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T. States?florida and . Mississippi, Tennessee?did so with respect only to child rape See Coker, supra, at 594? 595 (plurality opinion) All six statutes were later invalidated under state or federal law. See Coker, supra (striking down Georgia's capital rape statute)

W. Carolina, plurality opinion) (striking down North Carolina's mandatory death penalty statute, pp.301-305, 1976.

R. V. Louisiana, (striking down Louisiana's mandatory death penalty statute); Collins v. State, 550 S, Tenn. 12 KENNEDY v. LOUISIANA Opinion of the Court 1977) (striking down Tennessee's mandatory death penalty statute), p.325, 1976.

B. V. State, 403 So. 2d 943, 951 (Fla. 1981) (holding unconstitutional the imposition of death for child rape)

L. V. State, ) (striking down the death penalty for child rape on state-law grounds) Louisiana reintroduced the death penalty for rape of a child in 1995 Under the current statute, any anal, vaginal, or oral intercourse with a child under the age of 13 constitutes aggravated rape and is punishable by death, pp.402-403, 1989.

. Stat and . Ann, §14:42 (West Supp Mistake of age is not a defense, so the statute imposes strict liability in this regard. Five States have since followed Louisiana's lead: Georgia, see Ga. Code Ann, pp.16-22, 2007.

S. Montana and . Mont, Code Ann Supp.) (enacted 2006); South Carolina, see S. C. Code Ann); and Texas, see Tex. Penal Code Ann Four of these States' statutes are more narrow than Louisiana's in that only offenders with a previous rape conviction are death eligible, West Supp. 2007) (enacted 2007); see also Tex. Penal Code Ann. §22.021(a) (West Supp, pp.45-50, 1997.

S. Mont, . Code-ann-okla, and . Stat, ); Tex. Penal Code Ann Georgia's statute makes child rape a capital offense only when aggravating circumstances are present, including but not limited to a prior conviction. See Ga. Code Ann By contrast, 44 States have not made child rape a capital offense As for federal law, Congress in the Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994 expanded the number of federal crimes for which the death penalty is a permissible sentence , including certain nonhomicide offenses; but it did not do the same for child rape or abuse Under 18 U. S. C. §2245, an offender is death eligible only when the sexual abuse or exploitation results in the victim's death. Petitioner claims the death penalty for child rape is not authorized in Georgia, pointing to a 1979 decision in which the Supreme Court of Georgia stated that " [s]tatutory rape is not a capital crime in Georgia, See 108 Stat. Opinion of the Court 1972 (codified as amended in scattered sections of 18 U. S. C.) Presnell v. State, 243 Ga But it appears Presnell was referring to the separate crime of statutory rape, which is not a capital offense in Georgia, see Ga. Code Ann cf. Ga. Code. Ann, pp.45-50, 1969.

C. Ann and S. E. , Neither the United States Supreme Court, nor this Court, has yet addressed whether the death penalty is unconstitutionally disproportionate for the crime of raping a child State v. Velazquez, 283 Ga Respondent would include Florida among those States that permit the death penalty for child rape. The state statute does authorize, by its terms, the death penalty for " sexual battery upon . . . a person less than 12 years of age); see also §921 In 1981, however, the Supreme Court of Florida held the death penalty for child sexual assault to be unconstitutional . See Buford, supra. It acknowledged that Coker addressed only the constitutionality of the death penalty for rape of an adult woman, 403 So. 2d, at 950, but held that " [t]he reasoning of the justices in Coker . . . compels [the conclusion] that a sentence of death is grossly disproportionate and excessive punishment for the crime of sexual assault and is therefore forbidden by the Eighth 14 KENNEDY v. LOUISIANA Opinion of the Court Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment, at 951. Respondent points out that the state statute has not since been amended. Pursuant to Fla however, Florida state courts have understood Buford to bind their sentencing discretion in child rape cases. See, e.g., Gibson v. State, 721 So. 2d 363, 367, and n. 2 (Fla. App. 1998) (deeming it irrelevant that " the Florida Legislature never changed the wording of the sexual battery statute, pp.16-22, 2007.

C. V. Statefla and . App, After Buford, death was no longer a possible penalty in Florida for sexual battery " ); see also Fla, pp.453-455, 1984.

F. Supreme-court, the court having jurisdiction over a person previously sentenced to death for a capital felony . . . shall sentence such person to life imprisonment " ) Definitive resolution of state-law issues is for the States' own courts, and there may be disagreement over the statistics It is further true that some States, including States that have addressed the issue in just the last few years, have made child rape a capital offense. The summary recited here, however, does allow us to make certain comparisons with the data cited in the Atkins, Roper, and Enmund cases When Atkins was decided in 2002, 30 States, including 12 noncapital jurisdictions, prohibited the death penalty for mentally retarded offenders When Roper was decided in 2005, the numbers disclosed a similar division among the States: 30 States prohibited the death penalty for juveniles, 18 of which permitted the death penalty for other offenders; and 20 States authorized it. See 543 U. S., at 564. Both in Atkins and in Roper, we noted that the practice of executing mentally retarded and juvenile offenders was infrequent . Only five States had executed an offender known to have an IQ below 70 between 1989 and 2002, see At- Opinion of the Court their view, legislation authorizing capital punishment for child rape is pending. See Brief for Missouri Governor Matt Blunt et al. as Amici Curiae 2, 14. It is not our practice, nor is it sound, to find contemporary norms based upon state legislation that has been proposed but not yet enacted, §775.082, pp.313-315, 2008.

S. Leg and R. Sess, In Tennessee, the house bills were rejected almost a year ago, and the senate bills appear to have died in committee. See H. R. 601, 105th Gen. Assembly, 1st Reg. Sess. (2007) (taken off Subcommittee Calendar on); H. R. 662, ibid. (failed for lack of second on Mar, 1099, ibid. (taken off notice for Judiciary Committee calendar on); S. 22, ibid. (referred to General Subcommittee of Senate Finance, Ways, and Means Committee on, 2007.

S. Ala, A. , and J. , dissenting child rape were opposed on the ground that enactment would be futile and costly. In Oklahoma, the opposition to the State's capital childrape statute argued that Coker had already ruled the death penalty unconstitutional as applied to cases of rape. See Oklahoma Senate News Release, Senator Nichols Targets Child Predators with Death Penalty, Child Abuse Response Team, Clerk of Court's case file), 2006.

J. Louisiana-alito, K. V. Louisiana-alito, and J. , the law would impose an excessive punishment and fail to pass the proportionality test established by the U. S. Supreme Court " and arguing that Texas should not enact a law of questionable constitutionality simply because it is politically popular, especially given clues by the U. S. Supreme Court that death penalty laws that would be rarely imposed or that are not sup- 8 KENNEDY v dissenting which requires States receiving certain federal funds to establish registration systems for convicted sex offenders and to notify the public about persons convicted of the sexual abuse of minors, House Research Organization Bill Analysis All 50 States have now enacted such statutes. 3 In addition, at least 21 States and the ?????? 3, 2007.

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