S. P. Holger and . Müller, Molecules in Space, 2015.

A. G. Tielens, The molecular universe, In: Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.853, pp.1021-1081, 2013.

D. J. Burke and W. A. Brown, Ice in space: surface science investigations of the thermal desorption of model interstellar ices on dust grain analogue surfaces, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.394, issue.503, pp.5947-5969, 2010.
DOI : 10.1039/b917005g

E. Dartois, The Ice Survey Opportunity of ISO " . en, In: Space Science Reviews, vol.119, pp.1-4, 2005.

A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, and D. C. Whittet, Observations of the Icy Universe, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.53, issue.1, 2015.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122348

A. G. Tielens and W. Hagen, Model calculations of the molecular composition of interstellar grain mantles, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.114, pp.245-260, 1982.

R. T. Garrod and E. Herbst, Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.457, issue.3, p.10, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20065560

H. M. Cuppen and E. Herbst, Simulation of the Formation and Morphology of Ice Mantles on Interstellar Grains, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.668, issue.1, p.294, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/521014

G. E. Hassel, E. Herbst, and R. T. Garrod, Modeling the Lukewarm Corino Phase: Is L1527 Unique?, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.681, issue.2, p.1385, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/588185

R. T. Garrod, V. Wakelam, and E. Herbst, Non-thermal desorption from interstellar dust grains via exothermic surface reactions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.467, issue.3, p.13, 2007.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20066704

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00155973

M. Prutton, Introduction to Surface Physics Oxford science publications, 1994.

E. M. Mccash, Surface Chemistry, 2001.

M. Bertin, Adsorption of Organic Isomers on Water Ice Surfaces: A Study of Acetic Acid and Methyl Formate, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol.115, issue.26, pp.12920-12928, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/jp201487u

M. Lattelais, Differential adsorption of complex organic molecules isomers at interstellar ice surfaces, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.532, p.12, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201016184

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01480772

P. Mark and . Collings, A laboratory survey of the thermal desorption of astrophysically relevant molecules " . en, In: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.354, issue.1, pp.1133-1140, 2004.

S. Viti, Evaporation of ices near massive stars: models based on laboratory temperature programmed desorption data, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.354, issue.4, pp.1141-1145, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08273.x

V. Buch and *. , O: a combined computational/spectroscopic outlook, International Reviews in Physical Chemistry, vol.35, issue.3, pp.375-433, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.437079

M. Lattelais, Differential adsorption of CHON isomers at interstellar grain surfaces, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.578, p.62, 2015.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201526044

G. Kresse and J. Hafner, \textit{Ab initio} molecular dynamics for open-shell transition metals, In: Physical Review B, vol.4817, pp.13115-13118, 1993.

G. Kresse and J. Hafner, \textit{Ab initio} molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal\char21{}amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium, In: Physical Review B, vol.4920, pp.14251-14269, 1994.

H. B. Niemann, The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe " . en, Nature, vol.438, pp.7069-779, 2005.

P. John, M. D. Osegovic, and . Max, Compound clathrate hydrate on Titan's surface " . en, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.110, pp.8-08004, 2005.

C. Thomas, A theoretical investigation into the trapping of noble gases by clathrates on Titan, Planetary and Space Science, vol.56, issue.12, pp.4-5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2008.04.009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00337029

O. Mousis, REMOVAL OF TITAN'S ATMOSPHERIC NOBLE GASES BY THEIR SEQUESTRATION IN SURFACE CLATHRATES, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.740, issue.1, p.9, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/740/1/L9

D. Cordier, About the Possible Role of Hydrocarbon Lakes in the Origin of Titan's Noble Gas Atmospheric Depletion " . en, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 721, p.117, 2010.

R. Jacovi and A. Bar-nun, Removal of Titan's noble gases by their trapping in its haze, Icarus, vol.196, issue.1, pp.302-304, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.02.014

A. Lignell, On theoretical predictions of noble-gas hydrides, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.125, issue.18, p.184514, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2378624

O. Mousis, Sequestration of Noble Gases by \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\mathrm{H}\,^{+}_{3}$ \end{document} in Protoplanetary Disks and Outer Solar System Composition, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.673, issue.1, p.637, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/523925

F. Pauzat, GAS-PHASE SEQUESTRATION OF NOBLE GASES IN THE PROTOSOLAR NEBULA: POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES ON THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM COMPOSITION, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.777, issue.1, p.29, 2013.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/777/1/29

P. P. Tennekes, HCN and HNC mapping of the protostellar core Chamaeleon-MMS1, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.456, issue.3, p.7, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20040294

]. A. Fuente, Observational study of reactive ions and radicals in PDRs, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.406, issue.3, p.15, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20030712

A. J. Remijan, A Survey of Large Molecules toward the Proto???Planetary Nebula CRL 618, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.626, issue.1, p.233, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/429750

J. Cernicharo, Tentative detection of CH3NC towards SGR B2, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.189, p.1, 1988.

G. Cremonese, Neutral Sodium from Comet Hale-Bopp: A Third Type of Tail, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.490, issue.2, p.199, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/311040

G. Cremonese, Neutral sodium tails in comets, Advances in Space Research, vol.29, issue.8, pp.1187-1197, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00136-9

F. Leblanc, P1: observation of the sodium emission by the solar telescope THEMIS, Comet McNaught C In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.4821, p.6, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00271672

A. L. Cochran, Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Observations of Na and K in the Tail of Comet C, L4 (PanSTARRS) " . en. In: AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, 2011.

W. Ip and L. Jorda, Can the Sodium Tail of Comet Hale-Bopp Have a Dust-Impact Origin?, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.496, issue.1, p.47, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/311241

]. A. Tielens, The molecular universe, In: Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.853, pp.1021-1081, 2013.

O. Howard, W. E. Mcmahon, and . Gifford, Closed-cycle helium refrigeration, Solid-State Electronics, vol.1, issue.4, pp.273-278, 1960.

A. T. De-waele, Basic Operation of Cryocoolers and Related Thermal Machines " . en, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, vol.164, pp.5-6, 2011.

R. Radebaugh, Cryocoolers: the state of the art and recent developments, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.21, issue.16, p.164219, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/21/16/164219

E. S. Drexler, N. J. Simon, and R. P. Reed, Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures, NIST Monograph no. 177. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992.

W. Hwang, Y. Kim, and M. E. Rudd, New model for electron???impact ionization cross sections of molecules, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.104, issue.8, pp.2956-2966, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.471116

P. H. Dawson, Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and Its Applications, 2013.

J. He and G. Vidali, Application of a diffusion???desorption rate equation model in astrochemistry, Faraday Discussions, vol.103, issue.0, pp.517-532, 2014.
DOI : 10.1039/C3FD00113J

A. M. De-jong and J. W. Niemantsverdriet, Thermal desorption analysis: Comparative test of ten commonly applied procedures, Surface Science, vol.233, issue.3, pp.355-365, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0039-6028(90)90649-S

E. Habenschaden and J. Küppers, Evaluation of flash desorption spectra, Surface Science, vol.1381, pp.147-150, 1984.

K. Koch, A New Method of Analysing Temperature-Programmed Desorption (TPD) Profiles Using an Extended Integral Equation, Journal of Catalysis, vol.172, issue.1, pp.187-193, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jcat.1997.1843

J. W. Eaton, GNU Octave and reproducible research, Journal of Process Control, vol.22, issue.8, pp.1433-1438, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jprocont.2012.04.006

K. Radhakrishnan and A. C. Hindmarsh, Description and use of LSODE, the Livermore Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations, 1993.

X. Zhao, Thermal desorption of hydrogen from carbon nanosheets, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.124, issue.19, pp.37-8242, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2187969

A. S. Bolina, A. J. Wolff, and W. A. Brown, Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption investigations of the interaction of methanol with a graphite surface, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.122, issue.4, p.44713, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1839554

R. Martín-doménech, Thermal desorption of circumstellar and cometary ice analogs, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.564, p.8, 2014.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201322824

J. A. Noble, Thermal desorption characteristics of CO, O2 and CO2 on non-porous water, crystalline water and silicate surfaces at submonolayer and multilayer coverages " . en, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.421, issue.1, pp.768-779, 2012.

K. Jacobi, From monomers to ice ??? new vibrational characteristics of H2O adsorbed on Pt(111), Surface Science, vol.472, issue.1-2, pp.9-20, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6028(00)00932-8

L. Mihail and . Grecea, The Interaction of Water with the Pt(533) Surface, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.10833, pp.12575-12582, 2004.

D. Sholl and J. A. Steckel, Density Functional Theory: A Practical Introduction . en, 2011.

W. Koch, C. Max, . Holthausen, C. Max, and . Holthausen, A chemist's guide to density functional theory, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/3527600043

P. Hohenberg and W. Kohn, Inhomogeneous Electron Gas, Physical Review, vol.136, issue.3B, pp.864-871, 1964.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.136.B864

W. Kohn and L. J. Sham, Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects, Physical Review, vol.140, issue.4A, pp.4-1133, 1965.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.140.A1133

J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple, Physical Review Letters, vol.77, issue.18, pp.3865-3868, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865

K. Lee, Higher-accuracy van der Waals density functional, Physical Review B, vol.82, issue.8, p.81101, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.081101

A. Oleg, T. Vydrov, and . Van-voorhis, Nonlocal van der Waals density functional: The simpler the better, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.13324, p.244103, 2010.

M. Dion, Van der Waals Density Functional for General Geometries, Physical Review Letters, vol.92, issue.24, p.246401, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.246401

S. Grimme, Semiempirical GGA-type density functional constructed with a long-range dispersion correction " . en, Journal of Computational Chemistry, vol.2715, pp.1787-1799, 2006.

T. Björkman, Are we van der Waals ready?). arXiv:1206, In: Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.24423542, p.424218, 2012.

G. A. Daniel, K. Smith, and . Patkowski, Interactions between Methane and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A High Accuracy Benchmark Study, Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, vol.91, pp.370-389, 2013.

G. Kresse and J. Furthmüller, Efficient iterative schemes for \textit{ab initio} total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set, In: Physical Review B, vol.5416, pp.11169-11186, 1996.

P. E. Blöchl, Projector augmented-wave method, Physical Review B, vol.50, issue.24, pp.17953-17979, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.17953

G. Kresse and D. Joubert, From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method, Physical Review B, vol.59, issue.3, pp.1758-1775, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.1758

R. Sune, K. W. Bahn, and . Jacobsen, An Object-Oriented Scripting Interface to a Legacy Electronic Structure Code, In: Computing in Science & Engineering, vol.43, pp.56-66, 2002.

. Th, F. Henning, and . Salama, Carbon in the Universe, Science. New Series, vol.2825397, pp.2204-2210, 1998.

B. Grun, Interplanetary Dust. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library, 2001.

F. W. Richard and . Bader, A quantum theory of molecular structure and its applications, Chemical Reviews, vol.915, pp.893-928, 1991.

B. Silvi and A. Savin, Classification of chemical bonds based on topological analysis of electron localization functions " . en, Nature, vol.3716499, pp.683-686, 1994.

A. D. Becke and K. E. Edgecombe, A simple measure of electron localization in atomic and molecular systems, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.92, issue.9, pp.5397-5403, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.458517

B. Silvi, R. J. Gillespie, and C. Gatti, 9.07 -Electron Density Analysis, In: Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II, pp.187-226, 2013.

A. Savin, Electron Localization in Solid-State Structures of the Elements: the Diamond Structure, Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol.31, issue.2, pp.187-188, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.199201871

B. Silvi, The synaptic order: a key concept to understand multicenter bonding, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.614, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2860(02)00231-4

R. J. Gillespie, Fifty years of the VSEPR model, Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol.252, issue.12-14, pp.12-14, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.07.007

O. Mousis, D. Gautier, and D. Bockelée-morvan, An Evolutionary Turbulent Model of Saturn's Subnebula: Implications for the Origin of the Atmosphere of Titan, Icarus, vol.156, issue.1, pp.162-175, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2001.6782

H. B. Niemann, The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe " . en, Nature, vol.438, pp.7069-779, 2005.

Y. Alibert, O. Mousis, and W. Benz, On the Volatile Enrichments and Composition of Jupiter, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.622, issue.2, p.145, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/429662

R. Jacovi and A. Bar-nun, Removal of Titan's noble gases by their trapping in its haze, Icarus, vol.196, issue.1, pp.302-304, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.02.014

D. Cordier, About the Possible Role of Hydrocarbon Lakes in the Origin of Titan's Noble Gas Atmospheric Depletion " . en, The Astrophysical Journal Letters 721, p.117, 2010.

P. John, M. D. Osegovic, and . Max, Compound clathrate hydrate on Titan's surface " . en, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.110, pp.8-08004, 2005.

C. Thomas, A theoretical investigation into the trapping of noble gases by clathrates on Titan, Planetary and Space Science, vol.56, issue.12, pp.4-5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2008.04.009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00337029

O. Mousis, REMOVAL OF TITAN'S ATMOSPHERIC NOBLE GASES BY THEIR SEQUESTRATION IN SURFACE CLATHRATES, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.740, issue.1, p.9, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/740/1/L9

J. Lundell, A. Cohen, and R. B. Gerber, Quantum Chemical Calculations on Novel Molecules from Xenon Insertion into Hydrocarbons, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.106, issue.49, pp.11950-11955, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jp026777r

A. Lignell, On theoretical predictions of noble-gas hydrides, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.125, issue.18, p.184514, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2378624

J. Lundell, Quantum chemical study of the hydrogen-bonded HXeOH???H2O complex, Horizons in Hydrogen Bond Research 2005A Collection of Papers from the XVIth International Conference "Horizons in Hydrogen Bond Research
DOI : 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.11.015

O. Mousis, Sequestration of Noble Gases by \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\mathrm{H}\,^{+}_{3}$ \end{document} in Protoplanetary Disks and Outer Solar System Composition, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.673, issue.1, p.637, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/523925

F. Pauzat, Y. Ellinger14-]-f, and . Pauzat, H3+ as a trap for noble gases -2: structure and energetics of XH3+ complexes from X=neon to xenon H3+ as a trap for noble gases-3: Multiple trapping of neon, argon, and krypton in XnH3+, The Journal of Chemical Physics The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.1271, issue.130, pp.14308-14309, 2007.

F. Pauzat, GAS-PHASE SEQUESTRATION OF NOBLE GASES IN THE PROTOSOLAR NEBULA: POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES ON THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM COMPOSITION, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.777, issue.1, p.29, 2013.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/777/1/29

A. Kouchi, Conditions for condensation and preservation of amorphous ice and crystallinity of astrophysical ices, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.290, pp.1009-1018, 1994.

A. Gil, Adsorption of Water on Solid Surfaces Studied by Scanning Force Microscopy, Langmuir, vol.16, issue.11, pp.5086-5092, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/la9913304

A. Givan, A. Loewenschuss, and C. J. Nielsen, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry studies of surface and bulk porosity of water ice, Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0924-2031(96)00013-6

K. Isokoski, Porosity and thermal collapse measurements of H2O, CH3OH, CO2, and H2O:CO2 ices " . en, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.168, pp.3456-3465, 2014.

P. Jenniskens and D. F. Blake, Structural transitions in amorphous water ice and astrophysical implications " . en, In: Science, vol.265, pp.5173-753, 1994.

H. Schlichting and D. Menzel, Techniques for attainment, control, and calibration of cryogenic temperatures at small single???crystal samples under ultrahigh vacuum, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.64, issue.7, pp.2013-2022, 1993.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1143992

J. D. Bernal and R. H. Fowler, A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.1, issue.8, pp.515-548, 1933.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1749327

E. Cota and W. G. Hoover, Computer simulation of hexagonal ice, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.67, issue.8, pp.3839-3840, 1977.
DOI : 10.1063/1.435330

N. H. Fletcher, Reconstruction of ice crystal surfaces at low temperatures, Philosophical Magazine Part B, vol.66, issue.1, pp.109-115, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0095-8522(51)90011-6

D. Pan, Surface energy and surface proton order of the ice Ih basal and prism surfaces, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.22, issue.7, p.74209, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/22/7/074209

V. Buch, Proton order in the ice crystal surface " . en, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, pp.5969-5974, 2008.

K. Tomas, L. Hirsch, and . Ojamäe, Quantum-Chemical and Force-Field Investigations of Ice Ih: Computation of Proton-Ordered Structures and Prediction of Their Lattice Energies, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.10840, pp.15856-15864, 2004.

S. Grimme, Semiempirical GGA-type density functional constructed with a long-range dispersion correction " . en, Journal of Computational Chemistry, vol.2715, pp.1787-1799, 2006.

A. Mckellar, Evidence for the Molecular Origin of Some Hitherto Unidentified Interstellar Lines, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p.187, 1940.
DOI : 10.1086/125159

S. Walter and . Adams, Some Results with the COUDÉ Spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.93, p.11, 1941.

K. B. Jefferts, A. A. Penzias, and R. W. Wilson, Observation of the CN Radical in the Orion Nebula and W51, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.161, p.87, 1970.
DOI : 10.1086/180576

E. Lewis, D. Snyder, and . Buhl, Interstellar Isocyanic Acid " . en, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.177, p.619, 1972.

P. M. Solomon, Detection of Millimeter Emission Lines from Interstellar Methyl Cyanide, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.168, p.107, 1971.
DOI : 10.1086/180794

B. E. Turner, Detection of Interstellar Cyanoacetylene, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.163, p.35, 1971.
DOI : 10.1086/180662

B. Zuckerman, Observations of cs, HCN, U89.2, and U90.7 in NGC 2264, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.173, p.125, 1972.
DOI : 10.1086/180931

J. Cernicharo, Tentative detection of CH3NC towards SGR B2, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.189, p.1, 1988.

P. Gratier, The IRAM-30 m line survey of the Horsehead PDR, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.557, p.101, 2013.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201321031

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00992491

W. M. Irvine and F. P. Schloerb, Cyanide and isocyanide abundances in the cold, dark cloud TMC-1, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.282, p.516, 1984.
DOI : 10.1086/162229

P. Schilke, A study of HCN, HNC and their isotopomers in OMC-1. I -Abundances and chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.256, pp.595-612, 1992.

P. P. Tennekes, HCN and HNC mapping of the protostellar core Chamaeleon-MMS1, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.456, issue.3, p.7, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20040294

A. Fuente, Observational study of reactive ions and radicals in PDRs, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.406, issue.3, p.15, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20030712

A. J. Remijan, Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.632, issue.1, p.333, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/432908

M. Lattelais, INTERSTELLAR COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES AND THE MINIMUM ENERGY PRINCIPLE, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.696, issue.2, p.133, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/L133

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00479889

M. Lattelais, A new weapon for the interstellar complex organic molecule hunt: the minimum energy principle, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.519, p.30, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200913869

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00631915

M. Lattelais, About the detectability of glycine in the interstellar medium, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.532, p.39, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201016039

E. Mendoza, Molecules with a peptide link in protostellar shocks: a comprehensive study of L1157, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.445, issue.1, pp.151-161, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/mnras/stu1718

A. López-sepulcre, Shedding light on the formation of the pre-biotic molecule formamide with ASAI " . en, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.4493, pp.2438-2458, 2015.

J. and M. Greenberg, Radical formation, chemical processing, and explosion of interstellar grains, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.182, issue.1, pp.9-18, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00640505

S. Daniel and . Greenberg, Dog Food, People Food and Other Matters, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.29526, pp.1487-1488, 1976.

A. Leger and J. L. Puget, Identification of the 'unidentified' IR emission features of interstellar dust, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.137, pp.5-8, 1984.

L. J. Allamandola, A. G. Tielens, and J. R. Barker, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the unidentified infrared emission bands - Auto exhaust along the Milky Way, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.290, p.25, 1985.
DOI : 10.1086/184435

F. J. Molster, Low-temperature crystallization of silicate dust in circumstellar disks " . en, Nature, vol.4016753, pp.563-565, 1999.

W. A. Schutte, Weak ice absorption features at 7.24 and 7.41 MU M in the spectrum of the obscured young stellar object W 33A, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.343, pp.966-976, 1999.

E. L. Gibb, Legacy, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol.151, issue.1, p.35, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/381182

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00398303

N. Watanabe and A. Kouchi, Ice surface reactions: A key to chemical evolution in space, Progress in Surface Science, vol.83, issue.10-12, pp.10-12, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.progsurf.2008.10.001

A. C. Boogert, P. A. Gerakines, and D. C. Whittet, Observations of the Icy Universe, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.53, issue.1, 2015.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122348

F. W. Parker, A. H. Nielsen, and W. H. Fletcher, The infrared absorption spectrum of methyl cyanide vapor, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, vol.1, issue.1-4, pp.1-4, 1957.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2852(57)90014-0

J. E. Schaff and J. T. Roberts, Interaction of Acetonitrile with the Surfaces of Amorphous and Crystalline Ice, Langmuir, vol.15, issue.21, pp.7232-7237, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/la990394b

K. Murphy, Adsorption, decomposition and isomerization of methyl isocyanide and acetonitrile on Pd(111), Surface Science, vol.467, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6028(00)00807-4

R. J. Speedy, The evaporation rate, free energy, and entropy of amorphous water at 150 K, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.105, issue.1, pp.240-244, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.471869

M. Bertin, Adsorption of Organic Isomers on Water Ice Surfaces: A Study of Acetic Acid and Methyl Formate, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol.115, issue.26, pp.12920-12928, 2011.
DOI : 10.1021/jp201487u

P. Modica and M. E. Palumbo, Formation of methyl formate after cosmic ion irradiation of icy grain mantles, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.519, p.22, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201014101

R. , A. May, R. S. Smith, and B. D. Kay, Probing the interaction of amorphous solid water on a hydrophobic surface: dewetting and crystallization kinetics of ASW on carbon tetrachloride " . en, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.13, pp.44-19848, 2011.

P. Ayotte, Effect of porosity on the adsorption, desorption, trapping , and release of volatile gases by amorphous solid water " . en, Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, vol.106, pp.12-33387, 2001.

R. and S. Smith, The Molecular Volcano: Abrupt CC${\mathrm{l}}_{4}$ Desorption Driven by the Crystallization of Amorphous Solid Water, In: Physical Review Letters, vol.795, pp.909-912, 1997.

H. J. Fraser, Thermal desorption of water ice in the interstellar medium, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.327, issue.4, pp.1165-1172, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04835.x

B. E. Warren, X???Ray Diffraction Study of Carbon Black, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.2, issue.9, pp.551-555, 1934.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1749528

R. Papoular, On the nature of interstellar carbonaceous dust, Planetary and Space Science, vol.43, issue.10-11, pp.10-11, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-0633(95)00056-B

L. Colangeli, Extinction signatures of amorphous carbon grains from the vacuum UV to the far-IR, Planetary and Space Science, vol.43, issue.10-11, pp.10-11, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-0633(95)00014-V

F. Pauzat and Y. Ellinger, m region revisited - II. A theoretical study of the effects of hydrogenation on some model PAHs, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.324, issue.2, pp.355-366, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04277.x

C. A. Poteet, INFRARED SPECTROGRAPH DETECTION OF CRYSTALLINE SILICATES IN A PROTOSTELLAR ENVELOPE, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.733, issue.2, p.32, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L32

A. Juhász, VIEW, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.721, issue.1, p.431, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/431

B. A. Sargent, SILICA IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.690, issue.2, p.1193, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1193

T. P. Goumans, Structure and stability of the (001) alpha-quartz surface " . eng. In: Physical chemistry chemical physics: PCCP 9, pp.2146-2152, 2007.

J. He and G. Vidali, Experiments of Water Formation on Warm Silicates " . en, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.7881, p.50, 2014.

L. Levien, C. Prewitt, and D. Weidner, Structure and Elastic Properties of Quartz at Pressure " . English, WOS:A1980KR07600008, pp.10-920, 1980.

K. I. Öberg, ICE LEGACY: ICE EVOLUTION FROM CORES TO PROTOSTARS, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.740, issue.2, p.109, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/109

A. C. Boogert, ICE AND DUST IN THE QUIESCENT MEDIUM OF ISOLATED DENSE CORES, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.729, issue.2, p.92, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/92

P. Jenniskens, High-Density Amorphous Ice, the Frost on Interstellar Grains, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.455, p.389, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/176585

C. David, J. Jewitt, and . Luu, Crystalline water ice on the Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar " . en, Nature, vol.4327018, pp.731-733, 2004.

S. Molinari, Detection of the 62 Micron Crystalline H[TINF]2[/TINF]O Ice Feature in Emission toward HH 7 with the [ITAL]Infrared Space Observatory[/ITAL] Long-Wavelength Spectrometer, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.521, issue.1, p.71, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/312178

S. Casassa and C. Pisani, study, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.116, issue.22, pp.9856-9864, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1476006

J. Kuo and S. J. Singer, Graph invariants for periodic systems: Towards predicting physical properties from the hydrogen bond topology of ice, Physical Review E, vol.67, issue.1, p.16114, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.016114

K. Tomas, L. Hirsch, and . Ojamäe, Quantum-Chemical and Force-Field Investigations of Ice Ih: Computation of Proton-Ordered Structures and Prediction of Their Lattice Energies, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.10840, pp.15856-15864, 2004.

S. Casassa, Proton ordered cubic and hexagonal periodic models of ordinary ice, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.409, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.068

G. Bussolin, study of HCl and HF interaction with crystalline ice. I. Physical adsorption, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.108, issue.22, pp.9516-9528, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.475340

G. Cremonese, H. Boehnhardt, and J. Crovisier, Neutral Sodium from Comet Hale-Bopp: A Third Type of Tail, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.490, issue.2, pp.199-228, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/311040

A. Guilbert-lepoutre, J. Lasue, and C. Federico, New 3D thermal evolution model for icy bodies application to trans-Neptunian objects, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.529, pp.71-98, 1993.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201014194

M. Lattelais, M. Bertin, and H. Mokrane, Differential adsorption of complex organic molecules isomers at interstellar ice surfaces, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.532, issue.482, pp.12-293, 2008.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201016184

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01480772

H. B. Lemon and N. T. Bobrovnikoff, Relative Intensities of the D1 D2 Lines of Sodium in Comets and in Low Pressure Laboratory Sources, Nature, vol.117, issue.2948, p.623, 1926.
DOI : 10.1038/117623a0

B. J. Levin, On the reported Na tails of comets, Icarus, vol.3, issue.5-6, p.497, 1964.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(64)90010-7

K. Makide, K. Nagashima, and A. N. Krot, Al AT THE BIRTH OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.733, issue.2, pp.31-190, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L31

R. Merk and D. Prialnik, Combined modeling of thermal evolution and accretion of trans-neptunian objects???Occurrence of high temperatures and liquid water, Icarus, vol.183, issue.2, p.283, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.02.011

M. Oppenheimer, Sodium D-line emission in Comet West /1975n/ and the sodium source in comets, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.240, p.923, 1980.
DOI : 10.1086/158305

D. Prialnik and M. Podolak, Radioactive Heating of Porous Comet Nuclei, Icarus, vol.117, issue.2, p.420, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.1995.1166

M. K. Wallis, Radiogenic melting of primordial comet interiors, Nature, vol.12, issue.5755, p.431, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/284431a0

Y. Ellinger, NEUTRAL Na IN COMETARY TAILS AS A REMNANT OF EARLY AQUEOUS ALTERATION, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.801, issue.2, p.30, 2015.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/801/2/L30

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01131577

K. P. Hand, Clathrate Hydrates of Oxidants in the Ice Shell of Europa, Astrobiology, vol.6, issue.3, pp.463-482, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/ast.2006.6.463

F. Cipriani, Sodium recycling at Europa: what do we learn from the sodium cloud variability?, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.400, issue.5, p.19201, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2008GL035061

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00327664

F. Leblanc, R. E. Johnson, and M. E. Brown, Europa's Sodium Atmosphere: An Ocean Source?, Icarus, vol.159, issue.1, pp.132-144, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.2002.6934

F. Leblanc, Origins of Europa Na cloud and torus, Icarus, vol.178, issue.2, pp.367-385, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.027

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00077322

R. E. Johnson, Energy Distributions for Desorption of Sodium and Potassium from Ice: The Na, In: Icarus, vol.1561, pp.136-142, 2002.

R. T. Pappalardo, Geological evidence for solid-state convection in Europa's ice shell " . en, Nature, vol.3916665, pp.365-368, 1998.