J. C. Abric, Les représentations sociales : aspects théoriques, Pratiques sociales et représentations, 1994.

J. C. Abric, Méthodes d'étude des représentations sociales, 2003.

C. S. Ang, P. Zaphiris, and S. Mahmood, A model of cognitive loads in massively multiplayer online role playing games, Interacting with Computers, vol.19, issue.2, pp.167-179, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.intcom.2006.08.006

R. Avidgor, Etude expérimentale de la genèse des stéréotypes. Cahiers Internationaux de sociologie, pp.154-168, 1953.

J. A. Bargh and K. Y. Mckenna, The Internet and Social Life, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.573-590, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922

D. Bem, Self-Perception Theory, Advances in experimental social psychology, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60024-6

S. L. Bem, The measurement of psychological androgyny., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol.42, issue.2, pp.155-162, 1974.
DOI : 10.1037/h0036215

S. L. Bem, Androgyny and gender schema theory: a conceptual and empirical integration, Psychology and Gender. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1984.

C. R. Berger and R. J. Calabrese, SOME EXPLORATIONS IN INITIAL INTERACTION AND BEYOND: TOWARD A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION, Human Communication Research, vol.26, issue.2, pp.99-112, 1975.
DOI : 10.1177/001872675400700202

B. O. Bergum and D. J. Lehr, Effects of authoritarianism on vigilance performance., Journal of Applied Psychology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.75-77, 1963.
DOI : 10.1037/h0043188

V. Berry, L'industrie du jeu vidéo en ligne : construction et déconstruction d'un loisir culturel, 2006.

K. Bouas-henry, H. Arrow, and B. Carini, A Tripartite Model of Group Identification: Theory and Measurement, Small Group Research, vol.30, issue.5, pp.558-581, 1999.
DOI : 10.1177/104649649903000504

P. Bourdieu, La production de la croyance, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, vol.13, issue.1, pp.3-43, 1977.
DOI : 10.3406/arss.1977.3493

P. Bourdieu, La domination masculine, Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, vol.84, issue.1, 1998.
DOI : 10.3406/arss.1990.2947

C. Brems and M. E. Johnson, Reexamination of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: The Interpersonal BSRI, Journal of Personality Assessment, vol.55, pp.3-4, 1990.

M. B. Brewer, In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis., Psychological Bulletin, vol.86, issue.2, pp.307-324, 1979.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307

D. T. Campbell, Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities, Behavioral Science, vol.20, issue.1, pp.14-25, 1958.
DOI : 10.1002/bs.3830030103

B. Chappe, M. Brauer, and E. Castano, Advantaged groups are more variable than disadvantaged groups: The case of preferences and habits, Current Psychology of Cognition, vol.22, pp.407-425, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00114676

A. Chatard, S. Guimond, F. Lorenzi-cioldi, and M. Désert, Domination masculine et identit?? de genre, Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale, vol.67, issue.3, pp.67-68, 2005.
DOI : 10.3917/cips.067.0113

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=CIPS_067_0113

C. H. Chen, J. L. Hsieh, and C. T. Sun, Player Guild Dynamics and Evolution in Massively Multiplayer Online Games, CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol.11, issue.3, pp.293-301, 2008.
DOI : 10.1089/cpb.2007.0066

T. Chesney, Online self disclosure in diaries and its implications for knowledge managers UK Academy for Information Systems Conference Proceedings, 2005.

N. Chokier and P. Moliner, La ????zone muette???? des repr??sentations sociales, pression normative et/ou comparaison sociale???, Bulletin de psychologie, vol.483, issue.3, pp.59-281, 2006.
DOI : 10.3917/bupsy.483.0281

N. Chokier and P. Rateau, Représentations sociales et comparaison soi-autrui, 2009.

K. N. Christopherson, The positive and negative implications of anonymity in Internet social interactions: ???On the Internet, Nobody Knows You???re a Dog???, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.23, issue.6, pp.3038-3056, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chb.2006.09.001

R. B. Cialdini, Influence: How and Why People Agree to Things, 1985.

J. Cooper and M. A. Hogg, Dissonance arousal and the collective self: Vicarious experience of dissonance based on shared group membership, 2002.

. Williams, The social self: Cognitive, interpersonal, and intergroup perspectives, pp.327-341

J. Cooper and M. A. Hogg, Feeling The Anguish Of Others: A Theory Of Vicarious Dissonance, Advances in experimental social psychology, pp.359-403, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39007-7

J. Cooper and J. Stone, Cognitive dissonance and the social group Attitudes, behaviors and social context: The role of norms and group membership, pp.227-244, 2000.

O. Corneille, La catégorisation sociale La psychologie sociale: l'ère de la cognition, 1997.

C. S. Crandall, A. Eshleman, and L. T. O-'brien, Social norms and the expression and suppression of prejudice: The struggle for internalization., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.82, issue.3, pp.359-378, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359

F. Crosby, S. Bromley, and L. Saxe, Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review., Psychological Bulletin, vol.87, issue.3, pp.546-563, 1980.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.87.3.546

C. Crumlish, The Power of Many: Howthe Living Web is Transforming Politics, Business and Everyday Life, 2004.

A. C. Dafflon, Perception d'homogénéité dans les groupes. Effet des positions statutaires respectives des groupes, 1999.

R. L. Daft and R. H. Lengel, Information richness: A new approach to managerial behavior and organizational design, Research in Organizational Behavior, vol.6, pp.191-233, 1984.

R. L. Daft and R. H. Lengel, Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design, Management Science, vol.32, issue.5, pp.554-571, 1986.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.32.5.554

M. Dambrun, S. Guimond, and S. Duarte, The impact of hierarchy-enhancing vs attenuating academic major on stereotyping : the mediating role of perceived social norm, Current Research in Social Psychology, vol.7, issue.8, pp.114-136, 2002.

J. M. Darley and B. Latane, Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.8, issue.4, Pt.1, pp.377-383, 1968.
DOI : 10.1037/h0025589

K. Deaux and T. Emswiller, Explanations of successful performance on sex-linked tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.80-85, 1974.
DOI : 10.1037/h0035733

G. Desanctis and M. S. Poole, Capturing the Complexity in Advanced Technology Use: Adaptive Structuration Theory, Organization Science, vol.5, issue.2, pp.121-147, 1994.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.5.2.121

J. C. Deschamps, Imputation de la responsabilité de l'échec (ou de la réussite) et catégorisation sociale, Bulletin de psychologie, vol.26, pp.794-806, 1972.

J. C. Deschamps, L'attribution, la catégorisation sociale et les représentations intergroupes, Bulletin de psychologie, vol.13, issue.14, pp.710-721, 1973.

J. C. Deschamps, Au delà des théories « classiques » de l'attribution, 1996.

J. C. Deschamps, Les relations entre identité individuelle et collective ou comment la similitude et la différence peuvent covarier, 1999.

J. C. Deschamps and J. Beauvois, Attributions intergroupes, Stéréotypes, discrimination et relations intergroupes, pp.97-126, 1994.

J. C. Deschamps and A. Clémence, L'explication quotidienne. Perspectives psychologiques, 2000.

J. C. Deschamps and P. Moliner, L'identité en psychologie sociale : Des processus identitaires aux représentations sociales, 2008.

P. G. Devine, Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.56, issue.1, pp.5-18, 1989.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5

E. Diener, Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation in group members, Psychology of group influence, pp.202-242, 1980.

E. Diener, S. C. Fraser, A. L. Beaman, and R. T. Kelem, Effects of deindividuation variables on stealing among Halloween trick-or-treaters., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.178-183, 1976.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.33.2.178

W. Doise, Rencontres et représentations intergroupes, Archives de Psychologie, vol.61, pp.303-320, 1973.

W. Doise, L'ancrage dans les études sur les représentations sociales, Bulletin de psychologie, vol.405, pp.189-195, 1992.

W. Doise, J. C. Deschamps, and G. Meyer, The accentuation of intra-category similarities Differenciation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, 1978.

K. M. Douglas, Psychology, discrimination and hate groups online, The Oxford handbook of Internet Psychology, pp.155-164, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0011

J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner, Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches, 1986.

J. F. Dovidio and S. L. Gaertner, Changes in the nature and assessment of racial prejudice Opening doors: An appraisal of race relations in contemporary, America, pp.201-241, 1991.

N. Dubois, A sociocognitive approach to social norms, 2003.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203167489

V. J. Dubrovsky, S. B. Kiesler, and B. N. Sethna, The Equalization Phenomenon: Status Effects in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Decision-Making Groups, Human-Computer Interaction, vol.39, issue.1, pp.119-146, 1991.
DOI : 10.1037//0033-2909.84.5.963

N. Ducheneaut, Massively Multiplayer Online Games as Living Laboratories: Opportunities and Pitfalls, Online Worlds: Convergence of the Real and the Virtual, pp.135-146, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-84882-825-4_11

N. Ducheneaut, E. Nickell, R. J. Moore, and N. Yee, Une solitude collective ? Observations sur le capital social dans un jeu video multijoueurs, 2007.

N. Ducheneaut, M. Wen, N. Yee, and G. Wadley, Body and mind, Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI 09, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1518701.1518877

N. Ducheneaut, N. Yee, E. Nickell, and R. J. Moore, The life and death of online gaming communities, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems , CHI '07, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1240624.1240750

B. L. Duncan, Differential social perception and attribution of intergroup violence: Testing the lower limits of stereotyping of Blacks., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.34, issue.4, pp.75-93, 1976.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.34.4.590

A. H. Eagly and A. Mladinic, Our people prejudiced against women? Some answers from research on attitudes, gender stereotypes and judgements of competence, 1994.

P. W. Eastwick and W. L. Gardner, Is it a game? Evidence for social influence in the virtual world, Social Influence, vol.10, issue.1, pp.18-32, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/15534510802254087

P. A. Ellison, J. M. Govern, H. L. Petri, and M. H. Figler, Anonymity and aggressive driving behavior: A field study, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, vol.10, pp.265-272, 1995.

J. F. Epstein, P. R. Barker, and L. A. Kroutil, Mode Effects in Self-Reported Mental Health Data, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol.65, issue.4, pp.529-549, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/323577

I. Falque-pierrotin, Rapport au premier ministre : Lutter contre le racisme sur internet, 2010.

R. H. Fazio, J. R. Jackson, B. C. Dunton, and C. J. Williams, Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.69, issue.6, pp.1013-1027, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013

M. Ferriter, Computer aided interviewing and the psychiatric social history, Social Work and Social Sciences Review, vol.4, pp.255-263, 1993.

L. Festinger, A Theory of Social Comparison Processes, Human Relations, vol.7, issue.2, pp.117-140, 1954.
DOI : 10.1177/001872675400700202

L. Festinger, A theory of cognitive dissonance, 1957.

L. Festinger, Théorie des processus de comparaison sociale, 1971.

. Moscovici, Psychologie sociale théorique et expérimentale

L. Festinger, A. Pepitone, and T. Newcomb, Some consequences of de-individuation in a group., The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, vol.47, issue.2, Suppl, pp.382-389, 1952.
DOI : 10.1037/h0057906

S. T. Fiske and S. E. Taylor, Social cognition, 1991.
DOI : 10.4135/9781446286395

C. Flament, C. Guimelli, and J. C. Abric, Effets de masquage dans l'expression d'une repr??sentation sociale, Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale, vol.69, issue.1, pp.15-31, 2006.
DOI : 10.3917/cips.069.0015

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=CIPS_069_0015

C. Flament and L. Milland, La substitution dans les études de représentations sociales : quel processus impliqué ? Psychologie Française, pp.195-210, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.psfr.2010.05.003

C. Flament and M. L. Rouquette, Anatomie des idées ordinaires : Comment étudier les représentations sociales, 2003.

M. Frank and T. Gilovich, The dark side of self- and social perception: Black uniforms and aggression in professional sports., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.1, pp.74-85, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.54.1.74

A. Frick, M. T. Bächtiger, and U. Reips, Financial incentives, personal information, and drop-outs in online studies, Dimensions of Internet science, 2001.

K. Gergen, M. Gergen, and W. H. Barton, Deviance in the dark, Psychology Today, vol.11, pp.129-130, 1973.
DOI : 10.1037/e400532009-005

D. T. Gilbert and J. G. Hixon, The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.60, issue.4, pp.509-517, 1991.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509

D. E. Glasford, J. F. Dovidio, and F. Pratto, I Continue to Feel So Good About Us: In-Group Identification and the Use of Social Identity???Enhancing Strategies to Reduce Intragroup Dissonance, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.86, issue.4, pp.415-427, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/0146167208329216

D. E. Glasford, F. Pratto, and J. F. Dovidio, Intragroup dissonance: Responses to ingroup violation of personal values, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.44, issue.4, pp.1057-1064, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jesp.2007.10.004

G. R. Goethals, D. Messick, and S. Allison, The uniqueness bias: Studies of constructive social comparison, Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research, pp.149-176, 1991.

J. H. Greist, M. H. Klein, and L. J. Vancura, A Computer Interview for Psychiatric Patient Target Symptoms, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.29, issue.2, pp.247-253, 1973.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200020071010

N. Guéguen, Foot-in-the-door technique and computer-mediated communication, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.18, issue.1, pp.11-15, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00033-4

N. Guéguen and C. Jacob, Fund-Raising on the Web: The Effect of an Electronic Foot-in-the-Door on Donation, CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol.4, issue.6, pp.705-709, 2001.
DOI : 10.1089/109493101753376650

C. Guimelli, Normativité, représentations sociales et stratégies de masquage, 2009.

C. Guimelli and J. C. Deschamps, Effets de contexte sur la production d'associations verbales : Le cas des représentations sociales des Gitans, pp.44-54, 2000.

S. Guimond, Processus de socialisation dans l'enseignement supérieur : le pouvoir de la connaissance, 20 ans de recherches expérimentales en psychologie sociale francophone, pp.231-272, 1998.

G. Haddock and M. P. Zanna, On the use of open-ended measures to assess attitudinal components, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.129-149, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01161.x

D. Haraway, A Cyborg Manifesto, Feminism/postmodernism, pp.190-233, 1990.
DOI : 10.5749/minnesota/9780816650477.003.0001

S. A. Haslam and J. C. Turner, Context-dependent variation in social stereotyping 2: The relationship between frame of reference, self-categorization and accentuation, European Journal of Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.3, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/ejsp.2420220305

S. C. Hayne, C. E. Pollard, and R. E. Rice, Identification of comment authorship in anonymous group support systems, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol.20, issue.1, pp.301-329, 2003.

S. C. Hayne and R. E. Rice, Attribution accuracy when using anonymity in group support systems, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.47, issue.3, pp.429-452, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/ijhc.1997.0134

F. Heider, The psychology of interpersonal relations, 1958.
DOI : 10.1037/10628-000

S. C. Herring, Gender and Democracy in Computer-Mediated Communication, Electronic Journal of Communication Research, vol.3, issue.2, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-415040-9.50121-4

M. A. Hogg, Le concept de cohésion reformulé : une approche en termes de catégorisation et d'identité sociale Relations humaines, groupes et influence sociale, 1995.

M. A. Hogg and J. R. Smith, Attitudes in social context: A social identity perspective, European Review of Social Psychology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.89-131, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/0146167203261297

M. A. Hogg and J. C. Turner, Intergroup behaviour, self-stereotyping and the salience of social categories, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.325-340, 1987.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00795.x

D. J. Isenberg, Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.50, issue.6, pp.1141-1151, 1986.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141

M. Jauron, G. Bouchard, and J. Lajoie, Les relations amoureuses par Internet, pp.139-148, 2007.

J. M. Jellison and J. Green, A self-presentation approach to the fundamental attribution error: The norm of internality., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.40, issue.4, pp.643-649, 1981.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.40.4.643

R. Johnson and L. Downing, Deindividuation and valence of cues: Effects on prosocial and antisocial behavior., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1532-1538, 1979.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1532

A. N. Joinson, Social desirability, anonymity, and internet-based questionnaires, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol.29, issue.3, pp.433-438, 1999.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03200723

A. N. Joinson, Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity, European Journal of Social Psychology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.177-192, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/ejsp.36

A. N. Joinson, K. Mckenna, T. Postmes, and U. Reips, The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.001.0001

A. N. Joinson and C. B. Paine, Self-disclosure, privacy and the Internet, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0016

A. N. Joinson, A. Woodley, and U. Reips, Personalization, authentication and self-disclosure in self-administered Internet surveys, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.23, issue.1, pp.275-285, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.012

J. T. Jost and M. R. Banaji, The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.33, issue.1, pp.1-27, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x

D. A. Kenny, L. Voie, and L. , Separating individual and group effects., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.48, issue.2, pp.339-348, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.339

C. A. Kiesler, Sequential events in commitment1, Journal of Personality, vol.28, issue.1, pp.65-78, 1977.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00593.x

C. A. Kiesler, R. Mathog, P. Pool, and R. Howenstine, Commitment and the boomerang effect: A field study The psychology of commitment: Experiments linking behavior to belief, pp.74-85, 1971.

C. A. Kiesler and J. Sakumura, A test of a model for commitment., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.349-353, 1966.
DOI : 10.1037/h0022943

S. Kiesler, J. Siegel, and T. W. Mcguire, Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication., American Psychologist, vol.39, issue.10, pp.1123-1134, 1984.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123

S. Kiesler and L. S. Sproull, Response Effects in the Electronic Survey, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol.50, issue.3, pp.402-413, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/268992

O. Klein, R. Livingston, and M. Snyder, Etre ou ne pas être politiquement correct ? La relation entre préjugé et expression d'impressions stéréotypées en fonction du selfmonitoring, pp.67-68, 2005.
DOI : 10.3917/cips.067.0055

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/31294

O. Klein, R. Spears, and S. D. Reicher, Social Identity Performance: Extending the Strategic Side of SIDE, Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol.58, issue.1, pp.1-18, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/1088868306294588

M. Knobel, Racisme et Néo-nazisme sur le réseau Internet La lutte contre le racisme et la xénophobie, pp.35-42, 1997.

N. Lazzaro, Why we play games: four keys to emotion without story, 2004.

L. Bon and G. , The crowd: A study of the popular mind, 1995.

M. Lea and R. Giordano, Representations of the group and group processes in CSCW research: A case of premature closure, 1997.

. Gasser, Social Science, Technical systems and Cooperative Work: Beyond the Great Divide

M. Lea, T. O-'shea, P. Fung, and R. Spears, Flaming " in computer mediated communication: observations, explanations, implications, Contexts of computer-mediated communication, pp.30-65, 1992.

M. Lea and R. Spears, Computer-mediated communication, de-individuation and group decision-making, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol.34, issue.2, pp.283-301, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7373(91)90045-9

M. Lea and R. Spears, Paralanguage and social perception in computer???mediated communication, Journal of Organizational Computing, vol.9, issue.3-4, pp.321-341, 1992.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.32.11.1492

E. J. Lee, Deindividuation Effects on Group Polarization in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Role of Group Identification, Public-Self-Awareness, and Perceived Argument Quality, Journal of Communication, vol.35, issue.2, pp.385-403, 2007.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.50

E. J. Lee, Effects of Gendered Language on Gender Stereotyping in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Moderating Role of Depersonalization and Gender-Role Orientation, Human Communication Research, vol.40, issue.4, pp.515-535, 2007.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.341

E. J. Lee, Effects of Visual Representation on Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication., Human Communication Research, vol.23, issue.2, pp.234-259, 2004.
DOI : 10.1177/001872676401700403

L. Leets, Responses to Internet hate sites: Is speech too free in cyberspace? Communication Law and Policy, pp.287-317, 2001.

J. T. Lessler, R. A. Caspar, M. A. Penne, and P. R. Barker, Developing Computer Assisted Interviewing (CAI) for the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Journal of Drug Issues, vol.30, issue.1, pp.19-34, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/002204260003000102

R. A. Levine and D. T. Campbell, Ethnocentricism: theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes and group behavior, 1972.

J. Leyens, V. Yzerbyt, and G. Schadron, Stéréotypes et cognition sociale, 1996.

P. W. Linville, P. Salovey, and G. W. Fischer, Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception, 1986.

W. Lippmann, Public opinion, 1922.

S. D. Locke and B. O. Gilbert, Method of psychological assessment, self-disclosure, and experimental differences: A study of computer, questionnaire, and interview assessment formats, Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, vol.10, pp.255-263, 1995.

C. G. Lord, Social psychology, 1997.

F. Lorenzi-cioldi, Individus dominants et groupes dominés : Images masculines et féminines, 1988.

F. Lorenzi-cioldi, Les Androgynes, 1994.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.loren.1994.01

F. Lorenzi-cioldi, Dominants et dominés: Les identités des collections et des agrégats, 2009.

F. Lorenzi-cioldi, K. Deaux, and A. C. Dafflon, Group homogeneity as a function of relative social status, Swiss Journal of Psychology, vol.57, pp.255-273, 1998.

F. Lorenzi-cioldi, A. H. Eagly, and T. L. Stewart, Homogeneity of Gender Groups in Memory, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.31, issue.3, pp.193-217, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/jesp.1995.1010

J. M. Marques and D. Páez, The ???Black Sheep Effect???: Social Categorization, Rejection of Ingroup Deviates, and Perception of Group Variability, European Review of Social Psychology, vol.19, issue.1, pp.37-68, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1989.tb00855.x

K. Matheson, Social cues in computer-mediated negotiations: Gender makes a difference, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.7, issue.3, pp.137-145, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0747-5632(91)90003-J

D. C. Matz and W. Wood, Cognitive Dissonance in Groups: The Consequences of Disagreement., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.88, issue.1, pp.22-37, 2005.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.22

K. Y. Mckenna and J. Bargh, Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity "demarginalization" through virtual group participation., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.75, issue.3, pp.681-694, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.681

B. M. Mckimmie, D. J. Terry, and M. A. Hogg, Dissonance reduction in the context of group membership: The role of metaconsistency., Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, vol.13, issue.2, pp.103-119, 2009.
DOI : 10.1037/a0014554

B. M. Mckimmie, D. J. Terry, M. A. Hogg, A. S. Manstead, R. Spears et al., I'm a hypocrite, but so is everyone else: Group support and the reduction of cognitive dissonance., Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, vol.7, issue.3, pp.212-224, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037/1089-2699.7.3.214

M. S. Meadows, I, Avatar: The Culture and Consequences of Having a Second Life, 2008.

N. Merola, J. Pena, and J. Hancock, Avatar color and social identity effects: On attitudes and group dynamics in virtual realities. Paper presented at the ICA, 2006.

E. Michinov, La distance physique et ses effets dans les ??quipes de travail distribu??es??: une analyse psychosociale, Le travail humain, vol.71, issue.1, pp.1-21, 2008.
DOI : 10.3917/th.711.0001

N. Michinov, E. Michinov, and M. Toczek-capelle, Social Identity, Group Processes, and Performance in Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication., Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, vol.8, issue.1, pp.27-39, 2004.
DOI : 10.1037/1089-2699.8.1.27

B. Monin, M. I. Norton, J. Cooper, and M. A. Hogg, Reacting to an Assumed Situation vs. Conforming to an Assumed Reaction: The Role of Perceived Speaker Attitude in Vicarious Dissonance, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, pp.207-220, 2004.
DOI : 10.1177/1368430204046108

J. M. Monteil and P. Huguet, Réussir ou Échouer à l'École: Une Question de Contexte? Grenoble: Presses, 2002.

M. J. Monteith, N. E. Deneen, and G. D. Tooman, The Effect of Social Norm Activation on the Expression of Opinions Concerning Gay Men and Blacks, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, vol.18, issue.3, pp.267-288, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-3514.64.1.104

R. J. Moore, N. Ducheneaut, and E. Nickell, Doing Virtually Nothing: Awareness and Accountability in Massively Multiplayer Online Worlds, Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol.35, issue.4, pp.265-305, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10606-006-9021-4

S. Moscovici and M. Zavalloni, The group as a polarizer of attitudes., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.12, issue.2, pp.575-586, 1969.
DOI : 10.1037/h0027568

B. Nardi and J. Harris, Strangers and friends, Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work , CSCW '06, pp.149-158, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1180875.1180898

M. I. Norton, B. Monin, J. Cooper, and M. A. Hogg, Vicarious dissonance: Attitude change from the inconsistency of others., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.85, issue.1, pp.47-62, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.47

P. J. Oakes, The salience of social categories Rediscovering the social group: A selfcategorization theory, pp.117-141, 1987.

P. J. Oakes, S. A. Haslam, and J. C. Turner, Construction de l'identité à partir du contexte, L'identité sociale. La construction de l'individu dans les relations entre groupes, pp.103-125, 1999.

P. J. Oakes, J. C. Turner, and S. A. Haslam, Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.30, issue.2, pp.125-144, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00930.x

D. Oberlé and J. Beauvois, Cohésion et normativité, Relations humaines, groupes et influence sociale, pp.75-90, 1995.

M. S. Pallak, M. Mueller, K. Dollar, and J. Pallak, Effect of commitment on responsiveness to an extreme consonant communication., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.23, issue.3, pp.429-436, 1972.
DOI : 10.1037/h0033363

B. Park, C. S. Ryan, and C. M. Judd, Role of meaningful subgroups in explaining differences in perceived variability for in-groups and out-groups., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.63, issue.4, pp.553-567, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.553

M. R. Parks and K. Floyd, Making Friends in Cyberspace, Journal of Communication, vol.17, issue.1, pp.80-97, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/226906

M. R. Parks and L. D. Roberts, `Making Moosic': The Development of Personal Relationships on Line and a Comparison to their Off-Line Counterparts, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, vol.15, issue.4, pp.519-537, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/0265407598154005

T. Parsons and R. F. Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, 1955.

J. Pena, J. Hancock, and N. Merola, The Priming Effects of Avatars in Virtual Settings, Communication Research, vol.33, issue.9, pp.838-856, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/0093650209346802

T. F. Pettigrew, The Ultimate Attribution Error: Extending Allport's Cognitive Analysis of Prejudice, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.5, issue.4, pp.461-476, 1979.
DOI : 10.1177/014616727900500407

A. Pinsonneault and N. Heppel, Anonymity in Group Support Systems Research: A New Conceptualization, Measure, and Contingency Framework, Journal of Management Information Systems, vol.12, issue.3, pp.89-108, 1997.
DOI : 10.2466/pms.1988.67.3.763

E. A. Plant and P. G. Devine, Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.75, issue.3, pp.811-832, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.811

M. Poster, The mode of Information: poststructuralism and social context, 1990.

T. Postmes, The psychological dimensions of collective action, online, 2007.

T. Postmes and R. Spears, Deindividuation and antinormative behavior: A meta-analysis., Psychological Bulletin, vol.123, issue.3, pp.238-259, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.238

T. Postmes and R. Spears, Behavior Online: Does Anonymous Computer Communication Reduce Gender Inequality?, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.102, issue.8, pp.1073-1083, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/01461672022811006

T. Postmes, R. Spears, and S. Cihangir, Quality of decision making and group norms., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.80, issue.6, pp.918-930, 2001.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.918

T. Postmes, R. Spears, and M. Lea, Breaching or Building Social Boundaries?, Communication Research, vol.21, issue.6, pp.689-715, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/009365098025006006

T. Postmes, R. Spears, and M. Lea, The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication, Human Communication Research, vol.21, issue.3, pp.341-371, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00295.x

T. Postmes, R. Spears, and M. Lea, Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization., Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, vol.6, issue.1, pp.3-16, 2002.
DOI : 10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.3

T. Postmes, R. Spears, K. Sakhel, and D. De-groot, Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Effects of Anonymity on Group Behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.27, issue.10, pp.1243-1254, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/01461672012710001

S. Prentice-dunn and R. W. Rogers, Deindividuation and the self-regulation of behavior The psychology of group influence, pp.86-109, 1989.

G. A. Quattrone, On the perception of a group's variability, 1986.

. Austin, Psychology of intergroup relations

G. A. Quattrone and E. E. Jones, The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.38, issue.1, pp.141-152, 1980.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.38.1.141

P. Rateau, Procédure de substitution et nature des éléments des représentations sociales, pp.62-70, 2002.

P. Rateau and P. Moliner, Représentations sociales et processus sociocognitifs, 2009.

J. Rehm, M. Steinleitnet, and W. Lilli, Wearing uniforms and aggression???A field experiment, European Journal of Social Psychology, vol.25, issue.3, pp.357-360, 1987.
DOI : 10.1002/ejsp.2420170310

S. D. Reicher, The determination of collective behaviour, Social identity and intergroup relations, pp.41-83, 1982.

S. D. Reicher, Social influence in the crowd: Attitudinal and behavioural effects of de-individuation in conditions of high and low group salience*, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.23, issue.4, pp.341-350, 1984.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00650.x

S. D. Reicher, R. Spears, and T. Postmes, A Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Phenomena, European Review of Social Psychology, vol.7, issue.1, pp.161-198, 1995.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ps.30.020179.002221

H. Rheingold, The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier, 1993.

M. Ringelmann, Recherches sur les moteurs animés: Travail de l'homme, Annales de l'Institut National Agronomique, pp.1-40, 1913.

T. Robertson, Dissonance effects as conformity to consistency norms: The effect of anonymity and identity salience, British Journal of Social Psychology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.683-699, 2006.
DOI : 10.1348/014466605X82855

R. Robinson and R. West, A comparison of computer and questionnaire methods of history-taking in a genito-urinary clinic, Psychology & Health, vol.33, issue.1-2, pp.77-84, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1051

P. Rogers and M. Lea, Social presence in distributed group environments: The role of social identity, Behaviour & Information Technology, vol.24, issue.2, pp.151-158, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/01449290410001723472

E. Rosch, Principles of Categorization, Cognition and categorization, pp.27-48, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-1-4832-1446-7.50028-5

E. Rosch and B. B. Lloyd, Cognition and Categorization, 1978.

L. Ross, D. Greene, and P. House, The ???false consensus effect???: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.279-301, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-X

J. Sabini, Social psychology, 1995.

C. S. Saunders, D. Robey, and K. A. Vaverek, The Persistence of Status Differentials in Computer Conferencing, Human Communication Research, vol.150, issue.4, pp.443-472, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00295.x

M. F. Schober and F. G. Conrad, Survey Interviews and New Communication Technologies Envisioning the survey interview of the future, 2008.

C. E. Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, vol.27, issue.3, pp.379-423, 1948.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

M. Sherif, The psychology of social norms, 1936.

M. Sherif, O. J. Harvey, B. J. White, W. R. Hood, and C. W. Sherif, Intergroup cooperation and competition: The Robbers' cave experiment, 1961.

J. Short, E. Williams, and B. Christie, The social psychology of telecommunications, 1976.

J. Sidanius and F. Pratto, Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139175043

J. Siegel, V. J. Dubrovsky, S. Kiesler, and T. W. Mcguire, Group processes in computer mediated communication. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, pp.157-187, 1986.

C. R. Snyder and H. L. Fromkin, Uniqueness, 1980.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412956253.n596

M. Snyder, Self-monitoring of expressive behavior., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.526-537, 1974.
DOI : 10.1037/h0037039

R. Spears and M. Lea, Social influence and the influence of the ''social'' in computermediated communication, Contexts of computer-mediated communication, pp.30-65, 1992.

R. Spears and M. Lea, Panacea or Panopticon?, Communication Research, vol.36, issue.4, pp.427-459, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/009365094021004001

R. Spears, M. Lea, R. A. Corneliussen, T. Postmes, and W. T. Haar, Computer-Mediated Communication as a Channel for Social Resistance: The Strategic Side of SIDE, Small Group Research, vol.33, issue.5, pp.555-574, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/104649602237170

R. Spears, M. Lea, and T. Postmes, Social psychological theories of computermediated communication: Social pain or social gain The New Handbook of Language and Social Psychology, pp.601-623, 2001.

R. Spears, M. Lea, and T. Postmes, Computer mediated-communication and social identity The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology, 2007.

C. B. Spivey and S. Prentice-dunn, Assessing the Directionality of Deindividuated Behavior: Effects of Deindividuation, Modeling, and Private Self-Consciousness on Aggressive and Prosocial Responses, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, vol.7, issue.4, pp.387-403, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-3514.41.1.63

L. Sproull and S. Kiesler, Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication, Management Science, vol.32, issue.11, pp.1492-1512, 1986.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.32.11.1492

L. Sproull and S. Kiesler, Connections: new ways of working in the networked organization, 1991.

T. K. Srull and R. S. Wyer, Person memory and judgment., Psychological Review, vol.96, issue.1, pp.58-83, 1989.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.96.1.58

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.334.3267

W. Stephan, Cognitive Differentiation in Intergroup Perception, Sociometry, vol.40, issue.1, pp.50-58, 1977.
DOI : 10.2307/3033545

W. Stephan, Intergroup relations., Handbook of Social Psychology, pp.599-658, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/10519-133

A. Stewart and C. Mcdermott, Gender in psychology. Annual review of psychology, pp.519-544, 2004.

J. A. Stoner, Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: The influence of widely held values, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.442-459, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1031(68)90069-3

S. Strauss, Technology, Group Process, and Group Outcomes: Testing the Connections in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Groups, Human-Computer Interaction, vol.25, issue.3, pp.227-266, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0749-5978(92)90070-N

S. Strauss and J. Mcgrath, Does the medium matter? The interaction of task type and technology on group performance and member reactions., Journal of Applied Psychology, vol.79, issue.1, pp.87-97, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.87

W. Stroebe and C. A. Insko, Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination: Changing Conceptions in Theory and Research, Stereotyping and Prejudice: Changing Conceptions, pp.3-34, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_1

J. Stromer-galley and R. M. Martey, Visual spaces, norm governed places: the influence of spatial context online, New Media & Society, vol.52, issue.1, pp.1041-1060, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/1461444809336555

J. R. Suler, To Get What You Need: Healthy and Pathological Internet Use, CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol.2, issue.5, pp.385-394, 1999.
DOI : 10.1089/cpb.1999.2.385

J. R. Suler, Identity Management in Cyberspace, Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, vol.4, issue.4, pp.455-460, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1020392231924

J. R. Suler, Do boys and girls just wanna have fun?, Gender communication, 2004.

J. R. Suler, The Online Disinhibition Effect, CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol.7, issue.3, pp.321-326, 2004.
DOI : 10.1089/1094931041291295

J. Suls and C. K. Wan, In search of the false-uniqueness phenomenon: Fear and estimates of social consensus., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.211-217, 1987.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.211

H. Tajfel, La catégorisation sociale, Introduction à la psychologie sociale, 1972.

H. Tajfel, M. Billig, R. Bundy, and C. Flament, Social categorization and intergroup behaviour, European Journal of Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.2, pp.149-178, 1971.
DOI : 10.1002/ejsp.2420010202

H. Tajfel and J. C. Turner, An integrative theory of intergroup conflict The social psychology of intergroup relation, 1979.

H. Tajfel and J. C. Turner, The social identity theory of intergroup behavior, 1986.

M. Tanis and T. Postmes, Social Cues and Impression Formation in CMC, Journal of Communication, vol.19, issue.4, pp.676-693, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00384.x

M. Tanis and T. Postmes, Two faces of anonymity: Paradoxical effects of cues to identity in CMC, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.23, issue.2, pp.955-970, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chb.2005.08.004

G. Tarde, L'opinion et la foule, 1901.
DOI : 10.1522/cla.sif.tag.opi

D. M. Taylor and V. Jaggi, Ethnocentrism and Causal Attribution in a South Indian Context, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.162-170, 1974.
DOI : 10.1177/002202217400500202

S. E. Taylor, S. T. Fiske, N. L. Etcoff, and A. J. Ruderman, Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.36, issue.7, pp.778-793, 1978.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.778

J. W. Thibaut and H. H. Kelley, The social Psychology of Groups, 1959.

R. Thomson, The Effect of Topic of Discussion on Gendered Language in Computer-Mediated Communication Discussion, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.167-178, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/0261927X06286452

L. C. Tidwell and J. B. Walther, Computer-Mediated Communication Effects on Disclosure, Impressions, and Interpersonal Evaluations: Getting to Know One Another a Bit at a Time, Human Communication Research, vol.14, issue.1, pp.317-348, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1992.tb00295.x

R. Tourangeau, Survey Research and Societal Change, Annual Review of Psychology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.775-801, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142040

R. Tourangeau and T. W. Smith, Asking Sensitive Questions: The Impact of Data Collection Mode, Question Format, and Question Context, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol.60, issue.2, pp.275-304, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/297751

S. Turkle, Constructions and reconstructions of self in virtual reality: Playing in the MUDs, Mind, Culture, and Activity, vol.1, issue.3, pp.158-167, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/10749039409524667

S. Turkle, Life on the screen : Identity in the age of the internet, 1995.

J. C. Turner, Toward a cognitive redefinition of the social group, Cahiers de psychologie cognitive, vol.1, pp.93-118, 1981.

J. C. Turner, Social identification and psychological group formation The social dimension: European developments in social psychology, pp.518-538, 1984.

J. C. Turner, P. J. Oakes, S. A. Haslam, and C. Mcgarty, Self and Collective: Cognition and Social Context, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol.54, issue.5, pp.454-463, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/0146167294205002

J. C. Turner and R. S. Onorato, Social identity, personality, and the self-concept: A self-categorization perspective The psychology of the social self, pp.11-46, 1999.

J. S. Valacich, A. R. Dennis, and J. F. Nunamaker, Group Size and Anonymity Effects on Computer-Mediated Idea Generation, Small Group Research, vol.23, issue.1, pp.49-73, 1992.
DOI : 10.1177/1046496492231004

M. Valleur and J. C. Matysiak, Les nouvelles formes d'addiction, 2004.

E. Vinet and P. Moliner, Asym??tries de la fonction explicative des repr??sentations intergroupes hommes/femmes, Les cahiers internationaux de psychologie sociale, vol.69, issue.1, pp.47-57, 2006.
DOI : 10.3917/cips.069.0047

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=CIPS_069_0047

J. B. Walther, Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction, Communication Research, vol.6, issue.1, pp.52-90, 1992.
DOI : 10.1177/009365092019001003

J. B. Walther, Computer-Mediated Communication, Communication Research, vol.19, issue.1, pp.1-43, 1996.
DOI : 10.1177/009365096023001001

J. B. Walther, Theories, Boundaries, and All of the Above, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol.33, issue.2, pp.748-752, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01466.x

J. B. Walther, J. F. Anderson, and D. W. Park, Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction, Communication Research, vol.17, issue.4, pp.460-487, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/009365094021004002

S. P. Weisband, Overcoming status awareness in computer-supported groups: Does anonymity really help? Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, pp.285-297, 1994.

S. P. Weisband and S. Kiesler, Self disclosure on computer forms, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems common ground, CHI '96, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/238386.238387

M. T. Whitty, Liar, liar! An examination of how open, supportive and honest people are in chat rooms, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.18, issue.4, pp.343-352, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0747-5632(01)00059-0

M. T. Whitty, Revealing the ???real??? me, searching for the ???actual??? you: Presentations of self on an internet dating site, Computers in Human Behavior, vol.24, issue.4, pp.1707-1723, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002

D. Williams, N. Ducheneaut, L. Xiong, N. Yee, and E. Nickell, From Tree House to Barracks, Games and Culture, vol.15, issue.2, pp.338-361, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/1555412006292616

D. Williams, N. Yee, and S. E. Caplan, Who plays, how much, and why? Debunking the stereotypical gamer profile, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol.31, issue.4, pp.993-1018, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.00428.x

N. Yee, The Daedalus Gateway, 2005.

N. Yee, Motivations for Play in Online Games, CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol.9, issue.6, pp.772-775, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.772

N. Yee and J. Bailenson, The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior, Human Communication Research, vol.17, issue.3, pp.271-290, 2007.
DOI : 10.1177/009365001028001004

N. Yee, J. Bailenson, and N. Ducheneaut, The Proteus Effect, Communication Research, vol.82, issue.2, pp.285-312, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/0093650208330254

H. Young, A. Van-knippenberg, N. Ellemers, and N. De-vries, The Asymmetrical Perception of Men and Women, Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, pp.259-278, 1999.
DOI : 10.1177/1368430299023004

M. Zavalloni, L'identité psychosociale, un concept à la recherche d'une science, 1973.

. Moscovici, Introduction à la psychologie sociale

M. Zavalloni and C. Louis-guérin, Identité sociale et Conscience. Introduction à l'ego-écologie, 1984.

P. G. Zimbardo, The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse, and chaos, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, pp.237-307, 1969.

. Le-respect-de-la-famille, des amis et des autres personnes de notre entourage. L'attention que l'on doit porter à autrui. S'épanouir dans nos projets, assumer nos choix