K. Aagaard, E. C. Et, and . Carmack, The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.17, issue.21, pp.14485-14498, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/JC094iC10p14485

B. Arata, Deep convection in the Mediterranean Sea, Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

G. K. Batchelor, An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, 1967.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511800955

J. Blindheim, Arctic intermediate water in the Norwegian sea, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1475-1489, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(90)90138-L

J. Blindheim, V. Borovkov, B. Hansen, S. A. Malmberg, and E. S. Osterhus, Recent upper layer cooling and freshening in the Norvegian Sea, ICES Annual Science Conference, p.7, 1996.

O. Boebel, K. L. Schultz-tokos, and E. W. Zenk, Calculation of Salinity from Neutrally Buoyant RAFOS Floats, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol.12, issue.4, pp.923-934, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0426(1995)012<0923:COSFNB>2.0.CO;2

. Wallace, Long-term trends of temperature, salinity, density, and transient tracers in the central Greenland Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.102, issue.C8, pp.18553-18571, 1997.

R. H. Bourke, R. G. Paquette, and R. F. Blythe, The Jan Mayen Current of the Greenland Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.93, issue.C4, pp.7241-7250, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JC00150

G. Budéus, A. A. Maul, and G. Krause, Variability in the Greenland Sea as revealed by a repeated high spatial resolution conductivity-temperature-depth survey, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.96, issue.C3, pp.98-9985, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/93JC00142

G. Budéus, W. Schneider, and E. G. Krause, Winter convective events and bottom water warming in the Greenland Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.100, issue.C8, pp.18513-18527, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JC01563

E. Carmack, K. Et, and . Aagaard, On the deep water of the Greenland Sea, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, vol.20, issue.8, pp.687-715, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0011-7471(73)90086-7

R. A. Clarke and J. Gascard, The Formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part I: Large-Scale Processes, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, issue.10, pp.1764-1778, 1983.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1764:TFOLSW>2.0.CO;2

B. Cushman-roisin, B. Et, and . Tang, Geostrophic Turbulence and Emergence of Eddies beyond the Radius of Deformation, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.20, issue.1, pp.97-113, 1990.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1990)020<0097:GTAEOE>2.0.CO;2

D. W. Denbo, E. D. Et, and . Skyllingstad, An ocean large&hyphen;eddy simulation model with application to deep convection in the Greenland Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.18, issue.C1, pp.1095-1110, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/95JC02828

W. K. Dewar, Ventilating Warm Rings: Theory and Energetics, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.17, issue.12, pp.2219-2231, 1987.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<2219:VWRTAE>2.0.CO;2

R. Dickson, J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and E. J. Swift, Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic, Progress in Oceanography, vol.38, issue.3, pp.241-295, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00002-5

H. J. Fernando, D. L. Boyer, and R. Chen, Turbulent thermal convection in rotating and stratified fluids, Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, vol.13, issue.1-2, pp.95-121, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0265(89)90035-3

H. J. Fernando, R. Chen, and D. L. Boyer, Effects of rotation on convective turbulence, Journal of Fluid Mechanics Digital Archive, vol.94, pp.513-547, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033 2.0.CO;2

J. Fischer, M. Et, and . Visbeck, Seasonal variation of the daily zooplankton migration in the Greenland Sea. Deep Sea Research I, pp.40-1547, 1993.

H. J. Friedrich, M. Houssais, D. R. Quadfasel, and E. B. Rudels, On Fram Strait water masses, Nordic Seas, Symposium on the results from Greenland Sea Project (GSP). , J. Meincke, pp.69-72, 1995.

F. Gaillard, Y. Desaubies, U. Send, and F. Schott, A four-dimensional analysis of the thermal structure in the Gulf of Lion, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.75, issue.9, pp.12515-12537, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JC03821

R. W. Garwood, An Oceanic Mixed Layer Model Capable of Simulating Cyclic States, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.7, issue.3, pp.455-468, 1977.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1977)007<0455:AOMLMC>2.0.CO;2

R. W. Garwood, Enhancements to deep turbulent entrainment. Dans Deep convection and deep water formation in the ocean, pp.197-213, 1991.

R. W. Garwood, S. M. Isakari, and P. C. Gallacher, Thermobaric convection. Dans The polar oceans and their role in shaping the global environment, Johannessen, R. Muench, et J. Overland, vol.85, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/gm085p0199

J. Gascard, Sur les caractères de la distribution de l'´ energie cinétique dans les oscillations verticales en milieu marin quasi-homogène, Compte-Rendus Académie des Sciences, issue.B, pp.275-395, 1972.

J. C. Gascard, Vertical motions in a region of deep water formation. Deep Sea Research I, pp.1011-1027, 1973.

J. Gascard, Comparaison des mouvements verticaux observés en profondeur en Méditerranée Nord-occidentale en régime d'´ eté et en régime d'hiver, 1975.

J. Gascard, Mediterranean deep water formation, baroclinic instability and oceanic eddies, Oceanologica Acta, vol.1, issue.3, pp.315-330, 1978.

J. Gascard, Open ocean convection and deep water formation revisited in the Mediterranean, Labrador, Greenland and Weddell seas. Dans Deep convection and deep water formation in the ocean, 1991.

J. Gascard, R. A. Et, and . Clarke, The Formation of Labrador Sea Water. Part II. Mesoscale and Smaller-Scale Processes, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.13, issue.10, pp.13-1780, 1983.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1983)013<1779:TFOLSW>2.0.CO;2

J. Gascard, C. Richez, and C. Rouault, New insights on large-scale oceanography in Fram Strait : the West Spitsbergen current Arctic oceanography : Marginal Ice Zone and continental shelves, de Coastal and Estuarine Studies, pp.131-182, 1995.

J. Gonella, A local study of inertial oscillations in the upper layers of the ocean, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, vol.18, issue.8, pp.775-788, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/0011-7471(71)90045-3

A. Grossmann and J. Morlet, Decomposition of Hardy functions into square integrable waveletsof constant shape, Journal of Mathematics Analysis, vol.15, issue.4, pp.723-736, 1984.

A. Grossmann and J. Morlet, DECOMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS INTO WAVELETS OF CONSTANT SHAPE, AND RELATED TRANSFORMS, Mathematics + Physics, lectures on recent results. , L. Streit, pp.135-165, 1985.
DOI : 10.1142/9789814415125_0004

S. Häkkinen, Simulated interannual variability of the Greenland Sea deep water formation and its connection to surface forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.62, issue.C3, pp.4761-4770, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/94JC01900

R. Harcourt, L. Jiang, and R. W. Garwood, Numerical simulation of drifter response to Labrador Sea convection, 1998.

A. J. Hermann, W. B. Et, and . Owens, Energetics of Gravitational Adjustment for Mesoscale Chimneys, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.23, issue.2, pp.346-371, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<0346:EOGAFM>2.0.CO;2

N. G. Hogg, The preconditioning phase of MEDOC 1969. Part II-Topographic effects. Deep Sea Research I, pp.449-459, 1973.

B. G. Hurdle, The Nordic Seas, chapitre 6, 1986.

J. W. Hurrell, Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation, Science, vol.269, issue.5224, pp.676-679, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5224.676

H. Jones, J. Et, and . Marshall, Convection with Rotation in a Neutral Ocean: A Study of Open-Ocean Deep Convection, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.23, issue.6, pp.1009-1039, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1993)023<1009:CWRIAN>2.0.CO;2

T. M. Joyce, M. C. Et, and . Stalcup, Wintertime Convection in a Gulf stream Warm Core Ring, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.15, issue.8, pp.1032-1042, 1985.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1032:WCIAGS>2.0.CO;2

P. D. Killworth, On ???Chimney??? Formations in the Ocean, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.9, issue.3, pp.531-554, 1979.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0531:OFITO>2.0.CO;2

P. H. Leblond, L. A. Et, and . Mysak, Waves in the Ocean, 1978.

P. Lherminier, J. Et, and . Gascard, Drifting isobaric float response to deep convective activity in the Greenland Sea, Compte-Rendus Académie des Sciences, issue.5, pp.326-341, 1998.

A. Lourenço, Positionnement de flotteurs sous-marins par méthode acoustique . Etude appliqueé a la région nord-occidentale du bassin méditerranéen, 1997.

G. Madec, M. Chartier, P. Delecluse, and E. M. Crepon, A Three-Dimensional Numerical Study of Deep-Water Formation in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1349-1371, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<1349:ATDNSO>2.0.CO;2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00153956

G. Madec, M. Et, and . Crépon, Thermohaline-driven deep water formation in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Dans Deep convection and deep water formation in the ocean, 1991.

G. Madec, F. Lott, P. Delecluse, and E. M. Crépon, Large scale preconditioning of deep water formation in the north western Mediterranean Sea, Journal of Physical Oceanography, issue.8, pp.26-1393, 1996.

J. Marshall, J. A. Whitehead, and E. T. Yates, Laboratory and numerical experiments in oceanic convection. Dans Ocean processes in climate dynamics : global and mediterranean examples, pp.173-201, 1994.

J. Marshall, F. Et, and . Schott, Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.28, issue.20, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/98RG02739

C. Mauritzen, Production of dense overflow waters feeding the North Atlantic across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. Part 1: Evidence for a revised circulation scheme, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.43, issue.6, pp.43-769, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0967-0637(96)00037-4

T. Maxworthy, S. Et, and . Narimousa, Unsteady, Turbulent Convection into a Homogeneous, Rotating Fluid,with Oceanographic Applications, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.24, issue.5, pp.865-887, 1994.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<0865:UTCIAH>2.0.CO;2

M. Group, Observation of formation of deep water in the Mediterranean Sea, Nature, vol.227, issue.5262, pp.1037-1040, 1970.

J. Meincke, S. Jonsson, and J. H. Swift, Variability of convective conditions in the Greenland Sea, ICES Marine Sciences Symposium, vol.195, pp.32-39, 1992.

C. Moeng, A Large-Eddy-Simulation Model for the Study of Planetary Boundary-Layer Turbulence, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.41, issue.13, pp.3573-3587, 1985.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2052:ALESMF>2.0.CO;2

W. M. Morawitz, P. J. Sutton, P. F. Worcester, B. D. Cornuelle, J. F. Lynch et al., Three-dimensional observations of a deep convective chimney in the Greenland Sea during Winter 88-89, Journal of Physical Oceanography, issue.11, pp.26-2316, 1996.

A. Okubo and C. C. Ebbesmeyer, Determination of vorticity, divergence, and deformation rates from analysis of drogue observations, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, vol.23, issue.4, pp.349-352, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0011-7471(76)90875-5

A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Et, and . Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 1989.

T. Paluszkiewicz, R. W. Garwood, and D. W. Denbo, Deep Convective Plumes in the Ocean, Oceanography, vol.7, issue.2, pp.37-44, 1994.
DOI : 10.5670/oceanog.1994.01

R. Pawlowicz, A note on seasonal cycles of temperature and salinity in the upper waters of the Greenland Sea Gyre from historical data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.9, issue.C3, pp.4715-4726, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/94JC02014

D. Quadfasel, J. Et, and . Meincke, Note on the thermal structure of the Greenland Sea gyres. Deep Sea Research I, pp.1883-1888, 1987.

A. T. Roach, K. Aagaard, and E. F. Carsey, Coupled ice???ocean variability in the Greenland Sea, Atmosphere-Ocean, vol.66, issue.3, pp.31-319, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/90JC02271

H. T. Rossby, A. D. Voorhis, and E. D. Webb, A quasi-lagrangian study of mid-ocean variability using long-range SOFAR floats, Journal of Marine Research, vol.33, pp.355-382, 1975.

T. Rossby, D. Dorson, and E. J. Fontaine, The RAFOS System, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol.3, issue.4, pp.672-679, 1986.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0426(1986)003<0672:TRS>2.0.CO;2

B. Rudels, Haline convection in the greenland sea, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1491-1511, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(90)90139-M

B. Rudels, D. Quadfasel, H. Friedrich, and M. Houssais, Greenland Sea convection in the winter of 1987???1988, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.33, issue.C3, pp.94-3223, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/JC094iC03p03223

J. Sadowsky, Investigation of signal characteristics using the continuous wavelet transform, Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, vol.17, issue.3, pp.258-269, 1996.

B. Saint-guily, On the response of the ocean to impulse, Tellus, vol.24, issue.4, pp.344-349, 1972.

J. Sander, D. Wolf-gladrow, and E. D. Olbers, Numerical studies of open ocean deep convection, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.20, issue.8, pp.20579-20600, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JC02405

R. Sanderson and B. G. , Structure of an eddy measured with drifters, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.42, issue.C4, pp.6761-6776, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/94JC03006

P. M. Saunders, The Instability of a Baroclinic Vortex, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.3, issue.1, pp.61-65, 1973.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1973)003<0061:TIOABV>2.0.CO;2

P. Schlichtholz, M. Et, and . Houssais, An inverse modeling study in Fram Strait. Part II : Water mass distribution and transports. Deep Sea Research II, 1998.

F. A. Schott and K. D. Leaman, Observations with Moored Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers in the Convection Regime in the Golfe du Lion, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.21, issue.4, pp.558-574, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1991)021<0558:OWMADC>2.0.CO;2

F. Schott, M. Visbeck, and E. J. Fischer, Observations of vertical currents and convection in the central Greenland Sea during the winter of 1988???1989, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.29, issue.C3, pp.98-14401, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/93JC00658

F. Schott, M. Visbeck, U. Send, J. Fischer, L. Stramma et al., Observations of deep convection in the Gulf of Lions, Northern Mediterranean , during the Winter of, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.92, issue.264, pp.505-524, 1991.

U. Send, J. Et, and . Marshall, Integral Effects of Deep Convection, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.25, issue.5, pp.855-872, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025<0855:IEODC>2.0.CO;2

H. Stommel, Direct measurements of sub-surface currents. Deep Sea Research I, pp.284-285, 1955.

H. Stommel, A. D. Voorhis, and D. C. Webb, Submarine clouds in the deep ocean, American Scientist, vol.59, issue.6, pp.716-722, 1971.

R. E. Stone, Deep mixed layer entrainment, Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

J. C. Swallow, A neutral-buoyancy float for measuring deep currents, Deep Sea Research (1953), vol.3, issue.1, pp.74-81, 1955.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6313(55)90037-X

J. H. Swift, K. Et, and . Aagaard, Seasonal transitions and water mass formation in the Iceland and Greenland seas, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.28, issue.10, pp.1107-1129, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(81)90050-9

J. H. Swift, J. Meincke, K. Aagaard, and E. C. Carmack, The seasonal cycle in the Greenland Sea, a volumetric study, Nordic Seas, Symposium on the results from Greenland Sea Project (GSP). , J. Meincke, pp.203-206, 1995.

B. Torrésani, Analyse continue par ondelettes, Savoirs Actuels. InterEditions / CNRS Editions, 1995.

J. S. Turner, Buoyancy Effects in Fluids, 1973.

H. M. Van-aken, G. Budéus, and E. M. Hähnel, The anatomy of the Arctic Frontal Zone in the Greenland Sea, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.17, issue.1, pp.15999-16014, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JC01176

M. Visbeck, J. Fischer, and E. F. Schott, Preconditioning the Greenland Sea for deep convection: Ice formation and ice drift, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.1, issue.1, pp.18489-18502, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JC01611

M. Visbeck, J. Marshall, and E. H. Jones, Dynamics of Isolated Convective Regions in the Ocean, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.26, issue.9, pp.1721-1734, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1996)026<1721:DOICRI>2.0.CO;2

A. D. Voorhis, Measurements of vertical motion and the partition of energy in the New England slope water, Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, vol.15, issue.5, pp.599-608, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/0011-7471(68)90065-X

A. D. Voorhis, Response characteristics of the neutrally buoyant float, 1971.

A. D. Voorhis, D. C. Et, and . Webb, Large vertical currents observed in a winter sinking region of the northwestern Mediterranean, Cahiers Océanographiques, vol.22, pp.571-580, 1970.

P. Wadhams, A. E. Gill, and P. F. Linden, Transects by submarine of the East Greenland Polar Front, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.26, issue.12, pp.1311-1328, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90001-3

P. D. Welch, The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms, IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics, vol.15, issue.2, pp.15-70, 1967.
DOI : 10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901

J. A. Whitehead, J. Marshall, and G. E. Hufford, Localized convection in rotating stratified fluid, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.30, issue.C11, pp.25705-25721, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JC02322

?. Fonctions-?, 135 A.10 Module et phase de la fonction de transfert P(?) 146 A.12 Module et phase de la fonction de transfert PQ(?), p.149