B. Barnier, G. Madec, T. Penduff, J. M. Molines, A. M. Treguier et al., Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution, Ocean Dyn, vol.56, issue.5-6, pp.543-567, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00183611

R. Benshila, F. Durand, S. Masson, R. Bourdall-badie, C. De-boyer-montgut et al., The upper bay of bengal salinity structure in a high-resolution model, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00957768

A. Biastoch, C. W. Böning, J. Getzlaff, J. M. Molines, and G. Madec, Causes of interannualdecadal variability in the meridional overturning circulation of the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim, vol.21, issue.24, pp.6599-6615, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00769988

B. Blanke and P. Delecluse, Low frequency variability of the tropical atlantic ocean simulated by a general circulation model with mixed layer physics, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.23, pp.1363-1388, 1993.

S. Bower and H. Hunt, Lagrangian observations of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the North Atlantic Ocean. Part II: The Gulf Stream Deep Western Boundary Current crossover ?, J. Phys. Oceanogr, pp.784-804, 1990.

A. S. Bower, M. S. Lozier, S. F. Gary, and C. W. Böning, Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Nature, vol.459, issue.7244, pp.243-247, 2009.

A. Bower, S. Lozier, and S. Gary, Export of labrador sea water from the subpolar North Atlantic: a Lagrangian perspective, Deep Sea Res. Part II: Top. Stud. Oceanogr, vol.58, pp.1798-1818, 2011.

L. Brodeau, B. Barnier, A. M. Treguier, T. Penduff, and S. Gulev, An ERA40-based atmospheric forcing for global ocean circulation models, Ocean Modell, vol.31, issue.3-4, pp.88-104, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00496003

F. O. Bryan, M. W. Hecht, and R. D. Smith, Resolution convergence and sensitivity studies with North Atlantic circulation models. Part I: The western boundary current system, Ocean Modell, vol.16, issue.3-4, pp.141-159, 2007.

C. Talandier, Ocean Modelling, vol.76, p.17, 2014.

. Improvements, . Simulated, . North-atlantic, . Current, . On et al.,

H. Burchard, Energy-conserving discretisation of turbulent shear and buoyancy production, vol.4, pp.347-361, 2002.

J. Chanut, B. Barnier, W. Large, L. Debreu, T. Penduff et al., Mesoscale eddies in the Labrador Sea and their contribution to convection and restratification, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1617-1643, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00266980

E. P. Chassignet and Z. D. Garraffo, Viscosity parameterization and the Gulf Stream separation, From Stirring to Mixing in a Stratified Ocean: Proc. Aha Hulikoa Hawaiian Winter Workshop, pp.37-41, 2001.

D. Coetlogon, C. Frankignoul, and M. Bentsen, Gulf stream variability in five oceanic general circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.36, pp.2119-2135, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00138640

S. A. Cunningham, T. Kanzow, D. Rayner, M. O. Baringer, W. E. Johns et al., Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26, Science, vol.5, issue.5840, pp.935-938, 2007.

G. Danabasoglu, S. G. Yeager, D. Bailey, E. Behrens, D. Bi et al., North Atlantic simulations in coordinated oceanice reference experiments phase II ( CORE-II ), Part I: Mean. Ocean Modell, vol.73, pp.76-107, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01491382

C. De-boyer-montégut, Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: an examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, C12), C12003, vol.109, 2004.

L. Debreu, C. Vouland, and E. Blayo, AGRIF: adaptive grid refinement in Fortran, Comput. Geosci, vol.34, issue.1, pp.8-13, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00069912

J. Deshayes, C. Frankignoul, and H. Drange, Formation and export of deep water in the Labrador and Irminger Seas in a GCM, Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Papers, vol.54, issue.4, pp.510-532, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00770685

R. Dickson and J. Brown, The production of North Atlantic deep water: sources, rates, and pathways, J. Geophys. Res, vol.99, issue.C6, pp.12319-12341, 1994.

N. Ducet, P. Y. Le-traon, and G. Reverdin, Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, issue.C8, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00772161

R. Dussin and A. M. Treguier, Evaluation of the NATL12-BRD81 simulation, 2010.

C. Eden and C. Böning, Sources of eddy kinetic energy in the Labrador Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.32, issue.12, pp.3346-3363, 2002.

T. Ezer, On the interaction between the Gulf stream and the New England Seamount chain, J. Phys. Oceanogr, p.24, 1994.

J. Fischer, M. Visbeck, R. Zantopp, and N. Nunes, Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.37, p.24, 2010.

B. Fox-kemper and R. Ferrari, Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part II: Prognosis and impact, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1166-1179, 2008.

A. Gnanadesikan, S. M. Griffies, and B. L. Samuels, Effects in a climate model of slope tapering in neutral physics schemes, Ocean Modell, vol.16, issue.1-2, pp.1-16, 2007.

S. M. Griffies, A. Biastoch, C. Böning, F. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu et al., Coordinated ocean-ice reference experiments (COREs), Ocean Modell, vol.26, issue.1-2, pp.1-46, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406612

S. K. Gulev, B. Barnier, J. M. Molines, T. Penduff, and J. Chanut, Impact of spatial resolution on simulated surface water mass transformations in the Atlantic, Ocean Modell, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.138-160, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00266977

M. M. Hall, D. J. Torres, and I. Yashayaev, Absolute velocity along the AR7W section in the Labrador Sea, Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Papers, vol.72, pp.72-87, 2013.

C. Herbaut, J. Sirven, and J. Deshayes, Sensitivity of the meridional transport in a 1.5-layer ocean model to localized mass sources, J. Mar. Res, issue.64, pp.819-833, 1987.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00164662

D. L. Hodson and R. T. Sutton, The impact of resolution on the adjustment and decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a coupled climate model, Clim. Dyn, 2012.

W. Hsieh, The free kelvin wave in finite-difference numerical models, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.13, issue.8, pp.1383-1397, 1983.

H. Johnson and D. P. Marshall, A theory for the surface Atlantic response to thermohaline variability, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.32, pp.1121-1132, 2002.

C. A. Katsman, M. A. Spall, and R. S. Pickart, Boundary current eddies and their role in the restratification of the Labrador Sea ?, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.34, pp.1967-1983, 2004.

D. Kieke, B. Klein, L. Stramma, M. Rhein, and K. P. Koltermann, Variability and propagation of Labrador Sea water in the southern subpolar North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Papers, vol.56, issue.10, pp.1656-1674, 2009.

W. Large and S. Yeager, Diurnal to decadal global forcing for ocean sea ice models: the data set and fluxes climatologies, Rep. NCAR/TN-460+STR, 2004.

W. G. Large and S. G. Yeager, The global climatology of an interannually varying airsea flux data set, Clim. Dyn, vol.33, issue.2-3, pp.341-364, 2008.

K. Lavender, R. Davis, and W. Owens, Mid-depth recirculation observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger seas by direct velocity measurements, Nature, vol.407, issue.6800, pp.66-69, 2000.

S. Levitus, T. Boyer, M. Concright, D. Johnson, T. O'brien et al., World Ocean Database, vol.18, p.pp, 1998.

L. Sommer, J. Penduff, T. Theetten, S. Madec, G. Barnier et al., How momentum advection schemes influence current-topography interactions at eddy permitting resolution, Ocean Modell, vol.29, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00385197

M. S. Lozier, Overturning in the North Atlantic, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci, vol.4, issue.1, pp.291-315, 2012.

G. Madec, NEMO ocean engine, pp.1288-1619, 2008.

P. Marsaleix, F. Auclair, J. W. Floor, M. J. Herrmann, C. Estournel et al., Energy conservation issues in sigma-coordinate free-surface ocean models, Ocean Modell, vol.20, issue.1, pp.61-89, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02110201

J. Marshall, H. Johnson, and J. A. Goodman, Study of the Interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with Ocean Circulation, J. Clim, vol.14, issue.7, pp.1399-1421, 2001.

G. Mellor and A. Blumberg, Wave breaking and ocean surface layer thermal response, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.34, pp.693-698, 2004.

T. Penduff, L. Sommer, J. Barnier, B. Treguier, A. M. Molines et al., Influence of numerical schemes on current-topography interactions in 1/4 global ocean simulations, Ocean Sci, pp.509-524, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00267025

R. S. Pickart, M. A. Spall, and J. R. Lazier, Mid-depth ventilation in the western boundary current system of the sub-polar gyre, Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Papers, vol.44, issue.6, pp.122-129, 1997.

R. S. Pickart, F. Straneo, and G. Moore, Is Labrador Sea water formed in the Irminger basin?, Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Papers, vol.50, issue.1, pp.23-52, 2003.

S. Rattan, P. G. Myers, A. M. Treguier, S. Theetten, A. Biastoch et al., Towards an understanding of Labrador Sea salinity drift in eddy-permitting simulations, Ocean Modell, vol.35, issue.1-2, pp.77-88, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00581665

G. Roullet and G. Madec, Salt conservation, free surface, and varying levels: a new formulation for ocean general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, p.942, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00772157

F. A. Schott, J. Fischer, M. Dengler, and R. Zantopp, Variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current East of the grand banks, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.33, issue.21, pp.3-7, 2006.

L. C. Shaffrey, I. Stevens, W. A. Norton, M. J. Roberts, P. L. Vidale et al., HiGEM: the new UK high-resolution global environment model description and basic evaluation, J. Clim, vol.22, issue.8, pp.1861-1896, 2009.

C. Talandier, Ocean Modelling, vol.76, pp.1-19, 2014.

.. Chapitre and . Nord,

R. D. Smith, M. E. Maltrud, F. O. Bryan, and M. W. Hecht, Numerical Simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1/10, J. Phys. Oceanogr, pp.1532-1561, 2000.

M. A. Spall, Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/Deep Western Boundary Current Crossover. Part II: Low-frequency internal oscillations, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.26, pp.2169-2182, 1996.

P. Spence, O. A. Saenko, W. Sijp, and M. England, The role of bottom pressure torques on the interior pathways of North Atlantic deep water, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.42, issue.1, pp.110-125, 2012.

M. Srokosz, M. Baringer, H. Bryden, S. Cunningham, T. Delworth et al., Past, present, and future changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.93, issue.11, pp.1663-1676, 2012.

J. M. Toole, R. G. Curry, T. M. Joyce, M. Mccartney, and B. Pen, Transport of the North Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current. Deep-Sea Res, vol.58, pp.1768-1780, 2011.

A. M. Treguier, S. Theetten, E. P. Chassignet, T. Penduff, R. D. Smith et al., The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four highresolution models, J. Phys. Oceanogr, pp.757-774, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00267879

K. Vage, R. S. Pickart, G. W. Moore, and M. H. Ribergaard, Winter mixed layer development in the central Irminger Sea: the effect of strong, intermittent wind events, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.38, issue.3, pp.541-565, 2008.

K. Vage, R. S. Pickart, A. Sarafanov, O. Y. Knutsen, H. Mercier et al., The Irminger gyre: circulation, convection, and interannual variability, Deep Sea Res. Part I: Oceanogr. Res. Papers, vol.58, issue.5, pp.590-614, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00650962

K. Vage, R. S. Pickart, M. A. Spall, H. Valdimarsson, S. Jónsson et al., Significant role of the North Icelandic Jet in the formation of Denmark Strait overflow water, Nat. Geosci, 2011.

S. R. Weese and F. O. Bryan, Climate impacts of systematic errors in the simulation of the path of the North Atlantic Current, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.33, pp.1-6, 2006.

R. Zhang, Latitudinal dependence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variations, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.37, issue.16, pp.1-6, 2010.

R. Zhang and G. K. Vallis, The role of bottom vortex stretching on the path of the North Atlantic Western Boundary Current and on the Northern recirculation gyre, J. Phys. Oceanogr, vol.37, issue.8, pp.2053-2080, 2007.

J. Zhu, E. Demirov, F. Dupont, and D. Wright, Eddy-permitting simulations of the sub-polar North Atlantic: impact of the model bias on water mass properties and circulation, Ocean Dyn, vol.60, issue.5, pp.1177-1192, 2010.

C. Talandier, Ocean Modelling, vol.76, p.19, 2014.

. Improvements, . Simulated, . North-atlantic, . Current, . On et al., Conclusions et Perspectives Cette thèse traite de la dynamique du DWBC dans l'Atlantique nord et de son influence sur la MOC. Le DWBC transporte la North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) de la gyre subpolaire, son lieu de formation, vers l'équateur. Il constitue une des composantes majeures de la MOC et à notre connaissance, peu d'études ont évalué la dynamique du DWBC dans son ensemble dans les modèles d'océan de basse résolution bien que l'indice de la MOC montre une grande diversité spatiale et temporelle dans ces mêmes modèles, 2013.

, Outre les différents schémas numériques et paramétrisations employées, certains processus physiques sont absents ou mal pris en compte

A. Nord, comme la dynamique des courants de bords ouest en surface et en profondeur (décollement du Gulf Stream, position de la dérive Nord Atlantique), la dérive des propriétés thermohalines ou les profondeurs de couche mélangée excessives aux hautes latitudes

, Ces biais doivent être réduits afin d'améliorer la fiabilité de ces modèles en particulier en augmentant la résolution afin d'identifier les processus clefs pour l'AMOC comme le suggèrent par exemple Hodson, 2012.

E. Orca, Ces configurations reposent sur le modèle de circulation générale de l'océan NEMO-OPA et de la glace de mer NEMO-LIM combinés à la capacité de raffinement de grille horizontal AGRIF. Ainsi la configuration ORCA utilise une grille globale de référence à 1/2?de résolution à laquelle a été ajouté une première grille raffinée à 1, C'est dans cette perspective que nous avons développé trois configurations numériques de résolution croissante

¶. ,

, elle même une seconde grille à 1/32?centrée sur la gyre subpolaire (configuration FER). L'originalité des configurations ERNA et FER réside dans l'intégration du modèle de glace de mer sur les grilles raffinées, l'échange d'information entre chacune des grilles et la résolution horizontale atteinte dans la gyre subpolaire dans FER

S. Bacon and P. M. Saunders, The Deep Western Boundary Current at Cape Farewell : Results from a Moored Current Meter Array, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.40, issue.4, pp.815-829, 2010.

B. Barnier, G. Madec, T. Penduff, J. M. Molines, A. M. Treguier et al., Impact of partial steps and momentum advection schemes in a global ocean circulation model at eddy-permitting resolution, Ocean Dynamics, vol.56, issue.5-6, pp.543-567, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00183611

N. L. Beaird, P. B. Rhines, and C. C. Eriksen, Overflow Waters at the Iceland-Faroe Ridge Observed in Multiyear Seaglider Surveys, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.43, issue.11, pp.2334-2351, 2013.

E. Behrens, A. Biastoch, and C. W. Böning, Spurious AMOC trends in global ocean sea-ice models related to subarctic freshwater forcing, Ocean Modelling, vol.69, pp.39-49, 2013.

A. Biastoch, C. W. Böning, J. Getzlaff, J. M. Molines, and G. Madec, Causes of Interannual-Decadal Variability in the Meridional Overturning Circulation of the Midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean, Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.24, pp.6599-6615, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00769988

C. W. Böning, M. Scheinert, J. Dengg, A. Biastoch, and A. Funk, Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.33, issue.21, pp.1-5, 2006.

A. S. Bower, M. S. Lozier, S. F. Gary, and C. W. Böning, Interior pathways of the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, Nature, vol.459, issue.7244, pp.243-250, 2009.

F. O. Bryan, M. W. Hecht, and R. D. Smith, Resolution convergence and sensitivity studies with North Atlantic circulation models. Part I : The western boundary current system, Ocean Modelling, vol.16, issue.3-4, pp.141-159, 2007.

J. Chanut, B. Barnier, W. Large, L. Debreu, T. Penduff et al.,

, Mesoscale Eddies in the Labrador Sea and Their Contribution to Convection and Restratification, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1617-1643, 2008.

D. B. Chelton, D. A. Roland, and M. G. Schlax, Geographical Variability of the First Baroclinic Rossby Radius of Deformation, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.28, pp.433-460, 1998.

C. De-verdière and A. , Buoyancy driven planetary flows, Journal of Marine Research, vol.46, issue.2, 1988.

S. A. Cunningham, T. Kanzow, D. Rayner, M. O. Baringer, W. E. Johns et al.,

, Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N. Science, vol.317, pp.935-943, 2007.

G. Danabasoglu, S. G. Yeager, D. Bailey, E. Behrens, D. Bi et al., North Atlantic Simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II ( CORE-II ). Part I : Mean. Ocean Modelling, 2013.

L. Debreu, C. Vouland, and E. Blayo, AGRIF : Adaptive grid refinement in Fortran, Computers & Geosciences, vol.34, issue.1, pp.8-13, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00069912

J. Deshayes, C. Frankignoul, and H. Drange, Formation and export of deep water in the Labrador and Irminger Seas in a GCM. Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.54, pp.510-532, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00770685

J. Deshayes, F. Straneo, and M. A. Spall, Mechanisms of variability in a convective basin, Journal of Marine Research, vol.67, issue.3, pp.273-303, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00455770

J. L. Dufresne, M. A. Foujols, S. Denvil, A. Caubel, O. Marti et al., Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model : from CMIP3 to CMIP5, Climate Dynamics, vol.40, issue.9, pp.2123-2165, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00794170

R. Dussin and B. Barnier, The Making of DFS5.1, 2013.

C. Eden and J. Willebrand, Mechanism of Interannual to Decadal Variability of the North Atlantic Circulation, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.10, pp.2266-2280, 2001.

,

J. Fischer, Boundary Circulation at the Exit of the Labrador Sea, Journal of Physical Oceanography, pp.1548-1570, 2004.

J. Fischer, M. Visbeck, R. Zantopp, and N. Nunes, Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.37, issue.24, p.24610, 2010.

B. Fox-kemper, G. Danabasoglu, R. Ferrari, S. Griffies, R. Hallberg et al., Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. III : Implementation and impact in global ocean climate simulations, Ocean Modelling, vol.39, issue.1-2, pp.61-78, 2011.

R. Gelderloos, C. A. Katsman, and S. S. Drijfhout, Assessing the Roles of Three Eddy Types in Restratifying the Labrador Sea after Deep Convection, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.41, issue.11, pp.2102-2119, 2011.

P. R. Gent and J. C. Mcwilliams, Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.20, pp.150-155, 1990.

K. Getzlaff, C. W. Böning, and J. Dengg, Lagrangian perspectives of deep water export from the subpolar North Atlantic, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.33, issue.21, pp.21-29, 2006.

S. M. Griffies, A. Biastoch, C. Böning, F. Bryan, G. Danabasoglu et al., Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (COREs), Ocean Modelling, vol.26, issue.1-2, pp.1-46, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406612

S. K. Gulev, B. Barnier, J. M. Molines, T. Penduff, and J. Chanut, Impact of spatial resolution on simulated surface water mass transformations in the Atlantic, Ocean Modelling, vol.19, issue.3-4, pp.138-160, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00266977

M. M. Hall, D. J. Torres, and I. Yashayaev, Absolute velocity along the AR7W section in the Labrador Sea, Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.72, pp.72-87, 2013.

D. L. Hodson and R. T. Sutton, The impact of resolution on the adjustment and decadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a coupled climate model, Climate Dynamics, 2012.

N. P. Holliday, S. Bacon, J. Allen, and E. L. Mcdonagh, Circulation and Transport in the Western Boundary Currents at Cape Farewell, Greenland, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.39, issue.8, pp.1854-1870, 2009.

C. A. Katsman, M. A. Spall, and R. S. Pickart, Boundary Current Eddies and Their Role in the Restratification of the Labrador Sea *, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.34, pp.1967-1983, 2004.

D. Kieke, B. Klein, L. Stramma, M. Rhein, and K. P. Koltermann, Variability and propagation of Labrador Sea Water in the southern subpolar North Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part I : Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.56, pp.1656-1674, 2009.

W. G. Large and S. G. Yeager, Diurnal to Decadal Global Forcing for Ocean and Sea-Ice Models : the Data Sets and Flux Climatologies, 2004.

K. Lavender, R. Davis, and W. Owens, Mid-depth recirculation observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger seas by direct velocity measurements, Nature, vol.407, issue.6800, pp.66-75, 2000.

L. Sommer, J. Penduff, T. Theetten, S. Madec, G. Barnier et al., How momentum advection schemes influence current-topography interactions at eddy permitting resolution, Ocean Modelling, vol.29, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00385197

M. M. Lee, A. C. Coward, and A. J. Nurser, Spurious Diapycnal Mixing of the Deep Waters in an Eddy-Permitting Global Ocean Model, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.32, pp.1522-1535, 2002.

S. Levitus, T. Boyer, M. Concright, D. Johnson, T. O'brien et al., World Ocean Database, vol.I, 1998.

M. Lévy, P. Klein, A. M. Tréguier, D. Iovino, G. Madec et al.,

, Modifications of gyre circulation by sub-mesoscale physics, Ocean Modelling, vol.34, issue.1-2, pp.1-15, 2010.

R. Lumpkin and G. C. Johnson, Global ocean surface velocities from drifters : Mean, variance, El Niño-Southern Oscillation response, and seasonal cycle, Journal of Geophysical Research : Oceans, vol.118, issue.6, pp.2992-3006, 2013.

G. Madec, NEMO ocean engine, vol.27, pp.1288-1619, 2008.

G. Mccarthy, W. E. Johns, M. O. Baringer, C. S. Meinen, H. L. Bryden et al., Observed interannual variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26 . 5 N, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.39, pp.1-5, 2012.

J. B. Palter, M. S. Lozier, and K. L. Lavender, How Does Labrador Sea Water Enter the Deep Western Boundary Current ?, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.38, issue.5, pp.968-983, 2008.

T. Penduff, L. Sommer, J. Barnier, B. Treguier, A. M. Molines et al., Influence of numerical schemes on current-topography interactions in 1/4 ¶ global ocean simulations, Ocean Science, pp.509-524, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00267025

R. S. Pickart and M. A. Spall, Impact of Labrador Sea Convection on the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.37, issue.9, pp.2207-2227, 2007.

S. Rattan, P. G. Myers, A. M. Treguier, S. Theetten, A. Biastoch et al., Towards an understanding of Labrador Sea salinity drift in eddy-permitting simulations, Ocean Modelling, vol.35, issue.1-2, pp.77-88, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00581665

G. Reverdin, North Atlantic Ocean surface currents, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.108, issue.C1, 2003.

M. Rhein, D. Kieke, S. Hüttl-kabus, A. Roessler, C. Mertens et al., Deep water formation, the subpolar gyre, and the meridional overturning circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic. Deep Sea Research Part II : Topical Studies in, Oceanography, vol.58, issue.17-18, pp.1819-1832, 2011.

P. L. Richardson, On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams, Progress in Oceanography, vol.76, issue.4, pp.466-486, 2008.

G. Roullet and G. Madec, Salt conservation, free surface, and varying levels : a new formulation for ocean general circulation models, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.105, issue.23, p.942, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00772157

F. A. Schott, Circulation and Deep-Water Export at the Western Exit of the Subpolar North Atlantic, Journal of Physical Oceanography, pp.817-843, 1993.

F. A. Schott, J. Fischer, M. Dengler, and R. Zantopp, Variability of the Deep Western Boundary Current east of the Grand Banks, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.33, issue.21, pp.3-7, 2006.

U. Send and J. Marshall, Integral Effects of Deep Convection, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1995.

R. D. Smith, M. E. Maltrud, F. O. Bryan, and M. W. Hecht, Numerical Simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean at 1 10, Journal of Physical Oceanography, pp.1532-1561, 2000.

M. A. Spall, On the thermohaline circulation in flat bottom marginal Seas, Journal of Marine Research, vol.61, issue.1, pp.1-25, 2003.

M. A. Spall, Boundary Currents and Watermass Transformation in Marginal Seas*, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.34, issue.5, pp.1197-1213, 2004.

M. A. Spall, Non-local topographic influences on deep convection : An idealized model for the Nordic Seas, Ocean Modelling, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.72-85, 2010.

P. Spence, O. A. Saenko, W. Sijp, and M. England, The Role of Bottom Pressure Torques on the Interior Pathways of North Atlantic Deep Water, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.42, issue.1, pp.110-125, 2012.

F. Straneo, Heat and Freshwater Transport through the Central Labrador Sea *, Journal of Physical Oceanography, issue.36, pp.606-628, 2006.

F. Straneo, On the Connection between Dense Water Formation, Overturning, and Poleward Heat Transport in a Convective Basin*, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.36, issue.9, pp.1822-1840, 2006.

A. M. Treguier, J. Deshayes, L. Sommer, J. Lique, C. Madec et al., Meridional transport of salt in the global ocean from an eddy-resolving model, Ocean Science, vol.10, issue.2, pp.243-255, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941563

A. M. Treguier, S. Theetten, E. P. Chassignet, T. Penduff, R. D. Smith et al., The North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre in Four High-Resolution Models, Journal of Physical Oceanography, pp.757-774, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00267879

K. Vage, R. S. Pickart, G. W. Moore, and M. H. Ribergaard, Winter Mixed Layer Development in the Central Irminger Sea : The Effect of Strong, Intermittent Wind Events, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.38, issue.3, pp.541-565, 2008.

K. Vage, R. S. Pickart, A. Sarafanov, O. Y. Knutsen, H. Mercier et al., The Irminger Gyre : Circulation, convection, and interannual variability, vol.58, pp.590-614, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00650962

S. R. Weese and F. O. Bryan, Climate impacts of systematic errors in the simulation of the path of the North Atlantic Current, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.33, pp.1-6, 2006.

M. Winton, W. G. Anderson, T. L. Delworth, S. M. Griffies, W. J. Hurlin et al., Has coarse resolution biased simulations of transient climate sensitivity ?, Geophysical Research Letters, 2014.

R. Zhang, T. L. Delworth, A. Rosati, W. G. Anderson, K. W. Dixon et al., Sensitivity of the North Atlantic Ocean Circulation to an abrupt change in the Nordic Sea overflow in a high resolution global coupled climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.116, issue.C12, pp.1-14, 2011.

R. Zhang and G. K. Vallis, The Role of Bottom Vortex Stretching on the Path of the North Atlantic Western Boundary Current and on the Northern Recirculation Gyre, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.37, issue.8, pp.2053-2080, 2007.