. Bibliographie and A. Arcam, Arcam launches arcam q20, décembre 2013. http ://www.arcam.com/arcam-today-launches-arcam-q20-a-new-ebm- system-specifically-designed-for-cost-efficient-manufacturing-of-aerospace- related-components

. Arcam, AB : Machines EBM de la société arcam, 2014.

M. [. Al-bermani, W. Blackmore, I. Zhang, and . Todd, The Origin of Microstructural Diversity, Texture, and Mechanical Properties in Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, vol.40, issue.13, pp.413422-3434, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11661-010-0397-x

A. [. Anselmetti, K. Chep, F. Mawussi, and . Villeneuve, Feature-state approach for operation sequence generation Surface roughness prediction using measured data and interpolation in layered manufacturing, AKL09] Daekeon Ahn, pp.93-102664, 1997.

[. Ansys, Site officiel du logiciel ANSYS, 2014.

[. Boothroyd, P. Dewhurst, and W. A. Knight, Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, Third Edition, 2010.

[. Byun and H. Kwan, Determination of the optimal build direction for different rapid prototyping processes using multi-criterion decision making, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol.22, issue.1, pp.69-80, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rcim.2005.03.001

[. Bonnard, P. Mognol, and J. Hascoët, A new digital chain for additive manufacturing processes, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, vol.8, issue.2, p.75, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compind.2005.06.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00633293

]. S. Bpa-+-11, A. Biamino, U. Penna, S. Ackelid, O. Sabbadini et al., Electron beam melting of

[. Boyard, O. Rivette, S. Christmann, and . Richir, Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation A design methodology for parts using additive manufacturing, Paulo da Silva Bártolo et Ana de Lemos, éditeurs : High Value Manufacturing : Advanced Research in Virtual and Rapid Prototyping, pp.48-50, 2011.

M. Philip-bendsoe-et-ole, S. S. Basturk, F. Senbabaoglu, C. Islam, M. Erten et al., Titanium machining with new plasma boronized cutting tools Joze Balic et Igor Drstvensek : Speed and accuracy evaluation of additive manufacturing machines Ludovico : 3d finite element analysis in the selective laser melting process, Cas05] Laura Castillo : Study about the rapid manufactoring of complex parts of stainless steel and titanium. Rapport technique, AIMME (Instituto Tecnológico Metalmecánico)CG95] K. D. Christian et R. M. German : Relation between pore structure and fatigue behavior in sintered iron-copper-carbon. International journal of powder metallurgy, pp.101-10464, 1995.

D. E. Cooper, M. Stanford, K. A. Kibble, and G. J. Gibbons, Additive Manufacturing for product improvement at Red Bull Technology, Materials & Design, vol.41, issue.7, pp.226-230, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.05.017

O. Diegel, S. Singamneni, S. Reay, A. Withell, P. Sander et al., Tools for sustainable product design : Additive manufacturing Laser additive manufacturing and bionics : Redefining lightweight design Committee : Specification for wrought titanium-6Aluminum- 4Vanadium alloy for surgical implant applications (UNS r56400) Rapport technique Rapport technique, Eng14] Altair Engineering : Site officiel des logiciels inspire et hyperworksF0409] F04 Committee : Specification for titanium-6Aluminum-4Vanadium alloy castings for surgical implants (UNS r56406), pp.68-75, 2008.

T. Farineau, P. Duverlie, and J. Castelain, Estimation des coûts en production mécanique, volume Référence BM7076, 1999.

S. Flavio, . Fogliatto, J. C. Giovani, D. Da-silveira, and . Borenstein, The mass customization decade : An updated review of the literature, International Journal of Production Economics, vol.138, issue.1, pp.14-25, 2012.

J. Fenn and M. Raskino, Mastering the Hype Cycle : How to Choose the Right Innovation at the Right Time, 2008.

[. Freour, Une prothèse de crâne imprimée en 3D posée avec succès, mars 2014

. Gar13 and . Gartner, Gartner's hype cycle special report for 2013, 2013.

H. J. Gam, H. Cao, J. Bennett, C. Helmkamp, and C. Farr, Application of design for disassembly in men's jacket : A study on sustainable apparel design, International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, vol.23, issue.23, pp.83-94, 2011.

D. [. Gerard, Koss : Low cycle fatigue crack initiation : modeling the effect of porosity, International journal of powder metallurgy, vol.26, issue.4, pp.337-343, 1990.

[. Gmbh, Fiche technique EOS m 400, 2014.

I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, and B. Stucker, Extrusion-Based Systems, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, pp.160-186, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4939-2113-3_6

L. A. Ola, O. Harrysson, D. J. Cansizoglu, D. R. Marcellin-little, . Cormier et al., West II : Direct metal fabrication of titanium implants with tailored materials and mechanical properties using electron beam melting technology, Materials Science and Engineering : C, vol.28, issue.3, pp.366-373, 2008.

[. Hopkinson, R. Hague, and P. Dickens, Rapid Manufacturing : An Industrial Revolution for a Digital Age : An Industrial Revolution for the Digital Age, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/0470033991

A. Mohammad-hosseini, S. H. Masood, D. Fraser, and M. Jahedi, Mechanical Properties Investigation of HIP and As-Built EBM Parts, Advanced Materials Research, vol.576, pp.216-219, 2012.
DOI : 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.576.216

R. Ippolito, L. Iuliano, and A. Gatto, Benchmarking of Rapid Prototyping Techniques in Terms of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.157-160, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62296-3

D. Kim, S. W. Bae, and K. H. Choi, Development of industrial SFF system using dual laser and optimal process, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol.23, issue.6, pp.659-666, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rcim.2007.02.007

. P. Kbs-+-12-]-k, A. Karunakaran, S. Bernard, L. Suryakumar, G. Dembinski et al., Rapid manufacturing of metallic objects, Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol.18, issue.4, pp.264-280, 2012.

[. Kim, K. Choi, Y. Doh, and D. Kim, Fabrication of parts and their evaluation using a dual laser in the solid freeform fabrication system, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.209, issue.10, pp.4857-4866, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.01.005

W. Kellens, E. Dewulf, J. Yasa, and . Duflou, Environmental analysis of SLM and SLS manufacturing processes, Proceeding of the 17th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, pp.423-428, 2010.

. P. Kfr-+-03-]-j, L. Kruth, M. Froyen, J. Rombouts, P. Van-vaerenbergh et al., New ferro powder for selective laser sintering of dense parts, CIRP Annals -Manufacturing Technology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.139-142, 2003.

-. C. Tsai, S. H. Kuo, . Huang, -. Hong, and . Zhang, Design for manufacture and design for 'X' : concepts, applications, and perspectives, Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol.41, issue.3, pp.241-260, 2001.

A. Koguchi and N. Kikuchi, A surface reconstruction algorithm for topology optimization, Engineering with Computers, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00366-006-0023-0

J. [. Kumar and . Kruth, Effect of bronze infiltration into laser sintered metallic parts, Materials & Design, vol.28, issue.2, pp.400-407, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.09.016

[. Kruth, G. Levy, F. Klocke, and T. H. , Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol.56, issue.2, pp.730-759, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cirp.2007.10.004

P. [. Kerbrat and J. Mognol, Manufacturing complexity evaluation at the design stage for both machining and layered manufacturing, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, vol.2, issue.3, pp.208-215, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cirpj.2010.03.007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00522092

[. Koren, The Global Manufacturing Revolution : Product-Process- Business Integration and Reconfigurable Systems, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470618813

S. [. Karunakaran, U. Suryakumar, A. Chandrasekhar, and . Bernard, Hybrid rapid manufacturing of metallic objects, International Journal of Rapid Manufacturing, vol.1, issue.4, pp.433-455, 2010.
DOI : 10.1504/IJRAPIDM.2010.036116

. Ksj-+-00-]-k, P. Karunakaran, . Vivekananda-shanmuganathan, P. Sanjay-janardhan-jadhav, A. Bhadauria et al., Rapid prototyping of metallic parts and moulds, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.105, issue.3, pp.371-381, 2000.

]. Kvdsbm96, B. Kruth, J. E. Van-der-schueren, B. Bonse, and . Morren, Basic powder metallurgical aspects in selective metal powder sintering, CIRP Annals -Manufacturing Technology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.183-186, 1996.

]. J. Kvvvm05, B. Kruth, . Vandenbroucke, . J. Ing, P. Vaerenbergh-van et al., Benchmarking of different SLS/SLM processes as rapid manufacturing techniques, Proceedings of the PMI, 2005.

[. Laszczyk, Homogénéisation et optimisation topologique de panneaux architecturés, Thèse de doctorat, 2011.

W. Lu, F. Lin, J. Han, H. Qi, and N. Yan, Scan strategy in electron beam selective melting, Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol.14, issue.S1, pp.120-126, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1007-0214(09)70078-1

G. N. Levy, R. Schindel, and J. P. Kruth, RAPID MANUFACTURING AND RAPID TOOLING WITH LAYER MANUFACTURING (LM) TECHNOLOGIES, STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol.52, issue.2, pp.589-609, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60206-6

L. E. Murr, E. V. Esquivel, S. A. Quinones, S. M. Gaytan, M. I. Lopez et al., Microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-rapid manufactured Ti???6Al???4V biomedical prototypes compared to wrought Ti???6Al???4V, Materials Characterization, vol.60, issue.2, pp.96-105, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matchar.2008.07.006

. E. Mgc-+-10-]-l, S. M. Murr, A. Gaytan, E. Ceylan, J. L. Martinez et al., Characterization of titanium aluminide alloy components fabricated by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting, Acta Materialia, issue.5, pp.581887-1894, 2010.

M. Mottonen, J. Harkonen, P. Belt, H. Haapasalo, and J. Simila, Managerial view on design for manufacturing, Industrial Management & Data Systems, vol.109, issue.6, pp.859-872, 2009.
DOI : 10.1108/02635570910968081

P. Muller, J. Y. Hascoet, and P. Mognol, A Method for the Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Material Parts, Advanced Materials Research, vol.698, pp.117-126, 2013.
DOI : 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.698.117

P. Mercelis and J. Kruth, Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting, Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol.12, issue.5, pp.254-265, 2006.
DOI : 10.1108/13552540610707013

J. Munguia, J. Lloveras, S. Llorens, and T. Laoui, Development of an AI-based Rapid Manufacturing Advice System, International Journal of Production Research, vol.46, issue.3, pp.2261-2278, 2010.
DOI : 10.1080/00207540802552675

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00565388

[. Nouvelle, Premier vol pour un avion de combat tornado équipé de pièces imprimées en 3D, janvier 2014

[. Pahl, W. Beitz, J. Feldhusen, and K. Grote, Engineering Design : A Systematic Approach, 2007.

J. Perrin, Concevoir l'innovation industrielle : méthodologie de conception de l'innovation, CNRS Editions, 2001.

[. Pham and R. Gault, A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol.38, issue.10-11, pp.10-111257, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0890-6955(97)00137-5

I. Posch, H. Ogawa, C. Lindinger, R. Haring, and H. Hörtner, Introducing the FabLab as interactive exhibition space, Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children, IDC '10, pp.254-257, 2010.
DOI : 10.1145/1810543.1810584

R. Ponche, Méthodologie de conception pour la fabrication additive, application à la projection de poudres, Thèse de doctorat, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2013.

J. Preveraud, Fabrication additive de grandes dimensions, février 2014

N. [. Pandey and S. G. Venkata-reddy, Dhande : Part deposition orientation studies in layered manufacturing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.185, pp.1-3125, 2007.

. K. Rkg-+-13-]-h, N. V. Rafi, H. Karthik, T. L. Gong, . Starr et al., Stucker : Microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V parts fabricated by selective laser melting and electron beam melting, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, issue.12, pp.223872-3883, 2013.

[. Reinhart and S. Teufelhart, Load-Adapted Design of Generative Manufactured Lattice Structures, Physics Procedia, vol.12, pp.385-392, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.phpro.2011.03.049

[. Scaravetti, P. Dubois, and R. Duchamp, Qualification of rapid prototyping tools: proposition of a procedure and a test part, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.47, issue.Issue 6, pp.683-690, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00170-007-1129-2

S. Sivaloganathan and P. Hills, Design for excellence, Journal of Engineering Design, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-2, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/09544820010031599

N. [. Spierings, G. Herres, and . Levy, Influence of the particle size distribution on surface quality and mechanical properties in AM steel parts, Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol.17, issue.3, pp.195-202, 2011.
DOI : 10.1108/13552541111124770

K. Sawako and M. Panagiotis, Site officiel de topostruct, 2014.

J. [. Smith and . Tlusty, Current Trends in High-Speed Machining, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, vol.119, issue.4B, pp.664-666, 1997.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2836806

[. Tollenaere, P. Belloy, and S. Tichkiewitch, A part description model for the preliminary design Advanced CAD/CAM Systems?State-ofthe-art and future trends in feature technology, 1995.

[. Taminger and R. Hafley, Electron beam freeform fabrication : a rapid metal deposition process, Proceedings of the 3rd annual automotive composites conference, 2003.

[. Thomas, The Development of Design Rules for Selective Laser Melting. Thesis, 2010.

L. Thijs, F. Verhaeghe, T. C. Van-humbeeck, and J. Kruth, A study of the microstructural evolution during selective laser melting of Ti???6Al???4V, Acta Materialia, vol.58, issue.9, pp.3303-3312, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.02.004

[. Vayre, F. Vignat, and F. Villeneuve, Etat des lieux des technologies de fabrication additive métallique, Actes du 12ème Colloque National AIP PRIMECA, Le Mont Dore, 29 Mars-1er avril 2011 : Produits, Procédés et Systèmes Industriels : intégration Réel- Virtuel, page 9, 2011.

]. B. Vvv12a, F. Vayre, F. Vignat, and . Villeneuve, Designing for additive manufacturing, Procedia CIRP, vol.3, pp.632-637, 2012.

F. Vvv12b-]-benjamin-vayre, F. Vignat, and . Villeneuve, Metallic additive manufacturing: state-of-the-art review and prospects, Mechanics & Industry, vol.13, issue.2, pp.89-96, 2012.
DOI : 10.1051/meca/2012003

[. Vayre, Identification on Some Design Key Parameters for Additive Manufacturing: Application on Electron Beam Melting, Procedia CIRP, vol.7, pp.264-269, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.procir.2013.05.045

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00948914

T. Terry and . Wohlers, Wohlers report 2011 : additive manufacturing and 3D printing state of the industry annual worldwide progress report, 2011.

X. Xu, E. Sachs, and S. Allen, The design of conformal cooling channels in injection molding tooling, Polymer Engineering & Science, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1265-1279, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/pen.10827

F. Xu, Y. S. Wong, and H. T. Loh, Toward generic models for comparative evaluation and process selection in rapid prototyping and manufacturing, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol.19, issue.5, pp.283-296, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0278-6125(01)89001-4

P. [. Yadroitsev, I. Bertrand, and . Smurov, Parametric analysis of the selective laser melting process, Applied Surface Science, vol.253, issue.19, pp.8064-8069, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.088

A. [. Yadroitsev and I. Gusarov, Single track formation in selective laser melting of metal powders, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.210, issue.12, pp.1624-1631, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.05.010

A. Yakovlev, E. Trunova, D. Grevey, and M. , Laser-assisted direct manufacturing of functionally graded 3D objects, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.190, issue.1, pp.15-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.070

[. Yadroitsev, I. Yadroitsava, P. Bertrand, and I. Smurov, Factor analysis of selective laser melting process parameters and geometrical characteristics of synthesized single tracks, Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol.18, issue.3, pp.201-208, 2012.
DOI : 10.1108/13552541211218117

G. N. Levy, R. Schindel, and J. Kruth, Rapid prototyping and manufacturing technology: principle, representative technics , applications, and development trends, CIRP Annals ? Manuf. Technol, pp.52-589, 2003.

D. Pham and R. Gault, A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol.38, issue.10-11, pp.1257-1287, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0890-6955(97)00137-5

J. Kruth, G. Levy, F. Klocke, and T. Childs, Consolidation phenomena in laser and powder-bed based layered manufacturing, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol.56, issue.2, pp.56-730, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cirp.2007.10.004

S. Kumar and J. Kruth, Effect of bronze infiltration into laser sintered metallic parts, Materials & Design, vol.28, issue.2, pp.400-407, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matdes.2005.09.016

P. J. Kruth, B. Vandenbroucke, I. J. Van-vaerenbergh, and P. Mercelis, Benchmarking of different SLS/SLM processes as rapid manufacturing techniques, 2005.

I. Yadroitsev, A. Gusarov, I. Yadroitsava, and I. Smurov, Single track formation in selective laser melting of metal powders, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.210, issue.12, pp.210-1624, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.05.010

I. Yadroitsev, P. Bertrand, and I. Smurov, Parametric analysis of the selective laser melting process, Applied Surface Science, vol.253, issue.19, pp.8064-8069, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.088

W. Lu, F. Lin, J. Han, H. Qi, and N. Yan, Scan strategy in electron beam selective melting, Tsinghua Science and Technology, vol.14, issue.S1, pp.120-126, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1007-0214(09)70078-1

F. Xu, Y. S. Wong, and H. T. Loh, Toward generic models for comparative evaluation and process selection in rapid prototyping and manufacturing, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, vol.19, issue.5, pp.283-296, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0278-6125(01)89001-4

D. Scaravetti, P. Dubois, and R. Duchamp, Qualification of rapid prototyping tools: proposition of a procedure and a test part, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol.47, issue.Issue 6, pp.38-683, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00170-007-1129-2

D. Ahn, H. Kim, and S. Lee, Surface roughness prediction using measured data and interpolation in layered manufacturing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.209, issue.2, pp.664-671, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.050

H. Kim, K. Choi, Y. Doh, and D. Kim, Fabrication of parts and their evaluation using a dual laser in the solid freeform fabrication system, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol.209, issue.10, pp.4857-4866, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2009.01.005

J. Kruth, L. Froyen, M. Rombouts, J. Van-vaerenbergh, and P. Mercells, New Ferro Powder for Selective Laser Sintering of Dense Parts, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.139-142, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60550-2

A. Yakovlev, E. Trunova, D. Grevey, M. Pilloz, and I. Smurov, Laser-assisted direct manufacturing of functionally graded 3D objects, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.190, issue.1, pp.15-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.07.070

L. Murr, Microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam-rapid manufactured Ti???6Al???4V biomedical prototypes compared to wrought Ti???6Al???4V, Materials Characterization, vol.60, issue.2, pp.60-96, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.matchar.2008.07.006

S. Biamino, Electron beam melting of Ti-48Al-2Cr- 2Nb alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties investigation Tools for Sustainable product design: additive manufacturing, Intermetallics J. Sustainable Development, vol.3, pp.68-75, 2010.

K. Kellens, W. Dewulf, E. Yasa, and J. Duflou, Environmental analysis of SLM and SLS manufacturing processes, Proceeding of the 17th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, pp.2010-423

I. Yadroitsev, L. Thivillon, P. Bertrand, and I. Smurov, Strategy of manufacturing components with designed internal structure by selective laser melting of metallic powder, Applied Surface Science, vol.254, issue.4, pp.980-983, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.08.046

R. Bonnard, P. Mognol, and J. Hascoët, A new digital chain for additive manufacturing processes, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, vol.8, issue.2, p.75, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compind.2005.06.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00633293