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. Boleda, Concerning the opiate group, MOR was detected in 98% of the influent samples and 64% of the effluent samples. The percentages of detection of HER and 6-MAM were respectively 3 and 7% in the influents and 0 and 3% in the effluents. The concentrations of MOR varied between 71 and 1,637 ng/L. The highest concentrations were found in the East of France, in particular in a medium-sized STP (NE3), which is the only place where HER was detected. The concentrations of MOR are higher than those reported in similar studies carried out in Europe: the median value observed in this study, 483 ng/L, is higher than the highest values observed in Italy Among the opiate substitutes, METD was detected in less than 50 % of the samples (influents and effluents) and was even less often detected in the influents (13 %) than in the (F/M ratio) (Table 1) Anyway, this study takes into account compounds quantified in liquid phase and sorption to solids should be kept in mind in removal estimation. 3.5. Estimation of drug and prescription medication consumption According to equation 1 and load data (supplementary file S2), consumption estimations showed noteworthy differences between the cities retained for this study (Figure 5 and Table 5) During the week, the highest rates of consumption are observed as COC > METD > cannabis. AMP and MDMA consumptions are much lower. During the weekend, similar tendencies are observed except that the cannabis consumption was slightly higher than the METD one. 3.5.1. Cocaine COC consumption can be calculated using COC, BZE or EME concentrations but calculations based on BZE data are more reliable for several reasons. First, the BZE excretion percentage is higher leading to concentrations superior to those of COC. Secondly, BZE is more stable in wastewater than COC (Gheorghe et al., 2008) or EME (van Nuijs et al., 2011b). Finally, COC may be directly disposed of in sewage. Therefore, considering COC metabolism with 9% of unchanged COC and 45% of BZE in urine, the ratio COC/BZE concentrations in influents should be 0.2. In this study, the mean ratio is 0 COC consumption values ranged from 3 mg to more than 2400 mg/day/1000 inhabitants (inh.) with median values of 111 and 130 mg/day/1,000 inh. during weekends and weekdays respectively. The city linked to NE1 presents the highest consumption data: 1,409 mg Cities where the consumption is superior to the median value are mainly located in the south of France and we note three cities with consumption exceeding 500 mg, MET was found in only 1 out of 4 samples taken at the entry of a STP located in the South (SE5): the concentration measured Croatia (Terzic et al., 2010) and in Spain agreement with van Nuijs et000 inh. during the week and000 inh. during the weekend. Such consumption is higher than the consumption data found in other European countries. Indeed, the weekend consumption data in this city is over the values determined in Antwerp inh.) where the highest consumption was reported These observations agree well with our previous observations in the Parisian region where the consumption of cocaine was close to 500 mg, pp.0-5, 2008.

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