. La-durée-moyenne-de-chaque-séance-d, EER n'était pas différente entre le groupe HDHPC (31 ± 16 h) et le groupe HVVC (23 ± 17 h) (p = 0,07) même si une tendance à un

R. 1. Angus, D. Linde-zwirble, W. Lidicker, and J. , Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: Analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1303-1313, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002

J. Vincent, Y. Sakr, and C. Sprung, Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.34, issue.2, pp.344-53, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000194725.48928.3A

C. Alberti, C. Brun-buisson, and H. Burchardi, Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.2, pp.108-129, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-001-1143-z

G. Martin, D. Mannino, S. Eaton, and M. Moss, The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.348, issue.16, pp.1546-54, 1979.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa022139

E. Christaki and S. Opal, Is the mortality rate for septic shock really decreasing?, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.14, issue.5, pp.580-586, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32830f1e25

J. Kellum, L. Kong, and M. Fink, Understanding the Inflammatory Cytokine Response in Pneumonia and Sepsis, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol.167, issue.15, pp.1655-63, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archinte.167.15.1655

G. Suntharalingam, M. Perry, and S. Ward, Cytokine Storm in a Phase 1 Trial of the Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibody TGN1412, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.355, issue.10, pp.1018-1046, 2006.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa063842

R. Hotchkiss, C. Coopersmith, J. Mcdunn, and T. Ferguson, The sepsis seesaw: tilting toward immunosuppression, Nature Medicine, vol.177, issue.5, pp.496-503, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0809422106

M. Adib-conquy and J. Cavaillon, Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol.101, pp.36-47, 2009.
DOI : 10.1160/TH08-07-0421

I. Turnbull, A. Clark, and P. Stromberg, Effects of aging on the immunopathologic response to sepsis, Critical Care Medicine, vol.37, issue.3, pp.1018-1041, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181968f3a

A. Limaye, K. Kirby, and G. Rubenfeld, Cytomegalovirus reactivation in critically ill immunocompetent patients, JAMA, vol.300, pp.413-435, 2008.

C. Luyt, A. Combes, and C. Deback, Herpes Simplex Virus Lung Infection in Patients Undergoing Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.175, issue.9, pp.935-977, 2007.
DOI : 10.1164/rccm.200609-1322OC

C. Tetta, R. Bellomo, and P. Inguaggiato, Endotoxin and Cytokine Removal in Sepsis, Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol.17, issue.9223, pp.109-124, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/13.6.1458

R. Bone, . Sir-isaac-newton, . Sepsis, and C. Sirs, Sir Isaac Newton, sepsis, SIRS, and CARS, Critical Care Medicine, vol.24, issue.7, pp.1125-1133, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199607000-00010

T. Standiford, R. Strieter, N. Lukacs, and S. Kunkel, Neutralization of IL-10 increases lethality in endotoxemia. Cooperative effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor, J Immunol, vol.155, pp.2222-2231, 1995.

A. Brendolan, D. Intini, V. Ricci, and Z. , Pulse high volume hemofiltration, Int J Artif Organs, vol.27, pp.398-403, 2004.

C. Ronco, Z. Ricci, and R. Bellomo, Importance of increased ultrafiltration volume and impact on mortality: Sepsis and cytokine story and the role for CVVH, EDTNA-ERCA Journal, vol.28, issue.S2, pp.13-21, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-6686.2002.tb00249.x

C. Ronco, C. Tetta, and M. F. , Interpreting the Mechanisms of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Sepsis: The Peak Concentration Hypothesis, Artificial Organs, vol.56, issue.9, pp.792-801, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/13.6.1458

P. Honore and O. Joannes-boyau, High volume hemofiltration (HVHF) in sepsis: a comprehensive review of rationale, clinical applicability, potential indications and recommendations for future research, Int J Artif Organs, vol.27, pp.1077-82, 2004.

P. Honore and J. Matson, Extracorporeal removal for sepsis: Acting at the tissue level???The beginning of a new era for this treatment modality in septic shock *, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.3, pp.896-903, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000115262.31804.46

P. Honore, O. Joannes-boyau, and B. Gressens, Blood and Plasma Treatments: The Rationale of High-Volume Hemofiltration, Contrib Nephrol, vol.156, pp.387-95, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000102129

K. Klouche, P. Cavadore, and P. Portales, Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration improves hemodynamics in septic shock with acute renal failure without modifying TNFalpha and IL6 plasma concentrations, J Nephrol, vol.15, pp.150-157, 2002.

D. Carlo, J. Alexander, and S. , Hemofiltration for cytokine-driven illnesses: the mediator delivery hypothesis, Int J Artif Organs, vol.28, pp.777-86, 2005.

W. Olszewski, The Lymphatic System in Body Homeostasis: Physiological Conditions, Lymphatic Research and Biology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.11-21, 2003.
DOI : 10.1089/15396850360495655

H. Onarheim, A. Missavage, and R. Gunther, Marked increase of plasma hyaluronan after major thermal injury and infusion therapy, Journal of Surgical Research, vol.50, issue.3, pp.259-65, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-4804(91)90188-R

K. Wasserman and H. Mayerson, Dynamics of Lymph and Plasma Protein Exchange, Cardiology, vol.21, issue.4-5, pp.296-307, 1952.
DOI : 10.1159/000165210

Z. Peng, K. Singbartl, and P. Simon, Blood Purification in Sepsis: A New Paradigm, Contrib Nephrol, vol.165, pp.322-330, 2010.
DOI : 10.1159/000313773

C. Ronco, A. Brendolan, and G. Lonnemann, A pilot study of coupled plasma filtration with adsorption in septic shock*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.6, pp.1250-1255, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200206000-00015

E. Yekebas, C. Eisenberger, and H. Ohnesorge, Attenuation of sepsis-related immunoparalysis by continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in experimental porcine pancreatitis, Critical Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.7, pp.1423-1453, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00021

S. Ono, H. Tsujimoto, and A. Matsumoto, Modulation of human leukocyte antigen-dr on monocytes and cd16 on granulocytes in patients with septic shock using hemoperfusion with polymyxin b-immobilized fiber, The American Journal of Surgery, vol.188, issue.2, pp.150-156, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.067

A. Cheron, G. Monneret, and C. Landelle, Low monocytic HLA-DR expression and risk of secondary infection, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim, 2010.

D. Vriese, A. Vanholder, R. Pascual, and M. , Can inflammatory cytokines be removed efficiently by continuous renal replacement therapies?, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.25, issue.9, pp.903-913, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340050981

L. Cole, R. Bellomo, and G. Hart, A phase II randomized, controlled trial of continuous hemofiltration in sepsis, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.1, pp.100-106, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200201000-00016

D. Payen, M. J. Cavaillon, and J. , Impact of continuous venovenous hemofiltration on organ failure during the early phase of severe sepsis: A randomized controlled trial*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.37, issue.3, pp.803-813, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181962316

L. Cole, R. Bellomo, and D. Journois, High-volume haemofiltration in human septic shock, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.6, pp.978-86, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340100963

Y. Gasche, M. Pascual, and P. Suter, Complement depletion during haemofiltration with polyacrilonitrile membranes, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.11, issue.1, pp.117-126, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/11.1.117

J. Kellum, R. Bellomo, R. Mehta, and C. Ronco, Blood Purification in Non-Renal Critical Illness, Blood Purification, vol.21, issue.1, pp.6-13, 2003.
DOI : 10.1159/000067862

J. Kellum, J. Johnson, and D. Kramer, Diffusive vs. convective therapy, Critical Care Medicine, vol.26, issue.12, pp.1995-2000, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199812000-00027

F. Mariano, C. Tetta, and G. Guida, Hemofiltration reduces the serum priming activity on neutrophil chemiluminescence in septic patients, Kidney International, vol.60, issue.4, pp.1598-605, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00974.x

N. Boussekey, A. Chiche, and K. Faure, A pilot randomized study comparing high and low volume hemofiltration on vasopressor use in septic shock, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.9, issue.9, pp.1646-53, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1127-3

P. Palevsky, J. Zhang, O. Connor, and T. , Intensity of renal support in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, N Engl J Med, vol.359, pp.7-20, 2008.

P. Honore, O. Joannes-boyau, and T. Kotulak, Report of the working party on high volume hemofiltration including definitions and classification, Proc 2 nd Czech Conference on Critical Care Nephrology, 2007.

P. Honore, O. Joannes-boyau, W. Boer, and C. V. , High-Volume Hemofiltration in Sepsis and SIRS: Current Concepts and Future Prospects, Blood Purification, vol.28, issue.1, pp.1-11, 2009.
DOI : 10.1159/000210031

P. Metnitz, C. Krenn, and H. Steltzer, Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.9, pp.2051-2059, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200209000-00016

S. Uchino, J. Kellum, and R. Bellomo, Acute Renal Failure in Critically Ill Patients<SUBTITLE>A Multinational, Multicenter Study</SUBTITLE>, JAMA, vol.294, issue.7, pp.813-821, 2005.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.294.7.813

P. Overberger, M. Pesacreta, and P. Palevsky, Management of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury: A Survey of Practitioner Prescribing Practices, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.2, issue.4, pp.623-653, 2007.
DOI : 10.2215/CJN.00780207

P. Palevsky, Indications and timing of renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury, Critical Care Medicine, vol.36, issue.Suppl, pp.224-232, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168e3fb

S. Uchino, R. Bellomo, and H. Morimatsu, Continuous renal replacement therapy: A??worldwide practice survey, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.70, issue.9, pp.1563-70, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-007-0754-4

S. Vesconi, D. Cruz, and R. Fumagalli, Delivered dose of renal replacement therapy and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, Critical Care, vol.13, issue.2, p.57, 2009.
DOI : 10.1186/cc7784

C. Ronco, R. Bellomo, and P. Homel, Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial, The Lancet, vol.356, issue.9223, pp.26-30, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02430-2

H. Schiffl, S. Lang, and R. Fischer, Daily Hemodialysis and the Outcome of Acute Renal Failure, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.346, issue.5, pp.305-315, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa010877

C. Bouman, H. Oudemans-van-straaten, and J. Tijssen, Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: A prospective, randomized trial, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.10, pp.2205-2216, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200210000-00005

A. Tolwani, R. Campbell, and B. Stofan, Standard versus High-Dose CVVHDF for ICU-Related Acute Renal Failure, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.19, issue.6, pp.1233-1241, 2008.
DOI : 10.1681/ASN.2007111173

P. Saudan, M. Niederberger, D. Seigneux, and S. , Adding a dialysis dose to continuous hemofiltration increases survival in patients with acute renal failure, Kidney International, vol.70, issue.7, pp.1312-1319, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ki.5001705

R. Bellomo, S. Warrillow, and M. Reade, Why we should be wary of single-center trials, Critical Care Medicine, vol.37, issue.12, pp.3114-3123, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181bc7bd5

T. Eckmanns, J. Bessert, and M. Behnke, Conclusions., Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, vol.51, issue.09, pp.931-935, 2006.
DOI : 10.1378/chest.122.6.2115

R. Bellomo, A. Cass, and L. Cole, Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients, N Engl J Med, vol.361, pp.1627-1665, 2009.

R. Bellomo, Do we know the optimal dose for renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit?, Kidney International, vol.70, issue.7, pp.1202-1206, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.ki.5001827

A. Grootendorst, E. Van-bommel, and B. Van-der-hoven, High volume hemofiltration improves right ventricular function in endotoxin-induced shock in the pig, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.14, issue.4, pp.235-275, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01709839

A. Grootendorst, E. Van-bommel, and L. Van-leengoed, HIGH VOLUME HEMOFILTRATION IMPROVES HEMODYNAMICS AND SURVIVAL OF PIGS EXPOSED TO GUT ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION, SHOCK, vol.2, issue.1, pp.72-80, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00024382-199407000-00014

H. Wang, Z. Zhang, and X. Yan, Amelioration of hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism by continuous venovenous hemofiltration in experimental porcine pancreatitis, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.11, issue.1, pp.127-158, 2005.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v11.i1.127

R. Bellomo, J. Kellum, and C. Gandhi, The Effect of Intensive Plasma Water Exchange by Hemofiltration on Hemodynamics and Soluble Mediators in Canine Endotoxemia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.161, issue.5, pp.1429-1465, 2000.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9809127

P. Rogiers, H. Zhang, D. Pauwels, and J. Vincent, Comparison of polyacrylonitrile (AN69) and polysulphone membrane during hemofiltration in canine endotoxic shock, Critical Care Medicine, vol.31, issue.4, pp.1219-1244, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000060446.45080.C6

A. Grootendorst, E. Van-bommel, and L. Van-leengoed, Infusion of ultrafiltrate from endotoxemic pigs depresses myocardial performance in normal pigs, Journal of Critical Care, vol.8, issue.3, pp.161-170, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0883-9441(93)90022-D

P. Lee, J. Matson, R. Pryor, and L. Hinshaw, Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration therapy for Staphylococcus aureus-induced septicemia in immature swine, Critical Care Medicine, vol.21, issue.6, pp.914-938, 1993.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199306000-00022

P. Rogiers, H. Zhang, and N. Smail, Continuous venovenous hemofiltration improves cardiac performance by mechanisms other than tumor necrosis factor-?? attenuation during endotoxic shock, Critical Care Medicine, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1848-55, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-199909000-00024

D. Journois, D. Israel-biet, and P. Pouard, High-volume, Zero-balanced Hemofiltration to Reduce Delayed Inflammatory Response to Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children, Anesthesiology, vol.85, issue.5, pp.965-76, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199611000-00003

D. Journois, P. Pouard, and W. Greeley, Hemofiltration during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.81, issue.5, pp.1181-1190, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-199411000-00011

R. Cornejo, P. Downey, and R. Castro, High-volume hemofiltration as salvage therapy in severe hyperdynamic septic shock, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.31, issue.5, pp.713-735, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-006-0118-5

P. Honore, J. Jamez, and M. Wauthier, Prospective evaluation of short-term, high-volume isovolemic hemofiltration on the hemodynamic course and outcome in patients with intractable circulatory failure resulting from septic shock, Critical Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.11, pp.3581-3588, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200011000-00001

O. Joannes-boyau, S. Rapaport, and R. Bazin, Impact of High Volume Hemofiltration on Hemodynamic Disturbance and Outcome during Septic Shock, ASAIO Journal, vol.50, issue.1
DOI : 10.1097/01.MAT.0000104846.27116.EA

H. Oudemans-van-straaten, R. Bosman, J. Van-der-spoel, and D. Zandstra, Outcome of critically ill patients treated with intermittent high-volume haemofiltration: a prospective cohort analysis, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.25, issue.8, pp.814-835, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340050957

P. Piccinni, M. Dan, and S. Barbacini, Early isovolaemic haemofiltration in oliguric patients with septic shock, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.22, issue.1, pp.80-86, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-005-2815-x

R. Ratanarat, A. Brendolan, and P. Piccinni, Pulse high-volume haemofiltration for treatment of severe sepsis: effects on hemodynamics and survival, Critical Care, vol.9, issue.4, pp.294-302, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/cc3529

I. Laurent, C. Adrie, and C. Vinsonneau, High-Volume Hemofiltration After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.46, issue.3, pp.432-439, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.04.039

C. Adrie, M. Adib-conquy, and I. Laurent, Successful Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation After Cardiac Arrest as a "Sepsis-Like" Syndrome, Circulation, vol.106, issue.5, pp.562-570, 2002.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000023891.80661.AD

H. Jiang, W. Xue, and D. Li, Influence of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration on the course of acute pancreatitis, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.11, issue.31, pp.4815-4836, 2005.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v11.i31.4815

S. Mandolfo, F. Galli, and S. Costa, Factors influencing permanent catheter performance, J Vasc Access, vol.2, pp.106-115, 2001.

Z. Ricci and C. Ronco, Pre- versus Post-Dilution CVVH, Blood Purification, vol.23, issue.4, p.338, 2005.
DOI : 10.1159/000087772

R. Bellomo, H. Tan, and S. Bhonagiri, High protein intake during continuous hemodiafiltration: impact on amino acids and nitrogen balance, Int J Artif Organs, vol.25, pp.261-269, 2002.

N. Maxvold, W. Smoyer, J. Custer, and T. Bunchman, Amino acid loss and nitrogen balance in critically ill children with acute renal failure: A prospective comparison between classic hemofiltration and hemofiltration with dialysis, Critical Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.4, pp.1161-1166, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200004000-00041

N. Srisawat, L. Lawsin, and S. Uchino, Cost of acute renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit: results from The Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (BEST Kidney) Study, Critical Care, vol.14, issue.2, p.46, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/cc8933

T. Rimmele, D. Hayi-slayman, and M. Page, L???h??mofiltration en cascade??: principe, premi??res donn??es exp??rimentales, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.28, issue.3, pp.249-52, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2009.01.003

T. Rimmele, P. Wey, and N. Bernard, Hemofiltration With the Cascade System in an Experimental Porcine Model of Septic Shock, Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol.30, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00655.x

T. Agishi, I. Kaneko, and Y. Hasuo, Double Filtration Plasmapheresis, Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol.8, issue.1, pp.406-417, 1980.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1526-0968.2000.00237.x

M. Valbonesi and G. Giannini, Nine Years of Cascade Filtration for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol.3, issue.2, pp.87-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1101(1999)14:1<9::AID-JCA2>3.3.CO;2-V

T. Rimmele, A. Assadi, and F. Benatir, Validation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa porcine model of septic shock, Journal of Infection, vol.53, issue.3, pp.199-205, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.10.023

H. Freise, U. Bruckner, and H. Spiegel, Animal Models of Sepsis, Journal of Investigative Surgery, vol.154, issue.9, pp.195-212, 2001.
DOI : 10.1080/089419301750420232

J. Han, A. Windsor, and D. Drenning, RELEASE OF ENDOTHELIN IN RELATION TO TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-?? IN PORCINE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA-INDUCED SEPTIC SHOCK, Shock, vol.1, issue.5, pp.343-349, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00024382-199405000-00004

N. Herity, J. Allen, B. Silke, and A. Adgey, Inhaled nitric oxide in combination with volume resuscitation refines a porcine model of endotoxic shock, Irish Journal of Medical Science, vol.328, issue.7, pp.172-177, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03173883

B. Allaouchiche, F. Duflo, and R. Debon, Influence of sepsis on minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane in a porcine model, BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.87, issue.2, pp.280-283, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/87.2.280

B. Allaouchiche, F. Duflo, and J. Tournadre, Influence of sepsis on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in a porcine model??, British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol.86, issue.6, pp.832-838, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/bja/86.6.832

E. Murphey and D. Traber, Pretreatment with tumor necrosis factor-?? attenuates arterial hypotension and mortality induced by endotoxin in pigs, Critical Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.6, pp.2015-2036, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200006000-00056

S. Parker and P. Watkins, Experimental models of Gram-negative sepsis, British Journal of Surgery, vol.163, issue.1, pp.22-30, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01632.x

E. Deitch, ANIMAL MODELS OF SEPSIS AND SHOCK, Shock, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00024382-199801000-00001

C. Ritter, M. Andrades, F. Junior, and M. , Oxidative parameters and mortality in sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1782-1791, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-1789-9

C. Esmon, Why do animal models (sometimes) fail to mimic human sepsis?, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.Supplement, pp.219-241, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000127036.27343.48

F. Wyler, J. Neutze, and A. Rudolph, Effects of endotoxin on distribution of cardiac output in unanesthetized rabbits, Am J Physiol, vol.219, pp.246-51, 1970.

J. Haberstroh, H. Breuer, and I. Lucke, EFFECT OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN GRANULOCYTE COLONY- STIMULATING FACTOR ON HEMODYNAMIC AND CYTOKINE RESPONSE IN A PORCINE MODEL OF PSEUDOMONAS SEPSIS, Shock, vol.4, issue.3, pp.216-240, 1995.
DOI : 10.1097/00024382-199509000-00011

J. Haberstroh, K. Wiese, and A. Geist, EFFECT OF DELAYED TREATMENT WITH RECOMBINANT HUMAN GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR ON SURVIVAL AND PLASMA CYTOKINE LEVELS IN A NON-NEUTROPENIC PORCINE MODEL OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA SEPSIS, SHOCK, vol.9, issue.2, pp.128-162, 1998.
DOI : 10.1097/00024382-199802000-00009

B. Santak, P. Radermacher, and J. Adler, Effect of increased cardiac output on liver blood flow, oxygen exchange and metabolic rate during longterm endotoxin-induced shock in pigs, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol.41, issue.8, pp.1689-97, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701998

K. Trager, P. Radermacher, and K. Rieger, -arginine in Porcine Septic Shock, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol.159, issue.6, pp.1758-65, 1999.
DOI : 10.1164/ajrccm.159.6.9808040

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00389949

L. Casey, R. Balk, and R. Bone, Plasma Cytokine and Endotoxin Levels Correlate with Survival in Patients with the Sepsis Syndrome, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol.119, issue.8, pp.771-779, 1993.
DOI : 10.7326/0003-4819-119-8-199310150-00001

F. Riche, B. Cholley, and Y. Panis, Inflammatory cytokine response in patients with septic shock secondary to generalized peritonitis, Critical Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.2, pp.433-440, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200002000-00024

E. Girardin and J. Dayer, [Cytokines and antagonists in septic shock], Schweiz Med Wochenschr, vol.123, pp.480-91, 1993.

S. Morgera, M. Haase, and T. Kuss, Pilot study on the effects of high cutoff hemofiltration on the need for norepinephrine in septic patients with acute renal failure*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.34, issue.8, pp.2099-104, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000229147.50592.F9

T. Rimmele, A. Assadi, and M. Cattenoz, High-volume haemofiltration with a new haemofiltration membrane having enhanced adsorption properties in septic pigs, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.24, issue.2, pp.421-428, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfn518

D. Vriese, A. Colardyn, F. Philippe, and J. , Cytokine removal during continuous hemofiltration in septic patients, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.10, pp.846-53, 1999.

P. Heering, S. Morgera, and F. Schmitz, Cytokine removal and cardiovascular hemodynamics in septic patients with continuous venovenous hemofiltration, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.23, issue.3, pp.288-96, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340050330

A. Sander, W. Armbruster, and B. Sander, Hemofiltration increases IL-6 clearance in early systemic inflammatory response syndrome but does not alter IL-6 and TNF?? plasma concentrations, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.23, issue.8, pp.878-84, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s001340050425

S. Morgera, D. Klonower, and J. Rocktaschel, TNF-?? elimination with high cut-off haemofilters: a feasible clinical modality for septic patients?, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.18, issue.7, pp.1361-1370, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfg115

M. Joannidis, Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Sepsis and Multisystem Organ Failure, Seminars in Dialysis, vol.19, issue.2, pp.160-164, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2008.00552.x

M. Haase, W. Silvester, and S. Uchino, A pilot study of high-adsorption hemofiltration in human septic shock, Int J Artif Organs, vol.30, pp.108-125, 2007.

M. Formica, P. Inguaggiato, S. Bainotti, and M. Wratten, Coupled Plasma Filtration Adsorption, Contrib Nephrol, vol.156, pp.405-415, 2007.
DOI : 10.1159/000102131

M. Page, D. Hayi-slayman, and C. Ber, Utilisation de??la??coupled plasma filtration adsorption au??cours du??traitement d'un choc septique, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.26, issue.11, pp.990-993, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2007.09.005

C. Ronco, A. Brendolan, and V. Intini, Coupled Plasma Filtration Adsorption: Rationale, Technical Development and Early Clinical Experience, Blood Purification, vol.21, issue.6, pp.409-425, 2003.
DOI : 10.1159/000073444

K. Schroeder, J. Sallustio, and E. Ross, Continuous haematocrit monitoring during intradialytic hypotension: precipitous decline in plasma refill rates, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.19, issue.3, pp.652-658, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfg590

F. Mariano, C. Tetta, and M. Stella, Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Critically Ill Patients Treated with Plasma Filtration and Adsorption, Blood Purification, vol.22, issue.3, pp.313-322, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000078788

M. Formica, C. Olivieri, and S. Livigni, Hemodynamic response to coupled plasmafiltration-adsorption in human septic shock, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.287, issue.5, pp.703-711, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-1724-0

C. Bouman, H. Oudemans-van-straaten, M. Schultz, and M. Vroom, Hemofiltration in sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome: The role of dosing and timing, Journal of Critical Care, vol.22, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcrc.2006.05.002

P. Palevsky, Clinical review: Timing and dose of continuous renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury, Critical Care, vol.11, issue.6, p.232, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/cc6121

C. Tetta, J. Cavaillon, and G. Camussi, Continuous plasma filtration coupled with sorbents, Kidney Int, vol.66, pp.186-195, 1998.

C. Tetta, L. Gianotti, and J. Cavaillon, Coupled plasma filtration-adsorption in a rabbit model of endotoxic shock, Critical Care Medicine, vol.28, issue.5, pp.1526-1559, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200005000-00045

R. Sykora, J. Chvojka, and A. Krouzecky, COUPLED PLASMA FILTRATION ADSORPTION IN EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS-INDUCED SEPTIC SHOCK, Shock, vol.31, issue.5, pp.473-80, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/SHK.0b013e318188dec5

M. Stengl, R. Sykora, and J. Chvojka, DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF HEMOFILTRATION AND OF COUPLED PLASMA FILTRATION ADSORPTION ON CARDIAC REPOLARIZATION IN PIGS WITH HYPERDYNAMIC SEPTIC SHOCK, Shock, vol.33, issue.1, pp.101-106
DOI : 10.1097/SHK.0b013e3181ab6359

M. Page and T. Rimmele, Coupled plasma filtration adsorption: rationale and perspectives in septic shock, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesth??sie, vol.46, issue.12, pp.847-52, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03034056

R. Bellomo, C. Tetta, and C. Ronco, Coupled plasma filtration adsorption, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.29, issue.8, pp.1222-1230, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-003-1796-x

P. Lentini, D. Cruz, and F. Nalesso, A pilot study comparing pulse high volume hemofiltration (pHVHF) and coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in septic shock patients, Ital Nefrol, vol.26, pp.695-703, 2009.

H. Mao, S. Yu, and X. Yu, Effects of coupled plasma filtration adsorption on immune function of patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Int J Artif Organs, vol.32, pp.31-39, 2009.

H. Aoki, M. Kodama, T. Tani, and K. Hanasawa, Treatment of sepsis by extracorporeal elimination of endotoxin using polymyxin B-inimobilized fiber, The American Journal of Surgery, vol.167, issue.4, pp.412-419, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9610(94)90126-0

J. Kellum, M. Song, and R. Venkataraman, Hemoadsorption removes tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10, reduces nuclear factor-??B DNA binding, and improves short-term survival in lethal endotoxemia*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.32, issue.3, pp.801-806, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.CCM.0000114997.39857.69

J. Cohen, M. Aslam, C. Pusey, and C. Ryan, Protection from Endotoxemia: A Rat Model of Plasmapheresis and Specific Adsorption with Polymyxin B, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.155, issue.4, pp.690-695, 1987.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/155.4.690

H. Shoji, Extracorporeal Endotoxin Removal For The Treatment of Sepsis:Endotoxin Adsorption Cartridge (Toraymyxin), Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol.5, issue.1, pp.108-122, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/jca.10019

D. Cruz, M. Antonelli, and R. Fumagalli, Early Use of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion in Abdominal Septic Shock, JAMA, vol.301, issue.23, pp.2445-52, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2009.856

J. Kellum and S. Uchino, International Differences in the Treatment of Sepsis, JAMA, vol.301, issue.23, pp.2496-2503, 2009.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.2009.850

V. Cantaluppi, B. Assenzio, and D. Pasero, Polymyxin-B hemoperfusion inactivates circulating proapoptotic factors, Intensive Care Medicine, vol.26, issue.9, pp.1638-1683, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00134-008-1124-6

S. Kanesaka, J. Sasaki, and M. Kuzume, Effect of direct hemoperfusion using polymyxin B immobilized fiber on inflammatory mediators in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, Int J Artif Organs, vol.31, pp.891-898, 2008.

J. Vincent, P. Laterre, and J. Cohen, A PILOT-CONTROLLED STUDY OF A POLYMYXIN B-IMMOBILIZED HEMOPERFUSION CARTRIDGE IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SEPSIS SECONDARY TO INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTION, Shock, vol.23, issue.5, pp.400-405, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.shk.0000159930.87737.8a

D. Cruz, M. Perazella, and R. Bellomo, Effectiveness of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in sepsis: a systematic review, Critical Care, vol.11, issue.2, p.47, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/cc5780

Z. Peng, M. Carter, and J. Kellum, Effects of hemoadsorption on cytokine removal and short-term survival in septic rats, Critical Care Medicine, vol.36, issue.5, pp.1573-1580, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318170b9a7

T. Rimmelé, J. Bishop, and P. Simon, What Blood Temperature for an Ex Vivo Extracorporeal Circuit?, Artificial Organs, vol.29, issue.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01147.x

L. Cole, R. Bellomo, and P. Davenport, Cytokine removal during continuous renal replacement therapy: an ex vivo comparison of convection and diffusion, Int J Artif Organs, vol.27, pp.388-97, 2004.

L. Cole, R. Bellomo, and P. Davenport, The effect of coupled haemofiltration and adsorption on inflammatory cytokines in an ex vivo model, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.17, issue.11, pp.1950-1956, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/17.11.1950

M. Haase, R. Bellomo, and I. Baldwin, The effect of three different miniaturized blood purification devices on plasma cytokine concentration in an ex vivo model of endotoxinemia, Int J Artif Organs, vol.31, pp.722-731, 2008.

C. Tetta, J. Cavaillon, and M. Schulze, Removal of cytokines and activated complement components in an experimental model of continuous plasma filtration coupled with sorbent adsorption, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1458-64, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/13.6.1458

S. Uchino, R. Bellomo, and H. Morimatsu, Cytokine Dialysis: An Ex Vivo Study, ASAIO Journal, vol.48, issue.6
DOI : 10.1097/00002480-200211000-00013

A. Kato, S. Singh, and K. Mcleish, Mechanisms of hypothermic protection against ischemic liver injury in mice, American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol.282, issue.4, pp.608-624, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpgi.00454.2001

K. Polderman, Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia, Critical Care Medicine, vol.37, issue.Supplement, pp.186-202, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181aa5241

C. Webster, S. Kelly, and M. Koike, Inflammation and NF??B activation is decreased by hypothermia following global cerebral ischemia, Neurobiology of Disease, vol.33, issue.2, pp.301-313, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nbd.2008.11.001

K. Ueyama, K. Nishimura, and T. Nishina, PMEA Coating of Pump Circuit and Oxygenator May Attenuate the Early Systemic Inflammatory Response in Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery, ASAIO Journal, vol.50, issue.4, pp.369-72, 2004.
DOI : 10.1097/01.MAT.0000130679.55946.4D

M. Tanaka, T. Motomura, and M. Kawada, Blood compatible aspects of poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PMEA)???relationship between protein adsorption and platelet adhesion on PMEA surface, Biomaterials, vol.21, issue.14, pp.1471-81, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00031-4

H. Oudemans-van-straaten, Primum non nocere, safety of continuous renal replacement therapy, Current Opinion in Critical Care, vol.13, issue.6, pp.635-642, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282f161b2

G. Aldea, O. Gara, P. Shapira, and O. , Effect of Anticoagulation Protocol on Outcome in Patients Undergoing CABG With Heparin-Bonded Cardiopulmonary Bypass Circuits, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol.65, issue.2, pp.425-458, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-4975(97)01347-7

P. Jansen, H. Velthuis, and R. Huybregts, Reduced complement activation and improved postoperative performance after cardiopulmonary bypass with heparin-coated circuits, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol.110, issue.3, pp.829-863, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70117-6

J. Courtney, X. Zhao, and H. Qian, Biomaterials in cardiopulmonary bypass, Perfusion, vol.32, issue.4, pp.263-270, 1999.
DOI : 10.1177/026765919901400405

W. Clark and D. Gao, Low-molecular weight proteins in end-stage renal disease: potential toxicity and dialytic removal mechanisms, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.13, issue.1, pp.41-48, 2002.

M. Aibiki, S. Maekawa, and S. Ogura, Effect of Moderate Hypothermia on Systemic and Internal Jugular Plasma IL-6 Levels After Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.16, issue.3, pp.225-257, 1999.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.1999.16.225

W. Dietrich, K. Chatzipanteli, and E. Vitarbo, The role of inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology and treatment of brain and spinal cord trauma, Acta Neurochir, vol.89, pp.69-74, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-0603-7_9

A. Kimura, S. Sakurada, and H. Ohkuni, Moderate hypothermia delays proinflammatory cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells*, Critical Care Medicine, vol.30, issue.7, pp.1499-502, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00003246-200207000-00017

E. Suehiro, H. Fujisawa, and T. Akimura, Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Blood in Association with Activation of Interleukin-6 after Traumatic Brain Injury: Influence of Hypothermic Therapy, Journal of Neurotrauma, vol.21, issue.12, pp.1706-1717, 2004.
DOI : 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1706

M. Yenari and H. Han, Influence of hypothermia on post-ischemic inflammation: Role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF??B), Neurochemistry International, vol.49, issue.2, pp.164-173, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.03.016

M. Habbal, H. Carter, and L. Smith, Neutrophil activation in paediatric extracorporeal circuits: effect of circulation and temperature variation, Cardiovascular Research, vol.29, issue.1, pp.102-109, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-6363(96)88553-1

S. Morgera, M. Haase, and J. Rocktaschel, Intermittent High-Permeability Hemofiltration Modulates Inflammatory Response in Septic Patients with Multiorgan Failure, Nephron Clinical Practice, vol.94, issue.3, pp.75-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.1159/000072024

M. Haase, R. Bellomo, and I. Baldwin, Hemodialysis Membrane With a High-Molecular-Weight Cutoff and Cytokine Levels in Sepsis Complicated by Acute Renal Failure: A Phase 1 Randomized Trial, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.50, issue.2, pp.296-304, 2007.
DOI : 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.05.003

S. Morgera, T. Slowinski, and C. Melzer, Renal replacement therapy with high-cutoff hemofilters: impact of convection and diffusion on cytokine clearances and protein status, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.43, issue.3, pp.444-53, 2004.
DOI : 10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.11.006

S. Brunet, M. Leblanc, and D. Geadah, Diffusive and convective solute clearances during continuous renal replacement therapy at various dialysate and ultrafiltration flow rates, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.34, issue.3, pp.486-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-6386(99)70076-4

Z. Ricci, C. Ronco, D. Amico, and G. , Practice patterns in the management of acute renal failure in the critically ill patient: an international survey, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.21, issue.3, pp.690-696, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfi296

R. Pellicano, K. Polkinghorne, and P. Kerr, Reduction in ??2-Microglobulin With Super-flux Versus High-flux Dialysis Membranes: Results of a 6-Week, Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Trial, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.52, issue.1, pp.93-101, 2008.
DOI : 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.02.296

G. Cohen, M. Haag-weber, and B. Mai, Effect of immunoglobulin light chains from hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients on polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions, J Am Soc Nephrol, vol.6, pp.1592-1601, 1995.

C. Hutchison, S. Harding, and G. Mead, Serum Free-Light Chain Removal by High Cutoff Hemodialysis: Optimizing Removal and Supportive Care, Artificial Organs, vol.62, issue.12, pp.910-917, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2008.00653.x

F. Mariano, V. Fonsato, and G. Lanfranco, Tailoring high-cut-off membranes and feasible application in sepsis-associated acute renal failure: in vitro studies, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.20, issue.6, pp.1116-1142, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfh776

T. Rimmelé, P. Wey, and N. Bernard, Hemofiltration With the Cascade System in an Experimental Porcine Model of Septic Shock, Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, vol.30, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2009.00655.x

T. Rimmelé, A. Assadi, and F. Benatir, Validation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa porcine model of septic shock, Journal of Infection, vol.53, issue.3, pp.199-205, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.10.023

T. Rimmelé, A. Assadi, and M. Cattenoz, High-volume haemofiltration with a new haemofiltration membrane having enhanced adsorption properties in septic pigs, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.24, issue.2, pp.421-428, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/gfn518

M. Page and T. Rimmele, Coupled plasma filtration adsorption: rationale and perspectives in septic shock, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesth??sie, vol.46, issue.12, pp.847-52, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03034056

T. Rimmelé, D. Hayi-slayman, and M. Page, L???h??mofiltration en cascade??: principe, premi??res donn??es exp??rimentales, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.28, issue.3, pp.249-52, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2009.01.003

M. Page, D. Hayi-slayman, and C. Ber, Utilisation de??la??coupled plasma filtration adsorption au??cours du??traitement d'un choc septique, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.26, issue.11, pp.990-993, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2007.09.005

T. Rimmelé, J. Bishop, and P. Simon, What Blood Temperature for an Ex Vivo Extracorporeal Circuit?, Artificial Organs, vol.29, issue.1, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01147.x