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dovich thermique (tSZ) ainsi qu'à la caractérisation des amas de galaxies observés via cet effet. Les travaux que nous avons réalisés s'inscrivent dans le cadre de l'analyse des données du satellite Planck. Cette thèse débute par une description du modèle de Big Bang chaud, du Fond Diffus Cosmologique (CMB), de la formation des structures et de l'interaction entre le CMB et le gaz chaud d'électrons des amas de galaxies : l'effet tSZ, Ensuite, un état des lieux des contraintes existantes sur le modèle standard de la cosmologie et des expériences dédiées à la mesure de l'effet tSZ est dressé. Une deuxième partie est dédiée à la présentation du satellite Planck et d'effets systématiques dans les données ordonnées en temps de l'instrument HFI ,
une méthode de séparation de sources (MILCA) en vue d'extraire des composantes astrophysiques à partir de mesures multi-composantes et multicanal , ainsi que son application à l'extraction de l'effet tSZ. Dans une dernière partie nous utilisons les cartes de l'effet tSZ que nous avons construites, et en faisons l'analyse dans l'optique de valider les candidats amas de galaxies du catalogue Early-SZ (ESZ), d'étudier le profil de pression du gaz chaud d'électrons ,