B. Agbossou, R. Chahine, J. Hamelin, F. Laurencelle, A. Anouar et al., Renewable energy systems based on hydrogen for remote applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.96, issue.1, pp.168-172, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00495-5

. S. Agb-2011-]-k, M. C. Agbli, D. Pera, O. Hissel, C. Rallières et al., Multiphysics simulation of a PEM electrolyser : Energetic Macroscopic Representation approach, Internation Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, pp.1382-1398, 2011.

B. Asse, Etat de l'art des électrolyseurs d'eau, Probatoire CNAM. IPST, 2007.

B. Asse, Contribution à la conception et à la mise en oeuvre d'installations couplant générateurs photovoltaïques, piles à combustible et électrolyseurs, 2008.

O. Atlam and M. Kolhe, Equivalent electrical model for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser. Energy Conversion and Management, pp.2952-2957, 2011.

F. Barbir, H. Gorgun, and X. Wang, Relationship between pressure drop and cell resistance as a diagnostic tool for PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.141, issue.1, pp.96-101, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.055

S. Becker and V. Karri, Predictive models for PEM-electrolyzer performance using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.18, pp.1-10, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.060

E. Bernier, J. Hamelin, K. Agbossou, and T. K. Bose, Electric round-trip efficiency of hydrogen and oxygen-based energy storage, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.30, issue.2, pp.105-111, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.03.039

O. Bethoux, M. Hilairet, and T. Azibfrance, A new on-line state-of-health monitoring technique dedicated to PEM fuel cell, 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, pp.2745-2750, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/IECON.2009.5415422
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00447258

A. Bilodeau and K. Agbossou, Control analysis of renewable energy system with hydrogen storage for residential applications, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, issue.2, pp.757-764, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.04.038

P. Boillat, D. Kramer, B. C. Seyfang, G. Frei, E. Lehmann et al., In situ observation of the water distribution across a PEFC using high resolution neutron radiography, Electrochemistry Communications, vol.10, issue.4, pp.546-550, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.01.018

. Bua-2008-]-f, D. Buaud, B. Lelandais, and . Auvity, Evidence of a non-dimensional parameter controlling the flooding of PEMFC stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, pp.2765-2773, 2008.

W. Chen, H. Li, and . Peng, An experimental study and model validation of a membrane humidifier for PEM fuel cell humidification control, Journal of Power Sources, vol.180, issue.1, pp.461-467, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.02.055

]. J. Cho-2010, H. Choi, B. Cha, and . Han, A Three-Phase Interleaved DC?DC Converter With Active Clamp for Fuel Cells, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.25, 2010.

. J. Cle-2006-]-s, D. K. Cleghorn, D. A. Mayfield, G. Moore, T. W. Rusch et al., A polymer electrolyte fuel cell life test: 3 years of continuous operation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.158, pp.446-454, 2006.

. E. Con-1999-]-b and . Conway, Electrochemical supercondensators -Scientific fundamentals and technological applications, 1999.

V. Costan, Convertisseurs Parallèles Entrelacés : Etude des Pertes Fer dans les Transformateurs Inter-cellules. Thèse de l'INP-Toulouse, 2007.

C. Darras, C. Thibault, M. Muselli, P. Poggi, S. Melscoet et al., Load and weather profile, and time simulation impacts for the PEPITE PV/H2 project, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.19, pp.10138-10147, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.07.106
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00731034

. P. Dia-1996-]-j, B. L. Diard, C. Gorrec, and . Montella, Cinétique électrochimique, 1996.

G. Fontes, C. Turpin, R. Saisset, T. Meynard, and S. Astier, Interactions between fuel cells and power converters influence of current harmonics on a fuel cell stack. IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference PESC 04, pp.6-4729, 2004.

G. Fontès, Modélisation et caractérisation de la pile PEM pour l'étude des interactions avec les convertisseurs statiques, Thèse de l'INP-Toulouse, 2005.

G. Fontes, C. Turpin, S. Astier, and T. Meynard, Interactions between Fuel Cells and power Converters : Influence of Current Harmonics on a Fuel cell Stack, IEEE Transactions on ?, issue.s, pp.22-24

G. Fontès, C. Turpin, and S. Astier, A Large-Signal and Dynamic Circuit Model of a H 2 /O 2 PEM Fuel Cell: Description, Parameter Identification, and Exploitation, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.57, issue.6, 2010.

C. Fouquet, C. Doulet, G. Nouillant, B. Dauphin-tanguy, and . Ould-bouamama, Model based PEM fuel cell state-of-health monitoring via ac impedance measurements, Journal of Power Sources, vol.159, issue.2, pp.905-913, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.035

. Gen-2011-]-t and . Génevé, Diagnostic des piles à combustible PEMFC. Stage de fin d'études d'ingénieur de l'INP-Toulouse, 2011.

. A. Gri-2005-]-s, V. I. Grigoriev, V. N. Porembsky, and . Fateev, Pure hydrogen production by PEM electrolysis for hydrogen energy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.31, pp.171-175, 2006.

. A. Gri-2011-]-s, V. I. Grigoriev, S. V. Porembskiy, V. N. Korobtsev, F. Fateev et al., High-pressure PEM water electrolysis and corresponding safety issues, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, pp.2721-2728, 2011.

M. Hinaje, D. Nguyen, S. Raël, B. Davat, C. Bonnet et al., Impact of defective single cell on the operation of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.15, pp.6364-6370, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.140

M. Hinaje, I. Sadli, J. P. Martin, P. Thounthong, S. Rael et al., Online humidification diagnosis of a PEMFC using a static DC???DC converter, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.6, pp.2718-2723, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.076

M. Hinaje, D. A. Nguyen, C. Bonnet, F. Lapicque, S. Raël et al., 2D modeling of a defective PEMFC, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.17, pp.10884-10890, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.146
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00778286

. D. Hol-2009-]-j, J. Holladay, D. L. Hu, Y. King, and . Wang, An overview of hydrogen production technologies, CatalysisToday, vol.139, pp.244-260, 2009.

M. U. Iftikhar, D. Riu, F. Druart, S. Rosini, Y. Bultel et al., Dynamic modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using non-integer derivatives, Journal of Power Sources, vol.160, issue.2, pp.1170-1182, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.044
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333545

M. Inaba, T. Kinumoto, M. Kiriake, R. Umebayashi, A. Tasaka et al., Gas crossover and membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.26, pp.5746-5753, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.008

K. Ito, K. Ashikaga, H. Masuda, T. Oshima, Y. Kakimoto et al., Estimation of flooding in PEMFC gas diffusion layer by differential pressure measurement, Journal of Power Sources, vol.175, issue.2, pp.732-738, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.10.019

S. Jemei, Modélisation d'une pile à combustible de type PEM par réseaux de neurones, Thèse de doctorat de l'université de Franche Comté, 2004.

T. J. Kim, C. M. Sim, and M. H. Kim, Research on water discharge characteristics of PEM fuel cells by using neutron imaging technology at the NRF, HANARO, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, vol.66, issue.5, pp.593-605, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.12.006

T. Kim, J. Kim, C. M. Sim, S. W. Lee, M. Kaviany et al., Experimental approaches for distribution and behavior of water in PEMFC under flow direction and differential pressure using neutron imaging technique, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.600, issue.1, pp.325-327, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nima.2008.11.083

S. D. Knights, K. M. Colbow, J. St-pierre, and D. P. Wilkinson, Aging mechanisms and lifetime of PEFC and DMFC, Journal of Power Sources, vol.127, issue.1-2, pp.127-134, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.033

S. Kundu, M. Fowler, L. C. Simon, and R. Abouatallah, Reversible and irreversible degradation in fuel cells during Open Circuit Voltage durability testing, Journal of Power Sources, vol.182, issue.1, pp.254-258, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.009

J. Labbé, L'hydrogène électrolytique comme moyen de stockage d'électricité pour systèmes photovoltaïques isolés, 2006.

M. E. Lebbal and S. Lecoeuche, Identification and monitoring of a PEM electrolyser based on dynamical modelling, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.14, pp.5992-5999, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.003

B. Lee, Y. Kim, and . Kim, An experimental study on water transport through the membrane of a PEFC operating in the dead-end mode, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.18, pp.7768-7779, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.07.010

B. Lee, Y. Kim, and . Kim, Effects of self-humidification on the dynamic behavior of polymer electrolyte fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, issue.4, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.042

C. Lefrou, P. Fabry, and J. , Electrochimie: approche des fondamentaux. ISBN 9782759804252. Collection Grenoble Sciences, 2009.

R. De-levie, The electrolysis of water, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.476, issue.1, pp.92-93, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00365-4

X. Liu, H. Guo, and C. F. Ma, Water flooding and two-phase flow in cathode channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.156, issue.2, pp.267-280, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.06.027

F. Da-costa-lopes and E. H. Watanabe, Expérimental and theoretical development of a PEM electrolyzer model applied to energy storaghe systems, IEEE, 2009.

. J. Lud-2006-]-d, C. M. Ludlow, S. H. Calebrese, C. S. Yu, D. L. Dannehy et al., PEM fuel cell membrane hydration measurement by neutron imaging, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, pp.271-278, 2006.

H. P. Ma, H. M. Zhang, J. Hu, Y. H. Cai, and B. L. Yi, Diagnostic tool to detect liquid water removal in the cathode channels of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.162, issue.1, pp.469-473, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.055

D. Marquezini, . Dias, F. F. Machado-ricardo-quadros, and A. , Interaction between PEM Fuel Cells and Converters for AC Integration, 2007 International Conference on Power Engineering, Energy and Electrical Drives, pp.359-380, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/POWERENG.2007.4380139

P. Millet, Electrolyseurs de l'eau à membrane acide. Technique de l'ingénieur J4810, 2007.

K. R. Minard, V. Vilatanur, P. D. Viswanathan, L. Majors, P. C. Wang et al., Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of PEM dehydration and gas manifold flooding during continuous fuel cell operation, Journal of Power Sources, vol.161, issue.2, pp.856-863, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.04.125

M. Newborough, Electrolyser Technologies and Trends.H 2 Net Meeting at Heriot ?Watt university, 2008.

. A. Ous, X. Oustaloup, B. Moreau, and . Mathieu, Commande CRONE : Principe et exemple d'applications

L. Palma, M. Harfman-todorovic, P. Enjetti, and S. Choi, Analysis of DC- DC Converter Stability in Ful Cell Powered Portable Electronic Systems, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp.6-37, 2006.

J. Park, X. Li, D. Tran, T. Abdel-baset, D. S. Hussey et al., Neutron imaging investigation of liquid water distribution in and the performance of a PEM fuel cell???, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.33, issue.13, pp.3373-3384, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.03.019

F. Petipas, A. Brisse, and C. Bouallou, Development of a high températureelectrolyser model for system integration purposes.Fundamentals and Developments of Fuel Cells Conference, 2011.

V. Phlippoteau, Outils et Méthodes pour le diagnostic d'un état de santé d'une pile à combustible, 2009.

A. Purvins, O. Krievs, I. Steiks, and L. Ribickis, Influence of the current ripple on the hydrogen fuel cell powered inverter system efficiency, 13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications EPE '09. Page(s), pp.1-7, 2009.

O. Rallières, C. Turpin, Y. Hammadi, V. Phlippoteau, C. Bidault et al., Impedance modeling of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer by an original multispectral analysis to understand the quasi steady state behavior. Conférence Fundamentals and Developments of Fuel Cells FDFC 2011, 2011.

C. A. Ramos-paja, R. Giral, L. Martinez-salamero, J. Romano, A. Romero et al., A PEM Fuel-Cell Model Featuring Oxygen-Excess-Ratio Estimation and Power-Electronics Interaction, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.57, issue.6, pp.57-63, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/TIE.2009.2026363

. A. Ram-2011-]-c, E. Ramos-paja, R. Arango, A. J. Giral, C. Saavedra-montes et al., DC/DC pre-regulator for input current ripple reduction and efficiency improvement, Electric Power System Research, vol.81, pp.2048-2055, 2011.

C. Hissel and . Turpin, Influence des harmoniques de courant générés par le CONvertisseur statique de sortie de Pile A Combustible PEM sur sa durée de vie. Rapport final du projet exploratoire CNRS CONPAC, 2009.

]. J. Rapcnrs-2011, O. Mulot, D. Rallières, C. Hissel, and . Turpin, CO-CONception d'un coeur de Pile A Combustible PEM associé à son convertisseur statique. Rapport final du projet exploratoire CNRS CO-CONPAC, 2011.

E. Rasten, Electrocatalysis in water electrolysis with solid polymer electrolyte.PhD Norwegian, 2001.

]. J. Rou-2009, M. O-'rourke, M. Ramani, and . Arcak, In situ detection of anode flooding of a PEM fuel cell, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.34, pp.6765-6770, 2009.

A. Rubio, S. Urquia, and . Dormido, Diagnosis of performance degradation phenomena in PEM fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.35, issue.7, pp.2586-2590, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.054

R. Saïsset, Contribution à l'étude systémique de dispositifs énergétiques à composants électrochimiques Formalisme Bond Graph appliqué aux piles à combustible, accumulateurs Lithium-Ion, Véhicule Solaire, Thèse de l'INP- Toulouse, 2004.

]. S. Sai-2007, M. U. Sailler, F. Iftikhar, D. Druart, Y. Riu et al., Modélisation fractionnaire des piles à combustible de type PEMFC, 2007.

R. Satija, D. L. Jacobson, M. Arif, and S. A. Werner, In situ neutron imaging technique for evaluation of water management systems in operating PEM fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources, vol.129, issue.2, pp.238-245, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.068

M. Shen, N. Bennett, Y. Ding, and K. Scott, A concise model for evaluating water electrolysis, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.36, issue.22, pp.14335-14341, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.12.029

. S. Sie-2010-]-n, S. Siefert, and . Litster, Voltage loss and fluctuation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells : The role of cathode channel plurality and air stoichiometric ratio, Journal of Power Sources, vol.196, 1948.

. Smo-2010-]-t, S. Smolinka, C. Rau, and . Hebling, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis.Hydrogen and Fuel cells : Fundamentals, Technologies and applications, p.273, 2010.

B. Soldi, I. Gökalp, A. Zeroual, and A. Aymard, Modélisation d'une électrolyse d'eau à membrane polymère pour la production d'hydrogène, Revue des énergies renouvelables Vol, vol.12, issue.2, pp.201-214, 2009.

A. Su, F. B. Weng, C. Y. Hsu, and Y. M. Chen, Studies on flooding in PEM fuel cell cathode channels, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1031-1039, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.12.019

. Tha-2000-]-t, S. Thampan, H. Malhotra, R. Tang, and . Datta, Modeling of Conductive Transport in Proton-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells, J. Electrochem. Soc, vol.147, issue.9, pp.3242-3250, 2000.

P. Thounthong, P. Sethakul, S. Rael, and B. Davat, Modeling and control of a fuel cell current control loop of a 4-phase interleaved step-up converter for DC distributed system, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference
DOI : 10.1109/PESC.2008.4591930

. Tra-1999-]-s and . Trasatti, Water electrolysis : who first ?, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.476, pp.90-91, 1999.

S. Tsushima, K. Teranishi, K. Nishida, and S. Hirai, Water content distribution in a polymer electrolyte membrane for advanced fuel cell system with liquid water supply, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.23, issue.2, pp.255-258, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mri.2004.11.059

]. S. Tsu-2011, S. Tsushima, and . Hirai, In situ diagnostics for water transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2003.

K. Tüber, D. Pócza, and C. Hebling, Visualization of water buildup in the cathode of a transparent PEM fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.124, issue.2, pp.403-414, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00797-3

B. Wahdame, L. Girardot, D. Hissel, F. Harel, X. Francois et al., Impact of power converter current ripple on the durability of a fuel cell stack, 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, pp.1495-1500, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/ISIE.2008.4677206
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00503160

S. Wang, Y. Kenarangui, and B. Fahimi, Impact of Boost Converter Switching Frequency on Optimal Operation of Fuel Cell Systems, 2006 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/VPPC.2006.364278

D. Eikerling, Z. Song, and . Liu, Modeling of Ultrathin Two-Phase Catalyst Layers in PEMFCs, J.Electrochem. Soc, vol.154, issue.6, pp.95-101, 2007.

. Was-2010-]-s and . Wasterlain, Approche expérimentales et analyse probabiliste pour le diagnostic de pile à combustible de type PEM, Thèse de l'université de Franche-Comté, 2010.

F. B. Weng, A. Su, C. Y. Hsu, and C. Y. Lee, Study of water-flooding behaviour in cathode channel of a transparent proton-exchange membrane fuel cell, Journal of Power Sources, vol.157, issue.2, pp.674-680, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.002

P. Steiner, D. Moçoteguy, D. Candusso, A. Hissel, A. Hernandez et al., A review on PEM voltage degradation associated with water management: Impacts, influent factors and characterization, Journal of Power Sources, vol.183, issue.1, pp.260-274, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.037

M. Zeidan, Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'une micropile à combustible à respiration, 2011.

A. Zeller, O. Rallières, J. Régnier, and C. Turpin, Diagnosis of a hydrogen/air fuel cell by a statistical model-based method, 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/VPPC.2010.5729171

J. Zhang, D. Kramer, R. Shimoi, Y. Ono, E. Lehmann et al., In situ diagnostic of two-phase flow phenomena in polymer electrolyte fuel cells by neutron imaging, Electrochimica Acta, vol.51, issue.13, pp.2715-2727, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.08.010