L. Bourguignon, S. Goutelle, N. Bertrand, C. Marques, S. Guerreiro et al., Evaluation d'un schéma posologique de gentamicine par simulations de Monte Carlo

C. Gerard, M. Hellot, L. Bourguignon, P. Maire, and M. Ducher, Amikacine chez l'adulte : faut-il utiliser le poids corporel pour calculer la dose ? 27e Réunion interdisciplinaire de chimiothérapie anti-infectieuse (RICAI), 2007.

. Invs and . Peste, Situation mondiale. 8 janvier, 2008.

. Invs, Surveillance nationale des maladies infectieuses 1998-2000: Département des maladies infectieuses, 2002.

P. Goubau, E. Pellegrims, and A. Van-gompel, Repères en microbiologie: Garant, 2000.

G. Brooks, K. Carroll, E. Jawetz, J. Butel, and M. S. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's medical microbiology: McGraw-Hill, 2007.

M. Garnier, V. Delamare, J. Delamare, and T. Delamare, Dictionnaire des termes de médecine, 2000.

S. Huang, W. Zhou, A. Jong, and S. Garay, Focal Point Theory Models for Dissecting Dynamic Duality Problems of Microbial Infections, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol.13, issue.3, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nm1395

M. Tavassoli, The cell theory: a foundation to the edifice of biology, Am J Pathol, vol.98, issue.1, p.44, 1980.

W. Turner, The Cell Theory, Past and Present, J Anat Physiol, vol.24, issue.2, pp.253-87, 1890.

D. Green, The bacterial cell wall as a source of antibacterial targets, Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, vol.97, issue.1, pp.1-19, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00107a007

S. Shakil, R. Khan, R. Zarrilli, and A. Khan, Aminoglycosides versus bacteria ??? a description of the action, resistance mechanism, and nosocomial battleground, Journal of Biomedical Science, vol.105, issue.4, pp.5-14, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11373-007-9194-y

T. Tenson and A. Mankin, Antibiotics and the ribosome, Molecular Microbiology, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1664-77, 2006.
DOI : 10.2174/1568005014606071

M. Gellert, K. Mizuuchi, O. Dea, M. Nasht, and H. , DNA gyrase: an enzyme that introduces superhelical turns into DNA., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.73, issue.11, 1976.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.73.11.3872
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC431247

W. Ritschel, Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics, 1986.

L. Bourguignon, L. Golfier, F. Chatillon, H. Bontemps, and J. Brantus, Interaction entre l'acénocoumarol et la rifampicine: présentation d'un cas et des mécanismes pharmacocinétiques mis en jeu, Journal de pharmacie clinique(Paris), vol.25, issue.2, pp.105-109, 2006.

P. De-paepe, F. Belpaire, and W. Buylaert, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations When Treating Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.21, issue.14
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200241140-00002

A. Kashuba, J. Bertino, J. Nafziger, and A. , Adaptive control of therapeutics using amikacin in very old patients: retrospective analysis of efficacy and toxicity] Dosing of aminoglycosides to rapidly attain pharmacodynamic goals and hasten therapeutic response by using individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring of patients with pneumonia caused by gramnegative organisms, Pathol Biol (Paris) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.4242, issue.247, pp.247-531842, 1994.

J. Mouton and A. Vinks, Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modelling of Antibacterials In Vitro and In Vivo Using Bacterial Growth and Kill Kinetics, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.40, issue.3, pp.201-211, 2005.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200544020-00005

M. Dudley, W. Evans, J. Schentag, W. Jusko, J. Rotschafer et al., Commentary on dual individualization with antibiotics Applied pharmacokinetics: principles of therapeutics drug monitoring. Vancouver; 1992. 27 Pharmacodynamic factors of antibiotic efficacy, Pharmacotherapy, vol.12, issue.6 2, pp.64-70, 1992.

J. Schentag, D. Nix, and M. Adelman, Mathematical examination of dual individualization principles (I): Relationships between AUC above MIC and area under the inhibitory curve for cefmenoxime, ciprofloxacin, and tobramycin, Dicp, vol.25, issue.10, pp.1050-1057, 1991.

J. Schentag, C. Ballow, J. Paladino, and D. Nix, Dual individualization with antibiotics: integrated antibiotic management strategies for use in hospitals Applied pharmacokinetics, ): Applied Theraputics, pp.1-20, 1992.

J. Mouton, M. Dudley, O. Cars, H. Derendorf, and G. Drusano, Standardization of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) terminology for anti-infective drugs: an update, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.55, issue.5, pp.601-607, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dki079

C. W. Pharmacokinetic, Rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men Dalla Costa T. AUIC--a general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics? The Annals of, Clinical Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy, vol.2630, issue.329, pp.1-121024, 1996.

M. Dudley, Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antibiotics with special reference to the fluoroquinolones, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.91, issue.6, pp.45-50, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(91)90311-K

S. Corvaisier, P. Maire, M. Bouvier-d-'yvoire, X. Barbaut, N. Bleyzac et al., Comparisons between antimicrobial pharmacodynamic indices and bacterial killing as described by using the Zhi model, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.42, issue.7, pp.1731-1738, 1998.

U. Fluckiger, C. Segessenmann, and A. Gerber, Integration of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of imipenem in a human-adapted mouse model., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.35, issue.9, pp.1905-1915, 1991.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.35.9.1905

P. Verhulst, Recherches mathématiques sur la loi d'accroissement de la population, Mem. Acad. Sci. Lett. Belg, vol.18, issue.1, 1845.

J. Zhi, C. Nightingale, and R. Quintiliani, Microbial pharmacodynamics of piperacillin in neutropenic mice of systematic infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

J. Zhi, C. Nightingale, and R. Quintilini, A Pharmacodynamic Model for the Activity of Antibiotics Against Microorganisms under Nonsaturable Conditions, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.75, issue.11, pp.1063-1067, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/jps.2600751108

C. Bernard, Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale. Paris: Garnier- Flammarion, p.1865, 1966.
DOI : 10.1522/cla.bec.int
URL : https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=uc1.b5585311;orient=0;size=100;seq=367;attachment=0

S. Hilmer, ADME-tox issues for the elderly, Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, vol.60, issue.10, pp.1321-1352, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/62.7.738

R. Blouin and G. Warren, Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Obesity, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.88, issue.1, pp.1-7, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/js980173a

S. Benedetti, M. Whomsley, R. Baltes, and E. , Differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics between the paediatric and adult populations, Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, vol.317, issue.1, pp.447-71, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)61209-1

M. Dawes and P. Chowienczyk, Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy, Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol.15, issue.6, pp.819-845, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/beog.2001.0231

O. Soldin and D. Mattison, Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.68, issue.3, pp.143-57, 2009.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200948030-00001

D. Belle and H. Singh, Genetic factors in drug metabolism, Am Fam Physician, vol.77, issue.11, pp.1553-60, 2008.

A. Dreisbach and J. Lertora, The effect of chronic renal failure on drug metabolism and transport, Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, vol.83, issue.8, pp.1065-74, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-198311000-00005

Y. Lam, S. Banerji, C. Hatfield, and R. Talbert, Principles of Drug Administration in Renal Insufficiency, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.32, issue.1, pp.30-57, 1997.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-199732010-00002

R. Verbeeck, Pharmacokinetics and dosage adjustment in patients with hepatic dysfunction, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.29, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1147-61, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00228-008-0553-z

J. Kang and M. Lee, Overview of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, The Korean journal of internal medicine, vol.24, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2009.
DOI : 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.1.1

M. Ensom, T. Chang, and P. Patel, Pharmacogenetics, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.34, issue.11, pp.783-802, 2001.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200140110-00001

V. Ortega, G. Hawkins, S. Peters, and E. Bleecker, Pharmacogenetics of the ??2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene, Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, vol.27, issue.4, pp.665-84, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.iac.2007.09.007

T. Langaee, beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and beta-blocker treatment outcomes in hypertension, Clin Pharmacol Ther, vol.84, issue.6, pp.715-736, 2008.

P. Sinxadi and M. Blockman, Warfarin resistance, Cardiovasc J Afr, vol.19, issue.4, pp.215-222, 2008.

M. Rowland, L. Sheiner, J. Steimer, W. Evans, J. Schentag et al., Variability in Drug Therapy: Description, Estimation and Control -A SANDOZ Workshop: Raven Press; 1985. 57 Applied Pharmacokinetics: Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 1992.

P. Maire, Amikacine chez le sujet âgé : aide à la décision. La Lettre de l, InfectiologueHors, vol.série, pp.31-34, 1995.

F. Bacopoulou, S. Markantonis, E. Pavlou, and M. Adamidou, A study of once-daily amikacin with low peak target concentrations in intensive care unit patients: Pharmacokinetics and associated outcomes, Journal of Critical Care, vol.18, issue.2, pp.107-113, 2003.
DOI : 10.1053/jcrc.2003.50003

J. Lanao, Population pharmacokinetics of amikacin in patients with haematological malignancies, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.44, issue.2, pp.235-277, 1999.

N. Evers, R. Mathot, W. Geus, B. Van-hout, and A. Vinks, Individual variability of pharmacokinetic parameters of amikacin in the elderly: retrospective studies Impact of goal-oriented and model-based clinical pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides on clinical outcome: a cost-effectiveness analysis, Pathol Biol (Paris) Ther Drug Monit, vol.4421, issue.641, pp.667-7463, 1996.

R. Jelliffe, A. Schumitzky, and M. Van-guilder, Population Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Modeling: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, vol.22, issue.3, p.354, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00007691-200006000-00019

R. Jelliffe, M. P. Sattler, F. Gomis, P. Tahani, and B. , Adaptative control of drug dosage regimens: basic foundations, relevant issues, and clinical examples, Int. J

R. Jelliffe, A. Schumitzky, D. Bayard, M. Milman, M. Van-guilder et al., Model-Based, Goal-Oriented, Individualised Drug Therapy, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.57-77, 1998.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-199834010-00003

G. Matzke and . Vancomycin, Applied Pharmacokinetics. Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Applied Therapeutics, vol.15, pp.1-15, 1992.

T. Whitehouse, J. Cepeda, R. Shulman, L. Aarons, R. Nalda-molina et al., Pharmacokinetic studies of linezolid and teicoplanin in the critically ill, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.55, issue.3, pp.333-373, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dki014

C. Li, J. Kuti, C. Nightingale, D. Mansfield, A. Dana et al., Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.56, issue.2, pp.388-95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/dki243

A. Lannergard, A. Larsson, O. Cars, M. Karlsson, and M. Sandstrom, A population pharmacokinetic model for cefuroxime using cystatin C as a marker of renal function, Population Clin Pharmacokinet Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.4562, issue.53, pp.493-501297, 2006.

J. Roos, . J. Lipman, and C. Kirkpatrick, Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefpirome in critically ill patients against Gram-negative bacteria, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.49, issue.5, pp.781-789, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-007-0573-7

G. Levy, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RATE OF ELIMINATION OF TUBOCURARINE AND RATE OF DECLINE OF ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY, BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.36, issue.11, pp.694-699, 1964.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/36.11.694

G. Levy, Kinetics of pharmacologic effects, Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.7, issue.3, pp.362-72, 1966.
DOI : 10.1002/cpt196673362

A. Clark, The mode of action of drugs on cells: The Williams & Wilkins company, 1933.

T. Kenakin, Principles: Receptor theory in pharmacology, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol.25, issue.4, pp.186-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tips.2004.02.012

D. Mager, E. Wyska, and W. Jusko, Diversity of mechanism-based pharmacodynamic models. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, pp.510-518, 2003.

C. Csajka and D. Verotta, Pharmacokinetic???Pharmacodynamic Modelling: History and Perspectives, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, vol.21, issue.3, pp.227-79, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10928-005-9002-0

L. Sheiner, D. Stanski, S. Vozeh, R. Miller, H. J. Dahlstrom et al., Simultaneous Modeling of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Survey of Anesthesiology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.358-7141, 1978.
DOI : 10.1097/00132586-198002000-00012

N. Dayneka, V. Garg, and W. Jusko, Comparison of four basic models of indirect pharmacodynamic responses, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, vol.29, issue.4, pp.457-78, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01061691

T. Bayes, AN ESSAY TOWARDS SOLVING A PROBLEM IN THE DOCTRINE OF CHANCES, Biometrika, vol.45, issue.3-4, p.308, 1965.
DOI : 10.1093/biomet/45.3-4.296

M. Caceci and W. Cacheris, Fitting Curves to Data, Byte, vol.1984, pp.340-362

J. Caillon, M. Juvin, J. Pirault, and H. Drugeon, [Bactericidal effect of daptomycin (LY 146032) compared with vancomycine and teicoplanin against gram-positive bacteria], Pathol Biol (Paris), vol.37, issue.5 2, pp.540-548, 1989.

J. Hyatt, P. Mckinnon, G. Zimmer, and J. Schentag, The Importance of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Surrogate Markers to Outcome, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.143-60, 1995.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-199528020-00005

S. Davani, P. Muret, B. Royer, B. Hoen, and J. Kantelip, [Interest in therapeutic drug monitoring of the main antibiotics], Ann Biol Clin (Paris), vol.60, issue.6, pp.655-61, 2002.

O. Lortholary, M. Tod, N. Rizzo, C. Padoin, O. Biard et al., Population pharmacokinetic study of teicoplanin in severely neutropenic patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.40, issue.5, pp.1242-1249, 1996.

D. Bois, D. , D. Bois, and E. , A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known, Nutrition, vol.5, issue.5, pp.303-314, 1916.

R. Jelliffe and S. Jelliffe, ESTIMATION OF CREATININE CLEARANCE FROM CHANGING SERUM-CREATININE LEVELS, The Lancet, vol.298, issue.7726, p.710, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)92283-5

R. Jelliffe, Estimation of Creatinine Clearance in Patients with Unstable Renal Function, without a Urine Specimen, American Journal of Nephrology, vol.22, issue.4, pp.320-324, 2002.
DOI : 10.1159/000065221

R. Leary, R. Jelliffe, and A. Schumitzky, New Advances in Nonparametric PK/PD Population Modeling, 10th Annual Meeting of the Population Approach Group in Europe, 2001.

A. Bustad, D. Terziivanov, R. Leary, R. Port, A. Schumitzky et al., Parametric and Nonparametric Population Methods, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.36, issue.4, pp.365-83, 2006.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200645040-00003

H. Akaike, A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Trans

L. Sheiner and S. Beal, Some suggestions for measuring predictive performance, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, vol.61, issue.4, pp.503-515, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01060893

M. Reed, T. Yamashita, C. Myers, and J. Blumer, The pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin in infants and children, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.39, issue.6, pp.789-96, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/39.6.789

A. Wilson, Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Teicoplanin, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.44, issue.3, pp.167-83, 2000.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200039030-00001

P. Maire, Bases rationnelles de la modélisation en thérapeutique De la création du modèle à son utilisation en pratique clinique. Application à l'antibiothérapie, 2008.

M. Burton, C. Ash, D. Hill, J. Handy, T. Shepherd et al., A controlled trial of the cost benefit of computerized bayesian aminoglycoside administration, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol.49, issue.6, pp.685-94, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/clpt.1991.86

M. Fernandez-de-gatta, M. Calvo, J. Hernandez, D. Caballero, S. Miguel et al., Cost-effectiveness analysis of serum vancomycin concentration monitoring in patients with hematologic malignancies, Clin Pharmacol Ther, vol.60, issue.3, pp.332-372, 1996.

J. Linares, The VISA/GISA problem: therapeutic implications, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.7, issue.4, pp.8-15, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2001.00054.x

T. Perl, The threat of vancomycin resistance, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.106, issue.5, pp.26-37, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00354-4

R. Lindeman, Overview: Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology of Aging, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.16, issue.4, pp.275-82, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80002-3

R. Lindeman, J. Tobin, and N. Shock, Longitudinal Studies on the Rate of Decline in Renal Function with Age, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.24, issue.4, pp.278-85, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07117.x

A. Saleh-mghir, C. Cremieux, A. Bleton, R. Ismael, F. Manteau et al., Efficacy of teicoplanin and autoradiographic diffusion pattern of [14C] teicoplanin in experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection of joint prostheses, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol.42, issue.11, pp.2830-2835, 1998.

L. Aarons, Population pharmacokinetics: theory and practice, Br J Clin Pharmacol, vol.32, issue.6, pp.669-70, 1991.

L. Sheiner, B. Rosenberg, and V. Marathe, Estimation of population characteristics of pharmacokinetic parameters from routine clinical data, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, vol.15, issue.5, pp.445-79, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01061728

E. Jonsson, J. Wade, and M. Karlsson, Comparison of some practical sampling strategies for population pharmacokinetic studies, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, vol.19, issue.2, pp.245-63, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02353491

L. Aarons, Software for Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.36, issue.4
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-199936040-00001

D. Roe, COMPARISON OF POPULATION PHARMACOKINETIC MODELING METHODS USING SIMULATED DATA: RESULTS FROM THE POPULATION MODELING WORKGROUP, Statistics in Medicine, vol.16, issue.11, pp.1241-57, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970615)16:11<1241::AID-SIM527>3.0.CO;2-C

R. Jelliffe, Goal-Oriented, Model-Based Drug Regimens: Setting Individualized Goals for Each Patient, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, vol.22, issue.3, pp.325-334, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00007691-200006000-00016

S. Vozeh, J. Steimer, R. M. Morselli, P. Mentre, F. Balant et al., The Use of Population Pharmacokinetics in Drug Development, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.30, issue.2, pp.81-93, 1996.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-199630020-00001

L. Sheiner and J. Steimer, Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Drug Development, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.67-95, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.67

L. Aarons, M. Karlsson, F. Mentre, F. Rombout, J. Steimer et al., Role of modelling and simulation in Phase I drug development, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.13, issue.2, pp.115-137, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0928-0987(01)00096-3

R. Gieschke and J. Steimer, Pharmacometrics: modelling and simulation tools to improve decision making in clinical drug development, European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, vol.13, issue.1, pp.49-58, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03190058

V. Dictionnaire and . Paris, Editions du Vidal, 2008.

. Afssaps, Pharmacovigilance et la sécurité d'emploi du buflomédil: AFSSaPS, 2006.

R. Garraffo, H. Drugeon, P. Dellamonica, E. Bernard, and P. Lapalus, Determination of optimal dosage regimen for amikacin in healthy volunteers by study of pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activity., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.34, issue.4, pp.614-635, 1990.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.34.4.614

D. Zaske, R. Strate, and P. Kohls, Amikacin Pharmacokinetics: Wide Interpatient Variation in 98 Patients, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.18, issue.2, pp.158-63, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb03700.x

L. Bauer, R. Blouin, W. Griffen, J. Record, K. Bell et al., Amikacin pharmacokinetics in morbidly obese patients, Am J Hosp Pharm, vol.37, issue.4, pp.519-541, 1980.

M. Ducher, P. Maire, C. Cerutti, Y. Bourhis, F. Foltz et al., Renal Elimination of Amikacin and the Aging Process, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.8, issue.4, pp.947-53, 2001.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-200140120-00004

D. Bois, D. , D. Bois, and E. , A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known, Arch Intern Med, issue.17, pp.863-71, 1916.

A. Jain, M. Murty, and P. Flynn, Data clustering: a review, ACM Computing Surveys, vol.31, issue.3, pp.264-323, 1999.
DOI : 10.1145/331499.331504

A. Bourgoin and C. Martin, Bases pharmacocin??tiques et pharmacodynamiques de l'antibioth??rapie probabiliste, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.23, issue.6, pp.626-656, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2004.05.008

L. Belfayol, P. Talon, M. Eveillard, P. Alet, and F. Fauvelle, Pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in pediatric patients, Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol.2, issue.3, pp.186-191, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S1198-743X(14)65141-7

F. Mentre and A. Mallet, Handling covariates in population pharmacokinetics, International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing, vol.36, issue.1-2, p.25, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7101(94)90092-2

N. Semmar, B. Bruguerolle, S. Boullu-ciocca, and N. Simon, Cluster Analysis: An Alternative Method for Covariate Selection in population Pharmacokinetic Modeling, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, vol.26, issue.3-4, pp.3-4333, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10928-005-0040-4

R. Edson and C. Terrell, The Aminoglycosides, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol.74, issue.5, pp.519-547, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)65134-3

C. Smith, R. Maxwell, C. Edwards, J. Rogers, and P. Lietman, Nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin and amikacin, Johns Hopkins Med J, vol.142, issue.3, pp.85-90, 1978.

A. Hadj-aissa, C. Dumarest, P. Maire, and N. Pozet, Renal Function in the Elderly, Nephron, vol.54, issue.4, pp.364-369, 1990.
DOI : 10.1159/000185902

R. Moore, P. Lietman, and C. Smith, Clinical Response to Aminoglycoside Therapy: Importance of the Ratio of Peak Concentration to Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.155, issue.1, pp.93-102, 1987.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/155.1.93

E. Triggs and C. B. , Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Gentamicin in the Elderly, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, vol.37, issue.4, pp.331-372, 1999.
DOI : 10.2165/00003088-199937040-00004

M. Mohan, K. Batty, J. Cooper, R. Wojnar-horton, and K. Ilett, Comparison of gentamicin dose estimates derived from manual calculations, the Australian 'Therapeutic Guidelines: Antibiotic' nomogram and the SeBA-GEN and DoseCalc software programs, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.37, issue.5, pp.521-528, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00938.x

D. Gilbert and . Aminoglycosides, Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, pp.276-306, 1995.

K. Murry, P. Mckinnon, B. Mitrzyk, and M. Rybak, Pharmacodynamic Characterization of Nephrotoxicity Associated with Once-Daily Aminoglycoside, Pharmacotherapy, vol.43, issue.3
DOI : 10.1038/clpt.1989.4

M. Rybak, B. Abate, S. Kang, M. Ruffing, S. Lerner et al., Prospective evaluation of the effect of an aminoglycoside dosing regimen on rates of observed nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, vol.43, issue.7, pp.1549-1555, 1999.

D. Demczar, A. Nafziger, B. Jr, and J. , Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at traditional versus high doses: implications for once-daily aminoglycoside dosing

F. Bakri, A. Pallett, A. Smith, and A. Duncombe, Once-daily versus multiple-daily gentamicin in empirical antibiotic therapy of febrile neutropenia following intensive chemotherapy, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.45, issue.3, pp.383-386, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/45.3.383

D. Voutsinas, Comparative kinetics and efficacy of amikacin administered once or twice daily in the treatment of systemic gram-negative infections, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.27, pp.73-82, 1991.

R. Bates and M. Nahata, Once-Daily Administration of Aminoglycosides, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol.34, issue.6, pp.757-766, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/106002809402800614

I. Karachaliou, Prospective randomized study of once-daily versus twice-daily amikacin regimens in patients with systemic infections, International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, vol.36, issue.10, pp.561-564, 1998.

S. Goutelle, L. Bourguignon, N. Bertrand-passeron, R. Jelliffe, and M. P. , Visual estimation of patients??? body weight in hospital: the more observers, the better?, Pharmacy World & Science, vol.54, issue.6, pp.422-427, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11096-009-9295-y
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539374

M. Rosario, A. Thomson, D. Jodrell, C. Sharp, and H. Elliott, Population pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in patients with cancer, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.229-265, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00779.x

I. Matthews, C. Kirkpatrick, and N. Holford, Quantitative justification for target concentration intervention - parameter variability and predictive performance using population pharmacokinetic models for aminoglycosides, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.39, issue.6, pp.8-19, 2004.
DOI : 10.1592/phco.22.13.1077.33529

R. Jelliffe, ESTIMATION OF CREATININE CLEARANCE WHEN URINE CANNOT BE COLLECTED, The Lancet, vol.297, issue.7706, pp.975-981, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91484-X

D. Cockcroft and M. Gault, Prediction of Creatinine Clearance from Serum Creatinine, Nephron, vol.16, issue.1, pp.31-41, 1976.
DOI : 10.1159/000180580

J. Etzel, A. Nafziger, J. Bertino, and J. , Variation in the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin and tobramycin in patients with pleural effusions and hypoalbuminemia., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.36, issue.3
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.36.3.679

J. Wagner and C. Metzler, Prediction of Blood Levels after Multiple Doses from Single-Dose Blood Level Data: Data Generated with Two-Compartment Open Model Analyzed According to the One-Compartment Open Model, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.58, issue.1, pp.87-92, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/jps.2600580118

X. Vandemergel, P. Biston, L. Lenearts, G. Marecaux, and D. M. , Buflomedil poisoning: a potentially life-threatening intoxication, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.144, issue.11, p.1713, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340000681

V. Piriou, D. Jacques, C. Guerin, J. Thouret, E. Combourieu et al., Intoxication aigu?? grave au buflom??dil, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.14, issue.5, pp.432-436, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0750-7658(05)80398-3

I. Forfar-bares, F. Pehourcq, and C. Jarry, Rapid HPLC measurement of buflomedil in plasma in poisoning cases, Biomedical Chromatography, vol.39, issue.7, pp.482-487, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/bmc.189

H. Blain and C. Jeandel, Coma myoclonique et insuffisance cardiaque s??v??re chez un patient art??ritique, La Revue de M??decine Interne, vol.22, issue.2, pp.247-249, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0248-8663(01)83662-6

M. Panteghini, Enzymatic assays for creatinine: Time for action, Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, vol.25, issue.sup241, pp.84-92, 2008.
DOI : 10.1373/clinchem.2007.099648

W. Wade and W. Spruill, New Serum Creatinine Assay Standardization: Implications for Drug Dosing, Annals of Pharmacotherapy, vol.41, issue.3, pp.475-80, 2007.
DOI : 10.1345/aph.1H586

W. Van-biesen, R. Vanholder, N. Veys, F. Verbeke, J. Delanghe et al., The importance of standardization of creatinine in the implementation of guidelines and recommendations for CKD: implications for CKD management programmes, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.21, issue.1
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfi185

G. Myers, W. Miller, J. Coresh, J. Fleming, N. Greenberg et al., Recommendations for Improving Serum Creatinine Measurement: A Report from the Laboratory Working Group of the National Kidney Disease Education Program, Clinical Chemistry, vol.52, issue.1, pp.5-18, 2006.
DOI : 10.1373/clinchem.2005.0525144

W. Miller, G. Myers, E. Ashwood, A. Killeen, E. Wang et al., Creatinine measurement: state of the art in accuracy and interlaboratory harmonization, Arch Pathol Lab Med, vol.129, issue.3, pp.297-304, 2005.

L. Stevens, J. Coresh, T. Greene, and A. Levey, Assessing Kidney Function ??? Measured and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.354, issue.23, pp.2473-83, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMra054415

E. Lamb, C. Tomson, and P. Roderick, Estimating kidney function in adults using formulae, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, vol.42, issue.5, p.321, 2005.
DOI : 10.1258/0004563054889936

R. Jin, G. Grunkemeier, J. Brown, and A. Furnary, Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate and Renal Function, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol.86, issue.1, pp.1-3, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.05.007

J. Mandema, D. Verotta, and L. Sheiner, Building population pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic models. I. Models for covariate effects, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, vol.19, issue.5, pp.511-539, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01061469

E. Jonsson and M. Karlsson, Automated covariate model building within NONMEM, Pharmaceutical Research, vol.15, issue.9, pp.1463-1471, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011970125687

L. Bourguignon, Rôle des covariables en pharmacocinétique de population, application à l'amikacine [Pharm]. Lyon: Lyon I, 2007.

P. Maire, Pharmacocinétique de l'amikacine chez l'adulte: une hétérogénéité qui remet en cause le calcul de la dose basé sur le poids, Thérapie, vol.64, issue.1, pp.47-53, 2009.

J. Nedelman, On some ???disadvantages??? of the population approach, The AAPS Journal, vol.7, issue.2, pp.374-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1208/aapsj070238

S. Goutelle, L. Bourguignon, N. Bleyzac, P. Maire, and R. Jelliffe, Performing Monte Carlo Simulation Based on Nonparametric Pharmacokinetic Parameter Distributions: Evaluation of Various Methods

B. Charpiat, V. Breant, C. Pivot-dumarest, P. Maire, and R. Jelliffe, Prediction of Future Serum Concentrations with Bayesian Fitted Pharmacokinetic Models, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, vol.16, issue.2, pp.166-73, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00007691-199404000-00010

. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and time-to-event models of ribavirin-induced anaemia in chronic hepatitis C, Clin Pharmacokinet, vol.44, issue.4, pp.417-445, 2005.

D. Argenio, D. Schumitzky, and A. , ADAPT II User's Guide: Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic Systems Analysis Software. Los Angeles: Biomedical Simulations Resource, 2006.

P. Lucas, Bayesian analysis, pattern analysis, and data mining in health care, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.10, issue.5
DOI : 10.1097/01.ccx.0000141546.74590.d6

R. Bies, M. Muldoon, B. Pollock, S. Manuck, G. Smith et al., A Genetic Algorithm-Based, Hybrid Machine Learning Approach to Model Selection, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, vol.9, issue.4, pp.195-221, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10928-006-9004-6

F. Yamashita, S. Fujiwara, S. Wanchana, and M. Hashida, Quantitative structure/activity relationship modelling of pharmacokinetic properties using genetic algorithm-combined partial least squares method, Journal of Drug Targeting, vol.57, issue.7, pp.496-504, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-409X(02)00007-8

%. Graphiques, Appuyer sur une touche pour afficher le graph des quantités en fonction du temps') pause plot(Ttotal,Q) display('Appuyer sur une touche pour afficher le graph des concentrations sanguines en fonction du temps') pause plot(Ttotal,Cct) pause plot (Cost, 'DisplayName', 'Cost', 'YDataSource', 'Cost'); hold all; plot (Cosc, 'DisplayName', 'Cosc', 'YDataSource', 'Cosc'); hold off; figure(gcf) % Système d'ODE function dydt = f

. Temps=, 0:pas:tmp]'; % Définition du vecteur temps total assignin('caller','Temps',Temps)