F. Tittel, D. Richter, and A. Fried, Mid-Infrared Laser Applications in Spectroscopy, Topics Applied Physics, vol.89, pp.445-516, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-36491-9_11

]. E. Takeuchi, T. Rayner, M. Weda, S. Crivello, T. Day et al., Standoff detection of explosive and chemical agents using broadly tuned external-cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCLS) Application of quantum cascade lasers to trace gas analysis, Proceedings SPIE Applied Physics B, vol.6741, issue.90, pp.674107-165, 2007.

]. R. Martini and E. A. Whittaker, Quantum cascade laser-based free space optical communications, Journal of Optical and Fiber Communications Reports, vol.37, issue.4, pp.279-292, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10297-005-0052-2

]. R. Kazarinov, R. A. Suris, J. Faist, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco et al., Possibility of the amplification of electromagnetic waves in a semiconductor with a superlattice Quantum Cascade Laser InAs/AlSb quantum cascade lasers emitting at 2:75-2:97 µm, Soviet Physic Semiconductor Science Applied Physics Letters, vol.5, issue.91, pp.707553-251102, 1971.

R. Wilson, S. Menzel, N. Iizuka, K. Kaneko, N. Suzuki et al., InGaAs/AlAsSb/InP quantum cascade lasers operating at wavelengths close to 3 µm Applied Physics Letters, Ultrafast intersubband relaxation (~150 fs) in AlGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells, pp.21108-648, 2000.

C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, Recent progress in quantum cascade lasers and applications " Reports on progress in physics, pp.1533-1601, 2001.

J. D. Heber, C. Gmachl, H. M. Ng, and A. Y. Cho, Comparative study of ultrafast intersubband electron scattering times at ???1.55?????m wavelength in GaN/AlGaN heterostructures, Applied Physics Letters, vol.81, issue.7, p.1237, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1500412

. Melchior, Continuous wave operation of a mid-infrared semiconductor laser at room temperature, Science, vol.295, p.301, 2002.

]. Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S. R. Darvish, A. Haddadi, B. Gokden et al., High power broad area quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.95, issue.22, p.221104, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3270043

Y. Bai, S. Slivken, S. R. Darvish, and M. Razeghi, Room temperature continuous wave operation of quantum cascade lasers with 12.5% wall plug efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.2, p.21103, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2957673

R. C. Ritchie, F. Iotti, and . Rossi, Terahertz semiconductor-heterostructure laser, Nature, vol.417, p.156, 2002.

S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, 186 K operation of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers based on a diagonal design, Applied Physics Letters, vol.94, issue.13, p.131105, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3114418

B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno, Operation of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers at 164 K in pulsed mode and at 117 K in continuous-wave mode, Optics Express, vol.13, issue.9, p.3331, 2005.
DOI : 10.1364/OPEX.13.003331

G. Dehlinger, L. Diehl, U. Gennser, H. Sigg, J. Faist et al., Intersubband Electroluminescence from Silicon-Based Quantum Cascade Structures, Science, vol.290, issue.5500, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.290.5500.2277

L. Esaki and R. Tsu, Superlattice and Negative Differential Conductivity in Semiconductors, IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol.14, issue.1, pp.61-65, 1970.
DOI : 10.1147/rd.141.0061

C. Sirtori, F. Capasso, J. Faist, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco et al., Resonant tunneling in quantum cascade lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.34, issue.9, pp.1722-1729, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/3.709589

C. Becker, Lasers à cascade quantique : Etude physique et ingénierie de la structure quantique, Thèse de l'école Polytechnique, 2002.

A. Friedrich, C. Huber, G. Boehm, and M. C. Amman, Low-threshold room-temperature operation of injectorless quantum-cascade lasers: influence of doping density, Electronics Letters, vol.42, issue.21, pp.1228-1229, 2006.
DOI : 10.1049/el:20062702

A. L. Hsu, Design of High Efficiency Mid IR QCL Lasers, Thèse MIT, 2008.

A. Yariv, Quantum Electronics, American Journal of Physics, vol.36, issue.2, 1989.
DOI : 10.1119/1.1974453

E. D. Palik, Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, 1998.

J. Y. Bengloan, Amélioration des performances des lasers à cascade quantique : étude du confinement optique et des propriétés thermiques

R. Maulini, A. Lyakh, A. Tsekoun, R. Go, C. Pflügl et al., High power thermoelectrically cooled and uncooled quantum cascade lasers with optimized reflectivity facet coatings, Applied Physics Letters, vol.95, issue.15, p.95151112, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3246799

L. Li, Formulation and comparison of two recursive matrix algorithms for modeling layered diffraction gratings, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.13, issue.5, p.1024, 1996.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.13.001024

S. Collin, F. Pardo, R. Teissier, and J. Pelouard, Strong discontinuities in the complex photonic band structure of transmission metallic gratings, Physical Review B, vol.63, issue.3, p.33107, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.033107

P. Sheng, R. S. Stepleman, and P. N. Sanda, Exact eigenfunctions for square-wave gratings: Application to diffraction and surface-plasmon calculations, Physical Review B, vol.26, issue.6, pp.2907-2916, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.26.2907

L. C. Botten, M. S. Craig, R. C. Mcphedran, J. L. Adams, and J. R. Andre-wartha, The Finitely Conducting Lamellar Diffraction Grating, Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, vol.68, issue.8, pp.1087-1102, 1981.
DOI : 10.1080/713820680

J. Perez, Optique Fondement et applications

E. Rosencher and B. Vinter, Optoélectronique

J. Semmel, W. Kaiser, H. Hofmann, S. Höfling, and A. Forchel, Single mode emitting ridge waveguide quantum cascade lasers coupled to an active ring resonator filter, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.21, p.211106, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3039057

A. Hugi, R. Terazzi, Y. Bonetti, A. Wittmann, M. Fischer et al., External cavity quantum cascade laser tunable from 7.6 to 11.4 µm Photonic Crystals Modeling the flow of light Coupled-Wave Theory of Distributed Feedback Lasers, Applied Physics Letters Journal of Applied Physic, vol.95, issue.43, p.2327, 1972.
DOI : 10.1088/0268-1242/25/8/083001

T. Antoni, Structures de couplage optique originales pour les détecteurs infrarouge à puits quantiques, Thèse de l, 2009.

]. G. Pierrick, Contrôle optique des cathodes froides à base de nanotubes de carbone pour les sources THz, Thèse de l'école Polytechnique, 2010.

T. Antoni, P. Guiset, M. Carras, A. De-rossi, P. F. Bois et al., A zero-Focal-Length superlens for QWIPs and other infrared detectors, Infrared Technology and Applications XXXVI
DOI : 10.1117/12.853526

A. Wittmann, M. Giovannini, J. Faist, L. Hvozdara, S. Blaser et al., Room temperature, continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers with widely spaced operation frequencies, Applied Physics Letters, vol.89, issue.14, p.141116, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2358939

S. R. Darvish, S. Slivken, A. Evans, J. S. Yu, and M. Razegh, Room-temperature, high-power, and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at ?????9.6??m, Applied Physics Letters, vol.88, issue.20, p.201114, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2205730

S. W. Bour, G. E. Corzine, F. Höfler, and . Capasso, DFB Quantum Cascade Laser Arrays, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.45, pp.554-565, 2009.

J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, S. R. Darvish, A. Evans, B. Gokden et al., Highpower , room-temperature, and continuous-wave operation of distributed-feedback quantum-cascade lasers at 4.8 µm, Distributed- Feedback Quantum-Cascade Lasers at 9µm Operating in Continuous Wave Up to 423, 2005.

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. Sivco et al., Distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.70, issue.20, pp.2670-2672, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.119208

A. Y. Sergent and . Cho, Single-Mode, Tunable Distributed-Feedback and Multiple- Wavelength Quantum Cascade Lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.38, pp.569-581, 2002.

A. Tredicucci, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco et al., Single-mode surface-plasmon laser, Applied Physics Letters, vol.76, issue.16, pp.2164-2166, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.126183

]. R. Köhler, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, A. Tredicucci, D. L. Sivco et al., Single-mode tunable quantum cascade lasers in the spectral range of the CO<sub>2</sub> laser at /spl lambda/=9.5-10.5 μm, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.12, issue.5, pp.474-476, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/68.841257

M. Carras and A. D. Rossi, Laser semi-conducteur à contre réaction répartie forte, 2007.

W. L. Barnes, T. W. Preist, S. C. Kitson, and J. R. Sambles, Physical origin of photonic energy gaps in the propagation of surface plasmons on gratings, Physical Review B, vol.54, issue.9, pp.6227-6244, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.6227

S. C. Kitson, W. L. Barnes, G. W. Bradberry, and J. R. Sambles, Photonic gaps in the dispersion of surface plasmon on gratings, Physical Review B, vol.51, p.11164, 1995.

M. Carras and A. Rossi, Photonic modes of metallodielectric periodic waveguides in the midinfrared spectral range, Physical Review B, vol.74, issue.23, p.235120, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.74.235120

]. A. De-rossi, M. Carras, D. J. Paul, and S. Member, Low-Loss Surface-Mode Waveguides for Terahertz Si–SiGe Quantum Cascade Lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.42, issue.12, pp.1233-1238, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.2006.883496

L. Mahler, A. Tredicucci, R. Köhler, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere et al., High-performance operation of single-mode terahertz quantum cascade lasers with metallic gratings, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.18, p.181101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2120901

G. Patriarche, I. Beaudoin, and . Sagnes, Surface-plasmon distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers operating pulsed , room temperature, Applied Physics Letters, vol.9, p.91105, 2009.

]. A. Christ, S. G. Tikhodeev, N. A. Gippius, J. Kuhl, and H. Giessen, Waveguide-Plasmon Polaritons: Strong Coupling of Photonic and Electronic Resonances in a Metallic Photonic Crystal Slab, Physical Review Letters, vol.91, issue.18, p.183901, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.183901

X. Carras and . Marcadet, Measurement of gain and losses of a mid-infrared quantum cascade laser by wavelength chirping spectroscopy, Applied Physics Letters, vol.94, 2009.

G. P. Agrawal and N. K. Dutta, Semiconductor Lasers
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-0481-4

M. Carras, M. Garcia, X. Marcadet, O. Parillaud, A. De-rossi et al., Top grating index-coupled distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.1, p.11109, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2950086

J. Faist, D. Hofstetter, M. Beck, T. Aellen, M. Rochat et al., Bound-to-continuum and two-phonon resonance, quantum-cascade lasers for high duty cycle, high-temperature operation, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.38, issue.6, p.533, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.2002.1005404

]. A. Evans, J. S. Yu, S. Slivken, and M. Razeghi, Continuous-wave operation of ?????4.8??m quantum-cascade lasersat room temperature, Applied Physics Letters, vol.85, issue.12, p.2166, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1793340

A. Marcadet, V. Lops, G. Spagnolo, and . Scamarcio, Room temperature continuous wave metal grating distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers Thermal modeling of GaInAs/AlInAs quantum cascade lasers High-temperature continuous-wave operation of low power consumption 225, Applied Physics Letters Journal of Applied Physics, vol.96, issue.100, pp.161105-043109, 2006.

L. C. Coleman, C. Hughes, and . Zah, 3 W continuous-wave room temperature singlefacet emission from quantum cascade lasers based on nonresonant extraction design approach, Applied Physics Letters, vol.95, p.141113, 2009.

]. R. Soref, Towards Silicon-based Longwave Integrated Optoelectronics " , SPIE Photonics West, invated paper 6898-5, Silicon Photonics III Transverse Far-Field Distribution in Quantum Cascade Laser, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol.21, issue.4, pp.8-12, 2008.

]. T. Gresch, M. Giovannini, N. Hoyer, and J. Faist, Quantum cascade lasers with large optical waveguides, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.18, issue.3, p.1041, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/LPT.2005.863633

. Wagner, GaSb-based tapered diode lasers at 1.93 µm with 1.5-W nearly diffractionlimited power, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.18, p.758, 2006.

]. C. Becker and C. Sirtori, Lateral current spreading in unipolar semiconductor lasers, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.90, issue.4, p.1688, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1384490

M. Troccoli, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, Mid-infrared (?????7.4 ??m) quantum cascade laser amplifier for high power single-mode emission and improved beam quality, Applied Physics Letters, vol.80, issue.22, p.4103, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1479453

L. Nähle, J. Semmel, W. Kaiser, S. Höfling, and A. Forchel, Tapered quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.91, issue.18, p.181122, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2805628

Q. Lu, W. Guo, W. Z. , L. Wang, J. Liu et al., Room temperature operation of photonic-crystal distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers with single longitudinal and lateral mode performance, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, issue.5, p.51112, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3295704

N. Yu, R. Blanchard, J. Fan, F. Capasso, T. Edamura et al., Small divergence edge-emitting semiconductor lasers with two-dimensional plasmonic collimators, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.18, p.181101, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3009599

T. Takamori, L. A. Coldren, and J. Merz, Lasing characteristics of a continuous???wave operated folded???cavity surface???emitting laser, Applied Physics Letters, vol.56, issue.23, p.2267, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.102935

H. Soda, K. Iga, C. Kitahara, and Y. Suematsu, GaInAsP/InP Surface Emitting Injection Lasers, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.18, issue.12, pp.2329-2330, 1979.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.18.2329

F. Koyama, S. Kinoshita, and K. Iga, Room-temperature CW operation of GaAs vertical-cavity surface emitting laser, trans. IEICE, vol.71, pp.1089-1090, 1988.

F. Koyama, S. Kinoshita, and K. Iga, Room???temperature continuous wave lasing characteristics of a GaAs vertical cavity surface???emitting laser, Applied Physics Letters, vol.55, issue.3, pp.221-223, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.101913

R. S. Geels and L. A. Coldren, Submilliamp threshold vertical???cavity laser diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.57, issue.16, pp.1605-1607, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.103361

R. Petit and M. Cadilhac, Electromagnetic theory of prism coupler (tutorial approach), Journal of Optics, vol.8, issue.1, p.41, 1977.
DOI : 10.1088/0150-536X/8/1/005

S. C. Kitson, W. L. Barnes, G. W. Bradberry, and J. R. Sambles, Surface profile dependence of surface plasmon band gaps on metallic gratings, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.79, issue.9, pp.7383-7385, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.361456

S. C. Kitson, W. L. Barnes, and J. R. Sambles, Photonic band gaps in metallic microcavities, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.84, issue.5, pp.2399-2403, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.368366

S. H. Macomber, J. S. Mott, R. J. Noll, G. M. Gallatin, E. J. Gratrix et al., Surface???emitting distributed feedback semiconductor laser, Applied Physics Letters, vol.51, issue.7, pp.472-474, 1987.
DOI : 10.1063/1.98397

K. Mitsunaga, M. Kameya, K. Kojima, S. Noda, K. Kyuma et al., cw surface???emitting grating???coupled GaAs/AlGaAs distributed feedback laser with very narrow beam divergence, Applied Physics Letters, vol.50, issue.25, pp.1788-1790, 1987.
DOI : 10.1063/1.97697

G. A. Evans, D. P. Sour, N. W. Carlson, J. M. Hammer, M. Lurie et al., Coherent, monolithic two???dimensional strained InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser arrays using grating surface emission, Applied Physics Letters, vol.55, issue.26, pp.2721-2723, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.102256

D. Hofstetter, J. Faist, M. Beck, and U. Oesterle, Surface-emitting 10.1 ??m quantum-cascade distributed feedback lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.75, issue.24, pp.3769-3771, 1999.
DOI : 10.1063/1.125450

W. Schrenk, N. Finger, S. Gianordoli, L. Hvozdara, G. Strasser et al., Surface-emitting distributed feedback quantum-cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.77, issue.14, pp.2086-2088, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1313807

C. Pflügl, M. Austerer, W. Schrenk, S. Golka, G. Strasser et al., Single-mode surface-emitting quantum-cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.86, issue.21, p.211102, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1929070

. Strasser, Coherent 5.35µm surface emission from a GaAs-based distributed feedback quantum-cascade laser, Applied Physics Letters, vol.88, p.121104, 2006.

S. Schartner, M. Austerer, W. Schrenk, A. M. Andrews, P. Klang et al., Surface emission from episide-down short distributed-feedback quantum cascade lasers, Optics Express, vol.16, issue.16, p.11920, 2008.
DOI : 10.1364/OE.16.011920

A. Lyakha, P. Zory, M. D. Souza, D. Botez, and D. Bour, Substrate-emitting, distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.91, issue.18, p.181116, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2803851

H. E. Beltram, D. A. Beere, V. Ritchie, and . Tamosiunas, Surface plasmon photonic structures in terahertz quantum cascade lasers, Optics express, vol.14, pp.5335-5345, 2006.

. Linfield, Surface emitting terahertz quantum cascade laser with a double-metal waveguide, Optics express, vol.14, pp.11672-11680, 2006.

M. I. Amanti, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, M. Beck, and J. Faist, Low-divergence single-mode terahertz quantum cascade laser, Nature Photonics, vol.86, issue.10, pp.586-590, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nphoton.2009.168

J. Faist, C. Gmachl, M. Striccoli, C. Sirtori, F. Capasso et al., Quantum cascade disk lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.69, issue.17, p.2456, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.117496

C. Gmachl, J. Faist, F. Capasso, C. Sirtori, D. L. Sivco et al., Long-wavelength (9.5-11.5 ??m) microdisk quantum-cascade lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.33, issue.9, p.1567, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/3.622638

S. Anders, V. Tamosiunas, W. Schrenk, and G. Strasser, Optical modes in mesoscopic quantum cascade ring lasers, Physical Review B, vol.69, issue.7, p.73309, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.073309

E. Mujagi?, S. Schartner, L. K. Hoffmann, W. Schrenk, M. P. Semtsiv et al., Grating-coupled surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, issue.1, p.11108, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2958910

W. T. Wienold, G. Masselink, and . Strasser, Low divergence single-mode surface emitting quantum cascade ring lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.93, p.161101, 2008.

E. Mujagi?, C. Deutsch, H. Detz, P. Klang, M. Nobile et al., Vertically emitting terahertz quantum cascade ring lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.95, issue.1, pp.95-011120, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3176966

E. Mujagi?, M. Nobile, H. Detz, W. Schrenk, C. Chen et al., Ring cavity induced threshold reduction in single-mode surface emitting quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, issue.3, p.31111, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3292021

D. A. Beere and . Ritchie, Vertically emitting microdisk lasers, Nature Photonics, vol.3, pp.46-49, 2009.

R. Colombelli, K. Srinivasan, M. Troccoli, O. Painter, C. F. Gmachl et al., Quantum Cascade Surface-Emitting Photonic Crystal Laser, Science, vol.302, issue.5649, pp.1374-1377, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1090561

I. Beaudoin and . Sagnes, Surface-emitting quantum cascade lasers with metallic photonic-crystal resonators, Applied Physics Letters, vol.94, p.221101, 2009.

A. G. Linfield and . Davies, Graded photonic crystal terahertz quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, p.31104, 2010.

G. Xu, Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli, G. Beaudoin, and I. Sagnes, Polarized single-lobed surface emission in mid-infrared, photonic-crystal, quantum-cascade lasers, Optics Letters, vol.35, issue.6, pp.859-861, 2010.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.35.000859

Y. Chassagneux, R. Colombelli, W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, H. E. Beere et al., Electrically pumped photonic-crystal terahertz lasers controlled by boundary conditions, Nature, vol.101, issue.7226, pp.174-178, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nature07636

R. J. Noll and S. H. Macomber, Analysis of grating surface emitting lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.26, issue.3, pp.456-466, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/3.52121

N. Finger, W. Schrenk, and E. Gornik, Analysis of TM-polarized DFB laser structures with metal surface gratings, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.36, issue.7, pp.780-786, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/3.848348

S. Li, G. Witjaksono, S. Macomber, and D. Botez, Analysis of Surface-Emitting Second-Order Distributed Feedback Lasers With Central Grating Phaseshift, IEEE Journal of Selected topics in Quantum Electronics, vol.9, pp.1153-1165, 2003.

M. Schubert and F. Rana, Analysis of Terahertz Surface Emitting Quantum-Cascade Lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.42, issue.3, pp.257-265, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.2005.863138

E. Despio-pujo, Gravure des semi-conducteurs III-V par plasmas inductifs chlorés, Thèse de l'école Polytechnique, 2009.

J. Plouin, E. Richalot, O. Picon, M. Carras, and A. Rossi, Photonic band structures for bi-dimensional metallic mesa gratings, Optics Express, vol.14, issue.21, pp.9982-9987, 2006.
DOI : 10.1364/OE.14.009982

T. G. Spence, C. C. Harb, B. A. Paldus, R. N. Zare, B. Willke et al., A laser-locked cavity ring-down spectrometer employing an analog detection scheme, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.71, issue.2, p.347, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1150206

D. Romanini, M. Chenevier, S. Kassi, M. Schmidt, C. Valant et al., Optical???feedback cavity???enhanced absorption: a compact spectrometer for real???time measurement of atmospheric methane, Applied Physics B, vol.99, issue.4, pp.659-667, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00340-006-2177-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103500

E. R. Kerstel, R. G. Iannone, M. Chenevier, S. Kassi, H. J. Jost et al., A water isotope (2H, 17O, and 18O) spectrometer based on optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption for in situ airborne applications, Applied Physics B, vol.113, issue.2-3, pp.397-406, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00340-006-2356-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103473

A. A. Kosterev and F. K. , Chemical sensors based on quantum cascade lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.38, issue.6, pp.582-591, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/JQE.2002.1005408

R. A. Tolchenov, J. Toth, P. Vander-auwera, G. Varanasi, and . Wagner, The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol.96, pp.139-204, 2004.

. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy 5, 1981.

P. Ponsardin and E. Browell, Measurements of H216O Linestrengths and Air-Induced Broadenings and Shifts in the 815-nm Spectral Region, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, vol.185, issue.1, pp.58-70, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jmsp.1997.7354

J. U. White, Long Optical Paths of Large Aperture, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.32, issue.5, pp.285-288, 1942.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.32.000285

D. Herriott, H. Kogelnik, and R. Kompfer, Off-Axis Paths in Spherical Mirror Interferometers, Applied Optics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.523-526, 1964.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.3.000523

D. Weidmann, A. A. Kosterev, C. Roller, R. F. Curl, M. P. Fraser et al., Monitoring of ethylene by a pulsed quantum cascade laser, Applied Optics, vol.43, issue.16, pp.3329-3335, 2004.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.43.003329

J. U. White, Long Optical Paths of Large Aperture, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.32, issue.5, pp.285-288, 1942.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.32.000285

D. Herriott, H. Kogelnik, and R. Kompfer, Off-Axis Paths in Spherical Mirror Interferometers, Applied Optics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.523-526, 1964.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.3.000523

A. Grossel, V. Zéninari, B. Parvitte, L. Joly, and D. Courtois, Optimisation of a compact photoacoustic quantum cascade laser spectrometer for atmospheric flux measurements : application to the detection of methane and nitrous oxide, Applied Physics B, vol.88, pp.88-483, 2007.

M. D. Wojcik, M. C. Phillips, B. D. Cannon, and M. S. Taubman, Gas-phase photoacoustic sensor at 8.41????m using quartz tuning forks and amplitude-modulated quantum cascade lasers, Applied Physics B, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.307-313, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00340-006-2394-8

J. Morville, Injection des cavités optiques de haute finesse par laser à diode ? Application à la CW-CRDS et à la détection de traces atmosphérique, Thèse de l

J. Morville, D. Romanini, M. Chenevier, and A. Kachanov, Effects of laser phase noise on the injection of a high-finesse cavity, Applied Optics, vol.41, issue.33, pp.6980-6990, 2002.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.41.006980

J. Morville, S. Kassi, M. Chenevier, and D. Romanini, Fast, low-noise, mode-by-mode, cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy by diode-laser self-locking, Applied Physics B, vol.60, issue.8, pp.1027-1038, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00340-005-1828-z
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103503

. Ph, A. Laurent, C. Clairon, and . Breant, Frequency Noise Analysis of Opticaally Self-Locked Diode Lasers, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol.25, pp.1131-1142, 1989.

D. Romanini, M. Chenevier, S. Kassi, M. Schmidt, C. Valant et al., Optical???feedback cavity???enhanced absorption: a compact spectrometer for real???time measurement of atmospheric methane, Applied Physics B, vol.99, issue.4, pp.659-657, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00340-006-2177-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103500