L. Dans-cette-Étape and . Sujets, dans un état émotionnel neutre, ont dû marcher le long d'une ligne droite de 8m avec l'humain virtuel (Figure 5.8) Ce dernier pouvait soit être dans un état neutre également, soit exprimer la joie, la colère ou la peur. De même que dans l'étape 1, nous avons étudié une situation de marche où l'émotion est symétrique, pp.colère-colère

E. Kaat-alaerts, P. Nackaerts, . Meyns, P. Stephan, N. Swinnen et al., Action and Emotion Recognition from Point Light Displays: An Investigation of Gender Differences, PLoS ONE, vol.28, issue.6, pp.20989-21003, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0020989.s004

M. Saw, A. , K. Suda, and M. Ishii, Expression of emotions in dance : Relation between arm movement characteristics and emotion . Perceptual and motor skills, pp.697-708, 2003.

P. Anthony, . Atkinson, L. Mary, . Tunstall, H. Winand et al., Evidence for distinct contributions of form and motion information to the recognition of emotions from body gestures, Cognition, vol.104, issue.14, pp.59-72, 2007.

K. Shyngle and . Balogun, Personal space as affected by religions of the approaching and the approached people, Indian Journal of Behaviour, p.20, 1991.

N. Jeremy, J. Bailenson, . Blascovich, C. Andrew, . Beall et al., Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.29, issue.7, pp.819-833, 2003.

A. Billy, C. Barrios, P. Corbitt, J. S. Estes, and . Topping, Effect of a social stigma on interpersonal distance. The Psychological Record, p.20, 1976.

D. Bernhardt, Emotion inference from human body motion, UCAM-CL-TR-787), 2010.

A. Barliya, L. Omlor, A. Martin, A. Giese, T. Berthoz et al., Expression of emotion in the kinematics of locomotion, Experimental Brain Research, vol.73, issue.2, pp.159-176, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s00221-012-3357-4

C. Becchio, L. Sartori, M. Bulgheroni, and U. Castiello, The case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: A kinematic study on social intention, Consciousness and Cognition, vol.17, issue.3, pp.557-564, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.concog.2007.03.003

J. Dimitri, B. Bayle, M. Schoendorff, P. Hénaff, and . Krolak-salmon, Emotional facial expression detection in the peripheral visual field, PloS one, vol.6, issue.6, pp.21584-21597, 2011.

E. Crane and M. Gross, Motion Capture and Emotion: Affect Detection in Whole Body Movement, Affective computing and intelligent interaction, pp.95-101, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2_9

M. Cook, Experiments on Orientation and Proxemics, Human Relations, vol.24, issue.1, pp.61-76, 1970.
DOI : 10.1177/001872677002300107

M. Costa, Interpersonal Distances in Group Walking, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.123, issue.1, pp.15-26, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10919-009-0077-y

M. Coulson, Attributing Emotion to Static Body Postures: Recognition Accuracy, Confusions, and Viewpoint Dependence, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.28, issue.2, pp.117-139, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:JONB.0000023655.25550.be

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.659.859

G. Courtine and M. Schieppati, Human walking along a curved path. I. Body trajectory, segment orientation and the effect of vision, European Journal of Neuroscience, vol.18, issue.1, pp.177-190, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)01798-0

C. Darwin, the expression of the emotions in man and animals, 1965.

L. Ausilio, Y. Badino, S. Li, L. Tokay, and . Craighero, Leadership in orchestra emerges from the causal relationships of movement kinematics, PLoS ONE, vol.12, issue.69, pp.35757-70, 2012.

S. Dahl and A. Friberg, Visual perception of expressiveness in musicians' body movements Music Perception, An Interdisciplinary Journal, vol.24, issue.5, pp.433-454, 2007.

G. Beatrice-de, Why bodies ? twelve reasons for including bodily expressions in affective neuroscience, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences, vol.364, issue.29, pp.3475-3484, 1535.

M. Meijer, The contribution of general features of body movement to the attribution of emotions, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.6, issue.6, pp.247-268, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00990296

M. Celso, P. De-melo, J. Carnevale, and . Gratch, The effect of virtual agents' emotion displays and appraisals on people's decision making in negotiation, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.53-66, 2012.

T. Ducourant, S. Vieilledent, Y. Kerlirzin, and A. Berthoz, Timing and distance characteristics of interpersonal coordination during locomotion, Neuroscience Letters, vol.389, issue.1, pp.6-11, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.06.052

+. and P. Ekman, Are there basic emotions, Psychological review, vol.99, issue.36, pp.550-553, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295x.99.3.550

C. Ennis and A. Egges, Perception of Complex Emotional Body Language of a Virtual Character, Motion in Games, pp.112-121, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-34710-8_11

P. Ekman, V. Wallace, . Friesen, C. Joseph, and . Hager, Facial action coding system (facs). A technique for the measurement of facial action. Consulting, p.22, 1978.

P. Ekman, V. Wallace, . Friesen, C. Joseph, and . Hager, Facial action coding system. A Human Face Salt Lake City, 2002.

P. Ekman, An argument for basic emotions, Cognition & Emotion, vol.6, issue.3, pp.169-200, 1992.
DOI : 10.1080/02699939208411068

P. Ekman and H. Oster, Facial expressions of emotion Annual review of psychology, pp.527-554, 1979.

N. Fusco and A. Crétual, Instantaneous treadmill speed determination using subject's kinematic data. Gait and posture, pp.663-667, 2008.

F. Ferri, J. Sjoerd, M. Ebisch, A. Costantini, G. Salone et al., Binding Action and Emotion in Social Understanding, PLoS ONE, vol.137, issue.1, pp.54091-54109, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0054091.t002

W. Philip, . Fink, S. Patrick, . Foo, H. William et al., Obstacle avoidance during walking in real and virtual environments, ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP), vol.4, issue.12, p.85, 2007.

M. Fabri, D. Moore, and D. Hobbs, Mediating the expression of emotion in educational collaborative virtual environments: an experimental study, Virtual Reality, vol.7, issue.2, pp.66-81, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10055-003-0116-7

F. Ferri, I. Peev-stoianov, C. Gianelli, L. D. Amico, M. Anna et al., When Action Meets Emotions: How Facial Displays of Emotion Influence Goal-Related Behavior, PLoS ONE, vol.5, issue.10, pp.13126-73, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0013126.s002

M. Melissa-gross, A. Elizabeth, . Crane, L. Barbara, and . Fredrickson, Methodology for Assessing Bodily Expression of Emotion, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.61, issue.5, pp.223-248, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10919-010-0094-x

M. Melissa-gross, A. Elizabeth, . Crane, L. Barbara, and . Fredrickson, Effortshape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait. Human movement science, pp.202-221

D. Glowinski, N. Dael, A. Camurri, G. Volpe, M. Mortillaro et al., Toward a Minimal Representation of Affective Gestures, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol.2, issue.2, pp.106-118, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/T-AFFC.2011.7

. Fadyen, Characteristics of personal space during obstacle circumvention in physical and virtual environments, Gait & posture, vol.27, issue.2, pp.239-247, 2008.

. Anthony-guye-vuillème, K. Tolga, . Capin, . Pandzic, D. Magnenat-thalmann et al., Nonverbal communication interface for collaborative virtual environments, Virtual Reality, vol.2, issue.4, pp.49-59, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01434994

N. Hadjikhani and B. De-gelder, Seeing Fearful Body Expressions Activates the Fusiform Cortex and Amygdala, Current Biology, vol.13, issue.24, pp.2201-2205, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2003.11.049

E. Twitchell, H. Edward, and T. Hall, The hidden dimension, Anchor Books, vol.20, p.71, 1969.

E. Carroll and . Izard, The face of emotion, p.13, 1971.

A. Kleinsmith and N. Bianchi-berthouze, Affective Body Expression Perception and Recognition: A Survey, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol.4, issue.1, pp.1-1
DOI : 10.1109/T-AFFC.2012.16

H. Kadone, A. Berthoz, and H. Hicheur, Kinematic cues underlying expression and perception of emotion in human gait, BOOK OF ABSTRACTS, page 8. Citeseer, pp.59-60, 2009.

N. Kaya and F. Erkip, INVASION OF PERSONAL SPACE UNDER THE CONDITION OF SHORT-TERM CROWDING: A CASE STUDY ON AN AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.183-189, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jevp.1999.0125

L. Mark and . Knapp, Nonverbal communication in human interaction, Cengage Learning, p.70, 2012.

C. Kirtley, W. Michael, R. Whittle, and . Jefferson, Influence of walking speed on gait parameters, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, vol.7, issue.4, pp.282-288, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0141-5425(85)90055-X

J. Lewis, Fast normalized cross-correlation, Vision interface, pp.120-123, 1995.

J. Loomis and J. Knapp, Visual perception of egocentric distance in real and virtual environments, p.85, 2003.

R. Donald, . Lampton, P. Daniel, M. Mcdonald, . Singer et al., Distance estimation in virtual environments, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, pp.1268-1272, 1995.

F. Dale, R. Lott, and . Sommer, Seating arrangements and status, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.7, issue.1p1, pp.90-110, 1967.

O. Luminet, Psychologie des émotions : confrontation et évitement, 2008.

M. Joann, . Montepare, B. Sabra, A. Goldstein, and . Clausen, The identification of emotions from gait information, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, vol.11, issue.14, pp.33-42, 1987.

S. Mcdonnell, J. Jörg, F. Mchugh, C. O. Newell, and . Sullivan, Evaluating the emotional content of human motions on real and virtual characters, Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization, APGV '08, pp.67-74, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1394281.1394294

W. Scott, . Mcquiggan, P. Jonathan, . Rowe, C. James et al., The effects of empathetic virtual characters on presence in narrative-centered learning environments, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp.1511-1520, 2008.

L. Kerry, . Marsh, J. Michael, R. Richardson, and . Schmidt, Social connection through joint action and interpersonal coordination, Topics in Cognitive Science, vol.1, issue.2, pp.320-339, 2009.

M. Mori, S. Charles, and . Terry, The Buddha in the robot, p.22, 1981.

A. Jeff, . Nessler, J. Sara, and . Gilliland, Interpersonal synchronization during side by side treadmill walking is influenced by leg length differential and altered sensory feedback, Human movement science, vol.28, issue.6, pp.772-785, 2009.

M. Kelly, C. J. Naugle, J. Hass, . Joyner, A. Stephen et al., Emotional state affects the initiation of forward gait, Emotion, vol.11, issue.2, pp.267-284, 2011.

R. Niewiadomski, S. J. Hyniewska, and C. Pelachaud, Constraint-Based Model for Synthesis of Multimodal Sequential Expressions of Emotions, IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol.2, issue.3, pp.134-146, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/T-AFFC.2011.5

A. Olivier and A. Marin, Minimal predicted distance: A common metric for collision avoidance during pairwise interactions between walkers, Gait & Posture, vol.36, issue.3, pp.399-404, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.03.021

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00759480

M. Ochs, R. Niewiadomski, P. Brunet, and C. Pelachaud, Smiling virtual agent in social context, Cognitive Processing, vol.7, issue.6, pp.519-532, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10339-011-0424-x

C. Pelachaud, Modelling multimodal expression of emotion in a virtual agent, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.28, issue.1, pp.3539-3548, 1535.
DOI : 10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.158

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457448

M. Helena, . Patterson, E. Frank, . Pollick, J. Anthony et al., The role of velocity in affect discrimination, p.16, 2001.

J. Posner, A. James, . Russell, S. Bradley, and . Peterson, The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology, Development and Psychopathology, vol.59, issue.03, pp.715-734, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00275-3

J. Michael, . Richardson, L. Kerry, R. Marsh, and . Schmidt, Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination, Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance, vol.31, issue.1, pp.62-80, 2005.

C. L. Roether, L. Omlor, A. Christensen, and M. A. Giese, Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait, Journal of Vision, vol.9, issue.6, pp.15-15, 2009.
DOI : 10.1167/9.6.15

R. Klaus, T. Scherer, and . Bänziger, On the use of actor portrayals in research on emotional expression. Blueprint for affective computing : A sourcebook, pp.166-176, 2010.

K. R. Scherer, What are emotions ? and how can they be measured ? Social Science Information, pp.695-729, 2005.

M. Scp-+-12-]-lucia, M. Sacheli, E. Candidi, E. Francesco-pavone, S. M. Tidoni et al., And yet they act together : interpersonal perception modulates visuo-motor interference and mutual adjustments during a joint-grasping task, PloS one, vol.7, issue.18, pp.50223-2012

R. Schmidt, P. Fitzpatrick, R. Caron, and J. Mergeche, Understanding social motor coordination, Human Movement Science, vol.30, issue.5, pp.834-845, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.humov.2010.05.014

R. Schmidt and B. O. Brien, Evaluating the Dynamics of Unintended Interpersonal Coordination, Ecological Psychology, vol.130, issue.3, pp.189-206, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s004220050040

K. Selvarajah and D. Richards, The use of emotions to create believable agents in a virtual environment, Proceedings of the fourth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems , AAMAS '05, pp.13-20, 2005.
DOI : 10.1145/1082473.1082476

C. B. Sinke, B. Sorger, R. Goebel, and . Béatrice-de-gelder, Tease or threat? Judging social interactions from bodily expressions, NeuroImage, vol.49, issue.2
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.065

J. Templer, The staircase : Studies of hazards, falls, and safer design, p.71, 1995.

G. Harald and . Wallbott, Bodily expression of emotion, European journal of social psychology, vol.28, issue.14, pp.879-896, 1998.

N. Frank and . Willis-jr, Initial speaking distance as a function of the speakers' relationship, Psychonomic Science, p.20, 1966.

L. Bonnie, . Webber, B. Cary, . Phillips, I. Norman et al., Simulating humans : Computer graphics, animation, and control. Center for Human Modeling and Simulation, pp.68-73, 1993.

M. Woollacott and A. Shumway-cook, Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research, Gait & Posture, vol.16, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00156-4