H. A. Barnes, Thixotropy???a review, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.70, issue.1-2, pp.1-33, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(97)00004-9

A. Benchabane, Etude du comportement rhéologique de mélanges argiles polymères . Effets de l'ajout de polymères, Thèse, de doctorat de l'ULP de, 2006.

A. Besq, Ecoulements laminaires de suspensions de bentonite industrielles. Caractérisation rhéométrique -Ecoulements en conduites axisymétriques, 2000.

R. P. Chhabra and J. Richardson, Non-Newtonian flow and applied rheology: Engineering Applications, 2008.

P. Coussot, F. Bertrand, J. S. Raynaud, and P. Moucheron, Détermination directe par IRM du comportement thixotrope de suspensions colloïdales, 2001.

D. W. Dodge, A. B. Et, and . Metzner, Turbulent flow of non-newtonian systems, AIChE Journal, vol.5, issue.2, pp.189-204, 1959.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690050214

R. W. Hanks, Low Reynolds number turbulent pipeline flow of pseudohomogeneous sluries, Proc.Hydrotransport 5 Conf, 1978.

W. R. Hanks, B. L. Et, and . Ricks, Transitional and Turbulent Pipeflow of Pseudoplastic Fluids, Journal of Hydronautics, vol.9, issue.1, pp.39-44, 1975.
DOI : 10.2514/3.63014

B. O. Hedström, Flow of Plastic Materials in Pipes, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol.44, issue.3, pp.651-656, 1952.
DOI : 10.1021/ie50507a056

Z. Kemb?owski, J. Et, and . Kolodziejski, Flow resistances of non-Newtonians fluids in transitional and turbulent flow, Int. Chem. Eng, vol.13, issue.2, pp.265-279, 1973.

W. Kozicki, C. H. Chou, and C. Tiu, Non-Newtonian flow in ducts of arbitrary cross-sectional shape, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.21, issue.8, pp.665-679, 1966.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2509(66)80016-7

A. B. Metzner, J. C. Et, and . Reed, Flow of non-newtonian fluids???correlation of the laminar, transition, and turbulent-flow regions, AIChE Journal, vol.1, issue.4, pp.434-440, 1955.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690010409

J. Mewis, Thixotropy - a general review, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.1-20, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(79)87001-9

C. Nouar, I. A. Et, and . Frigaard, Nonlinear stability of Poiseuille flow of a Bingham fluid: theoretical results and comparison with phenomenological criteria, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.100, issue.1-3, pp.127-149, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(01)00144-6

J. Peixinho, Transition laminaire-turbulent et analyse des écoulements turbulents en conduite cylindrique et annulaire pour un fluide à seuil, 2004.

C. A. Shook and M. C. Roco, Slurry flow: principles and practice, 1991.

P. Slatter, The Role of Rheology in the Pipelining of Mineral Slurries, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, vol.2, issue.1, pp.281-300, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0920-4105(93)90075-P

P. T. Slatter, Transitional and turbulent flow of non-Newtonian slurries in pipes, 1994.

D. G. Thomas, Turbulent disruption of flocs in small particle size suspensions, AIChE Journal, vol.10, issue.4, pp.5-17, 1964.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690100420

G. S. Thorvaldsen, The effect of the particle size distribution on non-Newtonian turbulent slurry flow in pipes, 1996.

B. M. Torrance, Friction factors for turbulent non-Newtonian fluid flow in circular pipes, S. Afr. Mech. Eng, vol.13, 1963.

K. C. Wilson and A. D. Thomas, A new analysis of the turbulent flow of non-newtonian fluids, The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol.31, issue.469, pp.539-546, 1985.
DOI : 10.1002/cjce.5450630403

M. M. Abu-or and S. K. Dentel, Rheology as Tool for Polymer Dose Assessment and Control, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.125, issue.12, pp.1133-1141, 1999.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:12(1133)

M. M. Abu-orf and S. K. Dentel, Polymer dose assessment using the streaming current detector, Water Environment Research, vol.69, issue.6, pp.1075-1085, 1997.
DOI : 10.2175/106143097X125795

P. Battistoni, Pre-treatment, measurement execution procedure and waste characteristics in the rheology of sewage sludges and the digested organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.11, pp.33-41, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00666-5

J. Baudez, Rh??ologie et physico-chimie des boues r??siduaires p??teuses pour l'??tude du stockage et de l'??pandage, La Houille Blanche, issue.6-7, pp.6-7, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/lhb/2002091

J. C. Baudez, Rh??ologie et physico-chimie des boues r??siduaires p??teuses pour l'??tude du stockage et de l'??pandage, La Houille Blanche, issue.6-7, 2001.
DOI : 10.1051/lhb/2002091

J. C. Baudez, P. Coussot, and F. Thirion, Rhéologie des boues de stations d'épuration : études préliminaires pour la maîtrise des stockages et épandages, Ingénieries EAT, p.15, 1998.

J. C. Baudez, F. Markis, N. Eshtiaghi, and P. Slatter, The rheological behaviour of anaerobic digested sludge, Water Research, vol.45, issue.17, pp.5675-5680, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.035

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00958284

V. C. Behn, Experimental determination of sludge-flow parameters, J. Sanitary Eng. Div, vol.3, pp.39-54, 1962.

F. E. Chavarria, Etude rhéologique des suspensions de flocs biologiques, 1980.

S. K. Dentel, Evaluation and role of rheological properties in sludge management, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.11, pp.1-8, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00662-8

S. K. Dentel, M. M. Abu-orf, and C. A. Walker, Optimization of slurry flocculation and dewatering based on electrokinetic and rheological phenomena, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.80, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5866(00)00078-2

P. Dollet, Rheological application to the characterization of the bioflocculation of activated sludge, 2000.

J. M. Ducla, H. Desplanches, and J. L. Chevalier, EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN A MECHANICALLY STIRRED TANK, Chemical Engineering Communications, vol.16, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 1983.
DOI : 10.1080/00986448308940273

J. M. Ducla, H. Desplanches, and J. L. Chevalier, EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN A MECHANICALLY STIRRED TANK, Chemical Engineering Communications, vol.16, issue.1-3, pp.29-36, 1986.
DOI : 10.1080/00986448308940273

N. Eshtiaghi, S. D. Yap, F. Markis, J. Baudez, and P. Slatter, Clear model fluids to emulate the rheological properties of thickened digested sludge, Water Research, vol.46, issue.9, pp.3014-3022, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.003

C. F. Forster, Preliminary studies on the relationship between sewage sludge viscosities and the nature of the surfaces of the component particles, Biotechnology Letters, vol.36, issue.SA3, pp.707-712, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00134848

C. F. Forster, Bound water in sewage sludges and its relationship to sludge surfaces and sludge viscosities, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Biotechnology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.76-84, 1983.
DOI : 10.1002/jctb.280330107

C. F. Forster, The rheological and physico-chemical characteristics of sewage sludges, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.340-345, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00487-2

A. D. Grant and C. W. Robinson, Measurement of rheological properties of filamentous fermentation broths, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.45, issue.1, pp.37-48, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2509(90)87078-7

N. J. Griskowitz, Cationic polyelectrolyte fate and effect in dewatering of cellulose sludge, 1993.

V. Lotito, L. Spinosa, G. Mininni, and R. Antonacci, The rheology of sewage sludge at different steps of treatment, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.11, pp.79-85, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00672-0

B. Louis-tisserand, Rhéologie des suspensions de sulfate de calcium (gypse, plâtre et anhydrite) Analyse de l'influence de la forme et des caractéristiques morphostructurales des particules, 1995.

O. Manoliadis and P. L. Bishop, Temperature Effect on Rheology of Sludges, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol.110, issue.1, pp.286-290, 1984.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1984)110:1(286)

L. H. Mikkelsen, The shear sensitivity of activated sludge, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.182, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00772-X

G. Moeller and L. G. Torres, Rheological characterization of primary and secondary sludges treated by both aerobic and anaerobic digestion, Bioresource Technology, vol.61, issue.3, pp.207-211, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00061-8

C. Pagny, Etude rhéologique des suspensions de boues activées, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Industries Chimiques, 1997.

E. A. Proff and J. H. Lohmann, Calculation of pressure drop in the tube flow of sewage sludges with the aid of flow curves, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.11, pp.27-32, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00665-3

F. D. Sanin, P. A. Et, and . Vesilind, Synthetic sludge: A physical/chemical model in understanding bioflocculation, Water Environment Research, vol.68, issue.5, pp.927-933, 1996.
DOI : 10.2175/106143096X127938

I. Seyssiecq, J. Ferrasse, and N. Roche, State-of-the-art: rheological characterisation of wastewater treatment sludge, Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol.16, issue.1, pp.41-56, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-703X(03)00021-4

P. Slatter, The rheological characterisation of sludges, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.11, pp.9-18, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00663-X

M. M. Sozanski, E. S. Kempa, K. Grocholski, and J. Bien, The rheological experiment in sludge properties research, Water Science and Technology, vol.36, issue.11, pp.69-78, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00671-9

I. D. Sutapa, Propriétés physico-chimiques et décantabilité des boues activiées en relation avec le transfert d'oxygène et la biofloculation, 1996.

F. M. Tiller, Y. L. Shen, and A. Adin, Capillary Suction Theory for Rectangular Cells, Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, vol.62, issue.2, pp.130-136, 1990.

N. Tixier, Approche des propriètés rhéologiques de suspensions biologiques floculées, 2003.

N. Tixier, G. Guibaud, and M. Baudu, Determination of some rheological parameters for the characterization of activated sludge, Bioresource Technology, vol.90, issue.2, pp.215-220, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00109-3

K. Toda, H. Furuse, T. Amari, and X. Wei, Cell concentration dependence of dynamic viscoelasticity of Escherichia coli culture suspensions, Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering, vol.85, issue.4, pp.410-415, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0922-338X(98)80085-8

R. M. Wu, D. J. Lee, T. D. Waite, and J. Guan, Multilevel Structure of Sludge Flocs, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.252, issue.2, pp.383-392, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/jcis.2002.8494

P. S. Yen, L. C. Chen, C. Y. Chien, R. M. Wu, and D. J. Lee, Network strength and dewaterability of flocculated activated sludge, Water Research, vol.36, issue.3, pp.539-550, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00260-3

M. A. Alves and R. J. Poole, Divergent flow in contractions, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.144, issue.2-3, pp.140-148, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.04.003

A. Ammar, B. Mokdad, F. Chinestra, and R. Keunings, A new family of solvers for some classes of multidimensional partial differential equations encountered in kinetic theory modelling of complex fluids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.144, issue.2-3, pp.98-121, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.03.009

A. Ammar, B. Mokdad, F. Chinestra, and R. Keunings, A new family of solvers for some classes of multidimensional partial differential equations encountered in kinetic theory modeling of complex fluids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.139, issue.3, pp.153-176, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.07.007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004909

C. N. Anderson, D. J. Hanna, R. H. Brotherton, G. R. Brower, G. A. Carthew et al., Chapter 19 -System Design for Sludge Pumping. Pumping Station Design, M. J. Garr, vol.1929, pp.11-19, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/b978-185617513-5.50026-3

H. A. Barnes, The yield stress???a review or ????????????? ????????????everything flows?, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.81, issue.1-2, pp.133-178, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00094-9

A. Bartosik, Application of Rheological Models in Prediction of Turbulent Slurry Flow, Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, vol.25, issue.3, pp.277-293, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s10494-009-9234-y

K. Bekkour and N. Kherfellah, Linear viscoelastic behavior of bentonite-water suspensions, Appl. Rheol, vol.12, issue.5, pp.234-240, 2002.

K. Bekkour, M. Leyama, A. Benchabane, and O. Scrivener, Time-dependent rheological behavior of bentonite suspensions: An experimental study, Journal of Rheology, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1329-1345, 2005.
DOI : 10.1122/1.2079267

B. Azouz-ahmed and K. , Relations entre propriétés rhéologiques et structure microscopique de dispersions de particules d, 2010.

A. Benchabane, Etude du comportement rhéologique de mélanges argiles polymères . Effets de l'ajout de polymères, Thèse, de doctorat de l'ULP de, 2006.

A. Benchabane, Rheological behavior study of a clay-polymer mixture: Effects of the polymer addition Doctorate Thesis, 2006.

A. Besq, Ecoulements laminaires de suspensions de bentonite industrielles. Caractérisation rhéométrique -Ecoulements en conduites axisymétriques, 2000.

J. Billingham and J. W. Ferguson, Laminar, unidirectional flow of a thixotropic fluid in a circular pipe, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.47, pp.21-55, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(93)80043-B

G. A. Carthew, C. A. Goehring, and J. E. Van-teylingen, Development of Dynamic Head Loss Criteria for Raw Sludge Pumping, Water Pollution Control Federation, vol.55, issue.5, pp.472-483, 1983.

F. Chinestra, A. Ammar, A. Leygue, and R. Keunings, An overview of the proper generalized decomposition with applications in computational rheology, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.166, issue.11, pp.578-592, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2010.12.012

P. Coussot, A. I. Leonov, and J. M. Piau, Rheology of concentrated dispersed systems in a low molecular weight matrix, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.46, issue.2-3, pp.179-217, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(93)85046-D

C. Dales, M. P. Escudier, and R. J. Poole, Asymmetry in the turbulent flow of a viscoelastic liquid through an axisymmetric sudden expansion. J. of Non- Newtonian Fluid Mech, pp.61-70, 2005.

D. W. Dodge, A. B. Et, and . Metzner, Turbulent flow of non-newtonian systems, AIChE Journal, vol.5, issue.2, pp.189-204, 1959.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690050214

A. A. Draad and F. T. Nieuwstadt, The Earth's rotation and laminar pipe flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.361, pp.297-308, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112098008702

J. D. Duran, M. M. Ramos-tejada, F. J. Arroyo, and F. Gonzalez-caballero, Rheological and Electrokinetic Properties of Sodium Montmorillonite Suspensions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.229, issue.1, pp.107-117, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jcis.2000.6956

M. F. Edward, M. S. Jadallah, and R. Smith, Head losses in pipe fittings at low Reynolds number, Chem. Eng. Res. Des, vol.63, pp.43-50, 1985.

M. P. Escudier, R. J. Poole, F. Presti, C. Dales, C. Nouar et al., Observations of asymmetrical flow behaviour in transitional pipe flow of yield-stress and other shear-thinning liquids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.127, issue.2-3, pp.143-155, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.02.006

M. P. Escudier and F. Presti, Pipe flow of a thixotropic liquid, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.62, issue.2-3, pp.291-306, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(96)01417-6

M. P. Escudier, S. Rosa, and R. J. Poole, Asymmetry in transitional pipe flow of drag-reducing polymer solutions, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.161, issue.1-3, pp.19-29, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2009.04.001

A. Esmael, Transition vers la turbulence pour un fluide à seuil en écoulement dans une conduite cylindrique, 2008.

A. Esmael and C. Nouar, Transitional flow of a yield-stress fluid in a pipe: Evidence of a robust coherent structure, Physical Review E, vol.77, issue.5, p.57302, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.77.057302

A. Esmael, C. Nouar, A. Lefèvre, and S. A. Bahrani, Transition vers la turbulence pour un fluide non Newtonien dans une conduite cylindrique, 2009.

B. Güzel, T. Burghelea, I. A. Frigaard, and D. M. Martinez, Observation of laminar???turbulent transition of a yield stress fluid in Hagen???Poiseuille flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.84, pp.97-128, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112059000076

B. Guzel, I. Frigaard, and D. M. Martinez, Predicting laminar???turbulent transition in Poiseuille pipe flow for non-Newtonian fluids, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.64, issue.2, pp.254-264, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ces.2008.10.011

B. Herzhaft, Additifs r??ducteurs de perte de charge en ??coulement, Oil & Gas Science and Technology, vol.55, issue.5, pp.501-509, 2000.
DOI : 10.2516/ogst:2000037

URL : http://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2000037

D. R. Kaushal, K. Sato, T. Toyota, K. Funatsu, and Y. Tomita, Effect of particle size distribution on pressure drop and concentration profile in pipeline flow of highly concentrated slurry, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol.31, issue.7, pp.809-823, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2005.03.003

R. Kotze, J. Wiklundb, R. Haldenwanga, and F. Fester, Measurement and analysis of flow behaviour in complex geometries using the Ultrasonic Velocity Profiling (UVP) technique, Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol.22, issue.2, pp.110-119, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2010.12.010

C. Lelievre, P. Legentilhomme, C. Gaucher, J. Legrand, C. Et et al., Cleaning in place: effect of local wall shear stress variation on bacterial removal from stainless steel equipment, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.57, issue.8, pp.1287-1297, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00019-2

M. Leyama, Etude de l'écoulement des suspensions de bentonite Thèse, 2001.

P. F. Luckham and S. Rossi, The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite suspensions, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.43-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00005-6

M. R. Malin, Turbulent pipe flow of power-law fluids, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.24, issue.7, pp.977-988, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0735-1933(97)00083-3

E. Mitsoulis, R. R. Et, and . Huilgol, Entry flows of Bingham plastics in expansions, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.122, issue.1-3, pp.45-54, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2003.10.007

F. Mollet, Contribution à l'étude de l'écoulement d'un fluide thixotrope Thèse, 1996.

E. Moreira, Etude du comportement thixotrope de suspensions de Bentonite en conduite, 2007.

C. Nouar, A. Bottaro, and J. P. Brancher, Delaying transition to turbulence in channel flow: revisiting the stability of shear-thinning fluids, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.128, pp.177-194, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112084001695

M. S. Oliveira, P. J. Oliveira, F. T. Pinho, and M. A. Alves, Effect of contraction ratio upon viscoelastic flow in contractions: The axisymmetric case, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.147, issue.1-2, pp.92-108, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2007.07.009

R. Pal and C. J. Hwang, Loss Coefficients for Flow of Surfactant-Stabilized Emulsions Through Pipe Components, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, vol.77, issue.8, pp.685-691, 1999.
DOI : 10.1205/026387699526818

J. T. Park, T. T. Mannheimer, T. A. Grimely, and T. B. Morrow, Pipe Flow Measurements of a Transparent Non-Newtonian Slurry, Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol.111, issue.3, pp.331-336, 1989.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3243648

S. Paumier, Facteurs determinant l'organisation et la rhèologie du système Argile-Eau pour des suspensions de smectites, 2007.

J. Peixinho, Transition laminaire-turbulent et analyse des écoulements turbulents en conduite cylindrique et annulaire pour un fluide à seuil, 2004.

J. Peixinho, C. Nouar, C. Desaubry, and B. Théron, Laminar transitional and turbulent flow of yield stress fluid in a pipe, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.128, issue.2-3, pp.172-184, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.03.008

A. Pereira and F. Pinho, Turbulent pipe flow of thixotropic fluids, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol.23, issue.1, pp.36-51, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-727X(01)00131-X

A. S. Pereira and F. T. Pinho, Recirculating turbulent flows of thixotropic fluids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.99, issue.2-3, pp.183-201, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(01)00117-3

F. Pignon, A. Magnin, and J. Piau, Thixotropic colloidal suspensions and flow curves with minimum: Identification of flow regimes and rheometric consequences, Journal of Rheology, vol.40, issue.4, pp.573-587, 1996.
DOI : 10.1122/1.550759

F. Pinho, J. Et, and . Whitelaw, Flow of non-newtonian fluids in a pipe, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.34, issue.2, pp.129-144, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(90)80015-R

A. K. Podolsak, C. Tiu, and T. N. Fang, Flow of non-Newtonian fluids through tubes with abrupt expansions and contractions (square wave tubes), Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.71, issue.1-2, pp.25-39, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(97)00003-7

R. J. Poole, M. A. Alves, P. J. Oliveira, and F. T. Pinho, Plane sudden expansion flows of viscoelastic liquids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.146, issue.1-3, pp.79-91, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2006.11.001

R. J. Poole and M. P. Escudier, Turbulent flow of viscoelastic liquids through an axisymmetric sudden expansion, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.117, issue.1, pp.25-46, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2003.11.007

R. Govindarajan, S. Victor, I. L-'vov, A. Procaccia, and . Sameen, Stabilization of hydrodynamic flows by small viscosity variations, Physical Review E, vol.67, issue.2, p.26310, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.026310

N. Roland, Modélisation de la transition vers la turbulence d'écoulements en tuyau de fluides rhéofluidifiants par calcul numérique d'ondes non- linéaires, 2010.

J. P. Rothstein and G. H. Mckinley, The axisymmetric contraction???expansion: the role of extensional rheology on vortex growth dynamics and the enhanced pressure drop, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.98, issue.1, pp.33-63, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(01)00094-5

M. Rudman and H. M. Blackburn, Direct numerical simulation of turbulent non-Newtonian flow using a spectral element method, Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol.30, issue.11, pp.1229-1248, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apm.2006.03.005

M. Rudman, H. M. Blackburn, L. J. Graham, and L. Pullum, Turbulent pipe flow of shear-thinning fluids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.118, issue.1, pp.33-48, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2004.02.006

J. J. Vocadlo, P. J. Wheatley, and M. E. Charles, Turbulent flow of non-Newtonian substances, Rheologica Acta, vol.55, issue.12, pp.877-882, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01527087

B. U. Achia and D. W. Thompson, Structure of the turbulent boundary in drag-reducing pipe flow, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.90, issue.03, pp.439-464, 1977.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01973476

A. Al-sarkhi, Drag reduction with polymers in gas-liquid/liquid-liquid flows in pipes: A literature review, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, vol.2, issue.1, pp.41-48, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jngse.2010.01.001

B. Azouz-ahmed and K. , Relations entre propriétés rhéologiques et structure microscopique de dispersions de particules d, 2010.

B. Azouz, K. , D. Dupuis, and K. Bekkour, Rheological Characterizations of Dispersions of Clay Particles in Viscoelastic Polymer Solutions, Appl. Rheol, vol.20, p.13041, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00591339

A. Benchabane, Etude du comportement rhéologique de mélanges argiles polymères . Effets de l'ajout de polymères, Thèse, de doctorat de l'ULP de, 2006.

A. Benchabane and K. Bekkour, Rheological properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions, Colloid and Polymer Science, vol.229, issue.10, pp.1173-1180, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00396-008-1882-2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323103

A. Benchabane and K. Bekkour, Etude de l'Effet d'un polymère anionique sur le comportement rhéologique de suspension de bentonite, 2004.

A. Benchabane and K. Bekkour, Effects of anionic additives on the rheological behavior of aqueous calcium montmorillonite suspensions, Rheologica Acta, vol.32, issue.4, pp.425-434, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00397-005-0063-1

A. Benchabane and K. Bekkour, Rheological properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions, Colloid and Polymer Science, vol.229, issue.10, pp.1173-1180, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00396-008-1882-2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323103

H. W. Bewersdorff, D. Et, and . Ohlendorf, The behaviour of drag-reducing cationic surfactant solutions, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol.105, issue.10, pp.941-953, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01410851

W. Brostow, H. Ertepinar, and R. P. Singh, Flow of dilute polymer solutions: chain conformations and degradation of drag reducers, Macromolecules, vol.23, issue.24, pp.5109-5118, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00226a013

E. D. Burger, W. R. Munk, and H. A. Wahl, Flow Increase in the Trans Alaska Pipeline Through Use of a Polymeric Drag-Reducing Additive, Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol.34, issue.02, pp.377-386, 1982.
DOI : 10.2118/9419-PA

Z. Chara, J. L. Zakin, M. Severa, and J. Myska, Turbulence measurements of drag reducing surfactant systems, Experiments in Fluids, vol.16, issue.1, pp.36-41, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00188503

D. O. Cruz, F. T. Pinho, and P. R. Resende, Modelling the new stress for improved drag reduction predictions of viscoelastic pipe flow, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.121, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2004.05.004

D. Angelis, E. , C. M. Casciola, and R. Piva, DNS of wall turbulence: dilute polymers and self-sustaining mechanisms. Computers &amp, pp.4-7, 2002.

D. Toonder, J. M. , M. A. Hulsen, G. D. Kuiken, and F. T. Nieuwstadt, Drag reduction by polymer additives in a turbulent pipe flow: numerical and laboratory experiments, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.337, pp.193-231, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022112097004850

F. Durst, R. Haas, and W. Interthal, Laminar and turbulent flows of dilute polymer solutions: A physical model, Rheologica Acta, vol.11, issue.4-5, pp.572-577, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01534350

B. R. Elbing, E. S. Winkel, M. J. Solomon, and S. L. Cecci, Degradation of homogeneous polymer solutions in high shear turbulent pipe flow, Experiments in Fluids, vol.621, issue.2, pp.1033-1044, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00348-009-0693-7

W. D. Ernst, Investigation of the turbulent shear flow of dilute aqueous CMC solutions, AIChE Journal, vol.12, issue.3, pp.581-586, 1966.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690120334

M. P. Escudier, F. Presti, and S. Smith, Drag reduction in the turbulent pipe flow of polymers, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.81, issue.3, pp.197-213, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00098-6

B. Feret, Interactions dans les systèmes montmorillonite/Carboxymethylcellulose : application aux fluides de forage Thèse, 1992.

F. Gallego and S. N. Shah, Friction pressure correlations for turbulent flow of drag reducing polymer solutions in straight and coiled tubing, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, vol.65, issue.3-4, pp.147-161, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.petrol.2008.12.013

F. Hadri, Contribution à l'étude de la réduction de la traînée en écoulement turbulent d'une solution de CTAC, Ph. D, 2006.

F. Hadri, A. Besq, S. Guillou, and R. Makhlou, Temperature and concentration influence on drag reduction of very low concentrated CTAC/NaSal aqueous solution in turbulent pipe flow. Jounal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech, pp.326-331, 2011.

K. Hirose, . Takuma, and . Oka, On the friction factor for the turbulent flow of dilute aqueous polymer solution, Memoirs of the School of Engineering, Okayama University, vol.6, issue.1, 1971.

W. Interthal and H. Wilski, Drag reduction experiments with very large pipes, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol.54, issue.124, pp.217-229, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01415508

D. F. James and J. H. Saringer, Extensional flow of dilute polymer solutions, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.70, issue.04, pp.655-671, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01973476

V. N. Kalashnikov, Degradation accompanying turbulent drag reduction by polymer additives, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.103, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(01)00156-2

V. C. Kelessidis, E. Poulakakis, and V. Chatzistamou, Use of Carbopol 980 and carboxymethyl cellulose polymers as rheology modifiers of sodium-bentonite water dispersions, Applied Clay Science, vol.54, issue.1, pp.63-69, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clay.2011.07.013

P. R. Kenis, Turbulent flow friction reduction effectiveness and hydrodynamic degradation of polysaccharides and synthetic polymers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.15, issue.3, pp.607-618, 1971.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1971.070150309

L. Pluart, L. Duchet, J. Sautereau, H. Halley, P. Gerard et al., Rheological properties of organoclay suspensions in epoxy network precursors, Applied Clay Science, vol.25, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clay.2003.11.004

K. Lee, C. Kim, S. Lim, D. Kwon, H. Choi et al., Mechanical degradation of polyisobutylene under turbulent flow, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol.280, issue.8, pp.779-782, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00396-002-0690-3

G. Liaw, J. L. Zakin, and G. K. Patterson, Effects of molecular characteristics of polymers on drag reduction, AIChE Journal, vol.17, issue.2, pp.391-397, 1971.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690170228

P. F. Luckham and S. Rossi, The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite suspensions, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol.82, issue.1-3, pp.43-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-8686(99)00005-6

J. L. Lumley, Drag Reduction by Additives, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.1, issue.1, pp.367-387, 1969.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.002055

M. Manhart, Rheology of suspensions of rigid-rod like particles in turbulent channel flow, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.112, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(03)00105-8

P. Mongondry, Structure et comportement rhéologique des suspensions aqueuses de Laponite en présence de plusieurs additifs, 2003.

T. Q. Nguyen and H. H. Kausch, Degradation of a polymer solution in transient elongational flow: effect of temperature, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol.23, issue.6, pp.764-772, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01500751

L. Nijs, New generation dag reducer. 2nd International Pipeline Technology Conference, 1995.

D. Ohlendorf, W. Interthal, and H. Hoffmann, Surfactant systems for drag reduction: Physico-chemical properties and rheological behaviour, Rheologica Acta, vol.21, issue.124, pp.468-486, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01774397

G. K. Patterson, J. L. Zakin, and J. M. Rodriguez, DRAG REDUCTION - Polymer Solutions, Soap Solutions, and Solid Particle Suspensions in Pipe Flow, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol.61, issue.1, pp.22-30, 1969.
DOI : 10.1021/ie50709a005

R. Patterson, F. Et, and . Abernathy, Turbulent flow drag reduction and degradation with dilute polymer solutions, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.146, issue.04, pp.689-710, 1970.
DOI : 10.1122/1.549050

J. Peixinho, C. Nouar, C. Desaubry, and B. Théron, Laminar transitional and turbulent flow of yield stress fluid in a pipe, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.128, issue.2-3, pp.172-184, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.03.008

F. Pinho, J. Et, and . Whitelaw, Flow of non-newtonian fluids in a pipe, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.34, issue.2, pp.129-144, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(90)80015-R

F. T. Pinho, A GNF framework for turbulent flow models of drag reducing fluids and proposal for a k????? type closure, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.2-3, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0377-0257(03)00120-4

P. K. Ptasinski, F. T. Nieuwstadt, B. H. Van-den-brule, and M. A. Hulsen, Experiments in Turbulent Pipe Flow with Polymer Additives at Maximum Drag Reduction, Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, vol.66, issue.2, pp.159-182, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1017985826227

I. Radin, J. L. Zakin, and G. K. Patterson, Drag reduction in solid-fluid systems, AIChE Journal, vol.21, issue.2, pp.358-371, 1975.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690210218

A. Roy and G. L. Ronald, A Mean Flow Model for Polymer and Fiber Turbulent Drag Reduction, Appl. Rheol, vol.15, pp.370-389, 2005.

J. Ró?a?ski, Flow of drag-reducing surfactant solutions in rough pipes, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.166, issue.5-6, pp.5-6, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2010.12.005

R. Taeho, P. Jongseong, K. Chongyoup, Y. Hyung-kee, and S. Hang-suk, Degradation of polyacrylamide in dilute solution, Polymer Drgradation and Stability, vol.51, pp.287-293, 1996.

B. A. Toms, Some observations on the flow of linear polymer solution through straight tubes at large Reynolds number, 1948.

J. M. Toonder, F. T. Nieuwstadt, and G. D. Kuiken, The role of elongational viscosity in the mechanism of drag reduction by polymer additives, Applied Scientific Research, vol.21, issue.2, pp.95-123, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00864368

P. S. Virk, An elastic sublayer model for drag reduction by dilute solutions of linear macromolecules, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, vol.7, issue.03, pp.417-440, 1971.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1734006

P. S. Virk, Drag reduction fundamentals, AIChE Journal, vol.21, issue.4, pp.625-656, 1975.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690210402

Y. Wang, J. L. Yu, H. Zakin, and . Shi, Review on Drag Reduction and Its Heat Transfer by Additives Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 2011.

C. S. Wells, J. G. Et, and . Spangler, Injection of a Drag-Reducing Fluid into Turbulent Pipe Flow of a Newtonian Fluid, Physics of Fluids, vol.10, issue.9, p.1890, 1967.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1762383

C. White, M. Et, and . Mungal, Mechanics and Prediction of Turbulent Drag Reduction with Polymer Additives, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.40, issue.1, pp.235-256, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fluid.40.111406.102156

I. M. Bahlouli, K. Bekkour, A. Benchabane, and A. Nemdili, Effet de la température sur la rhéologie de solutions de PolyEthylène Oxyde, 2010.

I. M. Bahlouli, K. Bekkour, A. Benchabane, Y. Hemar, and A. Nemdili, The effect of temperature on the rheological behaviour of polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions, Appl. Rheol, p.13435, 2013.

R. Bodvik, A. Dedinaite, L. Karlson, M. Bergström, P. Bäverbäck et al., Aggregation and network formation of aqueous methylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose solutions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.354, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.040

T. Chen, J. Zhu, B. Li, S. Guo, Z. Yuan et al., Exfoliation of Organo-Clay in Telechelic Liquid Polybutadiene Rubber, Macromolecules, vol.38, issue.9, pp.4030-4033, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ma047698b

C. Chevillard and M. A. Axelos, Phase separation of aqueous solution of methylcellulose, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol.32, issue.6, pp.537-545, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s003960050116

C. Clasen and W. M. Kulicke, Determination of viscoelastic and rheo-optical material functions of water-soluble cellulose derivatives, Progress in Polymer Science, vol.26, issue.9, pp.1839-1919, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00024-7

J. Desbrières, M. Hirrien, and M. Rinaudo, A calorimetric study of methylcellulose gelation, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.37, issue.2, pp.145-152, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00023-X

J. Desbrières, M. Hirrien, and S. B. Ross-murphy, Thermogelation of methylcellulose: rheological considerations, Polymer, vol.41, issue.7, pp.2451-2461, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00413-9

J. L. Ford, Thermal analysis of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and methylcellulose: powders, gels and matrix tablets, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.179, issue.2, pp.209-228, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00339-1

J. M. Guenet, Thermoreversible gelation of polymers and biopolymers, 1992.

F. Hadri, Contribution à l'étude de la réduction de la traînée en écoulement turbulent d'une solution de CTAC, Ph. D, 2006.

A. Haque and E. R. Morris, Thermogelation of methylcellulose. Part I: molecular structures and processes, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.22, issue.3, pp.161-173, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0144-8617(93)90137-S

M. Hirrien, C. Chevillard, J. Desbrières, M. A. Axelos, and M. Rinaudo, Thermogelation of methylcelluloses: new evidence for understanding the gelation mechanism, Polymer, vol.39, issue.25, pp.6251-6259, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(98)00142-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00302444

Y. S. Indartono, H. Usui, H. Suzuki, and Y. Komoda, Temperature and diameter effect on hydrodynamic characteristic of surfactant drag-reducing flows, Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, vol.17, issue.4, pp.157-164, 2005.

H. Itagaki, M. Tokai, and T. Kondo, Physical gelation process for cellulose whose hydroxyl groups are regioselectively substituted by fluorescent groups, Polymer, vol.38, issue.16, pp.4201-4205, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-3861(96)01007-5

K. Javaherdeh and R. Devienne, Transfert thermique pour l?????coulement en canalisation cylindrique de fluides ?? seuil: cas du refroidissement ?? coefficient d?????change constant, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.42, issue.20, pp.3861-3871, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0017-9310(99)00053-8

L. Li and Y. Aoki, Rheological Images of Poly(vinyl chloride) Gels. 1. The Dependence of Sol???Gel Transition on Concentation, Macromolecules, vol.30, issue.25, pp.7835-7841, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ma971045w

J. L. Lumley, Drag Reduction by Additives, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.1, issue.1, pp.367-387, 1969.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.002055

J. L. Lumley, Drag reduction in turbulent flow by polymer additives, Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews, vol.7, issue.1, pp.263-290, 1973.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1973.230070104

T. Q. Nguyen and H. H. Kausch, Degradation of a polymer solution in transient elongational flow: effect of temperature, Colloid & Polymer Science, vol.23, issue.6, pp.764-772, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01500751

C. Nouar, R. Devienne, and M. Lebouché, Convection thermique pour un fluide de Herschel???Bulkley dans la r??gion d'entr??e d'une conduite, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.37, issue.1, pp.1-12, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0017-9310(94)90157-0

J. Peixinho, C. Desaubry, and M. Lebouche, Heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid (Carbopol aqueous solution) in transitional pipe flow, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.51, issue.1-2, pp.198-209, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.04.012

D. A. Rees, Polysaccharide gels. A molecular view, Chem. Ind. (London), vol.19, pp.630-636, 1975.

N. Sarkar, Thermal gelation properties of methyl and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.24, issue.4, pp.1073-1087, 1979.
DOI : 10.1002/app.1979.070240420

S. M. Silva, F. V. Pinto, F. E. Antunes, M. G. Miguel, J. J. Sousa et al., Aggregation and gelation in hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose aqueous solutions, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.327, issue.2, pp.333-340, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.08.056

R. Taeho, P. Jongseong, K. Chongyoup, Y. Hyung-kee, and S. Hang-suk, Degradation of polyacrylamide in dilute solution, Polymer Drgradation and Stability, vol.51, pp.287-293, 1996.

Q. Wang and L. Li, Effects of molecular weight on thermoreversible gelation and gel elasticity of methylcellulose in aqueous solution, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.62, issue.3, pp.232-238, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.07.030

X. Wang, Y. Gao, K. Mao, G. Xue, T. Chen et al., Unusual Rheological Behavior of Liquid Polybutadiene Rubber/Clay Nanocomposite Gels:?? The Role of Polymer???Clay Interaction, Clay Exfoliation, and Clay Orientation and Disorientation, Macromolecules, vol.39, issue.19, pp.6653-6660, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/ma0605494

Y. Yang, E. A. Grulke, Z. G. Zhang, and G. Wu, Temperature effects on the rheological properties of carbon nanotube-in-oil dispersions, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.298, issue.3, pp.216-224, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.10.065

J. Zhu, X. Wang, F. Tao, G. Xue, T. Chen et al., Room temperature spontaneous exfoliation of organo-clay in liquid polybutadiene: Effect of polymer end-groups and the alkyl tail number of organic modifier, Polymer, vol.48, issue.26, pp.7590-7597, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.11.009