]. J. Huang-;-e, . P. Stevens-;-s, J. L. Nolan, T. M. Petersen, . P. Trnka-;-j et al., Olefin Metathesis-Active Ruthenium Complexes Bearing a Nucleophilic Carbene Ligand, I-7 References, pp.2674-2678, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/ja9831352

I. Groups, . Ii, R. K. Pachauri, and A. Reisinger, III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp. [4] R. H. Wijffels; M. J. Barbosa Science, pp.796-799

P. G. Jessop-;-t, . Ikariya-;-r, and . Noyori, Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide, Chemical Reviews, vol.95, issue.2, pp.259-272, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/cr00034a001

P. D. Munshi-;-a, ;. C. Main, . C. Linehan-;-c, . G. Tai-;-p, and . Jessop, Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Ruthenium Trimethylphosphine Complexes:?? The Accelerating Effect of Certain Alcohols and Amines, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.124, issue.27, pp.7963-7971, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0167856

R. Tanaka, M. Yamashita-;-k, and . Nozaki, Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Using Ir(III)???Pincer Complexes, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.131, issue.40, pp.14168-14169, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ja903574e

]. S. Sanz-;-m and . Benitez, PrOH, Organometallics, vol.29, issue.1, pp.275-277, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/om900820x

]. L. Schmid, ;. Canonica, and ;. Baiker, Ruthenium-catalysed formylation of amines with dense carbon dioxide as C1-source, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol.255, issue.1, pp.23-33, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00641-0

D. J. Drury and J. E. Hamlin-eur, Patent Appl, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun, pp.321-623, 1983.

W. Leitner, E. Dinjus-;-f, and . Gassner, Activation of carbon dioxide, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol.475, issue.1-2, pp.257-266, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-328X(94)84030-X

Y. Musashi-;-s and . Sakaki, Theoretical Study of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide into Formic Acid. Reaction Mechanism Involving a New Type of ??-Bond Metathesis, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.122, issue.16, pp.3867-3877, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/ja9938027

A. Urakawa-;-m, ;. J. Iannuzzi, and . Hutter, Towards a Rational Design of Ruthenium CO2 Hydrogenation Catalysts by Ab Initio Metadynamics, Chemistry - A European Journal, vol.24, issue.24, pp.6828-6840, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/chem.200700254

A. D. Getty-;-c, J. C. Tai, . G. Linehan-;-p, . M. Jessop-;-m, and . L. Olmstead-;-a, Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Ruthenium Trimethylphosphine Complexes: A Mechanistic Investigation Using High-Pressure NMR Spectroscopy, Organometallics, vol.28, issue.18, pp.5466-5477, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/om900128s

A. Urakawa-;-f, . Jutz-;-g, and . Laurenczy, Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Catalyzed by a Ruthenium Dihydride: A DFT and High-Pressure Spectroscopic Investigation, Chemistry - A European Journal, vol.19, issue.14, pp.3886-3899, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/chem.200601339

T. Fujitani-;-i, . Nakamura-;-t, and . Uchijima, The kinetics and mechanism of methanol synthesis by hydrogenation of CO2 over a Zn-deposited Cu(111) surface, Surface Science, vol.383, issue.2-3, pp.285-298, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00192-1

J. R. Toyir-;-p, ;. J. De-la-piscina, and . Fierro, Highly effective conversion of CO2 to methanol over supported and promoted copper-based catalysts: influence of support and promoter, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol.29, issue.3, pp.207-215, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00205-8

O. A. Krocher-;-r, ;. Koppel, and . Baiker, Silica hybrid gel catalysts containing ruthenium complexes: influence of reaction parameters on the catalytic behaviour in the synthesis of N,N-dimethylformamide from carbon dioxide, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol.140, issue.2, pp.185-193, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1381-1169(98)00224-6

Y. P. Zhang, J. H. Fei-;-y, and . M. Yu-;-x, Silica immobilized ruthenium catalyst used for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to formic acid (I): the effect of functionalizing group and additive on the catalyst performance, Catalysis Communications, vol.5, issue.10, pp.643-646, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.08.001

W. A. Herrmann-;-l, . Gooen-;-m, and . Spiegler, Functionalized imidazoline-2-ylidene complexes of rhodium and palladium, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol.547, issue.2, pp.357-366, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-328X(97)00434-8

A. J. Arduengo-;-r, . Harlow-;-m, and . Kline, A stable crystalline carbene, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.113, issue.1, pp.361-363, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00001a054

J. S. Kingsbury, J. P. Harrity-;-p, . H. Bonitatebus-;-a, and . Hoveyda, A Recyclable Ru-Based Metathesis Catalyst, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.121, issue.4, pp.791-799, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/ja983222u

L. K. Jafarpour-;-j, . D. Huang-;-e, . P. Stevens-;-s, and . Nolan, (L = 1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene and 1,3-Bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and Related Complexes as Ring Closing Metathesis Catalysts, Organometallics, vol.18, issue.18, pp.3760-3763, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/om990357f

S. Burling-;-e, ;. J. Mas-marza, . F. Valpuesta-;-m, and . Mahon, Coordination, Agostic Stabilization, and C???H Bond Activation of N-Alkyl Heterocyclic Carbenes by Coordinatively Unsaturated Ruthenium Hydride Chloride Complexes, Organometallics, vol.28, issue.23, pp.6676-6686, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/om9007532

S. Burling-;-g, ;. M. Kociok-kohn, and . K. Mahon-;-m, Ruthenium Hydride Complexes of 1,2-Dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene, Organometallics, vol.24, issue.24, pp.5868-5878, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/om050600c

K. Abdur-rashid, ;. T. Fedorkiw-;-a, and . H. Lough-;-r, Coordinatively Unsaturated Hydridoruthenium(II) Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes, Organometallics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.86-94, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/om034178g

W. A. Herrmann-;-c, . Reisinger-;-m, and . Spiegler, Chelating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands in palladium-catalyzed heck-type reactions, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol.557, issue.1, pp.93-96, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-328X(97)00736-5

M. Poyatos-;-p, . A. Uriz-;-j, C. Mata, . Claver-;-e, and . Fernandez, Synthesis of a Dirhodium(I) Bisimidazolium Carbene Complex and Catalytic Activity toward Hydroformylation of Olefins. High-Pressure NMR Spectroscopy of the Catalyst under Catalytic Conditions, Organometallics, vol.22, issue.3, pp.440-444, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/om0205748

L. L. Hench, The sol-gel process, Chemical Reviews, vol.90, issue.1, pp.33-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/cr00099a003

R. J. Corriu, ;. Leclercq-;-p, . H. Lefevre-;-p, ;. Mutin, and . Vioux, Materials chemistry communications. Preparation of monolithic metal oxide gels by a non-hydrolytic sol???gel process, J. Mater. Chem., vol.65, issue.6, pp.673-674, 1992.
DOI : 10.1039/JM9920200673

J. Tang, ;. Zhou, ;. Q. Zhao-;-g, J. Lu, . Zou-;-c et al., Hard-Sphere Packing and Icosahedral Assembly in the Formation of Mesoporous Materials, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.129, issue.29, pp.9044-9048, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/ja070999r

D. J. Macquarrie-;-d, J. E. Jackson, and . H. Mdoe-;-j, Organomodified hexagonal mesoporous silicates, New Journal of Chemistry, vol.23, issue.5, pp.539-544, 1999.
DOI : 10.1039/a900839j

A. Taguchi and ;. Microp, Ordered mesoporous materials in catalysis, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol.77, issue.1, pp.1-45, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.micromeso.2004.06.030

J. Alauzun and ;. Mehdi, Direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica containing iodopropyl groups. A useful function for chemical modifications, New Journal of Chemistry, vol.27, issue.6, pp.911-915, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/b703155f

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00186078

R. Mouawia and ;. J. Mehdi-;-c.-reye-;-r, Bifunctional ordered mesoporous materials: direct synthesis and study of the distribution of two distinct functional groups in the pore channels, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol.20, issue.35, pp.4193-4203, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b807793b

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00347425

B. A. Morrow-stud-gen, A161. [92] R. Petroff Saint-Arroman, Surf. Sci. Catal. J. M. Basset; F. Lefebvre; B. Didillon Appl. Catal. A, vol.57, 1990.

T. K. Maishal and ;. M. , Veyre; C. Thieuleux Dalton Trans, Basset; M. Boualleg; C. Coperet; L, pp.6956-6959, 2009.

H. Yang, X. Han-;-g, and . Li, Mesoporous Ethane???Silicas Functionalized with a Bulky N-Heterocyclic Carbene for Suzuki???Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Benzyl Chlorides, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol.114, issue.50, pp.22221-22229, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/jp108519f

J. D. Nakazawa-;-t and . Stack, Controlled Loadings in a Mesoporous Material: Click-on Silica, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.130, issue.44, pp.14360-14361, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ja804237b

I. Groups, . Ii, R. K. Pachauri, and A. Reisinger, Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy, pp.365-368, 1970.

]. R. Tanaka, M. Yamashita-;-k, and . Nozaki, Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Using Ir(III)???Pincer Complexes, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.131, issue.40, pp.14168-14169, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ja903574e

Y. P. Zhang, J. H. Fei-;-y, and . M. Yu-;-x, Silica immobilized ruthenium catalyst used for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to formic acid (I): the effect of functionalizing group and additive on the catalyst performance, Catalysis Communications, vol.5, issue.10, pp.643-646, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.catcom.2004.08.001

M. Rohr, M. Gunther, F. D. Jutz-;-j, . Grunwaldt-;-h, ;. W. Emerich et al., Evaluation of strategies for the immobilization of bidentate ruthenium???phosphine complexes used for the reductive amination of carbon dioxide, Applied Catalysis A: General, vol.296, issue.2, pp.238-250, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apcata.2005.08.025

J. Alauzun, ;. Mehdi, and ;. , Direct synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica containing iodopropyl groups. A useful function for chemical modifications, New Journal of Chemistry, vol.27, issue.6, pp.911-915, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/b703155f

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00186078

J. Sommer, Y. Yang, and ;. Rambow, P CP/MAS Studies of Model Alkyl-, Aryl-, and Ethoxyphosphonium Salts, Inorganic Chemistry, vol.43, issue.24, pp.7561-7563, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ic049065j

. Khz, Elemental analysis were performed at the " Mikroanalytisches Labor Pascher Preparation of material M p -PrMesIm -12, pp.1-12

M. Poyatos-;-p, . A. Uriz-;-j, C. Mata, ;. Claver, ;. A. Bennett et al., Peris Organometallics [3] C. Gandolfi; M. Heckenroth; A. Neels; G. Laurenczy; M. Albrecht Organometallics [4] S. Sanz; A. Azua; E. Peris Dalton Trans, IV-7. References [1], pp.440-444, 1974.

M. Prmesim and I. Thf, 15 mL of a 0.5M solution of KHMDS in toluene was added dropwise After 30 min, a mixture of 27 mg of Pd(DAB tBu )(MA) and 8 mg maleic anhydride in 10 mL THF was added, and the resulting suspension stirred for 3 h. The solid was filtered, and successively washed three times with 10 mL THF and twice with 10 mL diethyl ether

M. Prmesim and I. Thf, 15 mL of a 0.5M solution of KHMDS in toluene wa,s added dropwise After 30 min, a solution of 15 mg of [Pd(allyl)Cl] 2 in 10 mL THF was added, and the resulting suspension stirred for 3 h. The solid was filtered, and successively washed three times with 10 mL THF and twice with 10 mL diethyl ether, Drying under high vacuum, pp.10-15

. Mhz, 9, 1. Preparation of M-Pd(MA) 12 . To a suspension of 1-propyl-3-mesityl-imidazolium iodide functionnalized material prepared in a 1, p.137

P. Hauwert-;-g, . W. Maestri-;-j, . Sprengers-;-m, and . J. Catellani-;-c, Transfer Semihydrogenation of Alkynes Catalyzed by a Zero-Valent Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.690, issue.17, pp.3223-3226, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.200705638