P. Leplay, Thèse de doctorat : Identification de comportements mécaniques et à rupture par corrélation d'images 2D et 3D : Application aux filtres à particules Diesel: INSA Lyon, 2011.

J. Chevalier, A. Bignon, G. Fantozzi, J. Niepce, and G. Bonnefont, Les céramiques pour applications biomédicales, Les céramiques industrielles : Propriétés, mise en forme et applications: Technique et Ingénierie, p.512, 2013.

G. Fullanaa, S. Ternet, H. Freche, M. Lacout, J. Rodriguez et al., Controlled release properties and final macroporosity of a pectin microspheres???calcium phosphate composite bone cement, Acta Biomaterialia, vol.6, issue.6, pp.2294-300, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.11.019

M. Lombardi, V. Naglieri, J. Tulliani, and L. Montanaro, Gelcasting of dense and porous ceramics by using a natural gelatine, Journal of Porous Materials, vol.64, issue.436, pp.393-400, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10934-008-9212-0

O. Omatete, M. Janney, and R. Strehlow, Gelcasting -A New Ceramic Forming Process

M. Peroglio, L. Gremillard, C. J. Chazeau, L. Gauthier, C. Hamaide et al., Toughening of bio-ceramics scaffolds by polymer coating, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.27, issue.7, pp.2679-85, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.10.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00373160

R. Coble and W. Kingery, Effect of Porosity on Physical Properties of Sintered Alumina, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.5, issue.3, pp.377-85, 1956.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.60.906

E. Dean and J. Lopez, Empirical Dependence of Elastic Moduli on Porosity for Ceramic Materials, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.50, issue.11, pp.366-70, 1983.
DOI : 10.1190/1.1440639

R. Rice, Evaluation and extension of physical property-porosity models based on minimum solid area, Journal of Materials Science, vol.6, issue.6, pp.102-120, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00355133

C. Herakovich and S. Baxter, Influence of pore geometry on the effective response of porous media, Journal of Materials Science, vol.34, issue.7, pp.1595-609, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1004528600213

Z. Hashin, Analysis of Composite Materials???A Survey, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.50, issue.3, pp.481-505, 1983.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3167081

R. Rice, Porosity of Ceramics: Marcel Dekker, 1998.

F. Knudsen, Dependence of Mechanical Strength of Brittle Polycrystalline Specimens on Porosity and Grain Size, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.39, issue.2731, 1959.
DOI : 10.1021/ja01269a023

L. Gibson and M. Ashby, Cellular solids
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139878326

. Torquato, Random heterogenous media : microstruture and improved bounds on effective properties École polytechnique, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol.44, 1991.

J. D. Eshelby, The Determination of the Elastic Field of an Ellipsoidal Inclusion, and Related Problems, Proceedings of the Royal Society London A1957, pp.376-96

A. Roberts and E. Garboczi, Elastic Properties of Model Porous Ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.60, issue.7-8, pp.3041-3049, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01680.x

S. Nemat-nasser and M. Hori, Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.63, issue.2, 1993.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2788912

B. Budiansky, On the elastic moduli of some heterogeneous materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.13, issue.4, pp.223-230, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(65)90011-6

T. Mori and K. Tanaka, Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions, Acta Metallurgica, vol.21, issue.5, pp.571-575, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6160(73)90064-3

W. Pabst, E. Gregorova, and G. Tiha, Elasticity of porous ceramics???A critical study of modulus???porosity relations, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.26, issue.7, pp.1085-97, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.01.041

H. Yoshimura, A. Molisani, and N. Narita, Porosity dependence of elastic constants in aluminum nitride ceramics, Materials Research, vol.10, issue.2, pp.127-160, 2007.
DOI : 10.1590/S1516-14392007000200006

K. Phani and S. Niyogi, Young's modulus of porous brittle solids, Journal of Materials Science, vol.21, issue.1, pp.257-63, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01160581

E. Ryshkewitch, Compression Strength of Porous Sintered Alumina and Zirconia., Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.22, issue.2, pp.65-73, 1953.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1953.tb12837.x

K. Kendall and J. Birchall, Porosity and its Relationship to the Strength of Hydraulic Cement Pastes, MRS Proceedings, vol.62, 1984.
DOI : 10.1038/2031374a0

A. Diaz, Characterisation of porous silicon nitride materials produced with starch, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.24, issue.2, pp.413-422, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00212-7

J. Sanahuja, L. Dormieux, S. Meille, C. Hellmich, and A. Fritsch, Micromechanical Explanation of Elasticity and Strength of Gypsum: From Elongated Anisotropic Crystals to Isotropic Porous Polycrystals, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.136, issue.2, pp.239-53, 2010.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000072
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587082

F. Pecqueux, F. Tancret, N. Payraudeau, and J. Bouler, Influence of microporosity and macroporosity on the mechanical properties of biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics: Modelling and experiment, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.30, issue.4, pp.819-848
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.09.017

A. Wagh, J. Singh, and R. Poeppel, Dependence of ceramic fracture properties on porosity, Journal of Materials Science, vol.45, issue.13, pp.3589-93, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01159841

J. Jernot, M. Coster, and J. Chermant, Model to Describe the Elastic Modulus of Sintered Materials, physica status solidi (a), vol.63, issue.1, pp.325-357, 1982.
DOI : 10.1002/pssa.2210720133

A. Wagh, R. Poeppel, and J. Singh, Open pore description of mechanical properties of ceramics, Journal of Materials Science, vol.67, issue.14, pp.3862-3870, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01184983

F. Tancret, J. Bouler, J. Chamousset, and L. Minois, Modelling the mechanical properties of microporous and macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.26, issue.16, pp.3647-56, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.12.015

L. Nielsen, Elasticity and Damping of Porous Materials and Impregnated Materials, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.22, issue.1, pp.93-101, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(70)90029-6

A. Gent and A. Thomas, The deformation of foamed elastic materials, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.1, issue.1, 1959.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1959.070010117

D. Jauffrès, C. Yacou, M. Verdier, R. Dendievel, and A. Ayral, Mechanical properties of hierarchical porous silica thin films: Experimental characterization by nanoindentation and Finite Element modeling, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol.140, issue.1-3, pp.120-129, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.09.004

S. Meille and E. Garboczi, Linear elastic properties of 2D and 3D models of porous materials made from elongated objects, Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol.9, issue.5, pp.371-90, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0965-0393/9/5/303
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587075

E. Maire, A. Fazekas, L. Salvo, R. Dendievel, S. Youssef et al., X-ray tomography applied to the characterization of cellular materials. Related finite element modeling problems, Composites Science and Technology, vol.63, issue.16, pp.2431-2474, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00276-8
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00475150

S. Meille, M. Lombardi, C. J. Montanaro, and L. , Mechanical properties of porous ceramics in compression: On the transition between elastic, brittle, and cellular behavior, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.32, issue.15, pp.3959-67, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.05.006

P. Hicher and J. , Élastoplasticité des sols et des roches

R. Hill, The mathematical theory of plasticity, 1950.

S. Cariou, F. Ulm, and L. Dormieux, Hardness???packing density scaling relations for cohesive-frictional porous materials, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.56, issue.3, pp.924-52, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2007.06.011

C. Bobko, B. Gathier, J. Ortega, F. Ulm, L. Borges et al., The nanogranular origin of friction and cohesion in shale-A strength homogenization approach to interpretation of nanoindentation results, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1854-76
DOI : 10.1002/nag.984

S. Homand and J. Shao, Mechanical behaviour of a porous chalk and effect of saturating fluid, Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials, vol.6, issue.7, pp.583-606, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1099-1484(200010)5:7<583::AID-CFM110>3.0.CO;2-J

F. Ulm, M. Vandamme, C. Bobko, and J. Ortega, Statistical Indentation Techniques for Hydrated Nanocomposites: Concrete, Bone, and Shale, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.4, issue.2, pp.2677-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(65)90011-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00555551

L. Gibson, M. Ashby, J. Zhang, and T. Triantafillou, Failure surfaces for cellular materials under multiaxial loads???I.Modelling, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol.31, issue.9, pp.635-63, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7403(89)80001-3

T. Triantafillou, J. Zhang, T. Shercliff, L. Gibson, and M. Ashby, Failure surfaces for cellular materials under multiaxial loads???II. Comparison of models with experiment, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol.31, issue.9, pp.665-78, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7403(89)80002-5

V. Keryvin, Indentation of bulk metallic glasses: Relationships between shear bands observed around the prints and hardness, Acta Materialia, vol.55, issue.8, pp.2565-78, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actamat.2006.12.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01148151

H. Schweiger, On the use of drucker-prager failure criteria for earth pressure problems, Computers and Geotechnics, vol.16, issue.3
DOI : 10.1016/0266-352X(94)90003-5

A. Fischercripps, The IBIS Handbook of Nanoindentation. PO Box 9 Forestville NSW 2087 Australia: Fischer-Cripps Laboratories Pty Ltd, 2005.

. Hertz, Ueber die Berührung fester elastischer Körper, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, vol.92, pp.156-71, 1881.

S. Bulychev, V. Alekhin, M. Shorshorov, A. Ternovskii, and G. Shnyrev, Determination Of Youngs Modulus According To Indentation Diagram, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, vol.41, pp.1137-1177, 1975.

I. N. Sneddon, The relation between load and penetration in the axisymmetric boussinesq problem for a punch of arbitrary profile, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.3, issue.1, pp.47-57, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7225(65)90019-4

M. Doerner and W. Nix, Stresses and deformation processes in thin films on substrates, Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, vol.17, issue.3
DOI : 10.1007/BF02662723

W. Oliver and G. Pharr, An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments, Journal of Materials Research, vol.XI, issue.06, pp.1564-83, 1992.
DOI : 10.1557/JMR.1992.0613

A. Fischercripps and B. Lawn, Stress Analysis of Contact Deformation in Quasi-Plastic Ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.334, issue.5, pp.2609-2627, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb09023.x

D. Tabor, Hardness of Metals, Clarendon

A. Atkins and D. Tabor, Plastic indentation in metals with cones, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.13, issue.3, pp.149-64, 1965.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(65)90018-9

K. Johnson, Contact Mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1985.

M. Swain and B. Lawn, A Study of Dislocation Arrays at Spherical Indentations in LiF as a Function of Indentation Stress and Strain, physica status solidi (b), vol.9, issue.2, p.909, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/pssb.19690350242

F. Guiberteau, N. Padture, H. Cai, and B. Lawn, Indentation fatigue -A simple cyclic hertzian test for measuring damage accumulation in polycrystalline ceramics, Philos Mag A- Phys Condens Matter Struct Defect Mech Prop, vol.68, pp.1003-1019, 1993.

B. Lawn and V. Howes, Elastic recovery at hardness indentations, Journal of Materials Science, vol.63, issue.10, pp.2745-52, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02402837

B. Latella, B. Oconnor, N. Padture, and B. Lawn, Hertzian Contact Damage in Porous Alumina Ceramics, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.79, issue.2, pp.1027-1058, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb02940.x

B. Lawn, Indentation of Ceramics with Spheres: A Century after Hertz, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.79, issue.9, pp.1977-94, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02580.x

J. She, S. Scheppokat, R. Janssen, and N. Claussen, Reaction bonding of three-layer aluminabased composites, Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing, vol.7, issue.3, pp.195-203, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021825431220

J. She, J. Yang, Y. Beppu, and T. Ohji, Hertzian contact damage in a highly porous silicon nitride ceramic, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.23, issue.8, pp.1193-1200, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00301-1

K. Astrom and P. Eykhoff, System identification???A survey, Automatica, vol.7, issue.2, pp.123-62, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-1098(71)90059-8

D. Schnur and N. Zabaras, An inverse method for determining elastic material properties and a material interface, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.1, issue.10, pp.2039-57, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.1620331004

G. Cailletaud and P. Pilvin, Identification, problèmes inverse: un concept modulaire

G. Cailletaud and P. Pilvin, Identification and inverse problems related to material behaviour, 2d International Symposium on Inverse Problems. Rotterdam1994, pp.79-86

K. Levenberg, A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares, Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, vol.2, issue.2, pp.164-172, 1944.
DOI : 10.1090/qam/10666

D. Marquardt, An Algorithm for Least-Squares Estimation of Nonlinear Parameters, Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, vol.11, issue.2, pp.431-472, 1963.
DOI : 10.1137/0111030

M. Villars, P. Clement, S. Mith, L. Carpentien, P. Garbuio et al., Micro-indentation et couplage essais-calculs pour l???identification par m??thode inverse du comportement m??canique non lin??aire du cartilage f??moral humain, Mat??riaux & Techniques, vol.99, issue.2, pp.253-262, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/mattech/2011033

J. Alkorta, J. Martinez-esnaola, and J. Sevillano, Absence of one-to-one correspondence between elastoplastic properties and sharp-indentation load???penetration data, Journal of Materials Research, vol.441, issue.02, pp.432-439, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00031-1

J. Bucaille, S. Stauss, E. Felder, and J. Michler, Determination of plastic properties of metals by instrumented indentation using different sharp indenters, Acta Materialia, vol.51, issue.6, pp.1663-78, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00568-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00613073

Y. Cao and J. Lu, Depth-sensing instrumented indentation with dual sharp indenters: stability analysis and corresponding regularization schemes, Acta Materialia, vol.52, issue.5, pp.1143-53, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actamat.2003.11.001

T. Capehart and Y. Cheng, Determining constitutive models from conical indentation: Sensitivity analysis, Journal of Materials Research, vol.1569, issue.04, pp.827-859, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(63)90035-8

Y. Cheng and C. Cheng, Scaling approach to conical indentation in elastic-plastic solids with work hardening, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.84, issue.3, pp.1284-91, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.368196

Y. Cheng and C. Cheng, Scaling, dimensional analysis, and indentation measurements, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol.44, issue.4-5
DOI : 10.1016/j.mser.2004.05.001

N. Chollacoop, M. Dao, and S. Suresh, Depth-sensing instrumented indentation with dual sharp indenters, Acta Materialia, vol.51, issue.13, pp.3713-3742, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00186-1

A. Dicarlo, H. Yang, and S. Chandrasekar, Semi-inverse method for predicting stress???strain relationship from cone indentations, Journal of Materials Research, vol.18, issue.09, pp.2068-78, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(65)90018-9

S. Swaddiwudhipong, K. Tho, Z. Liu, and K. Zeng, Material characterization based on dual indenters, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.42, issue.1, pp.69-83, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.07.027

K. Tho, S. Swaddiwudhipong, Z. Liu, K. Zeng, and J. Hua, Uniqueness of reverse analysis from conical indentation tests, Journal of Materials Research, vol.19, issue.08, pp.2498-502, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00568-2

M. Futakawa, T. Wakui, Y. Tanabe, and I. Ioka, Identification of the constitutive equation by the indentation technique using plural indenters with different apex angles, Journal of Materials Research, vol.20, issue.08, pp.2283-92, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(94)90225-9

L. He and M. Swain, Nanoindentation derived stress???strain properties of dental materials, Dental Materials, vol.23, issue.7
DOI : 10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.017

A. Tricoteaux, E. Rguiti, D. Chicot, L. Boilet, M. Descamps et al., Influence of porosity on the mechanical properties of microporous ??-TCP bioceramics by usual and instrumented Vickers microindentation, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1361-1370, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.02.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00591036

M. Leite and F. Ferland, Determination of unconfined compressive strength and Young's modulus of porous materials by indentation tests, Engineering Geology, vol.59, issue.3-4, pp.267-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7952(00)00081-8

F. Tancret and F. Osterstock, Indentation behaviour of porous materials: Application to the Vickers indentation cracking of ceramics, Philosophical Magazine, vol.147, issue.1, pp.125-161, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1994.tb07025.x

L. He, O. Standard, T. Huanga, B. Latella, and M. Swain, Mechanical behaviour of porous hydroxyapatite, Acta Biomaterialia, vol.4, issue.3, pp.577-86, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.11.002

J. Luo and R. Stevens, Porosity-dependence of elastic moduli and hardness of 3Y-TZP ceramics, Ceramics International, vol.25, issue.3, pp.281-287, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-8842(98)00037-6

J. Tulliani, L. Montanaro, T. Bell, and M. Swain, Semiclosed-Cell Mullite Foams: Preparation and Macro- and Micromechanical Characterization, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.29, issue.7, pp.961-969, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01860.x

S. Meille, Etude du comportement mécanique du platre pris en relation avec sa microstructure, 2001.

K. Phani, Young Modulus-Porosity Relation In Gypsum Systems, Am Ceram Soc Bull, vol.65, pp.1584-1590, 1986.

I. Soroka and P. Sereda, Interrelation of Hardness, Modulus of Elasticity, and Porosity in Various Gypsum Systems, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.13, issue.4, 1968.
DOI : 10.1088/0370-1301/63/1/302

E. Badens, S. Veesler, R. Boistelle, and D. Chatain, Relation between Young???s Modulus of set plaster and complete wetting of grain boundaries by water, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.156, issue.1-3, pp.373-382, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7757(99)00097-7

F. Petit, V. Vandeneede, and F. Cambier, Relevance of instrumented micro-indentation for the assessment of hardness and Young's modulus of brittle materials, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.456, issue.1-2, pp.252-60, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2006.11.109

A. Fischer-cripps, The IBIS Handbook of Nanoindentation. PO Box 9 Forestville NSW 2087 Australia: Fischer-Cripps Laboratories Pty Ltd, 2005.

K. Levenberg, A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares, Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, vol.2, issue.2, pp.164-172, 1944.
DOI : 10.1090/qam/10666

F. Richard, Identification du comportement et évaluation de la fiabilité des composites stratifiés, Thèse de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 1999.

M. Lichinchi, C. Lenardi, J. Haupt, and R. Vitali, Simulation of Berkovich nanoindentation experiments on thin films using finite element method, Thin Solid Films, vol.312, issue.1-2, pp.278-86, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00739-6

A. Bolshakov and G. Pharr, Influences of pileup on the measurement of mechanical properties by load and depth sensing indentation techniques, Journal of Materials Research, vol.356, issue.04, pp.1049-58, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5096(63)90035-8

B. Taljat and G. Pharr, Development of pile-up during spherical indentation of elastic???plastic solids, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.41, issue.14, pp.3891-904, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.02.033

S. Mesarovic and N. Fleck, Frictionless indentation of dissimilar elastic???plastic spheres, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.37, issue.46-47, pp.7071-91, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(99)00328-5

. Hertz, Ueber die Berührung fester elastischer Körper, Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, vol.92, pp.156-71, 1881.

P. Baud, L. Louis, R. A. Vajdova, V. Wong, and T. , Geometric Attributes of Discrete Compaction Bands and Their Effect on Permeability in Porous Sandstone. Poro-Mechanics Iv, pp.347-52, 2009.

I. Soroka and P. Sereda, Interrelation of Hardness, Modulus of Elasticity, and Porosity in Various Gypsum Systems, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.13, issue.4, pp.337-377, 1967.
DOI : 10.1088/0370-1301/63/1/302

F. Guiberteau, N. Padture, H. Cai, and B. Lawn, Indentation fatigue -A simple cyclic hertzian test for measuring damage accumulation in polycrystalline ceramics, Philos Mag A-Phys Condens Matter Struct Defect Mech Prop, vol.68, pp.1003-1019, 1993.

B. Lawn, Indentation of Ceramics with Spheres: A Century after Hertz, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.79, issue.9, pp.1977-94, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02580.x

B. Lawn and V. Howes, Elastic recovery at hardness indentations, Journal of Materials Science, vol.63, issue.10, pp.2745-52, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02402837

L. He, O. Standard, T. Huanga, B. Latella, and M. Swain, Mechanical behaviour of porous hydroxyapatite, Acta Biomaterialia, vol.4, issue.3, pp.577-86, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.11.002

M. Miller, C. Bobko, M. Vandamme, and F. Ulm, Surface roughness criteria for cement paste nanoindentation, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.38, issue.4, pp.467-76, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.014
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00555544

K. Johnson, Contact Mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1985.

L. Amathieu, Influence d'adjuvants organiques sur la texture cristalline du plâtre pris: Université d'Aix-Marseille, 1986.

H. Jaffel, J. Korb, J. Ndobo-epoy, J. Guicquero, and V. Morin, Multi-scale Approach Continuously Relating the Microstructure and the Macroscopic Mechanical Properties of Plaster Pastes during Their Settings, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.110, issue.37, pp.18401-18408, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/jp062832a

G. Constantinides and F. Ulm, The nanogranular nature of C???S???H, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol.55, issue.1, pp.64-90, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmps.2006.06.003

S. Meille, Thèse de doctorat : Etude du comportement mécanique du platre pris en relation avec sa microstructure, 2001.

V. Magnenet, A. Giraud, and C. Auvray, About the effect of relative humidity on the indentation response of Meuse/Haute???Marne argillite, Acta Geotechnica, vol.26, issue.3, pp.155-66, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s11440-011-0143-6

M. Saadaoui, S. Meille, P. Reynaud, and G. Fantozzi, Internal friction study of the influence of humidity on set plaster, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.25, issue.14, pp.3281-3286, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.07.035

P. Reynaud, M. Saadaoui, S. Meille, and G. Fantozzi, Water effect on internal friction of set plaster, Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol.442, issue.1-2, pp.500-503, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.msea.2006.01.152
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00436871

G. Andreev, Brittle Failure of Rock Materials: Taylor & Francis, 1995.

L. Alejano and E. Alonso, Considerations of the dilatancy angle in rocks and rock masses

. La, 015 g/cm 3 pour la série 1 et de 0,99 ± 0,015 g/cm 3 pour la série 2. Les diffractogrammes de DRX montrent que les conditions d'élaborations n'ont pas permis d'obtenir un matériau 100% brushitique. La figure suivante montre les résultats obtenus à la surface d

D. De, D. De, and . Ha, Tableau 4.4) Nous avons donc élaboré des ciments composés majoritairement de DCPA. Pour une densité apparente de 0,97 ± 0,01 g.cm 3 , ces analyses quantitatives permettent de calculer le taux de porosité volumique qui est de l, Une analyse par la méthode Rietveld permet de quantifier ces phases : 59% (massique) Notons que cette valeur de porosité est en accord avec des études précédentes

D. Billy and B. , Cours Orthopédie, Institut Supérieur d'Ingénieurs de Franche-Comté, 2008.

F. Errassifi, Thèse de doctorat : Mécanismes d'adsorption du risendronate par des phosphates de calcium biologiques : Applications aux biomatériaux. Semlalia -Marrakech, 2011.

L. Gremillard, C. J. Meille, S. Zhao, J. Fridrici, V. Kapsa et al., Degradation of Bioceramics, Degradation of Implant Materials, Chapter, vol.9, p.2012, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4614-3942-4_9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00841064

S. Tadier, Thèse de doctorat : Étude des propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques de ciments biomédicaux à base de carbonate de calcium : apport du procédé de co-broyage, 2009.

N. Ginsac, Thèse de doctorat : Caractérisation de matériaux composite polyacide lactiquebioverre pour application dans la réparation osseuse, 2011.

P. Habibovic and K. De-groot, Osteoinductive biomaterials???properties and relevance in bone repair, Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, vol.9, issue.1, pp.25-32, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/term.5

H. Chan, D. Mijares, and J. Ricci, In vitro Dissolution of Calcium Sulfate: Evidence of Bioactivity, 7th World Biomaterials Congress. Sydney, Australia: Proceedings conference, p.627, 2004.

S. Dorozhkin, Bioceramics of calcium orthophosphates, Biomaterials, vol.31, issue.7, pp.1465-85, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.050

A. Roufosse, W. Landis, W. Sabine, and M. Glimcher, Identification of brushite in newly deposited bone mineral from embryonic chicks, Journal of Ultrastructure Research, vol.68, issue.3, pp.235-55, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5320(79)90157-6

M. Glimcher, L. Bonar, M. Grynpas, W. Landis, and A. Roufosse, Recent studies of bone mineral: Is the amorphous calcium phosphate theory valid?, Journal of Crystal Growth, vol.53, issue.1, pp.100-119, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0248(81)90058-0

M. Bohner, F. Theiss, D. Apelt, W. Hirsiger, R. Houriet et al., Compositional changes of a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate cement after implantation in sheep, Biomaterials, vol.24, issue.20, pp.3463-74, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00234-5

A. Mirtchi, J. Lemaître, and N. Terao, Calcium phosphate cements: study of the ??-tricalcium phosphate ??? monocalcium phosphate system, Biomaterials, vol.10, issue.7, pp.475-80, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0142-9612(89)90089-6

M. Bohner, H. Merkle, P. Van-landuyt, G. Trophardy, and J. Lemaitre, Effect of several additives and their admixtures on the physicochemical properties of a calcium phosphate cement, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol.11, issue.2, pp.111-117, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008997118576

U. Gbureck, S. Dembski, R. Thull, and J. Barralet, Factors influencing calcium phosphate cement shelf-life, Biomaterials, vol.26, issue.17, pp.3691-3698, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.09.036

F. Tamimi, Z. Sheikh, and J. Barralet, Dicalcium phosphate cements: Brushite and monetite, Acta Biomaterialia, vol.8, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.005

S. Raynaud, E. Champion, J. Lafon, and D. Bernache-assollant, Calcium phosphate apatites with variable Ca/P atomic ratio III. Mechanical properties and degradation in solution of hot pressed ceramics, Biomaterials, vol.23, issue.4, pp.1081-1090, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00220-4

L. Hench, Genetic design of bioactive glass, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1257-65, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.08.002

Z. Artzi, M. Weinreb, N. Givol, M. Rohrer, C. Nemcovsky et al., Biomaterial resorption rate and healing site morphology of IBB and ?-TCP in the canine: a 24-months longitudinal histologic study and morphometric analysis, The International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants, vol.19, pp.357-68, 2004.

W. Brown, L. Schroeder, and J. Ferris, Interlayering of crystalline octacalcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.83, issue.11, pp.1385-1393, 1979.
DOI : 10.1021/j100474a006

W. Brown, N. Eidelman, and B. Tomazic, Octacalcium Phosphate as a Precursor in Biomineral Formation, Advances in Dental Research, vol.1, issue.2, pp.306-319, 1987.
DOI : 10.1177/08959374870010022201

N. Crane, V. Popescu, M. D. Steenhuis, P. Ignelzi, and M. , Raman spectroscopic evidence for octacalcium phosphate and other transient mineral species deposited during intramembranous mineralization, Bone, vol.39, issue.3, pp.434-476, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bone.2006.02.059

L. Fernandez, Etude de la résorption in vitro de substituts osseux, 2012.

A. Zavgorodniya, R. Masonb, R. Legerosc, and R. Rohanizadeha, Adhesion of a chemically deposited monetite coating to a Ti substrate, Surface and Coatings Technology, vol.206, issue.21, pp.4433-4441, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.04.090

M. Alkhraisat, C. Moseke, L. Blanco, J. Barralet, E. Lopez-carbacos et al., Strontium modified biocements with zero order release kinetics, Biomaterials, vol.29, issue.35, pp.4691-4698, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.08.026

G. Penel, N. Leroy, P. Van-landuyt, B. Flautre, P. Hardouin et al., Raman microspectrometry studies of brushite cement: in vivo evolution in a sheep model, Bone, vol.25, issue.2, pp.81-85, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00139-8

L. Grover, J. Knowles, G. Fleming, and J. Barralet, In vitro ageing of brushite calcium phosphate cement, Biomaterials, vol.24, issue.23, pp.4133-4174, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00293-X

J. Lemaitre, A. Mirtchi, and A. Mortier, Calcium phosphate cements for medical use: state of the art and perspectives of development, Silicates Industriels, vol.10, pp.141-147, 1987.

D. Apelt, F. Theiss, A. El-warrak, K. Zlinszky, R. Bettschart-wolfisberger et al., In vivo behavior of three different injectable hydraulic calcium phosphate cements, Biomaterials, vol.25, issue.7-8, pp.1439-51, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.073

A. Oberle, F. Theiss, M. Bohner, J. Muller, S. Kastner et al., Untersuchungen ??ber den klinischen Einsatz von Brushite- und Hydroxylapatit-Zement beim Schaf, Schweizer Archiv f??r Tierheilkunde, vol.147, issue.11, pp.482-90, 2005.
DOI : 10.1024/0036-7281.147.11.482

K. Ohura, M. Bohner, P. Hardouin, J. Lemaitre, G. Pasquier et al., Resorption of, and bone formation from, new ?-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate cements: Anin vivo study, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol.267, issue.2, pp.193-200, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199602)30:2<193::AID-JBM9>3.0.CO;2-M

G. Schneider, K. Blechschmidt, D. Linde, P. Litschko, T. Korbs et al., Bone regeneration with glass ceramic implants and calcium phosphate cements in a rabbit cranial defect model, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol.26, issue.10, pp.2853-2862, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10856-010-4143-0

M. Bohner and S. Matter, Effect of bioglass granules on the physic-chemical properties of brushite cements, Bioceramics, vol.192, pp.809-821, 2000.

J. Lu, I. About, G. Stephan, P. Van-landuyt, J. Dejou et al., Histological and biomechanical studies of two bone colonizable cements in rabbits, Bone, vol.25, issue.2, pp.41-46, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S8756-3282(99)00131-3

B. Flautre, J. Lemaitre, C. Maynou, P. Van-landuyt, and P. Hardouin, Influence of polymeric additives on the biological properties of brushite cements: An experimental study in rabbit, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol.10, issue.2, pp.214-237, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/jbm.a.10539

B. De-la-riva, E. Sanchez, A. Hernandez, R. Reyes, F. Tamini et al., Local controlled release of VEGF and PDGF from a combined brushite???chitosan system enhances bone regeneration, Journal of Controlled Release, vol.143, issue.1, pp.45-52, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.11.026

F. Tamini, J. Torres, C. Kathan, R. Baca, C. Clemente et al., Bone regeneration in rabbit calvaria with novel monetite granules, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol.87, pp.980-985, 2008.

B. Constantz, B. Barr, I. C. Fulmer, M. Baker, J. Mckinney et al., Histological, chemical, and crystallographic analysis of four calcium phosphate cements in different rabbit osseous sites, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol.131, issue.4, pp.451-61, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199824)43:4<451::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-Q

J. Kuemmerle, A. Oberle, C. Oechslin, M. Bohner, C. Frei et al., Assessment of the suitability of a new brushite calcium phosphate cement for cranioplasty ??? an experimental study in sheep, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, vol.33, issue.1, pp.37-44, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcms.2004.09.002

A. Mirtchi, J. Lemaitre, and E. Munting, Calcium-Phosphate cements-Effect of fluorides on the setting and hardening of beta-tricalcium phosphate dicalcium phosphate calcite cements, Biomaterials, pp.505-515, 1991.

S. Dorozhkin, Calcium Orthophosphate Cements and Concretes, Materials, vol.2, issue.1, pp.221-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.3390/ma2010221

P. Frayssinet, L. Gineste, P. Conte, J. Fages, and N. Rouquet, Short-term implantation effects of a DCPD-based calcium phosphate cement, Biomaterials, vol.19, issue.11-12, pp.971-978, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00163-4

L. Grover, U. Gbureck, A. Wright, M. Tremayne, and J. E. , Biologically mediated resorption of brushite cement in vitro, Biomaterials, vol.27, issue.10, pp.2178-85, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.11.012

F. Theiss, D. Apelt, B. Brand, A. Kutter, K. Zlinszky et al., Biocompatibility and resorption of a brushite calcium phosphate cement, Biomaterials, vol.26, issue.21, pp.4383-94, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.056

Z. Xia, L. Grover, Y. Huang, L. Adamopoulos, U. Gbureck et al., In vitro biodegradation of three brushite calcium phosphate cements by a macrophage cell-line, Biomaterials, vol.27, issue.26, pp.4557-65, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.030

T. Kokubo and H. Takadama, How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?, Biomaterials, vol.27, issue.15, pp.2907-2922, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017

J. Hay and G. Pharr, Instrumented Indentation Testing, Mechanical Testing and Evaluation, pp.222-265, 2000.

M. Bohner and U. Gbureck, Thermal reactions of brushite cements, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, vol.27, issue.10, pp.375-85, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/jbm.b.30881

J. Aberg, H. Brisby, H. Henriksson, A. Lindahl, P. Thomsen et al., Premixed acidic calcium phosphate cement: Characterization of strength and microstructure, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, vol.29, issue.2, pp.436-477, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/jbm.b.31600

S. Raynaud, E. Champion, D. Bernache-assollant, and D. Tetard, Dynamic fatigue and degradation in solution of hydroxyapatite ceramics, Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine, vol.9, issue.4, pp.221-228, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008840308094

M. Markovic and L. Chow, An octacalcium phosphate forming cement, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol.115, issue.4, pp.257-65, 2010.
DOI : 10.6028/jres.115.019

W. Jiang, X. Chu, B. Wang, H. Pan, X. Xu et al., Biomimetically Triggered Inorganic Crystal Transformation by Biomolecules: A New Understanding of Biomineralization, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.113, issue.31, pp.10838-10882, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/jp904633f

F. Tamimi, J. Torres, U. Gbureck, E. Lopez-cabarcos, D. Bassett et al., Craniofacial vertical bone augmentation: A comparison between 3D printed monolithic monetite blocks and autologous onlay grafts in the rabbit, Biomaterials, vol.30, issue.31, pp.6318-6344, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.049

Y. Cheng and C. Cheng, Scaling, dimensional analysis, and indentation measurements, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol.44, issue.4-5
DOI : 10.1016/j.mser.2004.05.001

G. Pharr and A. Bolshakov, Understanding nanoindentation unloading curves, Journal of Materials Research, vol.17, issue.10, pp.2660-71, 2002.
DOI : 10.1557/JMR.1998.0185

Y. Cheng and C. Cheng, Scaling approach to conical indentation in elastic-plastic solids with work hardening, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.84, issue.3, pp.1284-91, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.368196

S. Mesarovic and N. Fleck, Spherical indentation of elastic-plastic solids, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.455, issue.1987, pp.2707-2735, 1999.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1999.0423

L. Wang and S. Rokhlin, Universal scaling functions for continuous stiffness nanoindentation with sharp indenters, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.42, issue.13, pp.3807-3839, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.11.012

D. Tabor, Hardness of Metals, Clarendon

M. Dao, N. Chollacoop, V. Vliet, K. Venkatesh, T. Suresh et al., Computational modeling of the forward and reverse problems in instrumented sharp indentation, Acta Materialia, vol.49, issue.19, pp.3899-918, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00295-6

N. Ogasawara, N. Chiba, and X. Chen, Representative Strain of Indentation Analysis, Journal of Materials Research, vol.70, issue.08, pp.2225-2259, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00186-1

N. Chollacoop, M. Dao, and S. Suresh, Depth-sensing instrumented indentation with dual sharp indenters, Acta Materialia, vol.51, issue.13, pp.3713-3742, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00186-1