-Saharan Africa: comparison of two diagnostic criteria, Global Health Action, vol.30, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.3880

S. Paddick, A. Kisoli, C. L. Dotchin, W. K. Gray, P. Chaote et al., Mortality rates in community-dwelling Tanzanians with dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a 4-year follow-up study, Age and Ageing, vol.44, issue.4, pp.636-641, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afv048

F. Panza, V. Frisardi, D. Seripa, G. Logroscino, A. Santamato et al., Alcohol consumption in mild cognitive impairment and dementia: harmful or neuroprotective?, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.25, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1218-1238, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.3772

J. E. Park, J. Lee, G. Suh, B. Kim, and M. J. Cho, Mortality rates and predictors in community-dwelling elderly individuals with cognitive impairment: an eight-year follow-up after initial assessment, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.28, issue.08, pp.1295-1304, 2014.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.2795

R. C. Pasternak, M. H. Criqui, E. J. Benjamin, F. G. Fowkes, E. M. Isselbacher et al., Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group I: Epidemiology, Circulation, vol.109, issue.21, pp.2605-2612, 2004.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000128518.26834.93

A. J. Perkins, S. L. Hui, A. Ogunniyi, O. Gureje, O. Baiyewu et al., Risk of mortality for dementia in a developing country: the Yoruba in Nigeria, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.13, issue.6, pp.566-573, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.643

G. Persson and I. Skoog, A PROSPECTIVE POPULATION STUDY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS FOR LATE ONSET DEMENTIA, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.42, issue.1, pp.15-22, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199601)11:1<15::AID-GPS262>3.0.CO;2-5

R. Peters, J. Peters, J. Warner, N. Beckett, and C. Bulpitt, Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review, Age and Ageing, vol.37, issue.5, pp.505-512, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afn095

R. C. Petersen, Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.57, issue.3, pp.183-194, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037//0894-4105.13.1.121

R. C. Petersen, G. E. Smith, S. C. Waring, R. J. Ivnik, E. G. Tangalos et al., Mild Cognitive Impairment, Archives of Neurology, vol.56, issue.3, pp.303-308, 1999.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.56.3.303
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00112038

N. A. Phillips, C. C. Mate-kole, and K. R. , Neuropsychological function in peripheral vascular disease amputee patients, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol.74, issue.12, pp.1309-1314, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-9993(93)90085-O

A. Pierucci-lagha and C. Derouesné, Alcoholism and aging. 2. Alcoholic dementia or alcoholic cognitive impairment, Psychol. Neuropsychiatr. Vieil, vol.1, pp.237-249, 2003.

S. Pilleron, J. Clément, B. Ndamba-bandzouzi, P. Mbelesso, J. Dartigues et al., Is dependent personality disorder associated with mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Central Africa? A result from the EPIDEMCA programme, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.457, issue.02, pp.1-10, 2014.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.123.4.467
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01073827

S. Pilleron, J. Desport, P. Jésus, P. Mbelesso, B. Ndamba-bandzouzi et al., Diet, alcohol consumption and cognitive disorders in Central Africa: A study from the EPIDEMCA program, The journal of nutrition, health & aging, vol.11, issue.6, pp.657-667, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s12603-015-0487-y
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01241244

S. Pilleron, P. Jésus, J. Desport, P. Mbelesso, B. Ndamba-bandzouzi et al., Association between mild cognitive impairment and dementia and undernutrition among elderly people in Central Africa: some results from the EPIDEMCA (Epidemiology of Dementia in Central Africa) programme, British Journal of Nutrition, vol.2, issue.02, pp.306-315, 2015.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a60a58
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204594

G. Pison, Le vieillissement démographique sera plus rapide au, 2009.

J. F. Price, S. Mcdowell, M. C. Whiteman, I. J. Deary, M. C. Stewart et al., Ankle Brachial Index as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment in the General Population: Ten-Year Follow-Up of the Edinburgh Artery Study, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.103, issue.5, pp.763-769, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00702.x

M. Prince, Epidemiology of dementia, Psychiatry, vol.6, issue.12, pp.488-490, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.10.001

M. Prince, J. J. , F. Cleusa, P. Sousa, R. Albanese et al., World Alzheimer's Disease report : The Global Prevalence of Dementia Alzheimer's Disease International. [Internet].London: Alzheimer's Disease International, the global impact of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease, 2009.

M. Prince, M. Guerchet, and M. Prina, Policy Brief for Heads of Government: The Global Impact of Dementia 2013?2050 [Internet]. London: Alzheimer's Disease International

M. Prince and A. Wimo, World Alzheimer Report: The Global economic impact of Dementia [Internet].London:Alzheimer'sDiseaseInternational

M. Prince, R. Bryce, and C. Ferri, The benefits of early diagnosis and intervention, World Alzheimer Report, 2011.

M. Prince, E. Albanese, M. Guerchet, and M. Prina, World Alzheimer Report 2014:Dementia and Risk Reduction an analysis of protective and modifiable factors. [Internet].London: Alzheimer's DiseaseInternational .september

M. Prince, A. Wimo, M. Guerchet, G. Ali, Y. Wu et al., The global impact of dementia: an analyse of prevalenc, incidence and cost trends. [Internet].London: Alzheimer's DiseaseInternational, World Alzheimer Report, vol.2015, 2015.

M. Prince, E. Albanese, M. Guerchet, and M. Prina, Nutrition and Dementia [Internet]. London: Alzheimer's Disease International; 2014 Feb p. 88. Available from

M. Prince, M. Cullen, and A. Mann, Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a case-control study based on the MRC elderly hypertension trial, Neurology, vol.44, pp.97-104, 1994.

M. Prince, D. Acosta, C. P. Ferri, M. Guerra, Y. Huang et al., Dementia incidence and mortality in middle-income countries, and associations with indicators of cognitive reserve: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based cohort study, The Lancet, vol.380, issue.9836, pp.50-58, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60399-7

M. Prince, R. Bryce, E. Albanese, A. Wimo, W. Ribeiro et al., The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis, Alzheimer's & Dementia, vol.9, issue.1, pp.63-75, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.007

M. Prince, M. Guerchet, and M. Prina, The Global Impact of Dementia, 2013.

M. Prince, E. Albanese, M. Guerchet, and M. Prima, Nutrition and Dementia: a review of available research, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01091566

L. A. Profenno, A. P. Porsteinsson, and S. V. Faraone, Meta-Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease Risk with Obesity, Diabetes, and Related Disorders, Biological Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.6, pp.505-512, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.013

C. Qiu, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni, The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia, The Lancet Neurology, vol.4, issue.8, pp.487-499, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70141-1

C. Qiu, D. De-ronchi, and L. Fratiglioni, The epidemiology of the dementias: an update, Current Opinion in Psychiatry, vol.20, issue.4, pp.380-385, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc7b

C. Qiu, W. Xu, and L. Fratiglioni, Vascular and psychosocial factors in Alzheimer's disease: epidemiological evidence toward intervention, Alzheimers Dis, vol.20, pp.689-697, 2010.

S. B. Rafnsson, I. J. Deary, and F. F. , Peripheral arterial disease and cognitive function, Vascular Medicine, vol.349, issue.1, pp.51-61, 2009.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM199811053391902

S. Ramlall, J. Chipps, B. J. Pillay, and A. L. Bhigjee, Mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a heterogeneous elderly population: prevalence and risk profile, African Journal of Psychiatry, vol.16, issue.6, 2013.
DOI : 10.4314/ajpsy.v16i6.58

R. Rao, S. Jackson, and H. R. , Neuropsychological Impairment in Stroke, Carotid Stenosis, and Peripheral Vascular Disease : A Comparison With Healthy Community Residents, Stroke, vol.30, issue.10
DOI : 10.1161/01.STR.30.10.2167

B. Reisberg, R. Doody, A. Stöffler, F. Schmitt, S. Ferris et al., Memantine in Moderate-to-Severe Alzheimer's Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.348, issue.14, pp.1333-1341, 2003.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa013128

C. Reitz, T. Den-heijer, C. Van-duijn, A. Hofman, and M. M. Breteler, Relation between smoking and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: The Rotterdam Study, Neurology, vol.69, issue.10, pp.998-1005, 2007.
DOI : 10.1212/01.wnl.0000271395.29695.9a

C. Reitz, C. Brayne, and R. Mayeux, Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease, Nature Reviews Neurology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.37-152, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.2

S. S. Richards, C. L. Emsley, J. Roberts, M. D. Murray, K. Hall et al., The Association Between Vascular Risk Factor-Mediating Medications and Cognition and Dementia Diagnosis in a Community-Based Sample of African-Americans, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.62, issue.9, pp.1035-1041, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04777.x

W. A. Rocca, M. M. Mielke, P. Vemuri, and V. M. Miller, Sex and gender differences in the causes of dementia: A narrative review, Maturitas, vol.79, issue.2, pp.196-201, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.05.008

G. C. Román, Facts, myths, and controversies in vascular dementia, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.226, issue.1-2, pp.49-52, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jns.2004.09.011

D. C. Rubinsztein and D. F. Easton, Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variation and Alzheimer???s Disease, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol.10, issue.3, pp.199-209, 1999.
DOI : 10.1159/000017120

A. Ruitenberg, J. C. Van-swieten, J. C. Witteman, K. M. Mehta, C. M. Van-duijn et al., Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study, The Lancet, vol.359, issue.9303, pp.281-286, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07493-7

M. Rusanen, M. Kivipelto, C. P. Quesenberry, J. Zhou, and W. R. , Heavy Smoking in Midlife and Long-term Risk of Alzheimer Disease and Vascular Dementia, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.171, issue.4, pp.333-339, 2011.
DOI : 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.393

T. Russ, G. D. Batty, and J. Starr, Cognitive and behavioural predictors of survival in Alzheimer disease: results from a sample of treated patients in a tertiary-referral memory clinic, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.344, issue.8, pp.844-853, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.2795

A. Safouris, T. Psaltopoulou, T. N. Sergentanis, E. Boutati, E. Kapaki et al., Vascular Risk Factors and Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease Pathogenesis: Are Conventional Pharmacological Approaches Protective For Cognitive Decline Progression?, CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets, vol.14, issue.2, pp.257-69, 2015.
DOI : 10.2174/1871527314666150217123147

H. Sakurai, H. Hanyu, T. Sato, H. Kanetaka, S. Shimizu et al., Vascular risk factors and progression in Alzheimer's disease, Geriatrics & Gerontology International, vol.56, issue.2, pp.211-214, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00669.x

A. Sánchez-villegas, C. Galbete, M. A. Martinez-gonzález, J. A. Martinez, C. Razquin et al., The effect of the Mediterranean diet on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels: The PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomized trial, Nutritional Neuroscience, vol.15, issue.7, pp.195-201, 2011.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2009.1146

A. M. Saunders, W. J. Strittmatter, D. Schmechel, P. H. George-hyslop, M. A. Pericak-vance et al., Association of apolipoprotein E allele ??4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease, Neurology, vol.43, issue.8, pp.1467-1472, 1993.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.43.8.1467

P. Saz and D. M. , Depression, depressive symptoms and mortality in persons aged 65 and over living in the community: a systematic review of the literature, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.7, issue.6, pp.622-652, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.396

N. Scarmeas, J. A. Luchsinger, A. M. Brickman, S. Cosentino, N. Schupf et al., Physical Activity and Alzheimer Disease Course, The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.19, issue.5, pp.471-481, 2011.
DOI : 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181eb00a9

S. L. Shalat, B. Seltzer, C. Pidcock, B. Jr, and E. L. , Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study, Neurology, vol.37, issue.10, pp.1630-1633, 1987.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.37.10.1630

E. Sinforiani, A. Citterio, C. Zucchella, G. Bono, S. Corbetta et al., Impact of Gender Differences on the Outcome of Alzheimer???s Disease, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, vol.30, issue.2, pp.147-54, 2010.
DOI : 10.1159/000318842

J. A. Sonnen, E. B. Larson, S. L. Gray, A. Wilson, S. G. Kohama et al., Free radical damage to cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease, microvascular brain injury, and smoking, Annals of Neurology, vol.297, issue.2, pp.226-229, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.21508

M. J. Stampfer, Cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease: common links, Journal of Internal Medicine, vol.59, issue.3, pp.211-223, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12417-4

Y. Stern, Cognitive reserve???, Neuropsychologia, vol.47, issue.10, pp.2015-2028, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00863749

P. N. Tariot, M. R. Farlow, G. T. Grossberg, S. M. Graham, S. Mcdonal et al., Memantine Treatment in Patients With Moderate to Severe Alzheimer Disease Already Receiving Donepezil, JAMA, vol.291, issue.3, pp.317-324, 2004.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.291.3.317

A. Tchernof and D. , Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update, Physiological Reviews, vol.93, issue.1, pp.59-404, 2013.
DOI : 10.1152/physrev.00033.2011

S. Todd, S. Barr, M. Roberts, and A. P. Passmore, Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, vol.336, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1109-1124, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/gps.3946

K. Touré, M. Coumé, and D. Ndiaye-ndongo, Pr??valence de la d??mence dans une population de personnes ??g??es s??n??galaises, African Journal of Neurological Sciences, vol.27, issue.2, pp.30-43, 2008.
DOI : 10.4314/ajns.v27i2.55089

J. Touchon and F. Portet, Mild Cognitive Impairment, La Presse M??dicale, vol.36, issue.10, pp.1464-1468, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lpm.2007.04.019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00294905

T. Truelsen, D. Thudium, and M. Grønbaek, Amount and type of alcohol and risk of dementia: The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Neurology, vol.59, issue.9, pp.1313-1319, 2002.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000031421.50369.E7

N. Tsuno and A. Homma, What is the association between depression and Alzheimer???s disease?, Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, vol.9, issue.11, pp.1667-1676, 2009.
DOI : 10.1586/ern.09.106

M. Valenzuela, M. Esler, K. Ritchie, and H. Brodaty, Antihypertensives for combating dementia? A perspective on candidate molecular mechanisms and population-based prevention, Translational Psychiatry, vol.21, issue.230, p.107, 2012.
DOI : 10.1038/tp.2012.28

P. Van-der-poel and H. , Algorithmic case prediction in relation to local clinician diagnosis in an indigenous South African population.27th International Conference of Alzheimer's Disease International, 2012.

I. Van-de-vorst, H. Koek, R. De-vries, M. Bots, and J. Reitsma, Effect of Vascular Risk Factors and Diseases on Mortality in Individuals with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.184, issue.25 Suppl 2, pp.37-46, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/jgs.13835

B. A. Veld, A. Ruitenberg, A. Hofman, B. H. Stricker, and M. M. Breteler, Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: the Rotterdam Study, Neurobiology of Aging, vol.22, issue.3, pp.407-412, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00241-4

. Villarejo, J. Benito-leon, R. Trincado, I. Posada, V. Puertas-martin et al., Dementiaassociated mortality at thirteen years in the NEDICES Cohort Study, Alzheimers Dis, vol.26, pp.543-551, 2011.

J. Viña and A. Lloret, Why women have more Alzheimer's disease than men: gender and mitochondrial toxicity of amyloid-beta peptide, Alzheimers Dis, vol.20, pp.527-533, 2010.

K. L. Viola and W. L. Klein, Amyloid ?? oligomers in Alzheimer???s disease pathogenesis, treatment, and diagnosis, Acta Neuropathologica, vol.37, issue.4, pp.183-206, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s00401-015-1386-3

T. Vogel, N. Dali-youcef, G. Kaltenbach, and E. Andrès, , folate and cognitive functions: a systematic and critical review of the literature, International Journal of Clinical Practice, vol.8, issue.7, pp.1061-1067, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02026.x

M. T. Vogt, S. K. Wolfson, and K. L. , Lower extremity arterial disease and the aging process: A review, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol.45, issue.5, pp.529-542, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90102-S

G. S. Watson and S. Craft, The Role of Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer??s Disease, CNS Drugs, vol.275, issue.36, pp.27-45, 2003.
DOI : 10.2165/00023210-200317010-00003

E. R. Walker, R. E. Mcgee, and D. B. , Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications, JAMA Psychiatry, vol.72, issue.4, pp.334-375, 2015.
DOI : 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502

S. Weyerer, M. Schäufele, B. Wiese, W. Maier, F. Tebarth et al., Current alcohol consumption and its relationship to incident dementia: results from a 3-year follow-up study among primary care attenders aged 75 years and older, Age and Ageing, vol.40, issue.4, pp.456-463, 2011.
DOI : 10.1093/ageing/afr007

L. White, Educational attainment and mid-life stress as risk factors for dementia in late life, Brain, vol.133, issue.8, pp.2180-2182, 2010.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/awq201

R. A. Whitmer, E. P. Gunderson, E. Barrett-connor, C. P. Quesenberry, and Y. K. , Obesity in middle age and future risk of dementia: a 27 year longitudinal population based study, BMJ, vol.330, issue.7504, p.1360, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.38446.466238.E0

W. C. Willett, F. Sacks, A. Trichopoulou, G. Drescher, A. Ferro-luzzi et al., Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating, Am. J. Clin. Nutr, vol.61, pp.1402-1406, 1995.

R. S. Wilson, N. T. Aggarwal, L. L. Barne, J. L. Bienias, C. F. Mendes-de-leon et al., Biracial Population Study of Mortality in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer Disease, Archives of Neurology, vol.66, issue.6, pp.767-772, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/archneurol.2009.80

A. Wimo, L. Jönsson, J. Bond, M. Prince, and B. Winblad, The worldwide economic impact of dementia 2010, Alzheimer's & Dementia, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.006

J. Xie, C. Brayne, and F. Matthews, Survival times in people with dementia: analysis from population based cohort study with 14 year follow-up, BMJ, vol.336, issue.7638, pp.258-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.39433.616678.25

W. L. Xu, C. X. Qiu, A. Wahlin, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni, Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: A 6-year follow-up study, Neurology, vol.63, issue.7, pp.1181-1186, 2004.
DOI : 10.1212/01.WNL.0000140291.86406.D1

W. L. Xu, A. R. Atti, M. Gatz, N. L. Pedersen, B. Johansson et al., Midlife overweight and obesity increase late-life dementia risk: A population-based twin study, Neurology, vol.76, issue.18, pp.1568-1574, 2011.
DOI : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182190d09

A. J. Yusuf, O. Baiyewu, T. L. Sheikh, and S. A. , Prevalence of dementia and dementia subtypes among community-dwelling elderly people in northern Nigeria, International Psychogeriatrics, vol.13, issue.03, pp.379-386, 2001.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.58.11.1803

R. Zazzo, Test des deux barrages, Actualités Pédagogiques et Psychologiques. Neuchâtel: Delachaux et Nestlé, 1974.

B. Zhou, Q. Zhao, S. Teramukai, D. Ding, Q. Guo et al., Executive function predicts survival in Alzheimer disease: a study in Shanghai, J Alzheimers Dis, vol.22, pp.673-682, 2010.

H. Liste-des-communications, M. Samba, N. Guerchet, G. Ndambabandzouzi, P. Kehoua et al., Dementia associated mortality risk among older adult in Sub-Saharan Africa :Results of a two-year follow-up in the EPIDEMCA study, Annexe, vol.1, pp.1-4, 2015.

H. Samba, M. Guerchet, N. Ndambabandzouzi, G. Kehoua, P. Mbelesso et al., Incidence of dementia among older adults in central Africa: first results from the republic of Congo in the epidemca -FU study. Communication orale présentée à l'Alzheimer's Association International Conference, pp.18-23, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01259276

P. Aboyans and . Lacroix, Ankle brachial index predicts two year mortality in Sub-Saharan older adults. Poster présenté au congrès de l'European society of, Londres (United Kingdom), du 29 Août au 2 septembre 2015

P. Aboyans and . Lacroix, Ankle brachial index predicts two year mortality in Sub-Saharan older adults. Poster présenté à la journée scientifique IGEIST, pp.4-2015

. Si, dose habituelle d'alcool que vous buvez en 1 semaine normale? Notez le nombre de doses bues par semaine Bière (1 dose = 33cl, 1 bouteille=65cl=2doses) : ?????????? Liqueur (1 dose = 25 ml)