T. Abee, T. Akos, . Kovács, P. Oscar, S. Kuipers et al., Biofilm formation and dispersal in Gram-positive bacteria, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.22, issue.2, pp.172-181, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.10.016

J. Adler, Chemotaxis in Bacteria, Science, vol.153, issue.3737, pp.708-715, 1966.
DOI : 10.1126/science.153.3737.708

U. Alon, M. Surette, S. Barkai, and . Leibler, Robustness in bacterial chemotaxis, Nature, vol.397, issue.6715, pp.168-71, 1999.

E. Thomas, M. Angelini, R. Roper, . Kolter, A. David et al., Bacillus subtilis spreads by surfing on waves of surfactant, 2009.

M. Asally, M. Kittisopikul, P. Rué, Y. Du, Z. Hu et al., Localized cell death focuses mechanical forces during 3D patterning in a biofilm, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, issue.46, pp.18891-18897, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1212429109

L. Bonnie, R. Bassler, and . Losick, Bacterially speaking, Cell, vol.125, issue.2, pp.237-283, 2006.

E. Ben-jacob, O. Schochet, and A. Tenenbaum, Generic modelling of cooperative growth patterns in bacterial colonies, Nature, vol.368, issue.6466, p.46, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/368046a0

C. Howard and . Berg, Random walks in biology

R. D. Berg, The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora, Trends in Microbiology, vol.4, issue.11, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0966-842X(96)10057-3

E. Terran, R. J. Bergdale, . Pinkelman, R. Stephen, B. Hughes et al., Engineered biosealant strains producing inorganic and organic biopolymers, Journal of Biotechnology, vol.161, issue.3, pp.181-189, 2012.

V. Berk, J. C. Fong, G. T. Dempsey, O. N. Develioglu, X. Zhuang et al., Molecular Architecture and Assembly Principles of Vibrio cholerae Biofilms, Science, vol.337, issue.6091, pp.337236-239, 2012.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1222981

S. Steven, F. Branda, . Chu, B. Daniel, R. Kearns et al., A major protein component of the Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix, Molecular microbiology, vol.59, issue.4, pp.1229-1267, 2006.

S. Steven, S. Branda, L. Vik, R. Friedman, and . Kolter, Biofilms : the matrix revisited, Trends in microbiology, vol.13, issue.1, pp.20-26, 2005.

D. Bray, Bacterial chemotaxis and the question of gain, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.1, pp.7-9, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.022641699

A. Bridier, D. L. Coq, F. Dubois-brissonnet, V. Thomas, S. Aymerich et al., The Spatial Architecture of Bacillus subtilis Biofilms Deciphered Using a Surface-Associated Model and In Situ Imaging, PLoS ONE, vol.100, issue.1, p.16177, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0016177.t001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190488

O. Elena, H. C. Budrene, and . Berg, Complex patterns formed by motile cells of E coli, 1991.

O. Elena, H. C. Budrene, and . Berg, Dynamics of formation of symmetrical patterns by chemotactic bacteria, Nature, vol.376, issue.6535, pp.49-53, 1995.

A. Camilli and B. L. Bassler, Bacterial Small-Molecule Signaling Pathways, Science, vol.311, issue.5764, pp.3111113-1116, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1121357

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776824

Y. Chai, F. Chu, R. Kolter, and R. Losick, Bistability and biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis, Molecular Microbiology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.254-63, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06040.x

X. Chen, X. Dong, A. Be-'er, H. Swinney, and H. Zhang, Scale-Invariant Correlations in Dynamic Bacterial Clusters, Physical Review Letters, vol.108, issue.14, pp.1-5, 2012.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.148101

L. H. Cisneros, R. Cortez, C. Dombrowski, R. E. Goldstein, and J. O. Kessler, Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations, Experiments in Fluids, vol.84, issue.5, pp.737-753, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00348-007-0387-y

L. H. Cisneros, R. E. Goldstein, and A. Cronin, The organized melee emergence of collective behavior in concentrated suspensions of swimming bacteria and associated in the graduate college for the degree of doctor of philosophy The university of arizona, 2008.

G. Clarke, M. Roman, . Stilling, J. Paul, C. Kennedy et al., Gut Microbiota : The Neglected Endocrine Organ, Molecular Endocrinology, 2014.

J. W. Costerton, K. J. Cheng, G. Geesey, T. Ladd, J. Nickel et al., Bacterial Biofilms in Nature and Disease, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.435-464, 1987.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251

J. William-costerton, Z. Lewandowski, E. Douglas, . Caldwell, R. Darren et al., Microbial biofilms, Annu. Rev. Microbiol, 1995.

J. William-costerton, S. Philip, E. Stewart, and . Greenberg, Bacterial biofilms : a common cause of persistent infections, Science, issue.5418, pp.2841318-2841340, 1999.

C. Carla and . Carvalho, Biofilms: Recent Developments on an Old Battle, Recent Patents on Biotechnology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.49-57, 2007.
DOI : 10.2174/187220807779813965

I. Dogsa, M. Brloznik, D. Stopar, and I. Mandic-mulec, Exopolymer Diversity and the Role of Levan in Bacillus subtilis Biofilms, PLoS ONE, vol.177, issue.4, p.62044, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0062044.s004

C. Dombrowski, L. H. Cisneros, S. Chatkaew, R. E. Goldstein, and J. O. Kessler, Self-Concentration and Large-Scale Coherence in Bacterial Dynamics, Physical Review Letters, vol.93, issue.9, pp.2-5, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098103

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00014870

W. Ford and D. , Uprooting the tree of life, Scientific American, vol.282, issue.2, pp.90-95, 2000.

C. Douarche, A. Buguin, H. Salman, and A. E. Libchaber, Coli and Oxygen : A Motility Transition, Physical Review Letters, vol.102, issue.19, pp.2-5, 2009.

K. Drescher, J. Dunkel, L. H. Cisneros, S. Ganguly, and R. E. Goldstein, Fluid dynamics and noise in bacterial cell-cell and cell-surface scattering, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.27, pp.10940-10945, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1019079108

Z. Du, H. Li, and T. Gu, A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy, Biotechnology Advances, vol.25, issue.5, pp.464-482, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.05.004

D. Dubnau and R. Losick, MicroReview Bistability in bacteria, Molecular Microbiology, pp.61564-572, 2006.

R. Edgeworth, T. Dalton, and . Parnell, The pitch drop experiment, European Journal of Physics, vol.5, issue.4, pp.198-200, 1984.
DOI : 10.1088/0143-0807/5/4/003

H. Flemming and J. Wingender, The biofilm matrix, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.79, issue.9, pp.623-656, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2415

H. Fujikawa, Diversity of the growth patterns of Bacillus subtilis colonies on agar plates, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.159-167, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00062.x

M. Fujita, J. E. González-pastor, E. Gonza, and R. Losick, High-and Low-Threshold Genes in the Spo0A Regulon of Bacillus subtilis High-and Low-Threshold Genes in the Spo0A Regulon of Bacillus subtilis, Journal of bacteriology, vol.187, issue.4, 2005.

F. Liam, . Garrity, W. George, and . Ordal, Chemotaxis in BS how bacteria monitor environmental signals, 1995.

R. Bernard and . Glick, The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.41, issue.2, pp.109-117, 1995.

E. Guyon, J. P. Hulin, and L. Petit, Hydrodynamique physique, 2001.

L. Hall-stoodley, J. William-costerton, and P. Stoodley, Bacterial biofilms: from the Natural environment to infectious diseases, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.146, issue.2, pp.95-108, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00097-4

A. Hillesdon and T. J. Pedley, Bioconvection in suspensions of oxytactic bacteria: linear theory, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.30, issue.-1, 1996.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112089002922

A. Hillesdon, T. J. Pedley, J. O. Kessler, and . Bacteria, The development of concentration gradients in a suspension of chemotactic, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, vol.57, issue.2, 1995.

L. Hobley, A. Ostrowski, V. Francesco, . Rao, M. Keith et al., BslA is a self-assembling bacterial hydrophobin that coats the Bacillus subtilis biofilm, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.1-6, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1306390110

T. Ishige, K. Honda, and S. Shimizu, Whole organism biocatalysis, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.174-180, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.001

W. Debra, K. Jackson, L. Suzuki, J. W. Oakford, . Simecka et al., Biofilm Formation and Dispersal under the Influence of the Global Regulator CsrA of Escherichia coli, Journal of bacteriology, vol.184, issue.1, pp.290-301, 2002.

M. Imre, J. O. Janosi, . Kessler, K. Viktor, and . Horva, Onset of bioconvection in suspensions of Bacillus subtilis, Physical Review E, vol.58, issue.4, pp.4793-4800, 1998.

C. Tobin and K. Hrström, Symbiosis : Breaking the ice with your host, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.11, issue.10, p.663, 2013.

B. Daniel, R. Kearns, and . Losick, Cell population heterogeneity during growth of Bacillus subtilis, Genes & development, vol.19, issue.24, pp.3083-94, 2005.

F. Evelyn, L. Keller, and . Segelf, Model for Chemotaxis, Journal of theoretical biology, pp.225-234, 1971.

M. Klausen, A. Aaes-jorgensen, S. Molin, and T. Tolker-nielsen, Involvement of bacterial migration in the development of complex multicellular structures in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, Molecular Microbiology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.61-68, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03677.x

K. Kobayashi, Bacillus subtilis Pellicle Formation Proceeds through Genetically Defined Morphological Changes, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.189, issue.13, pp.4920-4951, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00157-07

J. U. Kreft and J. W. Wimpenny, Eect of EPS on biofilm structure and function as revealed by an individual-based model of biofilm growth. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, pp.135-176, 2001.

J. Kreft, J. Booth, and . Wimpenny, Applications of individual-based modelling in microbial ecology, Modelling in Microbial Ecology, 1999.

F. Kunst, . Ogasawara, . Moszer, . Albertini, . Alloni et al., The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Nature, issue.6657, pp.390249-56, 1997.

D. Lazarevic, J. Dvornik, and K. Fresl, Contact detection algorithm for discrete element analysis. KoG-6, pp.29-40, 2002.

B. Lindley, Q. Wang, and T. Zhang, Multicomponent hydrodynamic model for heterogeneous biofilms: Two-dimensional numerical simulations of growth and interaction with flows, Physical Review E, vol.85, issue.3, p.31908, 2012.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.85.031908

P. Lopez-garcia and D. Moreira, Tracking microbial biodiversity through molecular and genomic ecology, Research in Microbiology, vol.159, issue.1, pp.67-73, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.11.019

R. Macnab and D. Koshland, The Gradient-Sensing Mechanism in Bacterial Chemotaxis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.69, issue.9, pp.2509-2512, 1972.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.69.9.2509

B. Donald and S. Martin, The oxygen consumption of escherichia coli during the lag and logarithmic phases of growth, Journal of general physiology, pp.691-708, 1927.

M. Marvasi, T. Pieter, L. C. Visscher, and . Martinez, Exopolymeric substances (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis???: polymers and genes encoding their synthesis, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.313, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02085.x

M. Mitsugu and F. Hiroshi, Diusion-limited growth in bacterial colony formation, Physica A, vol.168, pp.498-506, 1990.

R. Mesibov, G. Ordal, and J. Adler, The Range of Attractant Concentrations for Bacterial Chemotaxis and the Threshold and Size of Response over This Range: Weber law and related phenomena, The Journal of General Physiology, vol.62, issue.2, pp.203-226, 1973.
DOI : 10.1085/jgp.62.2.203

M. Morikawa, Beneficial biofilm formation by industrial bacteria Bacillus subtilis and related species, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol.101, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2006.
DOI : 10.1263/jbb.101.1

M. Morikawa, S. Kagihiro, M. Haruki, K. Takano, S. Steven et al., Biofilm formation by a Bacillus subtilis strain that produces gammapolyglutamate, Microbiology, pp.1522801-1522808, 2006.

J. Ewan, M. A. Murray, N. R. Strauch, and . Stanley-wall, SigmaX is involved in controlling Bacillus subtilis biofilm architecture through the AbrB homologue Abh, Journal of bacteriology, vol.191, issue.22, pp.6822-6854, 2009.

D. Carey, V. Nadell, K. Bucci, . Drescher, B. L. Simon-a-levin et al., Cutting through the complexity of cell collectives, Proceedings. Biological sciences, vol.280, p.20122770, 1755.

D. Carey, J. B. Nadell, . Xavier, . Simon-a-levin, R. Kevin et al., The evolution of quorum sensing in bacterial biofilms, PLoS biology, vol.6, issue.1, p.14, 2008.

Y. Nikolaev, V. K. Plakunov, and . Biofilm, City of microbes" or an analogue of multicellular organisms ? Microbiology, pp.125-138, 2007.

O. George, H. B. Toole, R. Kaplan, and . Kolter, Biofilm Formation as Microbial Development, Annu. Rev. Microbiol, pp.49-79, 2000.

S. Pamp, M. Gjermansen, and T. Tolker-nielsen, The Biofilm Matrix : A Sticky Framework, 2007.

C. Picioreanu, Modelling biofilms with cellular automata, 1996.

C. Picioreanu, Multidimensional modeling of biofilm structure, 1999.

C. Picioreanu, J. U. Kreft, M. Klausen, J. A. Haagensen, T. Tolker-nielsen et al., Microbial motility involvement in biofilm structure formation a 3D modelling study. Water science & technologie, pp.8-9337, 2007.

C. Picioreanu, C. Mark, J. J. Van-loosdrecht, and . Heijnen, Two-dimensional model of biofilm detachment caused by internal stress from liquid flow, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, vol.22, issue.2, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0290(20000120)72:2<205::AID-BIT9>3.0.CO;2-L

C. Picioreanu, C. Mark, J. Van-loosdrecht, and . Heijnen, Mathematical modeling of biofilm structure with a hybrid differential-discrete cellular automaton approach, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.22, issue.1, pp.101-116, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19980405)58:1<101::AID-BIT11>3.0.CO;2-M

R. Moreno, M. Sepulveda, G. Pizarro, and C. Garcãa, Two-dimensional cellular automaton model for mixed-culture biofilm, Water Sci Technol, vol.49, pp.11-12, 2004.

C. Pozrikidis, Fluid Dynamics: Theory, Computation, and Numerical Simulation, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol.55, issue.3, 2009.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1470683

L. , P. , and R. Kolter, Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation : roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili, Molecular microbiology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.285-293, 1998.

V. Christopher, . Rao, D. George, . Glekas, W. George et al., The three adaptation systems of Bacillus subtilis chemotaxis, Trends in microbiology, vol.16, issue.10, pp.480-487, 2008.

C. Ric, W. Wimpenny, and . Julian, A unifying hypothesis for the strucutre of microbial biofilms based on cellular automaton models, FEMS Microbiol Ecology, vol.22, pp.1-16, 1997.

D. Romero, C. Aguilar, R. Losick, and R. Kolter, Amyloid fibers provide structural integrity to Bacillus subtilis biofilms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.2230-2234, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0910560107

M. Rosario, J. Kirby, G. Bochar, and . Ordal, Chemotactic methylation and behavior in Bacillus subtilis: role of two unique proteins, CheC and CheD, Biochemistry, vol.34, issue.11, pp.343823-343854, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00011a040

J. Saragosti, V. Calvez, N. Bournaveas, A. Buguin, P. Silberzan et al., Mathematical Description of Bacterial Traveling Pulses, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.33, issue.8, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000890.s001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00440108

P. Michael, . Schultz, W. Georey, and . Swain, The influence of biofilms on skin friction drag, Biofouling, vol.15, issue.1-3, pp.129-139, 2000.

J. Segall, S. Block, and H. C. Berg, Temporal comparisons in bacterial chemotaxis., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.83, issue.23, pp.8987-91, 1986.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.83.23.8987

J. B. Segur and H. E. Oberstar, Viscosity of Glycerol and Its Aqueous Solutions, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol.43, issue.9, pp.2017-2020, 1951.
DOI : 10.1021/ie50501a040

M. Shemesh and Y. Chai, A Combination of Glycerol and Manganese Promotes Biofilm Formation in Bacillus subtilis via Histidine Kinase KinD Signaling, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.195, issue.12, pp.2747-54, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00028-13

T. A. Smirnova, L. V. Didenko, R. R. Azizbekyan, and Y. M. Romanova, Structural and functional characteristics of bacterial biofilms, Microbiology, vol.79, issue.4, pp.413-423, 2010.
DOI : 10.1134/S0026261710040016

A. Sokolov, R. E. Goldstein, F. Feldchtein, and I. Aranson, Enhanced mixing and spatial instability in concentrated bacterial suspensions, Physical Review E, vol.80, issue.3, pp.1-8, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.80.031903

V. Sourjik and H. C. Berg, Receptor sensitivity in bacterial chemotaxis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.1, pp.123-130, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.011589998

C. Staudt, T. Horn, and . Neu, Volumetric measurements of bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substance glycoconjugates in biofilms, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.28, issue.5, pp.585-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.20241

S. Philip, R. Stewart, S. Murga, . Rohini, and D. De-beer, biofilm structural heterogeneity visualized materials by three microscopic methods, Water research, vol.29, issue.8, pp.2006-2009, 1995.

P. Stoodley, D. Sauer, J. Davies, and . William-costerton, Biofilms as complex dierentiated communities. Annual review of microbiology, pp.187-209, 2002.

I. Sutherland, Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework, Microbiology, vol.147, issue.1, pp.3-9, 2001.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-147-1-3

P. Thévenaz and M. Unser, User-friendly semiautomated assembly of accurate image mosaics in microscopy, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol.15, issue.2, pp.135-146, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jemt.20393

J. Marcus, . Tindall, . Ganey, K. Philip, J. P. Maini et al., Theoretical insights into bacterial chemotaxis, WIREs Syst BiolMed, vol.4, issue.3, pp.247-59, 2012.

J. Marcus, P. Tindall, S. Maini, J. P. Porter, and . Armitage, Overview of mathematical approaches used to model bacterial chemotaxis II : bacterial populations, Bulletin of mathematical biology, vol.70, issue.6, pp.1570-607, 2008.

J. Marcus, S. Tindall, . Porter, . Maini, J. P. Gaglia et al., Overview of mathematical approaches used to model bacterial chemotaxis I : the single cell, Bulletin of mathematical biology, vol.70, issue.6, pp.1525-69, 2008.

M. Trejo, C. Douarche, V. Bailleux, C. Poulard, S. Mariot et al., Elasticity and wrinkled morphology of Bacillus subtilis pellicles, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.2011-2016, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1217178110

I. Tuval, L. H. Cisneros, C. Dombrowski, W. Charles, J. O. Wolgemuth et al., Bacterial swimming and oxygen transport near contact lines, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.7, pp.2277-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0406724102

P. Vijayabaskar, . Babinastarlin, . Shankar, K. Sivakumar, and . Anandapandian, Quantification and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides from Bacillus subtilis ( MTCC 121 ), Advances in Biological Research, vol.5, issue.2, pp.71-76, 2011.

N. Vladimirov and V. Sourjik, Chemotaxis: how bacteria use memory, Biological Chemistry, vol.390, issue.11, pp.1097-104, 2009.
DOI : 10.1515/BC.2009.130

H. Vlamakis, C. Aguilar, R. Losick, and R. Kolter, Control of cell fate by the formation of an architecturally complex bacterial community, Genes & Development, vol.22, issue.7, pp.945-953, 2008.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1645008

O. Wanner and W. Gujer, A multispecies biofilm model, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.10, issue.3, pp.314-328, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.260280304

P. Watnick and R. Kolter, Biofilm, City of Microbes, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.182, issue.10, pp.2675-2679, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.182.10.2675-2679.2000

C. Robert, . Weast, J. Melvin, . Astle, H. William et al., CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 1988.

H. Henricus, J. Wensink, S. Dunkel, K. Heidenreich, R. E. Drescher et al., Meso-scale turbulence in living fluids, 2012.

B. William, . Whitman, C. David, . Coleman, J. William et al., Perspective Prokaryotes : The unseen majority, pp.956578-6583, 1998.

H. Wioland, G. Francis, J. O. Woodhouse, R. E. Kessler, and . Goldstein, Confinement Stabilizes a Bacterial Suspension into a Spiral Vortex, Physical Review Letters, vol.110, issue.26, pp.2-6, 2013.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.268102

S. Laurence, . Wong, S. Mark, I. B. Johnson, . Zhulin et al., Role of Methylation in Aerotaxis in Bacillus subtilis, Journal of bacteriology, vol.177, issue.14, pp.3985-3991, 1995.

B. Joao, . Xavier, R. Kevin, and . Foster, Cooperation and conflict in microbial biofilms, PNAS, vol.104, issue.3, pp.876-81, 2007.

B. Joao, C. Xavier, . Picioreanu, C. Mark, and . Van-loosdrecht, A framework for multidimensional modelling of activity and structure of multispecies biofilms, Environmental microbiology, vol.7, issue.8, pp.1085-103, 2005.

. Hyung-suk-yu, H. Jimmy, S. Saw, R. W. Hou, K. J. Larsen et al., Aerotactic responses in bacteria to photoreleased oxygen, FEMS microbiology letters, vol.217, issue.2, pp.237-279, 2002.

T. Zhang, N. Cogan, and Q. Wang, Phase-Field Models for Biofilms II . 2-D Numerical Simulations of Biofilm-Flow Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical model, communications in computational physics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.72-101, 2008.

W. Zhang, N. George, and . Phillips, Structure of the Oxygen Sensor in Bacillus subtilis, Structure, vol.11, issue.9, pp.1097-1110, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-2126(03)00169-2

E. Ziegel, W. Press, B. Flannery, S. Teukolsky, and W. Vetterling, Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, Technometrics, vol.29, issue.4, 1987.
DOI : 10.1080/00401706.1987.10488304