A. Bhatnagar and M. Bhatnagar, Microbial diversity in desert ecosystems, Current Science, vol.89, issue.1, pp.91-100, 2005.

D. Lima, R. Oliveira, A. Uetanabaro, A. Goes-neto, C. Rosa et al., Thermostable inulinases secreted by yeast and yeast-like strains from the Brazilian semi-arid region, International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, vol.37, issue.sup7, pp.63-71, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/09637480802524187

J. Neveu, C. Regeard, and M. Dubow, Isolation and characterization of two serine proteases from metagenomic libraries of the Gobi and Death Valley deserts, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.339, issue.124, pp.635-644, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00253-011-3256-9

S. Pointing, Y. Chan, D. Lacap, M. Lau, J. Jurgens et al., Highly specialized microbial diversity in hyper-arid polar desert, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.47, pp.19964-19969, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0908274106

K. Drees, J. Neilson, J. Betancourt, J. Quade, D. Henderson et al., Bacterial Community Structure in the Hyperarid Core of the Atacama Desert, Chile, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, issue.12, pp.7902-7908, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.01305-06

J. Neilson, J. Quade, M. Ortiz, W. Nelson, A. Legatzki et al., Life at the hyperarid margin: novel bacterial diversity in arid soils of the Atacama Desert, Chile, Extremophiles, vol.75, issue.3, pp.553-566, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00792-012-0454-z

M. Liu, J. Dai, Y. Liu, F. Cai, Y. Wang et al., Desertibacter roseus gen. nov., sp. nov., a gamma radiation-resistant bacterium in the family Rhodospirillaceae, isolated from desert sand, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.61, issue.5, pp.1109-1113, 2011.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.021246-0

L. Zhang, G. Wu, Y. Wang, J. Dai, and C. Fang, Bacillus deserti sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the desert of Xinjiang, China, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.59, issue.2, pp.221-229, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10482-010-9479-4

M. Liu, Y. Liu, Y. Wang, X. Luo, J. Dai et al., Lysobacter xinjiangensis sp. nov., a moderately thermotolerant and alkalitolerant bacterium isolated from a gamma-irradiated sand soil sample, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.61, issue.2, pp.433-437, 2010.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.016931-0

H. An, M. Xu, J. Dai, Y. Wang, F. Cai et al., Sphingomonas xinjiangensis sp. nov., isolated from desert sand, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.61, issue.8, pp.1865-1869, 2010.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.021147-0

Y. Zha and J. Gao, Characteristics of desertification and its rehabilitation in China, Journal of Arid Environments, vol.37, issue.3, pp.419-432, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jare.1997.0290

J. Ma, Z. Ding, W. Edmunds, J. Gates, and T. Huang, Limits to recharge of groundwater from Tibetan plateau to the Gobi desert, implications for water management in the mountain front, Journal of Hydrology, vol.364, issue.1-2, pp.128-141, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.010

X. Li, P. Yan, and L. Wu, Resources of Medicinal Plants Living in Sands in Xinjian Areas, Primary Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, vol.17, issue.1, pp.54-56, 2003.

X. Xia, H. Chen, and P. Wang, Aerosol properties in a Chinese semiarid region, Atmospheric Environment, vol.38, pp.4571-4581, 2004.

J. Zhou, M. Bruns, and J. Tiedje, DNA recovery from soils of diverse composition, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.62, issue.2, pp.316-322, 1996.

D. Reasoner and E. Geldreich, A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.49, issue.1, pp.1-7, 1985.

M. Hamady, J. Walker, J. Harris, N. Gold, and R. Knight, Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex, Nature Methods, vol.64, issue.3, pp.235-237, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005

J. Binladen, M. Gilbert, J. Bollback, F. Panitz, C. Bendixen et al., The Use of Coded PCR Primers Enables High-Throughput Sequencing of Multiple Homolog Amplification Products by 454 Parallel Sequencing, PLoS ONE, vol.215, issue.2, p.197, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000197.s005

T. Desantis, P. Hugenholtz, N. Larsen, M. Rojas, E. Brodie et al., Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, issue.7, pp.5069-5072, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.03006-05

Q. Wang, G. Garrity, J. Tiedje, and J. Cole, Naive Bayesian Classifier for Rapid Assignment of rRNA Sequences into the New Bacterial Taxonomy, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.16, pp.5261-5267, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00062-07

Z. Liu, C. Lozupone, M. Hamady, F. Bushman, and R. Knight, Short pyrosequencing reads suffice for accurate microbial community analysis, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.35, issue.18, p.120, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkm541

H. Mori, F. Maruyama, and K. Kurokawa, VITCOMIC: visualization tool for taxonomic compositions of microbial communities based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, BMC Bioinformatics, vol.11, issue.1, p.332, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2105-11-332

A. Giongo, D. Crabb, A. Davis-richardson, D. Chauliac, J. Mobberley et al., PANGEA: pipeline for analysis of next generation amplicons, The ISME Journal, vol.1, issue.7, pp.852-861, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/10665270050081478

A. Chao and T. Shen, Program SPADE (Species Prediction And Diversity Estimation) Program and User’s Guide published at http, 2010.

D. Chessel, A. Dufour, and J. Thioulouse, The ade4 package -I : One-table methods, pp.5-10, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00427558

S. Huse, J. Huber, H. Morrison, M. Sogin, and D. Welch, Accuracy and quality of massively parallel DNA pyrosequencing, Genome Biology, vol.8, issue.7, p.143, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r143

L. Teixeira, R. Peixoto, J. Cury, W. Sul, V. Pellizari et al., Bacterial diversity in rhizosphere soil from Antarctic vascular plants of Admiralty Bay, maritime Antarctica, The ISME Journal, vol.3, issue.8, pp.989-1001, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/ismej.2008.111

A. Guss, G. Roeselers, I. Newton, C. Young, V. Klepac-ceraj et al., Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of bacteria associated with cystic fibrosis, The ISME Journal, vol.64, issue.1, pp.20-29, 2011.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI200213870

C. Lauber, M. Hamady, R. Knight, and N. Fierer, Pyrosequencing-Based Assessment of Soil pH as a Predictor of Soil Bacterial Community Structure at the Continental Scale, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.75, issue.15, pp.5111-5120, 2009.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00335-09

H. Noha, M. Couger, S. Mostafa, and A. Niyaz, Fine-scale bacterial beta diversity within a complex ecosystem): the role of the rare biosphere, PLoS One, vol.5, issue.8, p.12414, 2010.

D. Nemergut, E. Costello, M. Hamady, C. Lozupone, L. Jiang et al., Global patterns in the biogeography of bacterial taxa, Environmental Microbiology, vol.90, issue.1, pp.135-144, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02315.x

R. Fulthorpe, L. Roesch, A. Riva, and E. Triplett, Distantly sampled soils carry few species in common, The ISME Journal, vol.53, issue.9, pp.901-910, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/STA-200066418

D. Kirchman, A. Bachar, A. Ashhab, M. Soares, M. Sklarz et al., Processes in microbial ecology Soil microbial abundance and diversity along a low precipitation gradient, Microb Ecol, vol.60, issue.2, pp.453-461, 2010.

R. Angel, M. Soares, E. Ungar, and O. Gillor, Biogeography of soil archaea and bacteria along a steep precipitation gradient, The ISME Journal, vol.70, issue.4, pp.553-563, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/ismej.2009.136

N. Fierer and R. Jackson, The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.3, pp.626-631, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0507535103

C. Bell, N. Mcintyre, S. Cox, D. Tissue, and Z. J. , Soil Microbial Responses to Temporal Variations of Moisture and Temperature in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland, Microbial Ecology, vol.19, issue.12, pp.153-167, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-007-9333-z

M. Bowker, S. Reed, J. Belnap, and S. Phillips, Temporal Variation in Community Composition, Pigmentation, and Fv/Fm of Desert Cyanobacterial Soil Crusts, Microbial Ecology, vol.43, issue.1, pp.13-25, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-001-1013-9

Y. Wang, K. Zhang, F. Cai, L. Zhang, Y. Tang et al., Pontibacter xinjiangensis sp. nov., in the phylum 'Bacteroidetes', and reclassification of [Effluviibacter] roseus as Pontibacter roseus comb. nov., INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.60, issue.1, pp.99-103, 2010.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.011395-0

Y. Zhou, X. Wang, H. Liu, K. Zhang, Y. Zhang et al., Pontibacter akesuensis sp. nov., isolated from a desert soil in China, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.57, issue.2, pp.321-325, 2007.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.64716-0

L. Zhang, Q. Zhang, X. Luo, Y. Tang, J. Dai et al., Pontibacter korlensis sp. nov., isolated from the desert of Xinjiang, China, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.58, issue.5, pp.1210-1214, 2008.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.65667-0

J. Lim, C. Jeon, S. Lee, D. Park, L. Xu et al., Reclassification of Salegentibacter catena Ying et al. 2007 as Salinimicrobium catena gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of Salinimicrobium xinjiangense sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from Xinjiang province in China, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.58, issue.2, pp.438-442, 2008.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.65297-0

C. Kellogg1, D. Griffin, V. Garrison, K. Peak, N. Royall et al., Characterization of Aerosolized Bacteria and Fungi From Desert Dust Events in Mali, West Africa, Aerobiologia, vol.20, issue.2, pp.99-110, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:AERO.0000032947.88335.bb

D. Griffina, N. Kubilayb, M. Koc-akb, and M. Graya, Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over the Turkish Mediterranean coastline, Atmospheric Environment, vol.41, issue.19, pp.414050-4062, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.023

D. Lee and S. Lee, Marmoricola scoriae sp. nov., isolated from volcanic ash, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.60, issue.9, 2010.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.018242-0

C. Urzi, P. Salamone, P. Schumann, and E. Stackebrandt, Marmoricola aurantiacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a coccoid member of the family Nocardioidaceae isolated from a marble statue, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, vol.50, issue.2, pp.529-536, 2000.
DOI : 10.1099/00207713-50-2-529

S. Lee, Marmoricola aequoreus sp. nov, 2007.

T. Z. Desantis, P. Hugenholtz, N. Larsen, M. Rojas, E. L. Brodie et al., Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, issue.7, pp.5069-72, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.03006-05

R. A. Duce, C. K. Unni, B. J. Ray, J. M. Prospero, and J. T. Merrill, Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of Soil Dust from Asia to the Tropical North Pacific: Temporal Variability, Science, vol.209, issue.4464, pp.1522-1526, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.209.4464.1522

C. Fahlgren, A. Hagstrom, D. Nilsson, and U. L. , Annual Variations in the Diversity, Viability, and Origin of Airborne Bacteria, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.76, issue.9, pp.3015-3040, 2010.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.02092-09

T. Gardner, V. Acosta-martinez, F. J. Calderon, T. M. Zobeck, M. Baddock et al., Pyrosequencing Reveals Bacteria Carried in Different Wind-Eroded Sediments, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.41, issue.3, pp.744-53, 2011.
DOI : 10.2134/jeq2011.0347

T. M. Gihring, S. J. Green, and C. W. Schadt, Massively parallel rRNA gene sequencing exacerbates the potential for biased community diversity comparisons due to variable library sizes, Environmental Microbiology, vol.75, issue.2, pp.285-90, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02550.x

A. Giongo, D. B. Crabb, A. G. Davis-richardson, D. Chauliac, J. M. Mobberley et al., PANGEA: pipeline for analysis of next generation amplicons, The ISME Journal, vol.1, issue.7, pp.852-61, 2010.
DOI : 10.1089/10665270050081478

A. A. Gorbushina, R. Kort, A. Schulte, D. Lazarus, B. Schnetger et al., Life in Darwin's dust: intercontinental transport and survival of microbes in the nineteenth century, Environmental Microbiology, vol.172, issue.12, pp.2911-2933, 2007.
DOI : 10.1023/B:AERO.0000032949.14023.3a

A. S. Goudie and N. J. Middleton, Saharan dust storms: nature and consequences, Earth-Science Reviews, vol.56, issue.1-4, pp.179-204, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00067-8

D. W. Griffin, Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.20, issue.3, pp.459-77, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00039-06

D. W. Griffin, C. A. Kellogg, V. H. Garrison, J. T. Lisle, T. C. Borden et al., Atmospheric microbiology in the northern Caribbean during African dust events, Aerobiologia, vol.19, issue.3/4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/B:AERO.0000006530.32845.8d

D. W. Griffin, N. Kubilay, M. Kocak, M. A. Gray, T. C. Borden et al., Airborne desert dust and aeromicrobiology over the Turkish Mediterranean coastline, Atmospheric Environment, vol.41, issue.19, pp.4050-4062, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.023

F. E. Grousset, P. Ginoux, A. Bory, and P. E. Biscaye, Case study of a Chinese dust plume reaching the French Alps, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.50, issue.6, p.1277, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2000RG000095

M. Hamady, J. J. Walker, J. K. Harris, N. J. Gold, and R. Knight, Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex, Nature Methods, vol.64, issue.3, pp.235-242, 2008.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005

S. S. Hwang, S. H. Cho, and H. J. Kwon, [Effects of the severe asian dust events on daily mortality during the spring of, J. Prev. Med, 2002.

P. Maron, D. P. Lejona, E. Carvalho, K. Bizet, P. Lemanceau et al., Assessing genetic structure and diversity of airborne bacterial communities by DNA fingerprinting and 16S rDNA clone library, Atmospheric Environment, vol.39, issue.20, pp.3687-3695, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.002

S. Mayilraj, G. S. Prasad, K. Suresh, H. S. Saini, S. Shivaji et al., Planococcus stackebrandtii sp. nov., isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, India, Planococcus stackebrandtii sp. nov., isolated from a cold desert of the Himalayas, pp.91-95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1099/ijs.0.63290-0

Y. Nishimura, T. Kenzaka, A. Sueyoshi, P. Li, H. Fujiyama et al., Similarity of Bacterial Community Structure between Asian Dust and Its Sources Determined by rRNA Gene-Targeted Approaches, Microbes and Environments, vol.25, issue.1, pp.22-27, 2010.
DOI : 10.1264/jsme2.ME09166

R. A. Olsen and L. R. Bakken, Viability of soil bacteria: Optimization of plate-counting technique and comparison between total counts and plate counts within different size groups, Microbial Ecology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.59-74, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02014963

T. Pommier, N. P. , G. J. , C. Montserrat, A. S. et al., Spatial patterns of bacterial richness and evenness in the NW Mediterranean Sea explored by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.61, issue.3, pp.221-233, 2010.
DOI : 10.3354/ame01484

J. M. Prospero, Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.7, pp.3396-403, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3396

J. M. Prospero and P. J. Lamb, African Droughts and Dust Transport to the Caribbean: Climate Change Implications, Science, vol.302, issue.5647, pp.1024-1031, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1089915

J. A. Raven and J. F. Allen, Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants?, Genome Biology, vol.4, issue.3, p.209, 2003.
DOI : 10.1186/gb-2003-4-3-209

D. J. Reasoner and E. E. Geldreich, A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, vol.49, pp.1-7, 1985.

P. Schlesinger, Y. Mamane, and I. Grishkan, Transport of microorganisms to Israel during Saharan dust events, Aerobiologia, vol.36, issue.4, pp.259-273, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10453-006-9038-7

E. A. Shinn, D. W. Griffin, and D. B. Seba, Atmospheric transport of mold spores in clouds of desert dust, Arch. Environ. Health, vol.58, pp.498-504, 2003.

P. Sid, Dust, the thermostat, Sci. News, vol.160, pp.200-201, 2001.

D. F. Spencer, M. N. Schnare, and M. W. Gray, Pronounced structural similarities between the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of wheat mitochondria and Escherichia coli., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.81, issue.2, pp.493-500, 1984.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.81.2.493

Y. Tang, Y. Wang, S. Ji, K. Zhang, J. Dai et al., Pedobacter xinjiangensis sp. nov., from desert, Xinjiang, J Microbiol Biotechnol, vol.20, pp.397-402, 2010.

A. H. Van-craenenbroeck, K. Camps, P. Zachee, and K. L. Wu, Massilia timonae Infection Presenting as Generalized Lymphadenopathy in a Man Returning to Belgium from Nigeria : Table 1., Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.49, issue.7, pp.2763-2768, 2011.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.00160-11

Q. Wang, G. M. Garrity, J. M. Tiedje, and J. R. Cole, Naive Bayesian Classifier for Rapid Assignment of rRNA Sequences into the New Bacterial Taxonomy, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.16, pp.5261-5268, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00062-07

J. R. Weir-rrush, V. H. Garrison, G. W. Smith, and E. A. Shinn, The Figures and Tables Table 1: Coordinates of sampling sites, 2004.