S. Ablett and A. H. Darke, Glass formation and dormancy in bacterial spores, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol.133, issue.1, pp.59-69, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90201-4

A. Alvarez-ordonez and D. Mouwen, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a tool to characterize molecular composition and stress response in foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.84, issue.3, pp.369-378, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.01.009

A. Atrih and S. F. Foster, The role of peptidoglycan structure and structural dynamics during endospore dormancy and germination, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.75, issue.4, pp.299-307, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1001800507443

A. Atrih and S. J. Foster, Bacterial endospores the ultimate survivors, International Dairy Journal, vol.12, issue.2-3, pp.217-223, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0958-6946(01)00157-1

A. Atrih and P. Zöllner, Structural analysis of Bacillus subtilis 168 endospore peptidoglycan and its role during differentiation., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.178, issue.21, pp.6173-83, 1996.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.178.21.6173-6183.1996

F. Badii and W. Macnaughtan, Enthalpy relaxation of gelatin in the glassy state, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.36, issue.4, pp.263-269, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.06.008

P. R. Barber and S. M. Ameer-beg, Multiphoton time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy: practical application to protein-protein interactions using global analysis, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, vol.11, issue.5, pp.93-105, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-8924(01)01982-1

T. C. Beaman and P. Gerhardt, Heat resistance of bacterial spores correlated with protoplast dehydration, mineralization, and thermal adaptation, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.52, issue.6, pp.1242-1246, 1986.

T. C. Beaman and H. S. Pankratz, Heat shock affects permeability and resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.54, issue.10, pp.2515-2520, 1988.

L. Beney and P. Gervais, Influence of the fluidity of the membrane on the response of microorganisms to environmental stresses, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.57, issue.12, pp.34-42, 2001.

L. Beney and Y. Mille, Death of Escherichia coli during rapid and severe dehydration is related to lipid phase transition, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.1237, issue.4, pp.457-464, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-004-1574-x

F. Bergstrom and I. Mikhalyov, Dimers of Dipyrrometheneboron Difluoride (BODIPY) with Light Spectroscopic Applications in Chemistry and Biology, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.124, issue.2, pp.196-204, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ja010983f

E. P. Black and J. Wei, Analysis of factors influencing the rate of germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis by very high pressure, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.66, issue.1, pp.65-76, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.232710999

S. H. Black and P. Gerhardt, Permeability of bacterial spores III : Permeation relative to germination, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.83, issue.2, pp.301-308, 1962.

N. Booth, The denaturation of proteins, Biochemical Journal, vol.24, issue.6, p.1699, 1930.
DOI : 10.1042/bj0241699

L. Cao-hoang and F. Dumont, Rates of chilling to 0??C: implications for the survival of microorganisms and relationship with membrane fluidity modifications, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.67, issue.6, pp.1379-1387, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-007-1279-z

F. Carlin, Origin of bacterial spores contaminating foods, Food Microbiology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.177-182, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fm.2010.07.008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01330261

G. Casula and S. M. Cutting, Bacillus Probiotics: Spore Germination in the Gastrointestinal Tract, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.5, pp.2344-2352, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.68.5.2344-2352.2002

M. Ceragioli and G. Cangiano, Phagocytosis, germination and killing of Bacillus subtilis spores presenting heterologous antigens in human macrophages, Microbiology, vol.155, issue.2, pp.338-346, 2009.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.022939-0

J. Chanda and S. Bandyopadhyay, Distribution of ethanol in a model membrane: a computer simulation study, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.392, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.05.072

H. Cheung and J. Cui, Real-time monitoring of Bacillus subtilis endospore components by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy during germination, Microbiology, vol.145, issue.5, pp.1043-1048, 1999.
DOI : 10.1099/13500872-145-5-1043

J. H. Chin and D. B. Goldstein, Membrane-disordering action of ethanol: variation with membrane cholesterol content and depth of the spin label probe, Molecular Pharmacology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.425-431, 1981.

H. Chirakkal and M. O. Rourke, Analysis of spore cortex lytic enzymes and related proteins in Bacillus subtilis endospore germination, Microbiology, vol.148, issue.8, pp.2383-2392, 2002.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2383

S. G. Clerc and T. E. Thompson, Permeability of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes with coexisting gel and liquid-crystalline phases, Biophysical Journal, vol.68, issue.6, pp.2333-2341, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(95)80415-7

W. H. Coleman and D. Chen, How Moist Heat Kills Spores of Bacillus subtilis, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.189, issue.23, pp.8458-8466, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.01242-07

D. E. Cortezzo and K. Koziol-dube, Treatment with oxidizing agents damages the inner membrane of spores of Bacillus subtilis and sensitizes spores to subsequent stress, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.89, issue.4, pp.838-52, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02236.x

D. E. Cortezzo and P. Setlow, Analysis of factors that influence the sensitivity of spores of Bacillus subtilis to DNA damaging chemicals, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.148, issue.3, pp.606-623, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02236.x

P. Cossart and J. Pizarro-cerdà, 1 Microbial Pathogens: an Overview, In Cellular microbiology. P. Cossart, P. Boquet, pp.1-33, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/9781555817633.ch1

A. E. Cowan and D. E. Koppel, A soluble protein is immobile in dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis but is mobile in germinated spores: Implications for spore dormancy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.100, issue.7, pp.4209-4214, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0636762100

A. E. Cowan and E. M. Olivastro, Lipids in the inner membrane of dormant spores of Bacillus species are largely immobile, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.20, pp.7733-7738, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0306859101

U. P. Cronin and M. G. Wilkinson, MONITORING CHANGES IN GERMINATION AND PERMEABILITY OF BACILLUS CEREUS ENDOSPORES FOLLOWING CHEMICAL, HEAT AND ENZYMATIC TREATMENTS USING FLOW CYTOMETRY, Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology, vol.93, issue.4, pp.164-184, 2008.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2004.02159.x

J. Crowe and L. Crowe, Phase transitions and permeability changes in dry membranes during rehydration, Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, vol.23, issue.1, pp.77-91, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00762213

S. M. Cutting, Bacillus probiotics, Food Microbiology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.214-220, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.007

M. J. De-hoon and P. Eichenberger, Hierarchical Evolution of the Bacterial Sporulation Network, Current Biology, vol.20, issue.17, pp.735-745, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2010.06.031

A. P. Demchenko and Y. Mély, Monitoring Biophysical Properties of Lipid Membranes by Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Probes, Biophysical Journal, vol.96, issue.9, pp.3461-3470, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.02.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00406393

T. Denich and L. Beaudette, Effect of selected environmental and physico-chemical factors on bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.52, issue.2, pp.149-182, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00155-0

W. Dowhan, MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID DIVERSITY:Why Are There So Many Lipids?, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol.66, issue.1, pp.199-232, 1997.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.199

A. Driks, Bacillus subtilis spore coat, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.63, issue.1, pp.1-20, 1999.

A. Driks, Overview: development in bacteria: spore formation in Bacillus subtilis, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), vol.59, issue.3, pp.389-391, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00018-002-8430-x

L. H. Duc and H. A. Hong, Bacterial Spores as Vaccine Vehicles, Infection and Immunity, vol.71, issue.5, pp.2810-2818, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.71.5.2810-2818.2003
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153275

D. Y. Duygu and T. Baykal, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for biological studies (review), Gazi University Journal of Science, vol.22, pp.117-121, 2009.

P. Eichenberger, Genomics and Cellular Biology of Endospore Formation, Bacillus: Cellular and molecular biology. P. Graumann. Wymondham, UK, pp.319-350, 2007.
DOI : 10.21775/9781910190579-11

M. L. Elmes and P. O. Wilkins, KM spore inner and cell membranes, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol.29, issue.7, pp.815-818, 1983.
DOI : 10.1139/m83-132

. Engleberg, D. T. Nc, and V. Dirita, Schaechter's mechanims of microbial Disease, 2007.

J. Errington, Bacillus subtilis sporulation: regulation of gene expression and control of morphogenesis, Microbiological Reviews, vol.57, issue.1, pp.1-33, 1993.

J. Errington, Regulation of endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.178, issue.2, pp.117-143, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01731.x

J. Fang and D. Y. Lyon, Effect of a Fullerene Water Suspension on Bacterial Phospholipids and Membrane Phase Behavior, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.41, issue.7, pp.2636-2642, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/es062181w

R. S. Flowers and D. M. Adams, Spore membrane(s) as the site of damage within heated Clostridium perfringens spores, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.125, issue.2, pp.429-463, 1976.

. Fluorolog, Measurement of fluorescence polarization, pp.3-7, 2001.

P. M. Foegeding and F. F. Busta, Proposed mechanism for sensitization by hypochlorite treatment of Clostridium botulinum spores, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.45, issue.4, pp.1374-1379, 1983.

J. B. Forrester and N. B. Valentine, Chemometric analysis of multiple species of Bacillus bacterial endospores using infrared spectroscopy: Discrimination to the strain level, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.651, issue.1, pp.24-30, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aca.2009.08.005

S. J. Foster and K. Johnstone, Pulling the trigger: the mechanism of bacterial spore germination, Molecular Microbiology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.137-178, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90468-9

S. Furukawa and M. Shimoda, Mechanism of the inactivation of bacterial spores by reciprocal pressurization treatment, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.7, issue.5, pp.836-841, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.44.1.531

S. Garip and A. C. Gozen, Use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for rapid comparative analysis of Bacillus and Micrococcus isolates, Food Chemistry, vol.113, issue.4, pp.1301-1307, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.08.063

S. Ghosh and B. Setlow, Characterization of Spores of Bacillus subtilis That Lack Most Coat Layers, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.20, pp.6741-6748, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00896-08

S. Goda and K. Takano, Amyloid protofilament formation of hen egg lysozyme in highly concentrated ethanol solution, Protein Science, vol.49, issue.2, pp.369-375, 2000.
DOI : 10.1110/ps.9.2.369

D. B. Goldstein, The Effects of Drugs on Membrane Fluidity, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.43-64, 1984.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pa.24.040184.000355

J. E. Gonzalez-pastor and E. C. Hobbs, Cannibalism by Sporulating Bacteria, Science, vol.301, issue.5632, pp.510-513, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1086462

G. W. Gould and A. J. Sale, Initiation of Germination of Bacterial Spores by Hydrostatic Pressure, Journal of General Microbiology, vol.60, issue.3, pp.335-346, 1970.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-60-3-335

K. Griffiths and P. Setlow, sporulation and spore properties, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.129, issue.6, pp.2064-2078, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04176.x

K. K. Griffiths and J. Zhang, Germination proteins in the inner membrane of dormant Bacillus subtilis spores colocalize in a discrete cluster, Molecular Microbiology, vol.192, issue.4, pp.1061-77, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07753.x

T. M. Gruber and C. A. Gross, Multiple Sigma Subunits and the Partitioning of Bacterial Transcription Space, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.57, issue.1, pp.441-66, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913

A. A. Gurtovenko and J. Anwar, Interaction of Ethanol with Biological Membranes: The Formation of Non-bilayer Structures within the Membrane Interior and their Significance, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.113, issue.7, pp.1983-1992, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp808041z

M. Haidekker and E. Theodorakis, Molecular rotors???fluorescent biosensors for viscosity and flow, Org. Biomol. Chem., vol.3, issue.Pt 2, pp.1669-1678, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/B618415D

M. Haidekker and E. Theodorakis, Environment-sensitive behavior of fluorescent molecular rotors, Journal of Biological Engineering, vol.4, issue.1, p.11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1754-1611-4-11

M. A. Haidekker and T. Ling, New fluorescent probes for the measurement of cell membrane viscosity, Chemistry & Biology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.123-131, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1074-5521(00)90061-9

J. E. Hallsworth, Ethanol-induced water stress in yeast, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, vol.85, issue.2, pp.125-137, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)86756-6

J. Han and K. Burgess, Fluorescent Indicators for Intracellular pH, Chemical Reviews, vol.110, issue.5, pp.2709-2737, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/cr900249z

P. I. Haris, Characterization of Protein Structure and Stability Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications, vol.5, issue.1, pp.15-25, 1999.
DOI : 10.1211/146080899128734118

D. Helm and D. Naumann, Identification of some bacterial cell components by FT-IR spectroscopy, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.126, issue.1, pp.75-79, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07393.x

A. O. Henriques and J. C. Moran, Structure, Assembly, and Function of the Spore Surface Layers, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.61, issue.1, pp.555-588, 2007.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224

R. Herbert, Low temperature adaptation in bacteria, Effects of Low Temperature on Biological Membranes, pp.41-53, 1981.

D. Higgins and J. Dworkin, sporulation, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.36, issue.1, pp.131-148, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00310.x

D. W. Hilbert and P. J. Piggot, Compartmentalization of Gene Expression during Bacillus subtilis Spore Formation, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.68, issue.2, pp.234-262, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.68.2.234-262.2004

W. G. Hill and R. L. Rivers, Role of Leaflet Asymmetry in the Permeability of Model Biological Membranes to Protons, Solutes, and Gases, The Journal of General Physiology, vol.271, issue.3, pp.405-414, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/340075a0

J. A. Hoch, Genetics of Bacterial Sporulation, Advances in Genetics, vol.18, pp.69-98, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60437-X

S. Hofstetter, Resistance and membrane fluidity of endospores of Clostridium spp. during pressure-assisted thermal processing in the presence of antimicrobials ".Food science and Technology, p.132, 2012.

S. Hofstetter and C. Denter, Use of the fluorescent probe LAURDAN to label and measure inner membrane fluidity of endospores of Clostridium spp., Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.91, issue.1, pp.93-100, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.07.023

S. Hofstetter and R. Winter, In Situ Determination of Clostridium Endospore Membrane Fluidity during Pressure-Assisted Thermal Processing in Combination with Nisin or Reutericyclin, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.79, issue.6, pp.2103-2109, 2013.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.03755-12

H. A. Hong and H. Duc-le, The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics: Table 1, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.29, issue.4, pp.813-848, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001

N. A. Hosny and G. Mohamedi, Mapping microbubble viscosity using fluorescence lifetime imaging of molecular rotors, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.110, issue.23, pp.9225-9230, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1301479110

S. Huang and D. Chen, Levels of Ca2+-Dipicolinic Acid in Individual Bacillus Spores Determined Using Microfluidic Raman Tweezers, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.189, issue.13, pp.4681-4687, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00282-07

G. Hungerford and A. Allison, Monitoring Sol-to-Gel Transitions via Fluorescence Lifetime Determination Using Viscosity Sensitive Fluorescent Probes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.113, issue.35, pp.12067-12074, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp902727y

J. R. Ibarra and A. D. Orozco, Role of the Nfo and ExoA Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonucleases in Repair of DNA Damage during Outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis Spores, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.6, pp.2031-2038, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.01625-07

N. Igura and Y. Kamimura, Effects of Minerals on Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores to Heat and Hydrostatic Pressure, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.69, issue.10, pp.6307-6310, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.69.10.6307-6310.2003

L. O. Ingram, Ethanol Tolerance in Bacteria, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, vol.169, issue.1, pp.305-319, 1989.
DOI : 10.1080/00021369.1975.10861812

Y. Ishihara and H. Saito, Differences in the surface membranes and water content between the vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus subtilis, Cell Biochemistry and Function, vol.17, issue.1, pp.9-13, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0844(199903)17:1<9::AID-CBF803>3.3.CO;2-0

H. C. Ishikawa-ankerhold and R. Ankerhold, Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques???FRAP, FLIP, FLAP, FRET and FLIM, Molecules, vol.17, issue.12, pp.4047-4132, 2012.
DOI : 10.3390/molecules17044047

G. B. Jensen and B. M. Hansen, The hidden lifestyles of Bacillus cereus and relatives, Environmental Microbiology, vol.24, issue.8, pp.631-640, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00461.x

J. Kim, Y. , and T. Hagiwara, Kinetic process of enthalpy relaxation of glassy starch and effect of physical aging upon its water vapor permeability property, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.53, issue.3, pp.289-296, 2003.

T. J. Johnson and Y. Su, The Infrared Spectra of <I>Bacillus</I> Bacteria Part I: Vegetative <I>Bacillus</I> versus Sporulated Cells and the Contributions of Phospholipids to Vegetative Infrared Spectra, Applied Spectroscopy, vol.63, issue.8, pp.899-907, 2009.
DOI : 10.1366/000370209788964430

T. J. Johnson and N. B. Valentine, Mid-infrared versus far-infrared (THz) relative intensities of room-temperature Bacillus spores, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.403, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.12.095

T. J. Johnson and S. D. Williams, The hydration number n of calcium dipicolinate trihydrate, CaDP??nH2O, and its effect on the IR spectra of sporulated Bacillus bacteria, Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol.53, issue.1, pp.28-33, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vibspec.2010.02.009

W. C. Johnson and D. Tipper, Acid-soluble spore proteins of Bacillus subtilis, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.146, issue.3, pp.972-982, 1981.

R. D. Kaiser and E. London, Location of Diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and Its Derivatives within Membranes:?? Comparison of Different Fluorescence Quenching Analyses of Membrane Depth, Biochemistry, vol.38, issue.8, pp.2610-2610, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/bi985065h

M. Kato and R. Hayashi, Effects of High Pressure on Lipids and Biomembranes for Understanding High-Pressure-Induced Biological Phenomena, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, vol.63, issue.8, pp.1321-1329, 1999.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb.63.1321

M. Kato and R. Hayashi, High pressure-induced changes of biological membrane, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.22, issue.1, pp.110-118, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2002.02621.x

F. Kawai and H. Hara, Cardiolipin Enrichment in Spore Membranes and Its Involvement in Germination of Bacillus subtilis Marburg, Genes & Genetic Systems, vol.81, issue.2, pp.69-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1266/ggs.81.69

F. Kawai and M. Shoda, Cardiolipin Domains in Bacillus subtilis Marburg Membranes, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.5, pp.1475-1483, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.5.1475-1483.2004

B. J. Keijser and A. Beek, Analysis of Temporal Gene Expression during Bacillus subtilis Spore Germination and Outgrowth, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.189, issue.9, pp.3624-3634, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.01736-06

A. Keynan and Z. Evanchik, Activation of bacterial endospores, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.88, pp.313-321, 1964.

L. A. Klobutcher and K. Ragkousi, The Bacillus subtilis spore coat provides "eat resistance" during phagocytic predation by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.1, pp.165-170, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0507121102

L. Kong and P. Zhang, Characterization of bacterial spore germination using phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and optical tweezers, Nature Protocols, vol.180, issue.5, pp.625-639, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00345-10

L. Kong and P. Zhang, Species, Analytical Chemistry, vol.82, issue.20, pp.8717-8724, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/ac1022327
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00604766

R. Kort and A. C. O-'brien, Assessment of Heat Resistance of Bacterial Spores from Food Product Isolates by Fluorescence Monitoring of Dipicolinic Acid Release, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.71, issue.7, pp.3556-3564, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.71.7.3556-3564.2005

T. Koshikawa and M. Yamazaki, Surface hydrophobicity of spores of Bacillus spp, Journal of General Microbiology, vol.135, issue.10, pp.2717-2722, 1989.

M. K. Kuimova, Mapping viscosity in cells using molecular rotors, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.29, issue.Part 2, pp.12671-12686, 2012.
DOI : 10.1039/c2cp41674c

M. K. Kuimova and G. Yahioglu, Molecular Rotor Measures Viscosity of Live Cells via Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.130, issue.21, pp.6672-6673, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ja800570d

F. Kunst and N. Ogasawara, The complete genome sequence of the grampositive bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Nature, vol.141, issue.6657, pp.249-56, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/36786

M. Laaberki and J. Dworkin, Role of Spore Coat Proteins in the Resistance of Bacillus subtilis Spores to Caenorhabditis elegans Predation, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.18, pp.6197-6203, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00623-08

J. R. Lakowicz, Fluorescence anisotropy, Principle of fluorescence spectroscopy, pp.353-382, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-3061-6_10

M. B. Lande and J. M. Donovan, The relationship between membrane fluidity and permeabilities to water, solutes, ammonia, and protons, The Journal of General Physiology, vol.106, issue.1, pp.67-84, 1995.
DOI : 10.1085/jgp.106.1.67

C. Laroche and L. Beney, The effect of osmotic pressure on the membrane fluidity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at different physiological temperatures, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.56, issue.1-2, pp.249-254, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002530000583

C. Laroche and H. Simonin, Phase transitions as a function of osmotic pressure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae whole cells, membrane extracts and phospholipid mixtures, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1669, issue.1, pp.8-16, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.01.007

E. L. Larson and H. E. Morton, Alcohols. In Disinfection, sterilization and preservation, pp.191-203, 1991.

M. J. Leggett and G. Mcdonnell, Bacterial spore structures and their protective role in biocide resistance, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.96, issue.3, pp.485-98, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05336.x

T. D. Leser and A. Knarreborg, Germination and outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis spores in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.76, issue.4, pp.1025-1033, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.188.7.2692-2700.2006

R. G. Leuschner and P. J. Lillford, Effects of hydration on molecular mobility in phase-bright Bacillus subtilis spores, Microbiology, vol.146, issue.1, pp.49-55, 2000.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-146-1-49

R. G. Leuschner and P. J. Lillford, Thermal properties of bacterial spores and biopolymers, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.80, issue.2, pp.131-143, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00139-3

S. Lin and C. Wu, Effect of Ethanol on the Protein Secondary Structure of the Human Gastric Mucosa, In Vitro, Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol.33, issue.5, pp.255-262, 1995.
DOI : 10.1515/cclm.1995.33.5.255

J. A. Lindsay and T. C. Beaman, Protoplast water content of bacterial spores determined by buoyant density sedimentation, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.163, issue.2, pp.735-737, 1985.

L. Lis and M. Mcalister, Measurement of the lateral compressibility of several phospholipid bilayers, Biophysical Journal, vol.37, issue.3, p.667, 1982.

R. Liu and P. Qin, Toxic effects of ethanol on bovine serum albumin, Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, vol.21, issue.3, pp.66-71, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/jbt.20314

A. G. Macdonald, The Effects of Pressure on the Molecular Structure and Physiological Functions of Cell Membranes, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.304, issue.1118, pp.47-68, 1118.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1984.0008

D. Magde and R. Wong, Fluorescence Quantum Yields and Their Relation to Lifetimes of Rhodamine 6G and Fluorescein in Nine Solvents: Improved Absolute Standards for Quantum Yields??, Photochemistry and Photobiology, vol.2, issue.49, pp.327-334, 2002.
DOI : 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)075<0327:FQYATR>2.0.CO;2

A. Magge and A. C. Granger, Role of Dipicolinic Acid in the Germination, Stability, and Viability of Spores of Bacillus subtilis, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.14, pp.4798-4807, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00477-08

A. Magge and B. Setlow, species, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.226, issue.3, pp.814-824, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04048.x

N. G. Magill and A. E. Cowan, The internal pH of the forespore compartment of Bacillus megaterium decreases by about 1 pH unit during sporulation., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.176, issue.8, pp.2252-2258, 1994.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.176.8.2252-2258.1994

M. C. Mansilla and L. E. Cybulski, Control of Membrane Lipid Fluidity by Molecular Thermosensors, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.186, issue.20, pp.6681-6688, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.186.20.6681-6688.2004

J. J. Mansure and A. D. Panek, Trehalose inhibits ethanol effects on intact yeast cells and liposomes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1191, issue.2, pp.309-316, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90181-3

D. Margosch and M. G. Gänzle, Pressure Inactivation of Bacillus Endospores, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.70, issue.12, pp.7321-7328, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.70.12.7321-7328.2004

J. M. Mason and P. Setlow, Essential role of small, acid-soluble spore proteins in resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores to UV light., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.167, issue.1, pp.174-178, 1986.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.167.1.174-178.1986

A. Mathys and B. Chapman, Flow cytometric assessment of Bacillus spore response to high pressure and heat, Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, vol.8, issue.4, pp.519-527, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ifset.2007.06.010

K. Matsumoto and J. Kusaka, Lipid domains in bacterial membranes, Molecular Microbiology, vol.175, issue.5, pp.1110-1117, 2006.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M310183200

L. L. Matz and T. C. Beaman, Chemical composition of exosporium from spores of Bacillus cereus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.101, issue.1, pp.196-201, 1970.

G. Mcdonnell and A. D. Russell, Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activity, action, and resistance, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.12, issue.1, pp.147-179, 1999.

P. T. Mckenney and A. Driks, The Bacillus subtilis endospore: assembly and functions of the multilayered coat, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.33-44, 2013.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2921

P. T. Mckenney and P. Eichenberger, Dynamics of spore coat morphogenesis in Bacillus subtilis, Molecular Microbiology, vol.212, issue.2, pp.245-60, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07936.x

J. Meador-parton and D. L. Popham, Structural Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Spore Peptidoglycan during Sporulation, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.182, issue.16, pp.4491-4499, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.182.16.4491-4499.2000

E. Melly and A. E. Cowan, Studies on the mechanism of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hydrogen peroxide, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.316-325, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01114.x

H. Mizoguchi and S. Hara, Effect of fatty acid saturation in membrane lipid bilayers on simple diffusion in the presence of ethanol at high concentrations, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, vol.81, issue.5, pp.406-411, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0922-338X(96)85141-5

A. Moir, How do spores germinate?, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.66, issue.3, pp.526-556, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90468-9

T. Møretrø and E. Heir, Control of Salmonella in food related environments by chemical disinfection, Food Research International, vol.45, issue.2, pp.532-544, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.002

J. Nagle, Area/lipid of bilayers from NMR, Biophysical Journal, vol.64, issue.5, pp.1476-1481, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81514-5

M. B. Najjar and M. Chikindas, Changes in Listeria monocytogenes Membrane Fluidity in Response to Temperature Stress, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.20, pp.6429-6435, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00980-07

D. Naumann, Infrared spectroscopy in microbiology Encyclopedia of analytical chemistry, 2000.

D. Naumann and S. Keller, FT-IR spectroscopy and FT-Raman spectroscopy are powerful analytical tools for the non-invasive characterization of intact microbial cells, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.347, pp.399-405, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2860(95)08562-A

H. Nguyen-thi-minh and P. Dantigny, Germination and inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores induced by moderate hydrostatic pressure, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.64, issue.9, pp.876-83, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.22849
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00691825

H. Nguyen-thi-minh and A. Durand, Effect of sporulation conditions on the resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores to heat and high pressure, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.37, issue.4, pp.1409-1417, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-011-3183-9

H. Nguyen-thi-minh and J. Perrier-cornet, New Insight into the Thermal Properties and the Biological Behaviour of the Bacterial Spores, Food Biophysics, vol.15, issue.3, pp.238-246, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11483-010-9165-0

W. Nicholson and P. Fajardo-cavazos, Bacterial endospores and their significance in stress resistance, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.81, issue.1/4, pp.27-32, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1020561122764

W. L. Nicholson and N. Munakata, Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.64, issue.3, pp.548-572, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000

W. L. Nicholson and P. Setlow, Sporulation, germination and outgrowth, Molecular biological methods for Bacillus. C. Hardwood and S. Cutting. Chichester,UK, pp.391-450, 1990.

J. A. Op-den-kamp and I. Redai, Phospholipid composition of Bacillus subtilis, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.99, issue.1, pp.298-303, 1969.

M. Paidhungat and B. Setlow, Mechanisms of Induction of Germination of Bacillus subtilis Spores by High Pressure, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.68, issue.6, pp.3172-3175, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.68.6.3172-3175.2002

M. Paidhungat and B. Setlow, Characterization of Spores of Bacillus subtilis Which Lack Dipicolinic Acid, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.182, issue.19, pp.5505-5512, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.182.19.5505-5512.2000

M. Paidhungat and P. Setlow, Localization of a Germinant Receptor Protein (GerBA) to the Inner Membrane of Bacillus subtilis Spores, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.183, issue.13, pp.3982-3990, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.183.13.3982-3990.2001

B. N. Pandey and K. P. Mishra, Radiation induced oxidative damage modification by cholesterol in liposomal membrane, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.54, issue.5, pp.481-489, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-806X(98)00297-7

D. Paredes-sabja and P. Setlow, Germination of spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species: mechanisms and proteins involved, Trends in Microbiology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.85-94, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2010.10.004

G. F. Parker and R. A. Daniel, Timing and genetic regulation of commitment to sporulation in Bacillus subtilis, Microbiology, vol.142, issue.12, pp.3445-3452, 1996.
DOI : 10.1099/13500872-142-12-3445

M. Patra and E. Salonen, Under the Influence of Alcohol: The Effect of Ethanol and Methanol on Lipid Bilayers, Biophysical Journal, vol.90, issue.4, pp.1121-1135, 2006.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.062364

D. Perkins and C. Lovell, Effects of Autoclaving on Bacterial Endospores Studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy, Applied Spectroscopy, vol.58, issue.6, pp.749-753, 2004.
DOI : 10.1366/000370204873079

P. J. Piggot and D. W. Hilbert, Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.7, issue.6, pp.579-586, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2004.10.001

H. A. Pillman and G. J. Blanchard, Effects of Ethanol on the Organization of Phosphocholine Lipid Bilayers, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.114, issue.11, pp.3840-3846, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/jp910897t

M. Plomp and T. J. Leighton, In vitro high-resolution structural dynamics of single germinating bacterial spores, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.23, pp.9644-9649, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0610626104

J. Pogliano and N. Osborne, A vital stain for studying membrane dynamics in bacteria: a novel mechanism controlling septation during Bacillus subtilis sporulation, Molecular Microbiology, vol.195, issue.4, pp.1149-1159, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.5041869.x

D. L. Popham, Specialized peptidoglycan of the bacterial endospore: the inner wall of the lockbox, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (CMLS), vol.59, issue.3, pp.426-459, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00018-002-8435-5

D. L. Popham and J. Helin, Muramic lactam in peptidoglycan of Bacillus subtilis spores is required for spore outgrowth but not for spore dehydration or heat resistance, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.26, pp.15405-15410, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15405

D. L. Popham and S. Sengupta, Heat, hydrogen peroxide, and UV resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores with increased core water content and with or without major DNA-binding proteins, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, issue.10, pp.61-3633, 1995.

L. M. Prescott and J. P. Harley, Microbiologie 3 e edition, 2010.

K. Ragkousi and A. E. Cowan, Analysis of Nucleoid Morphology during Germination and Outgrowth of Spores of Bacillus Species, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.182, issue.19, pp.5556-5562, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.182.19.5556-5562.2000

V. Ragoonanan and J. Malsam, Roles of membrane structure and phase transition on the hyperosmotic stress survival of Geobacter sulfurreducens, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1778, issue.10, pp.2283-2290, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.06.006

E. Ricca and S. Cutting, Emerging applications of bacterial spores in nanobiotechnology, Journal of Nanobiotechnology, vol.1, issue.1, p.6, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/1477-3155-1-6

R. Rose and B. Setlow, Comparison of the properties of Bacillus subtilis spores made in liquid or on agar plates, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.134, issue.3, pp.691-700, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01960.x

A. D. Russell, Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents., Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.3, issue.2, pp.99-119, 1990.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.3.2.99
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358146/pdf

A. D. Russell, Factors influencing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe's principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization, pp.98-127, 2004.

J. M. Salas-pacheco and B. Setlow, Role of the Nfo (YqfS) and ExoA Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonucleases in Protecting Bacillus subtilis Spores from DNA Damage, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.187, issue.21, pp.7374-7381, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.187.21.7374-7381.2005

R. Salgia and J. Becker, Altered membrane fluidity in rat hepatocytes during endotoxic shock, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol.253, issue.1B, pp.143-148, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00925973

J. Sanchez-salas and B. Setlow, Maturation of Released Spores Is Necessary for Acquisition of Full Spore Heat Resistance during Bacillus subtilis Sporulation, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.77, issue.19, pp.6746-6754, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.05031-11

L. Y. Santo and R. H. Doi, Ultrastructural analysis during germination and outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis spores, J Bacteriol, vol.120, issue.1, pp.475-81, 1974.

K. Schuster and F. Mertens, FTIR spectroscopy applied to bacterial cells as a novel method for monitoring complex biotechnological processes, Vibrational Spectroscopy, vol.19, issue.2, pp.467-477, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-2031(98)00058-7

E. Segev and Y. Smith, RNA Dynamics in Aging Bacterial Spores, Cell, vol.148, issue.1-2, pp.139-149, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.059

C. C. Seow and P. B. Cheah, Antiplasticization by Water in Reduced-Moisture Food Systems, Journal of Food Science, vol.46, issue.11, pp.576-581, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0144-8617(92)90129-E

B. Setlow and S. Atluri, Role of Dipicolinic Acid in Resistance and Stability of Spores of Bacillus subtilis with or without DNA-Protective ??/??-Type Small Acid-Soluble Proteins, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.188, issue.11, pp.3740-3747, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00212-06

B. Setlow and A. R. Hand, Synthesis of a Bacillus subtilis small, acid-soluble spore protein in Escherichia coli causes cell DNA to assume some characteristics of spore DNA., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.173, issue.5, pp.1642-53, 1991.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.173.5.1642-1653.1991

B. Setlow and C. A. Loshon, Mechanisms of killing spores of Bacillus subtilis by acid, alkali and ethanol, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.362-375, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01114.x

B. Setlow and L. Peng, spores lacking enzymes that degrade the spore cortex, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.42, issue.1, pp.318-328, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04210.x

B. Setlow and P. Setlow, Measurements of the pH within dormant and germinated bacterial spores., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.77, issue.5, pp.2474-2476, 1980.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.77.5.2474

B. Setlow and P. Setlow, Binding of small, acid-soluble spore proteins to DNA plays a significant role in the resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores to hydrogen peroxide, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.59, issue.10, pp.3418-3423, 1993.

B. Setlow and P. Setlow, Small, acid-soluble proteins bound to DNA protect Bacillus subtilis spores from killing by dry heat, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.61, issue.7, pp.2787-90, 1995.

B. Setlow and P. Setlow, Role of DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance., Journal of Bacteriology, vol.178, issue.12, pp.3486-3495, 1996.
DOI : 10.1128/jb.178.12.3486-3495.1996

B. Setlow and P. G. Wahome, Release of Small Molecules during Germination of Spores of Bacillus Species, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.190, issue.13, pp.4759-4763, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00399-08

P. Setlow, Spore germination, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.550-556, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2003.10.001

P. Setlow, The bacterial spore: nature's survival package, Culture, vol.26, issue.2, pp.1-4, 2005.

P. Setlow, Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.143, issue.3, pp.514-525, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02236.x

P. Setlow, I will survive: DNA protection in bacterial spores, Trends in Microbiology, vol.15, issue.4, pp.172-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.004

P. Setlow, Dormant Spores Receive an Unexpected Wake-up Call, Cell, vol.135, issue.3, pp.410-412, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.006

P. Setlow and E. A. Johnson, Spores and their significance In Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 2007.

I. M. Shah and M. H. Laaberki, A Eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr Kinase Signals Bacteria to Exit Dormancy in Response to Peptidoglycan Fragments, Cell, vol.135, issue.3, pp.486-96, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.039

E. Shechter, Fluidité membranaire, Biochimie et Biophysique des Membranes. Aspects Structuraux et Fonctionnels, pp.97-121, 1990.

S. Shin and E. G. Calvisi, Microscopic and thermal characterization of hydrogen peroxide killing and lysis of spores and protection by transition metal ions, chelators, and antioxidants, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.60, issue.9, pp.3192-3197, 1994.

M. Shinitzky and Y. Barenholz, Fluidity parameters of lipid regions determined by fluorescence polarization, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes, vol.515, issue.4, pp.367-94, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4157(78)90010-2

H. Simonin and L. Beney, Sequence of occurring damages in yeast plasma membrane during dehydration and rehydration: Mechanisms of cell death, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1768, issue.6, p.28, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.017

H. Simonin and L. Beney, Controlling the membrane fluidity of yeasts during coupled thermal and osmotic treatments, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.173, issue.2, pp.325-333, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/bit.21749

M. Sinensky, Homeoviscous Adaptation--A Homeostatic Process that Regulates the Viscosity of Membrane Lipids in Escherichia coli, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.71, issue.2, pp.522-525, 1974.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.71.2.522

J. F. Skomurski and F. M. Racine, Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy changes of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5,-hexatriene in membranes from Bacillus megaterium spores, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.731, issue.3, pp.428-436, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90038-X

S. J. Slater and C. Ho, Contribution of hydrogen bonding to lipid-lipid interactions in membranes and the role of lipid order: Effects of cholesterol, increased phospholipid unsaturation, and ethanol, Biochemistry, vol.32, issue.14, pp.3714-3721, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00065a025

A. L. Sonenshein, Bacterial sporulation: a response to environmental signals, Bacterial stress responses. G. Storz and R. Hengge-Aronis, pp.199-215, 2000.

A. L. Sonenshein, Control of sporulation initiation in Bacillus subtilis, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.3, issue.6, pp.561-566, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00141-7

M. L. Stecchini and M. D. Torre, Glassy state in Bacillus subtilis spores analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.106, issue.3, pp.286-290, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.06.028

G. S. Stewart and M. W. Eaton, An investigation of membrane fluidity changes during sporulation and germination of Bacillus megaterium K.M. measured by electron spin and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.600, issue.2, pp.270-290, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90432-0

H. S. Stoker, General, organic, and biological chemistry, 2011.

G. Storz and R. Hengge, Bacterial stress responses, 2011.

M. Strauch and V. Webb, The SpoOA protein of Bacillus subtilis is a repressor of the abrB gene., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.87, issue.5, pp.1801-1805, 1990.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.87.5.1801

K. Suhling and J. A. Levitt, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Molecular Rotors in Living Cells, Journal of Visualized Experiments, vol.9, issue.60, p.2925, 2012.
DOI : 10.3791/2925

E. P. Sunde and P. Setlow, The physical state of water in bacterial spores, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.46, pp.19334-19339, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0908712106

B. M. Swerdlow and B. Setlow, Levels of H + and other monovalent cations in dormant and germinating spores of Bacillus megaterium, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.148, issue.1, pp.20-29, 1981.

R. D. Swerdlow and P. Setlow, Isolation and characterization of two distinct fractions from the inner membrane of dormant Bacillus megaterium spores, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.158, issue.1, pp.9-15, 1984.

S. R. Swift and L. Trinkle-mulcahy, Basic principles of FRAP, FLIM and FRET, Proceedings -Royal Microscopical Society, vol.39, pp.3-10, 2004.

M. Szabelski and Z. Gryczynski, Photophysical properties of novel fluorescein derivative and its applications for time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.493, issue.4-6, pp.399-403, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.05.061

M. Szabelski and R. Luchowski, Evaluation of instrument response functions for lifetime imaging detectors using quenched Rose Bengal solutions, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.471, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.02.001

N. K. Tam and N. Q. Uyen, The Intestinal Life Cycle of Bacillus subtilis and Close Relatives, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.188, issue.7, pp.2692-2700, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.188.7.2692-2700.2006

R. Tennen and B. Setlow, Mechanisms of killing of spores of Bacillus subtilis by iodine, glutaraldehyde and nitrous acid, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.330-338, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jim.2900399

P. Thomas, Long-Term Survival of Bacillus Spores in Alcohol and Identification of 90% Ethanol as Relatively More Spori/Bactericidal, Current Microbiology, vol.9, issue.2, pp.130-139, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00284-011-0040-0

R. Trujillo and N. Laible, Reversible inhibition of spore germination by alcohols, Applied Microbiology, vol.20, issue.4, pp.620-623, 1970.

U. A. Van-der-heide and G. Van-ginkel, DPH is localised in two distinct populations in lipid vesicles, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.253, issue.1-2, pp.118-122, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00212-6

P. Vasudevan and A. Weaver, Spore cortex formation in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by accumulation of peptidoglycan precursors under the control of sigma K, Molecular Microbiology, vol.126, issue.6, pp.1582-1594, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0307709101

V. R. Vepachedu and K. Hirneisen, Studies of the release of small molecules during pressure germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis, Letters in Applied Microbiology, vol.66, issue.3, pp.342-348, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00203-006-0152-2

V. R. Vepachedu and P. Setlow, Localization of SpoVAD to the Inner Membrane of Spores of Bacillus subtilis, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.187, issue.16, pp.5677-5682, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.187.16.5677-5682.2005

L. Vigh and B. Maresca, Does the membrane's physical state control the expression of heat shock and other genes?, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.23, issue.10, pp.369-374, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01279-1

F. Waharte and C. Spriet, Setup and characterization of a multiphoton FLIM instrument for protein???protein interaction measurements in living cells, Cytometry Part A, vol.9, issue.4, pp.299-306, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/cyto.a.20240

S. T. Wang and B. Setlow, The Forespore Line of Gene Expression in Bacillus subtilis, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.358, issue.1, pp.16-37, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.01.059

W. Wang, Protein aggregation and its inhibition in biopharmaceutics, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.289, issue.1-2, pp.1-30, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.11.014

A. J. Westphal and P. B. Price, Kinetics of size changes of individual Bacillus thuringiensis spores in response to changes in relative humidity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.100, issue.6, pp.3461-3466, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.232710999

S. H. White and G. I. King, Molecular packing and area compressibility of lipid bilayers., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.82, issue.19, pp.6532-6536, 1985.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.82.19.6532

S. C. Williams and Y. Hong, Distinguishing between living and nonliving bacteria: Evaluation of the vital stain propidium iodide and its combined use with molecular probes in aquatic samples, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.32, issue.3, pp.225-236, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(98)00014-1

R. Winter and W. Dzwolak, Exploring the temperature-pressure configurational landscape of biomolecules: from lipid membranes to proteins, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.363, issue.1827, pp.537-563, 1827.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2004.1507

W. F. Wolkers and F. A. Hoekstra, Aging of Dry Desiccation-Tolerant Pollen Does Not Affect Protein Secondary Structure, Plant Physiology, vol.109, issue.3, pp.907-915, 1995.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.109.3.907

Y. Wu and M. Stefl, Molecular rheometry: direct determination of viscosity in Lo and Ld lipid phases via fluorescence lifetime imaging, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.457, issue.36, pp.10-1039, 2013.
DOI : 10.1039/c3cp51953h

E. Y. Wuytack and C. W. Michiels, A study on the effects of high pressure and heat on Bacillus subtilis spores at low pH, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.64, issue.3, pp.333-374, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00478-5

X. Yi and P. Setlow, Studies of the Commitment Step in the Germination of Spores of Bacillus Species, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.192, issue.13, pp.3424-3457, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.00326-10

H. Yoshikawa and A. Hirano, Effects of alcohol on the solubility and structure of native and disulfide-modified bovine serum albumin, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1286-1291, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.03.014

S. B. Young and P. Setlow, Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.89, issue.1, pp.54-67, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01114.x

S. B. Young and P. Setlow, Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by Decon and OxoneTM, two general decontaminants for biological agents, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.89, issue.2, pp.289-301, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01960.x

S. B. Young and P. Setlow, Mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to and killing by aqueous ozone, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.89, issue.5, pp.1133-1175, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2004.02159.x

P. Zhang and P. Setlow, Characterization of single heat-activated Bacillus spores using laser tweezers ???Raman spectroscopy, Optics Express, vol.17, issue.19, pp.16480-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.1364/OE.17.016480

P. Zhang and S. Thomas, Effects of Cortex Peptidoglycan Structure and Cortex Hydrolysis on the Kinetics of Ca2+-Dipicolinic Acid Release during Bacillus subtilis Spore Germination, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.194, issue.3, pp.646-52, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.06452-11

Z. Zhou and H. Xia, Oral administration of a Bacillus subtilis spore-based vaccine expressing Clonorchis sinensis tegumental protein 22.3kDa confers protection against Clonorchis sinensis, Vaccine, vol.26, issue.15, pp.1817-1825, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.015