J. Golub, S. Bur, W. Cronin, S. Gange, N. Baruch et al., Disponible sur: http://www.who.int/tb/features_archive/globalreport09_update_8dec09 Delayed tuberculosis diagnosis and tuberculosis transmission, report [Internet]. WHO. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. janv, vol.10, issue.21, pp.153-12430, 2006.

F. Antoun and N. Véziris, Managing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis], Rev Mal Respir. oct, vol.28, issue.8, p.956957, 2011.

J. Grosset, Bacteriologic basis for the treatment of tuberculosis], Rev Prat. 11 mars, vol.40, issue.8, p.715718, 1990.

K. R. Konno-k and B. Kt, The metabolism of nicotinic acid in Mycobacteria: a method for differentiating tubercle bacilli of human origin from other Mycobacteria, Am Rev Tuberc. avr, vol.75, issue.4, p.529537, 1957.

S. Cole, R. Brosch, J. Parkhill, T. Garnier, C. Churcher et al., Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence, Nature, vol.25, issue.6685, p.537544, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/31159

A. Pym, P. Brodin, L. Majlessi, R. Brosch, C. Demangel et al., Recombinant BCG exporting ESAT-6 confers enhanced protection against tuberculosis, Nature Medicine, vol.9, issue.5, pp.533-539, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nm859

K. Sepkowitz, How Contagious Is Tuberculosis?, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.23, issue.5, p.954962, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/clinids/23.5.954

C. Horsburgh, . Jr, and E. Rubin, Clinical practice. Latent tuberculosis infection in the United States

S. Mase, A. Ramsay, V. Ng, M. Henry, P. Hopewell et al., Yield of serial sputum specimen examinations in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review, Int. J

J. Warren, M. Bhattacharya, D. Almeida, K. Trakas, K. Peterson et al., A minimum 5.0 ml of sputum improves the sensitivity of acid-fast smear for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Am. J. Respir

C. Piersimoni and C. Scarparo, Relevance of Commercial Amplification Methods for Direct Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Clinical Samples, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.12, p.53555365, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5355-5365.2003

E. Lee and R. Holzman, Evolution and current use of the tuberculin test, Clin. Infect. Dis. 1 févr, vol.34, issue.3, p.365370, 2002.

L. Wang, M. Turner, R. Elwood, M. Schulzer, and J. Fitzgerald, A meta-analysis of the effect of

R. Brennan and A. Plant, Bacille Calmette Guérin vaccination on tuberculin skin test measurements Tuberculin reactivity and the risk of tuberculosis: a review, Thorax. sept, vol.57, issue.9, 2002.

. J. Int, P. Barnes, S. Fong, P. Brennan, P. Twomey et al., Local production of tumor necrosis factor and IFN-gamma in tuberculous pleuritis, Lung Dis. oct J. Immunol. 1 juill, vol.4145, issue.101, pp.895903-17149, 1990.

M. Pai, A. Zwerling, and D. Menzies, Systematic Review: T-Cell???based Assays for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: An Update, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.149, issue.3, p.177184, 2008.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-149-3-200808050-00241

P. Andersen, M. Munk, J. Pollock, T. Doherty, A. Sørensen et al., Specific immune-based diagnosis of tuberculosis Purification and characterization of a low-molecular-mass T-cell antigen secreted by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Lancet. 23 sept Infect. Immun. mai, vol.35663, issue.205, p.17101717, 1995.

S. Arend, K. Van-meijgaarden, D. Boer, K. , D. Palou et al., Tuberculin skin testing and in vitro T cell responses to ESAT-6 and culture filtrate protein 10 after infection with Mycobacterium marinum or M. kansasii, J. Infect. Dis. 15 déc, vol.186, issue.12, pp.17971807-155, 2002.

G. Ferrara, M. Losi, D. Amico, R. Roversi, P. Piro et al., Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study [Percentage of isoniazid-resistant and streptomycin-resistant variants in wild strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on Loewenstein-Jensen medium], Lancet. 22 avr Ann Inst Pasteur juill, vol.367101, p.2846, 1961.

L. Lirzin, M. Djurovic, V. Tempel-cw, M. Hughes-fj-jr, T. Re et al., ):531548. 25. GREEN FHK. The British Medical Research Council Combined intermittent regimens employing streptomycin and para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; a comparison with daily and intermittent dosage schedules, ):295311. 27. Wright A, Zignol M, World Health Organization, WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world?: fourth global report?: the World Health Organization/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (WHO/UNION) Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, pp.125-127, 1948.

L. Disponible-sur-rabarijaona, P. Boisier, O. Ratsirahonana, J. Razafinimanana, F. Rakotomanana et al., Replacement of streptomycin by ethambutol in the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment: no effect on compliance Treatment of tuberculosis, Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. janv MMWR Recomm Rep. 20 juin, vol.352, issue.111, pp.4246-29177, 1999.

P. Lobue and D. Menzies, Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: An update, Respirology, vol.180, issue.4, pp.603622-156, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01751.x

D. Storla, S. Yimer, and G. Bjune, A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, BMC Public Health, vol.51, issue.10, p.15, 2008.
DOI : 10.1136/bmj.326.7395.909

D. Che and A. D. , Epidemiology of tuberculosis], Rev Prat. avr, vol.62, issue.4, p.473478, 2012.

J. Robert, D. Trystram, C. Truffot-pernot, and V. Jarlier, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: eight years of surveillance in France, European Respiratory Journal, vol.22, issue.5, p.833837, 2003.
DOI : 10.1183/09031936.03.00014103

J. Cailhol, C. D. Jarlier, V. Decludt, B. , and R. J. , Incidence of tuberculous meningitis in France, 2000: a capture-recapture analysis Diagnostic Standards and Classification of Tuberculosis in Adults and Children, This official statement of the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors This statement was endorsed by the Council of the Infectious Disease Society of America, p.803808, 1999.

P. Khuê, C. Truffot-pernot, J. Texier-maugein, V. Jarlier, R. J. Kruijshaar et al., A 10-year prospective surveillance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in France Increasing antituberculosis drug resistance in the United Kingdom: analysis of National Surveillance Data Risk factors for rifampin mono-resistant tuberculosis Isoniazid-monoresistant tuberculosis in the United States, Pt 1):13761395. 36, pp.937944-3719841992, 1993.

X. Zhang, X. Wei, G. Zou, J. Walley, H. Zhang et al., Evaluation of active tuberculosis case finding through symptom screening and sputum microscopy of close contacts in Shandong, China, Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol.32, issue.12
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02869.x

V. Meyssonnier, N. Veziris, S. Bastian, J. Texier-maugein, V. Jarlier et al., Increase in primary drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in younger birth cohorts in France Influence of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance on the treatment outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis patients receiving DOTS in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, J. Infect. juin Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. juill, vol.646, issue.67, pp.589595-43585591, 2002.

. J. Int, I. Devaux, D. Manissero, K. Fernandez-de-la-hoz, K. Kremer et al., Surveillance of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe, Lung Dis. juill Euro Surveill, vol.415, issue.711, pp.665672-665717, 2000.

C. Mulenga, A. Chonde, I. Bwalya, N. Kapata, M. Kakungu-simpungwe et al., Low Occurrence of Tuberculosis Drug Resistance among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients from an Urban Setting, with a Long-Running DOTS Program in Zambia Rise in rifampicin-monoresistant tuberculosis in Western Cape, Tuberc Res Treat. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. févr, vol.201016, issue.2, pp.938178-47196202, 2010.

J. Li, S. Munsiff, C. Driver, and J. Sackoff, Relapse and acquired rifampin resistance in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis treated with rifampin-or rifabutin-based regimens in

M. Lutfey, P. Della-latta, V. Kapur, L. Palumbo, D. Gurner et al., Independent origin of mono-rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with AIDS., American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.153, issue.2, pp.8391-8440, 2005.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564140

C. Med, L. Févr-sandman, N. Schluger, A. Davidow, S. Bonk et al., Risk factors for rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis: A case-control study Rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis in, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. févr Clin. Infect. Dis. déc, vol.15315925, issue.226, pp.837840-50468472, 1993.

C. Horsburgh, . Jr, S. Goldberg, J. Bethel, S. Chen et al., Latent TB Infection Treatment Acceptance and Completion in the United States and Canada, Chest, vol.137, issue.2, pp.401409-53, 2010.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.09-0394

. L. Tuberc and . Dis, World Health Organization, WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world?: fourth global report?: the World Health Organization, UNION) Global Project on Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance, pp.7681-54, 2002.

M. Disponible-sur-flament-saillour, J. Robert, V. Jarlier, and J. Grosset, Outcome of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in France: a nationwide case-control study, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. août, vol.55160, issue.2, p.587593, 1999.

M. Uffredi, C. Truffot-pernot, B. Dautzenberg, R. M. Jarlier, V. et al., An intervention programme for the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in France, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, vol.29, issue.4
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.023

T. Törün, K. Tahao?lu, I. Ozmen, T. Sevim, G. Ataç et al., The role of surgery and fluoroquinolones in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. sept, vol.11, issue.9, p.979985, 2007.

S. Ahuja, D. Ashkin, M. Avendano, R. Banerjee, M. Bauer et al., Multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment regimens and patient outcomes: an individual patient data metaanalysis of 9,153 patients Tuberculous meningitis in adults: an eleven-year review, PLoS Med. août Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. juill, vol.92, issue.87, pp.1001300-59553557, 1998.

A. Lotte, G. Burghard, R. Petitjean, S. Perdrizet, J. Cooreman et al., Reduction in the risk of tuberculous meningitis in children in France. Impact of BCG vaccination, Bull. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis. déc, vol.63, issue.4, p.5256, 1988.

A. Bhigjee, R. Padayachee, H. Paruk, K. Hallwirth-pillay, S. Marais et al., Diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: clinical and laboratory parameters, International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.4, pp.348-354, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijid.2006.07.007

I. Working, G. For-disease, . Monitoring, and . Forecasting, ):10591068. 64. Hook EB, Regal RR. Recommendations for presentation and evaluation of capture-recapture estimates in epidemiology, Am. J. Epidemiol. 15 nov J Clin Epidemiol. oct, vol.14252, issue.929933, p.917926, 1995.

X. Lin, V. Chongsuvivatwong, L. Lin, A. Geater, and R. Lijuan, Dose???response relationship between treatment delay of smear-positive tuberculosis patients and intra-household transmission: a cross-sectional study, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.102, issue.8, p.797804, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.027

H. Deng, Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and B. Xu, Study on factors causing the delay of access to tuberculosis diagnosis and its influencing factors in migrating tuberculosis patients in Putuo district

Y. Wang, Q. Long, Q. Liu, R. Tolhurst, and S. Tang, Treatment seeking for symptoms suggestive of TB: comparison between migrants and permanent urban residents in Chongqing, China, Tropical Medicine & International Health, vol.7, issue.Suppl. 1
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02093.x

Q. Long, Y. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Yue, C. Tang et al., Barriers to accessing TB diagnosis for rural-to-urban migrants with chronic cough in Chongqing, China: A mixed methods study, BMC Health Services Research, vol.369, issue.11, p.202, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60316-X

X. Li, S. Jiang, X. Li, J. Mei, Q. Zhong et al., Predictors on Delay of Initial Health-Seeking in New Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases among Migrants Population in East China, PLoS ONE, vol.34, issue.2, pp.31995-160, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0031995.t003

M. Mushtaq, U. Shahid, H. Abdullah, A. Saeed, F. Omer et al., Urban-rural inequities in knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis in two districts of Pakistan's Punjab province, International Journal for Equity in Health, vol.10, issue.1, p.8, 2011.
DOI : 10.1186/1475-9276-10-8

I. Sendagire, S. Van-der-loeff, M. Mubiru, M. Konde-lule, J. Cobelens et al., Long Delays and Missed Opportunities in Diagnosing Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study, PLoS ONE, vol.47, issue.2, p.14459, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0014459.t005

E. Maciel, J. Golub, R. Peres, D. Hadad, J. Fávero et al., Delay in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis at a primary health clinic in Vitoria, Brazil. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. nov, vol.14, issue.11, p.14031410, 2010.

P. Tattevin, C. D. Fraisse, P. Gatey, C. Guichard, C. Antoine et al., Factors associated with patient and health care system delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in France, The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, vol.16, issue.4, p.510515, 2012.
DOI : 10.5588/ijtld.11.0420

M. Lambert, P. Van-der-stuyft, C. Boehme, P. Nabeta, D. Hillemann et al., Delays to tuberculosis treatment: shall we continue to blame the victim? Trop Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance The impact and cost of scaling up GeneXpert MTB/RIF in South Africa GeneXpert--a game-changer for tuberculosis control, Med. Int. Health. oct N. Engl. J. Med. 9 sept PLoS ONE. PLoS Med. juill, vol.1036378, issue.7657, pp.945946-7510051015, 2005.

P. Ravn, M. Munk, A. Andersen, B. Lundgren, J. Lundgren et al., Prospective Evaluation of a Whole-Blood Test Using Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol.12, issue.4, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/CDLI.12.4.491-496.2005

N. Veziris, M. Ibrahim, N. Lounis, K. Andries, and V. Jarlier, Sterilizing Activity of Second-Line Regimens Containing TMC207 in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis, PLoS ONE, vol.51, issue.3, pp.17556-161, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0017556.t002

M. Maiga, N. Agarwal, N. Ammerman, R. Gupta, H. Guo et al., Successful shortening of tuberculosis treatment using adjuvant host-directed therapy with FDA-approved phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the mouse model Patient needs and point-of-care requirements for HIV load testing in resource-limited settings, al. Xpert® MTB/RIF for national tuberculosis programmes in low-income countries: when, where and how? Int. J. Tuberc, 2010.